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Haudenschild AK, Christiansen BA, Orr S, Ball EE, Weiss CM, Liu H, Fyhrie DP, Yik JH, Coffey LL, Haudenschild DR. Acute bone loss following SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:1945-1952. [PMID: 36815216 PMCID: PMC10440245 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has infected more than 650 million people worldwide. Approximately 23% of these patients developed lasting "long-haul" COVID symptoms, including fatigue, joint pain, and systemic hyperinflammation. However, the direct clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the skeletal system including bone and joint health has not been determined. Utilizing a humanized mouse model of COVID-19, this study provides the first direct evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to acute bone loss, increased osteoclast number, and thinner growth plates. This bone loss could decrease whole-bone mechanical strength and increase the risk of fragility fractures, particularly in older patients, while thinner growth plates may create growth disturbances in younger patients. Evaluating skeletal health in patients that have recovered from COVID-19 will be crucial to identify at-risk populations and develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Blaine A. Christiansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Sophie Orr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Erin E. Ball
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | | | - David P. Fyhrie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Jasper H.N. Yik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
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Vaeth M, Kahlfuss S, Feske S. CRAC Channels and Calcium Signaling in T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:878-901. [PMID: 32711944 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signals play fundamental roles in immune cell function. The main sources of Ca2+ influx in mammalian lymphocytes following antigen receptor stimulation are Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. These are formed by ORAI proteins in the plasma membrane and are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Human loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 that abolish Ca2+ influx cause a unique disease syndrome called CRAC channelopathy that is characterized by immunodeficiency autoimmunity and non-immunological symptoms. Studies in mice lacking Stim and Orai genes have illuminated many cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these molecules control lymphocyte function. CRAC channels are required for the differentiation and function of several T lymphocyte subsets that provide immunity to infection, mediate inflammation and prevent autoimmunity. This review examines new insights into how CRAC channels control T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Zehentmeier S, Pereira JP. Cell circuits and niches controlling B cell development. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:142-157. [PMID: 30977190 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies over the last decade uncovered overlapping niches for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), multipotent progenitor cells, common lymphoid progenitors, and early B cell progenitors. HSC and lymphoid niches are predominantly composed by mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) and by a small subset of endothelial cells. Niche cells create specialized microenvironments through the concomitant production of short-range acting cell-fate determining cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-7 and stem cell factor and the potent chemoattractant C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12. This type of cellular organization allows for the cross-talk between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with niche cells, such that niche cell activity can be regulated by the quality and quantity of hematopoietic progenitors being produced. For example, preleukemic B cell progenitors and preB acute lymphoblastic leukemias interact directly with MPCs, and downregulate IL-7 expression and the production of non-leukemic lymphoid cells. In this review, we discuss a novel model of B cell development that is centered on cellular circuits formed between B cell progenitors and lymphopoietic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zehentmeier
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - João P Pereira
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Osteoimmunology: evolving concepts in bone-immune interactions in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:626-642. [PMID: 31186549 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune' system, which functions as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where haematopoietic stem cells are maintained. Bone and mineral metabolism is maintained by the balanced action of bone cells such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, yet subverted by aberrant and/or prolonged immune responses under pathological conditions. However, osteoimmune interactions are not restricted to the unidirectional effect of the immune system on bone metabolism. In recent years, we have witnessed the discovery of effects of bone cells on immune regulation, including the function of osteoprogenitor cells in haematopoietic stem cell regulation and osteoblast-mediated suppression of haematopoietic malignancies. Moreover, the dynamic reciprocal interactions between bone and malignancies in remote organs have attracted attention, extending the horizon of osteoimmunology. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in the osteoimmune dialogue in health and disease.
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Cross EW, Blain TJ, Mathew D, Kedl RM. Anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody-mediated depletion alters the phenotype and behavior of surviving CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211446. [PMID: 30735510 PMCID: PMC6368275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common practice for researchers to use antibodies to remove a specific cell type to infer its function. However, it is difficult to completely eliminate a cell type and there is often limited or no information as to how the cells which survive depletion are affected. This is particularly important for CD8+ T cells for two reasons. First, they are more resistant to mAb-mediated depletion than other lymphocytes. Second, targeting either the CD8α or CD8β chain could induce differential effects. We show here that two commonly used mAbs, against either the CD8α or CD8β subunit, can differentially affect cellular metabolism. Further, in vivo treatment leaves behind a population of CD8+ T cells with different phenotypic and functional attributes relative to each other or control CD8+ T cells. The impact of anti-CD8 antibodies on CD8+ T cell phenotype and function indicates the need to carefully consider the use of these, and possibly other "depleting" antibodies, as they could significantly complicate the interpretation of results or change the outcome of an experiment. These observations could impact how immunotherapy and modulation of CD8+ T cell activation is pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Cross
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trevor J. Blain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Divij Mathew
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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Donovan C, Starkey MR, Kim RY, Rana BMJ, Barlow JL, Jones B, Haw TJ, Mono Nair P, Budden K, Cameron GJM, Horvat JC, Wark PA, Foster PS, McKenzie ANJ, Hansbro PM. Roles for T/B lymphocytes and ILC2s in experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:143-150. [PMID: 30260499 PMCID: PMC6487813 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0518-178r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by both innate and adaptive immune responses; however, their specific roles in the pathogenesis of COPD are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the roles of T and B lymphocytes and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in airway inflammation and remodelling, and lung function in an experimental model of COPD using mice that specifically lack these cells (Rag1−/− and Rorafl/flIl7rCre [ILC2‐deficient] mice). Wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, Rag1−/−, and Rorafl/flIl7rCre mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS; 12 cigarettes twice a day, 5 days a week) for up to 12 weeks, and airway inflammation, airway remodelling (collagen deposition and alveolar enlargement), and lung function were assessed. WT, Rag1−/−, and ILC2‐deficient mice exposed to CS had similar levels of airway inflammation and impaired lung function. CS exposure increased small airway collagen deposition in WT mice. Rag1−/− normal air‐ and CS‐exposed mice had significantly increased collagen deposition compared to similarly exposed WT mice, which was associated with increases in IL‐33, IL‐13, and ILC2 numbers. CS‐exposed Rorafl/flIl7rCre mice were protected from emphysema, but had increased IL‐33/IL‐13 expression and collagen deposition compared to WT CS‐exposed mice. T/B lymphocytes and ILC2s play roles in airway collagen deposition/fibrosis, but not inflammation, in experimental COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Batika M J Rana
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jillian L Barlow
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernadette Jones
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatt Jhong Haw
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prema Mono Nair
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kurtis Budden
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy J M Cameron
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A Wark
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,The Centenary Institute and the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Aberrant or prolonged immune responses often affect bone metabolism. The investigation on bone destruction observed in autoimmune arthritis contributed to the development of research area on effect of the immune system on bone. A number of reports on bone phenotypes of immunocompromised mice indicate that the immune and skeletal systems share various molecules, including transcription factors, signaling molecules, and membrane receptors, suggesting the interplay between the two systems. Furthermore, much attention has been paid to the modulation of immune cells, including hematopoietic progenitor cells, by bone cells in the bone marrow. Thus, osteoimmunology which deals with the crosstalk and shared mechanisms of the bone and immune systems became the conceptual framework fundamental to a proper understanding of both systems and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Terashima
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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