1
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Adkison H, Embers ME. Lyme disease and the pursuit of a clinical cure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1183344. [PMID: 37293310 PMCID: PMC10244525 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1183344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne illness in the United States. Many aspects of the disease are still topics of controversy within the scientific and medical communities. One particular point of debate is the etiology behind antibiotic treatment failure of a significant portion (10-30%) of Lyme disease patients. The condition in which patients with Lyme disease continue to experience a variety of symptoms months to years after the recommended antibiotic treatment is most recently referred to in the literature as post treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) or just simply post treatment Lyme disease (PTLD). The most commonly proposed mechanisms behind treatment failure include host autoimmune responses, long-term sequelae from the initial Borrelia infection, and persistence of the spirochete. The aims of this review will focus on the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence that either validates or challenges these mechanisms, particularly with regard to the role of the immune response in disease and resolution of the infection. Next generation treatments and research into identifying biomarkers to predict treatment responses and outcomes for Lyme disease patients are also discussed. It is essential that definitions and guidelines for Lyme disease evolve with the research to translate diagnostic and therapeutic advances to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica E. Embers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, LA, United States
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2
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Arkatkar T, Davé V, Cruz Talavera I, Graham JB, Swarts JL, Hughes SM, Bell TA, Hock P, Farrington J, Shaw GD, Kirby A, Fialkow M, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Ferris MT, Hladik F, Schiffer JT, Prlic M, Lund JM. Memory T cells possess an innate-like function in local protection from mucosal infection. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162800. [PMID: 36951943 PMCID: PMC10178838 DOI: 10.1172/jci162800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal infections pose a significant global health burden. Antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells are critical to maintaining barrier immunity. Previous studies in the context of systemic infection suggest that memory CD8+ T cells may also provide innate-like protection against antigenically unrelated pathogens independent of T cell receptor engagement. Whether bystander T cell activation is also an important defense mechanism in the mucosa is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether innate-like memory CD8+ T cells could protect against a model mucosal virus infection, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). We found that immunization with an irrelevant antigen delayed disease progression from lethal HSV-2 challenge, suggesting that memory CD8+ T cells may mediate protection despite the lack of antigen specificity. Upon HSV-2 infection, we observed an early infiltration, rather than substantial local proliferation, of antigen-nonspecific CD8+ T cells, which became bystander-activated only within the infected mucosal tissue. Critically, we show that bystander-activated CD8+ T cells are sufficient to reduce early viral burden after HSV-2 infection. Finally, local cytokine cues within the tissue microenvironment after infection were sufficient for bystander activation of mucosal tissue memory CD8+ T cells from mice and humans. Altogether, our findings suggest that local bystander activation of CD8+ memory T cells contributes a fast and effective innate-like response to infection in mucosal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Arkatkar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Irene Cruz Talavera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Jessica B. Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica L. Swarts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean M. Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joe Farrington
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ginger D. Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Kirby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Fialkow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
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3
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Nkongolo S, Mahamed D, Kuipery A, Sanchez Vasquez JD, Kim SC, Mehrotra A, Patel A, Hu C, McGilvray I, Feld JJ, Fung S, Chen D, Wallin JJ, Gaggar A, Janssen HL, Gehring AJ. Longitudinal liver sampling in patients with chronic hepatitis B starting antiviral therapy reveals hepatotoxic CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:158903. [PMID: 36594467 PMCID: PMC9797343 DOI: 10.1172/jci158903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of activated immune cells results in nonspecific hepatocyte killing in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. This study aims to understand the underlying mechanisms in humans and to define whether these are driven by widespread activation or a subpopulation of immune cells. We enrolled CHB patients with active liver damage to receive antiviral therapy and performed longitudinal liver sampling using fine-needle aspiration to investigate mechanisms of CHB pathogenesis in the human liver. Single-cell sequencing of total liver cells revealed a distinct liver-resident, polyclonal CD8+ T cell population that was enriched at baseline and displayed a highly activated immune signature during liver damage. Cytokine combinations, identified by in silico prediction of ligand-receptor interaction, induced the activated phenotype in healthy liver CD8+ T cells, resulting in nonspecific Fas ligand-mediated killing of target cells. These results define a CD8+ T cell population in the human liver that can drive pathogenesis and a key pathway involved in their function in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Nkongolo
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deeqa Mahamed
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Kuipery
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan D. Sanchez Vasquez
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aman Mehrotra
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anjali Patel
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Hu
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian McGilvray
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Fung
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Chen
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Anuj Gaggar
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Harry L.A. Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Soluble factors from TLR4- or TCR-activated cells contribute to stability of the resting phenotype and increase the expression of CXCR4 of human memory CD4 T cells. Immunol Res 2022; 71:388-403. [PMID: 36539634 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that cytokines can induce activation of resting T cells in an antigen-independent manner. However, experimental conditions have included the use of fetal serum and nanogram concentrations of added cytokines. To evaluate the effect of cytokines and chemokines generated by activated immune cells on the phenotypic profile of human memory CD4 T cells, the cells were cultured in FBS-free conditions in the presence of IL-15 and 5% of hAB serum and incubated with conditioned medium (CM) obtained from PBMC activated through the TCR using anti-CD3/CD28/CD2 antibodies (TCR-CM) or through TLR4 using bacterial LPS (TLR4-CM). Cytokines and chemokines present in the CMs were evaluated by ProcartaPlex immunoassay. Cell viability, proliferation, and surface markers were determined by flow cytometry on day 2, 5, and 8 of culture. Cell viability was maintained by TLR4-CM plus IL-15 for 8 days but decreased in the presence of the TCR-CM plus IL-15. In combination with IL-15, the TLR4-CM, but not the TCR-CM, maintained the expression of CD3 and CD4 stable. Both conditions stabilized the expression of CD45RO and CCR5. Thus, the TLR4-CM better supported the viability and stability of the memory phenotype. None of the CMs induced proliferation or expression of activation markers; however, they induced an increased expression of CXCR4. This study indicates that resting memory CD4 T cells are not activated by, but may be sensitive to soluble factors produced by antigen or PAMP-stimulated cells, which may contribute to their homeostasis and favor the CXCR4 expression.
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5
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Helble JD, McCarthy JE, Sawden M, Starnbach MN, Hu LT. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is induced during Borrelia burgdorferi infection and inhibits T cell joint infiltration without compromising bacterial clearance. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010903. [PMID: 36265003 PMCID: PMC9624412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease bacterial pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi, establishes a long-term infection inside its mammalian hosts. Despite the continued presence of the bacteria in animal models of disease, inflammation is transitory and resolves spontaneously. T cells with limited effector functions and the inability to become activated by antigen, termed exhausted T cells, are present in many long-term infections. These exhausted T cells mediate a balance between pathogen clearance and preventing tissue damage resulting from excess inflammation. Exhausted T cells express a variety of immunoinhibitory molecules, including the molecule PD-1. Following B. burgdorferi infection, we found that PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are significantly upregulated on CD4+ T cells and antigen presenting cell subsets, respectively. Using mice deficient in PD-1, we found that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway did not impact bacterial clearance but did impact T cell expansion and accumulation in the ankle joint and popliteal lymph nodes without affecting B cell populations or antibody production, suggesting that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may play a role in shaping the T cell populations present in affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Helble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie E. McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Machlan Sawden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linden T. Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Hammond EM, Baumgarth N. CD4 T cell responses in persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102187. [PMID: 35550259 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), a tick-transmitted spirochete and the pathogen that causes Lyme disease in humans, triggers CD4 T cell activation in secondary lymphoid tissues, from which they disseminate into various infected tissues. Despite their activation and the appearance of CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses, Bb establishes persistent infection in natural Bb reservoir hosts in the absence of overt disease, raising the question of the effectiveness of the anti-Bb T cell responses. Reviewing the existing literature, we propose that CD4 T cells might constitute a host cell target of Bb-mediated immune evasion, rendering these cells ineffective in orchestrating effective inflammatory responses and in supporting highly functional Bb-specific antibody induction. Supporting the induction of more effective CD4 T cell responses may help overcome Bb persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Hammond
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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Kong Y, Jing Y, Allard D, Scavuzzo MA, Sprouse ML, Borowiak M, Bettini ML, Bettini M. A dormant T cell population with autoimmune potential exhibits low self-reactivity and infiltrates islets in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1158-1170. [PMID: 35389516 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of low affinity T cells to autoimmunity in the context of polyclonal T cell responses is understudied due to the limitations in their capture by tetrameric reagents and low level of activation in response to antigenic stimulation. As a result, low affinity T cells are often disregarded as non-antigen specific cells irrelevant to the immune response. Our study aimed to assess how the level of self-antigen reactivity shapes T cell lineage and effector responses in the context of spontaneous tissue specific autoimmunity observed in NOD mice. Using multi-color flow cytometry in combination with Nur77GFP reporter of TCR signaling we identified a dormant population of T cells that infiltrated the pancreatic islets of pre-diabetic NOD mice, which exhibited reduced level of self-tissue reactivity based on expression of CD5 and Nur77GFP . We showed that these CD5low T cells had a unique TCR repertoire, exhibited low activation and minimal effector function; however, induced rapid diabetes upon transfer. The CD4+ CD5low T cell population displayed transcriptional signature of central memory T cells, consistent with the ability to acquire effector function post-transfer. Transcriptional profile of CD5low T cells was similar to T cells expressing a low affinity TCR, indicating TCR affinity to be the important factor in shaping CD5low T cell phenotype and function at the tissue site. Overall, our study suggests that autoimmune tissue can maintain a reservoir of undifferentiated central memory-like autoreactive T cells with pathogenic effector potential that might be an important source for effector T cells during long-term chronic autoimmunity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Yi Jing
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Denise Allard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030
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8
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Borrelia burgdorferi is a poor inducer of interferon-gamma: amplification induced by interleukin-12. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0055821. [PMID: 35130450 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00558-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is mainly based on serology, which has limitations, particularly in the early stages of the disease. In recent years there have been conflicting reports concerning a new diagnostic tool using the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Previous studies have generally found low concentrations of IFN-γ in early LB infection. The goal of this study is to investigate IFN-γ regulation during early LB and provide insights into the host response to B. burgdorferi. Methods We performed in vitro experiments with whole blood assays and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of LB patients and healthy volunteers exposed to B. burgdorferi and evaluated the IFN-γ response using ELISA and related interindividual variation in IFN-γ production to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results IFN-γ production of B. burgdorferi-exposed PBMCs and whole blood was amplified by the addition of IL-12 to the stimulation system. This effect was observed after 24 hours of B. burgdorferi stimulation in both healthy individuals and LB patients. The effect was highly variable between individuals, but was significantly higher in LB patients six weeks since the start of antibiotic treatment compared to healthy individuals. IL-12 p40 and IL-18 mRNA was upregulated upon exposure to B. burgdorferi, whereas IL-12 p35 and IFN-γ mRNA expression remained relatively unchanged. SNP Rs280520 in the downstream IL-12 pathway, Tyrosine Kinase 2, was associated with increased IFN-γ production. Conclusions This study shows that IL-12 evokes an IFN-γ response in B. burgdorferi exposed cells, and LB patients and healthy controls respond differently to this stimulation.
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9
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Significance of bystander T cell activation in microbial infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:13-22. [PMID: 34354279 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During microbial infection, pre-existing memory CD8+ T cells that are not specific for the infecting pathogens can be activated by cytokines without cognate antigens, termed bystander activation. Studies in mouse models and human patients demonstrate bystander activation of memory CD8+ T cells, which exerts either protective or detrimental effects on the host, depending on the infection model or disease. Research has elucidated mechanisms underlying the bystander activation of CD8+ T cells in terms of the responsible cytokines and the effector mechanisms of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells. In this Review, we describe the history of research on bystander CD8+ T cell activation as well as evidence of bystander activation. We also discuss the mechanisms and immunopathological roles of bystander activation in various microbial infections.
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10
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Maurice NJ, Taber AK, Prlic M. The Ugly Duckling Turned to Swan: A Change in Perception of Bystander-Activated Memory CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:455-462. [PMID: 33468558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells (Tmem) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, Tmem also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiological relevance and the consequences of T cell bystander activation have only become more evident in recent years. In this review, we discuss the scenarios that trigger CD8 Tmem bystander activation including acute and chronic infections that are either systemic or localized, as well as evidence for bystander CD8 Tmem within tumors and following vaccination. We summarize the possible consequences of bystander activation for the T cell itself, the subsequent immune response, and the host. We highlight when T cell bystander activation appears to benefit or harm the host and briefly discuss our current knowledge gaps regarding regulatory signals that can control bystander activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alexis K Taber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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11
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Lyme arthritis: linking infection, inflammation and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:449-461. [PMID: 34226730 PMCID: PMC9488587 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents can trigger autoimmune responses in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. Lyme arthritis, which is caused by the tick-transmitted spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, is effectively treated in most patients with antibiotic therapy; however, in a subset of patients, arthritis can persist and worsen after the spirochaete has been killed (known as post-infectious Lyme arthritis). This Review details the current understanding of the pathogenetic events in Lyme arthritis, from initial infection in the skin, through infection of the joints, to post-infectious chronic inflammatory arthritis. The central feature of post-infectious Lyme arthritis is an excessive, dysregulated pro-inflammatory immune response during the infection phase that persists into the post-infectious period. This response is characterized by high amounts of IFNγ and inadequate amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The consequences of this dysregulated pro-inflammatory response in the synovium include impaired tissue repair, vascular damage, autoimmune and cytotoxic processes, and fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis. These synovial characteristics are similar to those in other chronic inflammatory arthritides, including rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, post-infectious Lyme arthritis provides a model for other chronic autoimmune or autoinflammatory arthritides in which complex immune responses can be triggered and shaped by an infectious agent in concert with host genetic factors.
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12
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Jiang R, Meng H, Raddassi K, Fleming I, Hoehn KB, Dardick KR, Belperron AA, Montgomery RR, Shalek AK, Hafler DA, Kleinstein SH, Bockenstedt LK. Single-cell immunophenotyping of the skin lesion erythema migrans identifies IgM memory B cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148035. [PMID: 34061047 PMCID: PMC8262471 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin lesion erythema migrans (EM) is an initial sign of the Ixodes tick-transmitted Borreliella spirochetal infection known as Lyme disease. T cells and innate immune cells have previously been shown to predominate the EM lesion and promote the reaction. Despite the established importance of B cells and antibodies in preventing infection, the role of B cells in the skin immune response to Borreliella is unknown. Here, we used single-cell RNA-Seq in conjunction with B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing to immunophenotype EM lesions and their associated B cells and BCR repertoires. We found that B cells were more abundant in EM in comparison with autologous uninvolved skin; many were clonally expanded and had circulating relatives. EM-associated B cells upregulated the expression of MHC class II genes and exhibited preferential IgM isotype usage. A subset also exhibited low levels of somatic hypermutation despite a gene expression profile consistent with memory B cells. Our study demonstrates that single-cell gene expression with paired BCR sequencing can be used to interrogate the sparse B cell populations in human skin and reveals that B cells in the skin infection site in early Lyme disease expressed a phenotype consistent with local antigen presentation and antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Alexia A. Belperron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Hafler
- Department of Immunobiology
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology
- Department of Pathology, and
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Yang J, Hu F, Guo C, Liang Y, Song H, Cheng K. Discovery of isoliquiritigenin analogues that reverse acute hepatitis by inhibiting macrophage polarization. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105043. [PMID: 34120019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Screening a natural product library of 850 compounds yield isoliquiritigenin as an effective anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory NO induced by Pam3CSK4, while its activity accompanied by toxicity. Further studies obtained the optimized isoliquiritigenin derivative SMU-B14, which can inhibit Pam3CSK4 triggered toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling with low toxicity and high potency. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that SMU-B14 worked through TLR2/MyD88, phosphorylation of IKKα/β, leading to the reduce degradation of NF-κB related IKBα and p65 complex, then inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β both in human and murine cell lines. Subsequent polarization experiments showed SMU-B14 significant reversed the polarization of M1 phenotype primary macrophage activated by Pam3CSK4in vitro, and reduced the infiltration of neutrophil and polarization of M1-type macrophage, decreased serum alanine transaminase (ALT), as a result protected liver from being injured in vivo. In summary, we obtained an optimized lead compound SMU-B14 and found it functionally blocked TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to down-regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines resulted significant liver protection property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fanjie Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chengjun Guo
- School of Applied Mathematics, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haiying Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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14
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Clarke DJB, Rebman AW, Bailey A, Wojciechowicz ML, Jenkins SL, Evangelista JE, Danieletto M, Fan J, Eshoo MW, Mosel MR, Robinson W, Ramadoss N, Bobe J, Soloski MJ, Aucott JN, Ma'ayan A. Predicting Lyme Disease From Patients' Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Profiled With RNA-Sequencing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636289. [PMID: 33763080 PMCID: PMC7982722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although widely prevalent, Lyme disease is still under-diagnosed and misunderstood. Here we followed 73 acute Lyme disease patients and uninfected controls over a period of a year. At each visit, RNA-sequencing was applied to profile patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells in addition to extensive clinical phenotyping. Based on the projection of the RNA-seq data into lower dimensions, we observe that the cases are separated from controls, and almost all cases never return to cluster with the controls over time. Enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes between clusters identifies up-regulation of immune response genes. This observation is also supported by deconvolution analysis to identify the changes in cell type composition due to Lyme disease infection. Importantly, we developed several machine learning classifiers that attempt to perform various Lyme disease classifications. We show that Lyme patients can be distinguished from the controls as well as from COVID-19 patients, but classification was not successful in distinguishing those patients with early Lyme disease cases that would advance to develop post-treatment persistent symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J B Clarke
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alison W Rebman
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Allison Bailey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Megan L Wojciechowicz
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sherry L Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - John E Evangelista
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matteo Danieletto
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinshui Fan
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark W Eshoo
- Ibis Biosciences (an Abbott Laboratories company), Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Mosel
- Ibis Biosciences (an Abbott Laboratories company), Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - William Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nitya Ramadoss
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jason Bobe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark J Soloski
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John N Aucott
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Bockenstedt LK, Wooten RM, Baumgarth N. Immune Response to Borrelia: Lessons from Lyme Disease Spirochetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:145-190. [PMID: 33289684 PMCID: PMC10842262 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward limiting pathogen burdens, minimizing tissue injury, and preventing subsequent reinfection. The evolutionary adaptation of Borrelia spirochetes to their reservoir mammalian hosts may allow for its persistence despite this immune defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the most widely studied Borrelia spp. and etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Pertinent literature will be reviewed with emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies that influenced our understanding of both the earliest responses to B. burgdorferi as it enters the mammalian host and those that evolve as spirochetes disseminate and establish infection in multiple tissues. Our focus is on the immune response of inbred mice, the most commonly studied animal model of B. burgdorferi infection and surrogate for one of this pathogen's principle natural reservoir hosts, the white-footed deer mouse. Comparison will be made to the immune responses of humans with Lyme borreliosis. Our goal is to provide an understanding of the dynamics of the mammalian immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi and its relation to the outcomes in reservoir (mouse) and non-reservoir (human) hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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16
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Lee HG, Cho MZ, Choi JM. Bystander CD4 + T cells: crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1255-1263. [PMID: 32859954 PMCID: PMC8080565 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the central mediators of both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses. Highly specific receptor-mediated clonal selection and expansion of T cells assure antigen-specific immunity. In addition, encounters with cognate antigens generate immunological memory, the capacity for long-term, antigen-specific immunity against previously encountered pathogens. However, T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent activation, termed “bystander activation”, has also been found. Bystander-activated T cells can respond rapidly and secrete effector cytokines even in the absence of antigen stimulation. Recent studies have rehighlighted the importance of antigen-independent bystander activation of CD4+ T cells in infection clearance and autoimmune pathogenesis, suggesting the existence of a distinct innate-like immunological function performed by conventional T cells. In this review, we discuss the inflammatory mediators that activate bystander CD4+ T cells and the potential physiological roles of these cells during infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Immune cells that become activated in the absence of antigen stimulation could be harnessed in the fight against infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Je-Min Choi and colleagues from Hanyang University in Seoul, South Korea, review how the immune system can deploy helper T cells through an unusual process called bystander activation. Most T cells become activated only after receptors on their surface bind to specific cognate antigen. In contrast, bystander T cells are activated non-specifically in response to cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators. Studies have shown that this cell population has a variety of protective and pathogenic functions, for example, guarding against multiple sclerosis, aggravating the symptoms of parasitic infections and promoting antitumor immunity. A better understanding of these immune cells could lead to new therapeutic options for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Zi Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Rebman AW, Aucott JN. Post-treatment Lyme Disease as a Model for Persistent Symptoms in Lyme Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:57. [PMID: 32161761 PMCID: PMC7052487 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been observed in clinical practice that a subset of patients with Lyme disease report a constellation of symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and musculoskeletal pain, which may last for a significant period of time. These symptoms, which can range from mild to severe, have been reported throughout the literature in both prospective and population-based studies in Lyme disease endemic regions. The etiology of these symptoms is unknown, however several illness-causing mechanisms have been hypothesized, including microbial persistence, host immune dysregulation through inflammatory or secondary autoimmune pathways, or altered neural networks, as in central sensitization. Evaluation and characterization of persistent symptoms in Lyme disease is complicated by potential independent, repeat exposures to B. burgdorferi, as well as the potential for co-morbid diseases with overlapping symptom profiles. Antibody testing for B. burgdorferi is an insensitive measure after treatment, and no other FDA-approved tests currently exist. As such, diagnosis presents a complex challenge for physicians, while the lived experience for patients is one marked by uncertainty and often illness invalidation. Currently, there are no FDA-approved pharmaceutical therapies, and the safety and efficacy of off-label and/or complementary therapies have not been well studied and are not agreed-upon within the medical community. Post-treatment Lyme disease represents a narrow, defined, mechanistically-neutral subset of this larger, more heterogeneous group of patients, and is a useful definition in research settings as an initial subgroup of study. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the diagnosis, etiology, risk factors, and treatment of patients with persistent symptoms in the context of Lyme disease. The meaning and relevance of existing patient subgroups will be discussed, as will future research priorities, including the need to develop illness biomarkers, elucidate the biologic mechanisms of disease, and drive improvements in therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W Rebman
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John N Aucott
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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The activation of bystander CD8 + T cells and their roles in viral infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31827070 PMCID: PMC6906361 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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19
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Yang H, Yang J, Cheng H, Cao H, Tang S, Wang Q, Zhao J, Li B, Ding Y, Ma C. Probiotics ingestion prevents HDAC11-induced DEC205+ dendritic cell dysfunction in night shift nurses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18002. [PMID: 31784669 PMCID: PMC6884592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the day-night shift-rotation has a negative impact on the immune system. The underlying mechanism remains to be further investigated. Probiotics have regulatory effects on immune functions. This study aims to investigate the role of probiotic ingestion in preventing the DEC205+ dendritic cell (decDC) dysfunction in day-night shift-engaging nurses. In this study, blood samples were collected from day-night shift-rotating nurses who took or did not take yogurt (containing C. Butyricum) during the night shift (NS). decDC functions were evaluated with pertinent immunological approaches. We observed that the immune tolerogenic functions and interleukin (IL)-10 expression were impaired in decDCs of nurses after NS. HDAC11 was detected in decDCs that was markedly up regulated after NS. The HDAC11 levels were negatively correlated with the immune tolerogenic functions in decDCs. Ingestion of probiotic-containing yogurt during NS efficiently suppressed Bmal1 and HDAC11 levels as well as up regulated the immune regulatory functions in decDCs. In conclusion, NS has a negative impact on decDC immune tolerogenic functions, which can be prevented by ingesting probiotics-containing yogurt during NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huili Cao
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiaohong Wang
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongxia Ding
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chang Ma
- Department of Respirology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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20
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Maurice NJ, McElrath MJ, Andersen-Nissen E, Frahm N, Prlic M. CXCR3 enables recruitment and site-specific bystander activation of memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4987. [PMID: 31676770 PMCID: PMC6825240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bystander activation of memory T cells occurs in the absence of cognate antigen during infections that elicit strong systemic inflammatory responses, which subsequently affect host immune responses. Here we report that memory T cell bystander activation is not limited to induction by systemic inflammation. We initially observe potential T cell bystander activation in a cohort of human vaccine recipients. Using a mouse model system, we then find that memory CD8+ T cells are specifically recruited to sites with activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a CXCR3-dependent manner. In addition, CXCR3 is also necessary for T cell clustering around APCs and T cell bystander activation, which temporospatially overlaps with the subsequent antigen-specific T cell response. Our data thus suggest that bystander activation is part of the initial localized immune response, and is mediated by a site-specific recruitment process of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Cape Town HIV Vaccine Trials Network Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, 8001, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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21
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Weiss T, Zhu P, White H, Posner M, Wickiser JK, Washington MA, Barnhill J. Latent Lyme Disease Resulting in Chronic Arthritis and Early Career Termination in a United States Army Officer. Mil Med 2019; 184:e368-e370. [PMID: 30839071 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a continuing threat to military personnel operating in arboriferous and mountainous environments. Here we present the case of a 24-year-old Second Lieutenant, a recent graduate from the United States Military Academy, with a history of Lyme disease who developed recurrent knee effusions following surgery to correct a hip impingement. Although gonococcal arthritis was initially suspected from preliminary laboratory results, a comprehensive evaluation contradicted this diagnosis. Despite antibiotic therapy, aspiration of the effusions, and steroid treatment to control inflammation, the condition of the patient deteriorated to the point where he was found to be unfit for duty and subsequently discharged from active military service. This case illustrates the profound effect that latent Lyme disease can have on the quality of life and the career of an active duty military member. It highlights the need for increased surveillance for Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi) in military training areas and for the early and aggressive diagnosis and treatment of military personnel who present with the symptoms of acute Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
| | - Peter Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
| | - Hannah White
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
| | - Matthew Posner
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
| | - J Kenneth Wickiser
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
| | - Michael A Washington
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY
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22
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Haque M, Lei F, Xiong X, Das JK, Ren X, Fang D, Salek-Ardakani S, Yang JM, Song J. Stem cell-derived tissue-associated regulatory T cells suppress the activity of pathogenic cells in autoimmune diabetes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126471. [PMID: 30777937 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoantigen-specific Tregs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), i.e., PSC-Tregs, have the ability to suppress autoimmunity. PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue associated and to infiltrate into local inflamed tissues to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the autoantigen-specific PSC-Tregs suppress the autoimmune response remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we generated functional autoantigen-specific Tregs from the induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-Tregs, and investigated the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity suppression by these Tregs in a type 1 diabetes (T1D) murine model. A double-Tg mouse model of T1D was established in F1 mice, in which the first generation of RIP-mOVA Tg mice that were crossed with OT-I T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice was challenged with vaccinia viruses expressing OVA (VACV-OVA). We show that adoptive transfer of OVA-specific iPSC-Tregs greatly suppressed autoimmunity in the animal model and prevented the insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells from destruction. Further, we demonstrate that the adoptive transfer significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1 in the diabetic pancreas and inhibited the migration of pathogenic CD8+ T cells and the production of the proinflammatory IFN-γ in the pancreas. These results indicate that the stem cell-derived tissue-associated Tregs can robustly accumulate in the diabetic pancreas, and, through downregulating the expression of ICAM-1 in the local inflamed tissues and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, suppress the migration and activity of the pathogenic immune cells that cause T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haque
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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23
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Lochhead RB, Ordoñez D, Arvikar SL, Aversa JM, Oh LS, Heyworth B, Sadreyev R, Steere AC, Strle K. Interferon-gamma production in Lyme arthritis synovial tissue promotes differentiation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes into immune effector cells. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12992. [PMID: 30550623 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lyme arthritis (LA), a late disease manifestation of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, usually resolves with antibiotic therapy. However, some patients develop proliferative synovitis lasting months to several years after spirochetal killing, called postinfectious LA. In this study, we phenotyped haematopoietic and stromal cell populations in the synovial lesion ex vivo and used these findings to generate an in vitro model of LA using patient-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Ex vivo analysis of synovial tissue revealed high abundance of IFNγ-producing T cells and NK cells. Similar to marked IFNγ responses in tissue, postinfectious LA synovial fluid also had high levels of IFNγ. HLA-DR-positive FLS were present throughout the synovial lesion, particularly in areas of inflammation. FLS stimulated in vitro with B. burgdorferi, which were similar to conditions during infection, expressed 68 genes associated primarily with innate immune activation and neutrophil recruitment. In contrast, FLS stimulated with IFNγ, which were similar to conditions in the postinfectious phase, expressed >2,000 genes associated with pathogen sensing, inflammation, and MHC Class II antigen presentation, similar to the expression profile in postinfectious synovial tissue. Furthermore, costimulation of FLS with B. burgdorferi and IFNγ induced greater expression of IL-6 and other innate immune response proteins and genes than with IFNγ stimulation alone. These results suggest that B. burgdorferi infection, in combination with IFNγ, initiates the differentiation of FLS into a highly inflammatory phenotype. We hypothesise that overexpression of IFNγ by lymphocytes within synovia perpetuates these responses in the postinfectious period, causing proliferative synovitis and stalling appropriate repair of damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Lochhead
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Ordoñez
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheila L Arvikar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Aversa
- Department of Orthopedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luke S Oh
- Department of Orthopedics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benton Heyworth
- Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Hattori N. Bacteria-Host Interactions in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2966. [PMID: 30564215 PMCID: PMC6288311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Numerous causative factors have been identified that play a role in MS, including exposure to bacteria. Mycobacteria, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and other bacteria have been proposed as risk factors for MS with different mechanisms of action. Conversely, some pathogens may have a protective effect on its etiology. In terms of acquired immunity, molecular mimicry has been hypothesized as the mechanism by which bacterial structures such as DNA, the cell wall, and intracytoplasmic components can activate autoreactive T cells or produce autoantibodies in certain host genetic backgrounds of susceptible individuals. In innate immunity, Toll-like receptors play an essential role in combating invading bacteria, and their activation leads to the release of cytokines or chemokines that mediate effective adaptive immune responses. These receptors may also be involved in central nervous system autoimmunity, and their contribution depends on the infection site and on the pathogen. We have reviewed the current knowledge of the influence of bacteria on MS development, emphasizing the potential mechanisms of action by which bacteria affect MS initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Bystander T Cells: A Balancing Act of Friends and Foes. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:1021-1035. [PMID: 30413351 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are essential for appropriate protection against pathogens. T cell immunity is achieved through the ability to discriminate between foreign and self-molecules, and this relies heavily on stringent T cell receptor (TCR) specificity. Recently, bystander activated T lymphocytes, that are specific for unrelated epitopes during an antigen-specific response, have been implicated in diverse diseases. Numerous infection models have challenged the classic dogma of T cell activation as being solely dependent on TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) interactions, indicating an unappreciated role for pathogen-associated receptors on T cells. We discuss here the specific roles of bystander activated T cells in pathogenesis, shedding light on the ability of these cells to modulate disease severity independently from TCR recognition.
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26
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Lochhead RB, Arvikar SL, Aversa JM, Sadreyev RI, Strle K, Steere AC. Robust interferon signature and suppressed tissue repair gene expression in synovial tissue from patients with postinfectious, Borrelia burgdorferi-induced Lyme arthritis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12954. [PMID: 30218476 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In most patients with Lyme arthritis (LA), antibiotic therapy results in Borrelia burgdorferi pathogen elimination, tissue repair, and return to homeostasis. However, despite spirochetal killing, some patients develop proliferative synovitis, characterised by synovial hyperplasia, inflammation, vascular damage, and fibrosis that persists for months to several years after antibiotic treatment, called postinfectious LA. In this study, we characterised the transcriptomes of postinfectious LA patients' synovial tissue, the target tissue of the immune response. High-throughput RNA sequencing to a depth of ~30 million reads per sample was used to profile gene expression in synovial tissue from 14 patients with postinfectious LA, compared with eight patients with other types of chronic inflammatory arthritis and five with minimally inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA). Synovium from postinfectious LA and other inflammatory arthritides shared gene signatures associated with antigen presentation, innate immune responses, and cell-mediated immune activation, whereas these responses were diminished in OA synovium. Unique to postinfectious LA was a particularly robust interferon-gamma (IFNγ) signature. Moreover, this heightened IFNγ signature inversely correlated with expression of genes involved in repair of damaged tissue, including genes associated with stromal cell proliferation and differentiation, neovascularisation, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which were markedly suppressed in postinfectious LA. Transcriptional observations were confirmed by cytokine profiling, histologic analyses, and clinical correlations. We propose that in patients with postinfectious LA, overexpression of IFNγ in synovium prevents appropriate repair of tissue damaged by B. burgdorferi infection, blocking return to tissue homeostasis long after completion of antibiotic therapy and resolution of active infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Lochhead
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheila L Arvikar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Aversa
- Department of Orthopedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Abstract
Mammalian immune systems evolved within a diverse world dominated by microbes, making interactions between these two life-forms inevitable. Adaptive immunity protects against microbes through antigen-specific responses. In classical studies, these responses were investigated in the context of pathogenicity; however, we now know that they have significant effects on our resident microbes. In turn, microbes employ an arsenal of mechanisms to influence development and specificity of host immunity. Understanding these complex reactions will be necessary to develop microbiota-based strategies to prevent or treat disease. Here we review the literature detailing the cross talk between resident microbes with a focus on the specificity of host responses and the microbial molecules that influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla S Ost
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Utah 84211, USA;
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Utah 84211, USA;
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Borrelia burgdorferi adhere to blood vessels in the dura mater and are associated with increased meningeal T cells during murine disseminated borreliosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196893. [PMID: 29723263 PMCID: PMC5933741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a vector-borne bacterial infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. If not treated with antibiotics during the early stages of infection, disseminated infection can spread to the central nervous system (CNS). In non-human primates (NHPs) it has been demonstrated that the leptomeninges are among the tissues colonized by B. burgdorferi spirochetes. Although the NHP model parallels aspects of human borreliosis, a small rodent model would be ideal to study the trafficking of spirochetes and immune cells into the CNS. Here we show that during early and late disseminated infection, B. burgdorferi infects the meninges of intradermally infected mice, and is associated with concurrent increases in meningeal T cells. We found that the dura mater was consistently culture positive for spirochetes in transcardially perfused mice, independent of the strain of B. burgdorferi used. Within the dura mater, spirochetes were preferentially located in vascular regions, but were also present in perivascular, and extravascular regions, as late as 75 days post-infection. At the same end-point, we observed significant increases in the number of CD3+ T cells within the pia and dura mater, as compared to controls. Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes isolated from the dura mater revealed that CD3+ cell populations were comprised of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that similarly to infection in peripheral tissues, spirochetes adhere to the dura mater during disseminated infection, and are associated with increases in the number of meningeal T cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that there are aspects of B. burgdorferi meningeal infection that can be modelled in laboratory mice, suggesting that mice may be useful for elucidating mechanisms of meningeal pathogenesis by B. burgdorferi.
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Lyme arthritis: Bystander-activated T cells contribute to Lyme arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:123. [PMID: 29386594 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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