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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Gao L, Zhou J, Ye L. Role of CXCR5 + CD8 + T cells in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998058. [PMID: 36452930 PMCID: PMC9701836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be effectively suppressed by life-long administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, the viral rebound can occur upon cART cessation due to the long-term presence of HIV reservoirs, posing a considerable barrier to drug-free viral remission. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets, especially T follicular helper (T FH ) cells that reside in B-cell follicles within lymphoid tissues, are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir. Substantial evidence indicates that HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated cellular immunity can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control in elite controllers. However, most HIV cure strategies that rely on expanded HIV-specific CD8+ T cells for virus control are likely to fail due to cellular exhaustion and T FH reservoir-specialized anatomical structures that isolate HIV-specific CD8+ T cell entry into B-cell follicles. Loss of stem-like memory properties is a key feature of exhaustion. Recent studies have found that CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5)-expressing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are memory-like CD8+ T cells that can migrate into B-cell follicles to execute inhibition of viral replication. Furthermore, these unique CD8+ T cells can respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. In this review, we discuss the functions of these CD8+ T cells as well as the translation of findings into viable HIV treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiqiong Gao
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Sayın Ekinci N, Darbaş Ş, Uçar F. CXCR5+CD8+ Follicular Cytotoxic T Cell Biology and Its Relationship with Diseases. TURKISH JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/tji.galenos.2022.04796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Valentine KM, Mullins GN, Davalos OA, Seow LW, Hoyer KK. CD8 follicular T cells localize throughout the follicle during germinal center reactions and maintain cytolytic and helper properties. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102690. [PMID: 34274825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CXCR5+ PD-1+ CD8 T cells (CD8 Tfc) arise in multiple models of systemic autoimmunity yet their functional contribution to disease remains in debate. Here we define the follicular localization and functional interactions of CD8 Tfc with B cells during autoimmune disease. The absence of functional T regulatory cells in autoimmunity allows for CD8 Tfc development that then expands with lymphoproliferation. CD8 Tfc are identifiable within the lymph nodes and spleen during systemic autoimmunity, but not during tissue-restricted autoimmune disease. Autoimmune CD8 Tfc cells are polyfunctional, producing helper cytokines IL-21, IL-4, and IFNγ while maintaining cytolytic proteins CD107a, granzyme B, and TNF. During autoimmune disease, IL-2-KO CD8 T cells infiltrate the B cell follicle and germinal center, including the dark zone, and in vitro induce activation-induced cytidine deaminase in naïve B cells via IL-4 secretion. CD8 Tfc represent a unique CD8 T cell population with a diverse effector cytokine repertoire that can contribute to pathogenic autoimmune B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Valentine
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Genevieve N Mullins
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Oscar A Davalos
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Lek Wei Seow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Katrina K Hoyer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
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5
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Nguyen S, Sada-Japp A, Petrovas C, Betts MR. Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:42-50. [PMID: 32526556 PMCID: PMC7279761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for immunity against viral infections, including HIV. Several characteristics of CD8+ T cells, such as polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity, have been correlated with effective control of HIV. However, most of these correlates have been established in the peripheral blood. Meanwhile, HIV primarily replicates in lymphoid tissues. Therefore, it is unclear which aspects of CD8+ T cell biology are shared and which are different between blood and lymphoid tissues in the context of HIV infection. In this review, we will recapitulate the latest advancements of our knowledge on lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells during HIV infection and discuss the insights these advancements might provide for the development of a HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada-Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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6
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Follicular T-cell subsets in HIV infection: recent advances in pathogenesis research. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:71-76. [PMID: 30585797 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T cells within B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent findings and identifies gaps in current knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS B-cell follicles are major sites of virus replication and demonstrate significant impairments in the generation of humoral immunity in HIV infection. Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), follicular T regulatory cells (Tfr) and follicular CD8 T cells (fCD8) play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. Tfh and more recently Tfr are highly permissive to HIV, and may serve as reservoirs of HIV in treated infection. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are less abundant in B-cell follicles than extrafollicular regions, but their effector mechanisms remain an area of significant controversy. Impairments in Tfh likely contribute to impaired humoral immunity and potential mechanisms include B-cell counter-regulatory mechanisms, Tfr suppression and diminished repertoire breadth. A better understanding of the roles of Tfh, Tfr and fCD8 in HIV immunopathogenesis is critical to the development of effective HIV vaccines and cure strategies. SUMMARY Tfh, Tfr and fCD8 contribute to HIV persistence and impaired humoral immunity. A better understanding of their roles could facilitate vaccine development and HIV cure strategies.
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7
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Enyindah-Asonye G, Nwankwo A, Rahman MA, Hunegnaw R, Hogge C, Helmold Hait S, Ko EJ, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. Overexpression of CD6 and PD-1 Identifies Dysfunctional CD8 + T-Cells During Chronic SIV Infection of Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3005. [PMID: 31998302 PMCID: PMC6961594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective CD8+ T-cell responses play an important role in determining the course of SIV/HIV viral infection. Here we identified a unique population of dysfunctional CD8+ T-cells in lymphoid tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of rhesus macaques with chronic SIV infection characterized by co-expression of CD6 and PD-1. The frequency of CD6 and PD-1 co-expressing CD8+ T-cells was significantly increased in lymphoid tissues and BAL during chronic SIV infection compared to pre-infection levels. These CD6+PD-1+CD8+ T-cells displayed impaired proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity compared to their CD6-PD-1+CD8+ T cell counterparts. The frequency of CD8+PD-1+ and CD8+CD6-PD-1+ T-cells in the lymph node and bone marrow did not correlate with SIV viral load, whereas the frequency of CD8+CD6+PD-1+ T-cells positively correlated with SIV viral load in these tissues highlighting the contribution of CD6 to disease progression. CD6+PD-1+CD8+ T-cells expressed elevated levels of SHP2 phosphatase compared to CD6-PD-1+CD8+ T-cells providing a potential mechanism by which CD6 may induce T-cell dysfunction during chronic SIV infection. Combined targeting of CD6 and PD-1 effectively revived the CD8+ T-cell proliferative response in vitro suggesting a strategy for potential therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Nwankwo
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Hogge
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Nguyen S, Deleage C, Darko S, Ransier A, Truong DP, Agarwal D, Japp AS, Wu VH, Kuri-Cervantes L, Abdel-Mohsen M, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Gostick E, Hoxie JA, Zhang NR, Naji A, Reyes-Terán G, Estes JD, Price DA, Douek DC, Deeks SG, Buggert M, Betts MR. Elite control of HIV is associated with distinct functional and transcriptional signatures in lymphoid tissue CD8 + T cells. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax4077. [PMID: 31852798 PMCID: PMC7265335 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The functional properties of circulating CD8+ T cells have been associated with immune control of HIV. However, viral replication occurs predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes (LNs). We used an integrated single-cell approach to characterize effective HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the LNs of elite controllers (ECs), defined as individuals who suppress viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Higher frequencies of total memory and follicle-homing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in the LNs of ECs compared with the LNs of chronic progressors (CPs) who were not receiving ART. Moreover, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells potently suppressed viral replication without demonstrable cytolytic activity in the LNs of ECs, which harbored substantially lower amounts of CD4+ T cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA compared with the LNs of CPs. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses further revealed a distinct transcriptional signature among HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from the LNs of ECs, typified by the down-regulation of inhibitory receptors and cytolytic molecules and the up-regulation of multiple cytokines, predicted secreted factors, and components of the protein translation machinery. Collectively, these results provide a mechanistic framework to expedite the identification of novel antiviral factors, highlighting a potential role for the localized deployment of noncytolytic functions as a determinant of immune efficacy against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duc P Truong
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vincent H Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy R Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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9
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Perdomo-Celis F, Medina-Moreno S, Davis H, Bryant J, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT, Kottilil S, Zapata JC. Characterization of CXCR5 + CD8 + T-cells in humanized NSG mice. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151885. [PMID: 31836302 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor γ-chainnull (huNSG) mice recapitulate some features of human T-cell populations that can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical research. CXCR5+ T CD8+ T-cells play an important role in the control of viral infections and tumors. Indeed, they have been associated with low-level HIV replication, making them a possible novel correlate of protection, and potentially useful in the eradication of HIV reservoirs. Here, by flow cytometry, we evaluated the reconstitution of CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells in huNSG mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. This population was readily generated in huNSG mice, and where particularly confined to spleen and lymph nodes. These cells exhibited a follicular-like phenotype, with expression of Programmed Death (PD)-1, Inducible T-cell costimulatory (ICOS), and absence of CCR7. Moreover, CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells had a higher expression of interleukin (IL)-21 and a higher cytotoxic potential compared with CXCR5- cells. HIV infection did not affect the frequencies of CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Finally, taking advantage of the high proportion of naïve T-cells in huNSG mice, we evaluated the in vitro response of splenic T-cells to the follicular profile-polarizing cytokines Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-23. After in vitro treatment, there was an increase in CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, which exhibited high levels of PD-1, CD40 L and low expression of CCR7. Thus, there is a reconstitution of CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells in huNSG mice, supporting the use of this model for exploring the biology and role of this cell population in healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry Davis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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11
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Valentine KM, Hoyer KK. CXCR5+ CD8 T Cells: Protective or Pathogenic? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1322. [PMID: 31275308 PMCID: PMC6591429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are infrequently considered part of germinal center reactions. Yet, a distinct CXCR5+ CD8 T cell subset identified within the B cell follicle and germinal center in situations of chronic antigen has recently been defined. CXCR5+ CD8 T cells maintain transcriptional and phenotypic features consistent with the CD8 T cell nomenclature of a non-exhausted, effector memory population. CD8 T cell localization to the B cell follicle suggests a functional profile similar to CD4 T follicular helper cells that are licensed to promote B cell responses. The functional mechanisms defined under different immune settings, while largely similar, differentially control disease pathogenesis. CXCR5+ CD8 T cells control viral load during infection, and also promote antibody-mediated autoimmune disease progression. The existence of this novel CXCR5+ CD8 T cell subset in human and murine models of disease may provide a paradigm shift in our understanding of germinal center reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Valentine
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Katrina K Hoyer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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12
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Enyindah-Asonye G, Nwankwo A, Hogge C, Rahman MA, Helmold Hait S, Hunegnaw R, Ko EJ, Hoang T, Venzon DJ, Robert-Guroff M. A Pathogenic Role for Splenic B1 Cells in SIV Disease Progression in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2019; 10:511. [PMID: 30941141 PMCID: PMC6433970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B1 cells spontaneously produce protective natural antibodies which provide the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens. Although these natural antibodies share similar autoreactive features with several HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, the role of B1 cells in HIV/SIV disease progression is unknown. We report the presence of human-like B1 cells in rhesus macaques. During chronic SIV infection, we found that the frequency of splenic CD11b+ B1 cells positively correlated with plasma SIV viral load and exhausted T cells. Mechanistically, we discovered that splenic CD11b+ B1 cells express PD-L2 and IL-10, and were able to induce PD-1 upregulation on CD4+ T cells in vitro. These findings suggest that splenic CD11b+ B1 cells may contribute to the regulation of SIV plasma viral load by enhancing T cell exhaustion. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that govern their function in rhesus macaques may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for impeding HIV/SIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Nwankwo
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Hogge
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Early T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Germinal Center Reactions Are Associated with Viremia Control in Immunized Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01687-18. [PMID: 30463978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01687-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental in germinal center (GC) maturation and selection of antigen-specific B cells within secondary lymphoid organs. GC-resident TFH cells have been fully characterized in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the role of GC TFH cells in GC B cell responses following various simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques (RMs) has not been fully investigated. We characterized GC TFH cells of RMs over the course of a mucosal/systemic vaccination regimen to elucidate GC formation and SIV humoral response generation. Animals were mucosally primed twice with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-SIV recombinants and systemically boosted with ALVAC-SIVM766Gag/Pro/gp120-TM and SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum hydroxide (ALVAC/Env) or DNA encoding SIVenv/SIVGag/rhesus interleukin 12 (IL-12) plus SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum phosphate (DNA&Env). Lymph nodes were biopsied in macaque subgroups prevaccination and at day 3, 7, or 14 after the 2nd Ad5hr-SIV prime and the 2nd vector/Env boost. Evaluations of GC TFH and GC B cell dynamics including correlation analyses supported a significant role for early GC TFH cells in providing B cell help during initial phases of GC formation. GC TFH responses at day 3 post-mucosal priming were consistent with generation of Env-specific memory B cells in GCs and elicitation of prolonged Env-specific humoral immunity in the rectal mucosa. GC Env-specific memory B cell responses elicited early post-systemic boosting correlated significantly with decreased viremia postinfection. Our results highlight the importance of early GC TFH cell responses for robust GC maturation and generation of long-lasting SIV-specific humoral responses at mucosal and systemic sites. Further investigation of GC TFH cell dynamics should facilitate development of an efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The modest HIV protection observed in the human RV144 vaccine trial associated antibody responses with vaccine efficacy. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are CD4+ T cells that select antibody secreting cells with high antigenic affinity in germinal centers (GCs) within secondary lymphoid organs. To evaluate the role of TFH cells in eliciting prolonged virus-specific humoral responses, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with a combined mucosal prime/systemic boost regimen followed by repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIV, mimicking human exposure to HIV-1. Although the vaccine regimen did not prevent SIV infection, decreased viremia was observed in the immunized macaques. Importantly, vaccine-induced TFH responses elicited at day 3 postimmunization and robust GC maturation were strongly associated. Further, early TFH-dependent SIV-specific B cell responses were also correlated with decreased viremia. Our findings highlight the contribution of early vaccine-induced GC TFH responses to elicitation of SIV-specific humoral immunity and implicate their participation in SIV control.
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14
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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