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Song MS, Nam JH, Noh KE, Lim DS. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: The Importance of Dendritic Cell Migration. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:7827246. [PMID: 38628676 PMCID: PMC11019573 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7827246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance, initiating immune responses against pathogens, and patrolling body compartments. Despite promising aspects, DC-based immunotherapy faces challenges that include limited availability, immune escape in tumors, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, and the need for effective combination therapies. A further limitation in DC-based immunotherapy is the low population of migratory DC (around 5%-10%) that migrate to lymph nodes (LNs) through afferent lymphatics depending on the LN draining site. By increasing the population of migratory DCs, DC-based immunotherapy could enhance immunotherapeutic effects on target diseases. This paper reviews the importance of DC migration and current research progress in the context of DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seon Song
- Department of Bioconvergence, Graduate School and Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Nam
- Department of Bioconvergence, Graduate School and Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Noh
- Department of Bioconvergence, Graduate School and Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Bioconvergence, Graduate School and Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
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2
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Modulation of immunity by the secreted phospholipase A 2 family. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:42-70. [PMID: 37035998 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) superfamily, which typically catalyzes the sn-2 hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2 ) family contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2 s have unique enzymatic specificity toward fatty acids and polar heads of phospholipid substrates and display distinct tissue/cellular distributions, suggesting their distinct physiological functions. Recent studies using knockout and/or transgenic mice for a full set of sPLA2 s have revealed their roles in modulation of immunity and related disorders. Application of mass spectrometric lipidomics to these mice has enabled to identify target substrates and products of individual sPLA2 s in given tissue microenvironments. sPLA2 s hydrolyze not only phospholipids in the plasma membrane of activated, damaged or dying mammalian cells, but also extracellular phospholipids such as those in extracellular vesicles, microbe membranes, lipoproteins, surfactants, and dietary phospholipids, thereby exacerbating or ameliorating various diseases. The actions of sPLA2 s are dependent on, or independent of, the generation of fatty acid- or lysophospholipid-derived lipid mediators according to the pathophysiological contexts. In this review, we make an overview of our current understanding of the roles of individual sPLA2 s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Wautier JL, Wautier MP. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119647. [PMID: 37298597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been described for two millennia, but cellular aspects and the paradigm involving different mediators have been identified in the recent century. Two main groups of molecules, the prostaglandins (PG) and the cytokines, have been discovered and play a major role in inflammatory processes. The activation of prostaglandins PGE2, PGD2 and PGI2 results in prominent symptoms during cardiovascular and rheumatoid diseases. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory compounds is nowadays a challenge for more targeted therapeutic approaches. The first cytokine was described more than a century ago and is now a part of different families of cytokines (38 interleukins), including the IL-1 and IL-6 families and TNF and TGFβ families. Cytokines can perform a dual role, being growth promotors or inhibitors and having pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The complex interactions between cytokines, vascular cells and immune cells are responsible for dramatic conditions and lead to the concept of cytokine storm observed during sepsis, multi-organ failure and, recently, in some cases of COVID-19 infection. Cytokines such as interferon and hematopoietic growth factor have been used as therapy. Alternatively, the inhibition of cytokine functions has been largely developed using anti-interleukin or anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of sepsis or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Wautier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Denis Diderot Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Wautier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Denis Diderot Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
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4
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Sabatel C, Bureau F. The innate immune brakes of the lung. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111298. [PMID: 36776895 PMCID: PMC9915150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to not only innocuous non-self antigens but also pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) originating from environmental or symbiotic microbes. According to either "self/non-self" or "danger" models, this should systematically result in homeostasis breakdown and the development of immune responses directed to inhaled harmless antigens, such as T helper type (Th)2-mediated asthmatic reactions, which is fortunately not the case in most people. This discrepancy implies the existence, in the lung, of regulatory mechanisms that tightly control immune homeostasis. Although such mechanisms have been poorly investigated in comparison to the ones that trigger immune responses, a better understanding of them could be useful in the development of new therapeutic strategies against lung diseases (e.g., asthma). Here, we review current knowledge on innate immune cells that prevent the development of aberrant immune responses in the lung, thereby contributing to mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sabatel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,*Correspondence: Catherine Sabatel,
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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5
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Brace N, Megson IL, Rossi AG, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD. SILAC-based quantitative proteomics to investigate the eicosanoid associated inflammatory response in activated macrophages. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:12. [PMID: 36050729 PMCID: PMC9438320 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a central role in inflammation by phagocytosing invading pathogens, apoptotic cells and debris, as well as mediating repair of tissues damaged by trauma. In order to do this, these dynamic cells generate a variety of inflammatory mediators including eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatraenoic acids (HETEs) that are formed through the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 pathways. The ability to examine the effects of eicosanoid production at the protein level is therefore critical to understanding the mechanisms associated with macrophage activation. RESULTS This study presents a stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) -based proteomics strategy to quantify the changes in macrophage protein abundance following inflammatory stimulation with Kdo2-lipid A and ATP, with a focus on eicosanoid metabolism and regulation. Detailed gene ontology analysis, at the protein level, revealed several key pathways with a decrease in expression in response to macrophage activation, which included a promotion of macrophage polarisation and dynamic changes to energy requirements, transcription and translation. These findings suggest that, whilst there is evidence for the induction of a pro-inflammatory response in the form of prostaglandin secretion, there is also metabolic reprogramming along with a change in cell polarisation towards a reduced pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Advanced quantitative proteomics in conjunction with functional pathway network analysis is a useful tool to investigate the molecular pathways involved in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brace
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Ian L Megson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
- Present Address: Glasgow Polyomics, Garscube Campus, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Regulatory Roles of Phospholipase A2 Enzymes and Bioactive Lipids in Mast Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923265. [PMID: 35833146 PMCID: PMC9271868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play fundamental roles in life as an essential component of cell membranes, as a major source of energy, as a body surface barrier, and as signaling molecules that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals. Lipid mediators, a group of bioactive lipids that mediates intercellular signals, are produced via specific biosynthetic enzymes and transmit signals via specific receptors. Mast cells, a tissue-resident immune cell population, produce several lipid mediators that contribute to exacerbation or amelioration of allergic responses and also non-allergic inflammation, host defense, cancer and fibrosis by controlling the functions of microenvironmental cells as well as mast cell themselves in paracrine and autocrine fashions. Additionally, several bioactive lipids produced by stromal cells regulate the differentiation, maturation and activation of neighboring mast cells. Many of the bioactive lipids are stored in membrane phospholipids as precursor forms and released spatiotemporally by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. Through a series of studies employing gene targeting and lipidomics, several enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily have been demonstrated to participate in mast cell-related diseases by mobilizing unique bioactive lipids in multiple ways. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the regulatory roles of several PLA2-driven lipid pathways in mast cell biology.
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Jaiswal AK, Yadav J, Makhija S, Mazumder S, Mitra AK, Suryawanshi A, Sandey M, Mishra A. Irg1/itaconate metabolic pathway is a crucial determinant of dendritic cells immune-priming function and contributes to resolute allergen-induced airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:301-313. [PMID: 34671116 PMCID: PMC8866123 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Itaconate is produced from the mitochondrial TCA cycle enzyme aconitase decarboxylase (encoded by immune responsive gene1; Irg1) that exerts immunomodulatory function in myeloid cells. However, the role of the Irg1/itaconate pathway in dendritic cells (DC)-mediated airway inflammation and adaptive immunity to inhaled allergens, which are the primary antigen-presenting cells in allergic asthma, remains largely unknown. House dust mite (HDM)-challenged Irg1-/- mice displayed increases in eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucous cell metaplasia, and Th2 cytokine production with a mechanism involving impaired mite antigen presentations by DC. Adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed DC from Irg1-deficient mice into naïve WT mice induced a similar phenotype of elevated type 2 airway inflammation and allergic sensitization. Untargeted metabolite analysis of HDM-pulsed DC revealed itaconate as one of the most abundant polar metabolites that potentially suppress mitochondrial oxidative damage. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effect of itaconate was translated in vivo, where intranasal administration of 4-octyl itaconate 4-OI following antigen priming attenuated the manifestations of HDM-induced airway disease and Th2 immune response. Taken together, these data demonstrated for the first time a direct regulatory role of the Irg1/itaconate pathway in DC for the development of type 2 airway inflammation and suggest a possible therapeutic target in modulating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Jaiswal
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753From the Laboratory of Lung Inflammation, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753From the Laboratory of Lung Inflammation, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Sangeet Makhija
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753From the Laboratory of Lung Inflammation, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Suman Mazumder
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Center for Pharmacogenomics and Single-Cell Omics, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Amit Kumar Mitra
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Center for Pharmacogenomics and Single-Cell Omics, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Amarjit Mishra
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753From the Laboratory of Lung Inflammation, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
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Kim B, Lee YE, Yeon JW, Go GY, Byun J, Lee K, Lee HK, Hur JK, Jang M, Kim TH. A novel therapeutic modality using CRISPR-engineered dendritic cells to treat allergies. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120798. [PMID: 33895493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the important roles of dendritic cells (DCs) in airway allergies, current therapeutic strategies such as drugs, allergen immunotherapy and biologics haven't been targeted at them. In this study, we established a promising DC-based therapeutic approach for the alleviation of allergic rhinitis (AR)-associated allergic reactions, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated targeted gene disruption. RNA sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of vacuolar protein sorting 37 B (VPS37B) in AR-derived DCs, indicating a novel molecular target. Following antigen presentation, VPS37A and VPS37B enabled endocytosis of the mannose receptor, which recognizes the house dust mite (HDM) allergen Der p 1. DCs with targeted disruption of VPS37A/B alleviated Th2 cytokine production when co-cultured in vitro with allogeneic naïve CD4+ T cell from patients with AR. Furthermore, nasal administration of Vps37a/b-disrupted bone marrow DCs to a mouse model of AR resulted in strongly reduced AR-related symptoms. Thus, this novel modality using genetically engineered DCs can provide an effective therapeutic and preventative strategy for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woo Yeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeon Go
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyoung Byun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijeong Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin K Lee
- Department of Medicine, Major in Medical Genetics, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho K Hur
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihue Jang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Lee K, Lee SH, Kim TH. The Biology of Prostaglandins and Their Role as a Target for Allergic Airway Disease Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051851. [PMID: 32182661 PMCID: PMC7084947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are a family of lipid compounds that are derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway, and consist of PGD2, PGI2, PGE2, PGF2, and thromboxane B2. PGs signal through G-protein coupled receptors, and individual PGs affect allergic inflammation through different mechanisms according to the receptors with which they are associated. In this review article, we have focused on the metabolism of the cyclooxygenase pathway, and the distinct biological effect of each PG type on various cell types involved in allergic airway diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
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Famitafreshi H, Karimian M. Prostaglandins as the Agents That Modulate the Course of Brain Disorders. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 10:1-13. [PMID: 32021549 PMCID: PMC6970614 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s240800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with great morbidity and mortality. Prostaglandins (PGs) are formed by sequential oxygenation of arachidonic acid in physiologic and pathologic conditions. For the production of PGs cyclooxygenase is a necessary enzyme that has two isoforms, that are named COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 produces type 1 prostaglandins and on the other hand, COX-2 produces type 2 prostaglandins. Recent studies suggest PGs abnormalities are present in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In a disease state, type 2 prostaglandins are mostly responsible and type 1 PGs are not so important in the disease state. In this review, the importance of prostaglandins especially type 2 in brain diseases has been discussed and their possible role in the initiation and outcome of brain diseases has been assessed. Overall the studies suggest prostaglandins are the agents that modulate the course of brain diseases in a positive or negative manner. Here in this review article, the various aspects of PGs in the disease state have discussed. It appears more studies must be done to understand the exact role of these agents in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. However, the suppression of prostaglandin production may confer the alleviation of some brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Karimian
- Physiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply categorized as atopic or nonatopic, emerging analyses over the last few decades have revealed a variety of asthma endotypes that are attributed to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of asthma by endotype is primarily routed in different profiles of airway inflammation that contribute to bronchoconstriction. Many asthma therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which either enhance bronchodilation or prevent bronchoconstriction. Short-acting and long-acting β 2-agonists are widely used bronchodilators that signal through the activation of the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Short-acting and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to reduce bronchoconstriction by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Leukotriene antagonists that block the signaling of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 are used as an add-on therapy to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation induced by cysteinyl leukotrienes. A number of GPCR-targeting asthma drug candidates are also in different stages of development. Among them, antagonists of prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 have advanced into phase III clinical trials. Others, including antagonists of the adenosine A2B receptor and the histamine H4 receptor, are in early stages of clinical investigation. In the past decade, significant research advancements in pharmacology, cell biology, structural biology, and molecular physiology have greatly deepened our understanding of the therapeutic roles of GPCRs in asthma and drug action on these GPCRs. This review summarizes our current understanding of GPCR signaling and pharmacology in the context of asthma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although current treatment methods for asthma are effective for a majority of asthma patients, there are still a large number of patients with poorly controlled asthma who may experience asthma exacerbations. This review summarizes current asthma treatment methods and our understanding of signaling and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in asthma therapy, and discusses controversies regarding the use of GPCR drugs and new opportunities in developing GPCR-targeting therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
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12
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tumala B, Phelps KR, Zhang S, Bhattacharya S, Shornick LP. Prostaglandin D 2 Levels Regulate CD103 + Conventional Dendritic Cell Activation in Neonates During Respiratory Viral Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:658-667. [PMID: 30403582 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During respiratory viral infection, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) take up antigen and migrate to the draining lymph nodes to present viral antigen and activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes; however, regulation of cDC activation and migration may be age dependent. In this study, we used a mouse model of paramyxoviral infection (Sendai virus) and demonstrated that cDCs, which have migrated from lungs to the draining lymph nodes, are delayed in expressing activation markers in neonatal mice compared with adults. Neonatal lung cDCs expressed reduced levels of MHC Class II (major histocompatibility complex II) and CCR7 (chemokine receptor type 7) on postinfection days 3 and 5, respectively. The level of the CCR7 ligand CCL19 was significantly reduced in neonatal lungs during the course of viral infection. Interestingly, the arachidonic acid metabolite prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was present at significantly higher levels in neonatal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with adults. This was associated with increased expression of lipocalin PGD2 synthase mRNA levels in neonatal lungs and in isolated neonatal tracheal epithelial cells. Although thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression has been associated with increased PGD2 production, we found that TSLP levels were reduced in neonatal lungs. Importantly, blocking PGD2 function using a prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1) antagonist restored cDC activation in neonates. Together, these data suggest that cDC activation in neonates is delayed by a PGD2 mechanism and associated decreased chemokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunda Tumala
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen R Phelps
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Laurie P Shornick
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
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14
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Debeuf N, Lambrecht BN. Eicosanoid Control Over Antigen Presenting Cells in Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2006. [PMID: 30233591 PMCID: PMC6131302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common lung disease affecting 300 million people worldwide. Allergic asthma is recognized as a prototypical Th2 disorder, orchestrated by an aberrant adaptive CD4+ T helper (Th2/Th17) cell immune response against airborne allergens, that leads to eosinophilic inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, and mucus overproduction. Other forms of asthma are controlled by an eosinophil-rich innate ILC2 response driven by epithelial damage, whereas in some patients with more neutrophilia, the disease is driven by Th17 cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are crucial regulators of type 2 immunity in asthma. Numerous lipid mediators including the eicosanoids prostaglandins and leukotrienes influence key functions of these cells, leading to either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on disease outcome. In this review, we will discuss how eicosanoids affect the functions of DCs and macrophages in the asthmatic lung and how this leads to aberrant T cell differentiation that causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nincy Debeuf
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are synthesized through the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. There are five primary prostaglandins, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, PGI2, and thromboxane B2, that all signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. The receptors through which the prostaglandins signal determines their immunologic or physiologic effects. For instance, the same prostaglandin may have opposing properties, dependent upon the signaling pathways activated. In this article, we will detail how inhibition of cyclooxygenase metabolism and regulation of prostaglandin signaling regulates allergic airway inflammation and asthma physiology. Possible prostaglandin therapeutic targets for allergic lung inflammation and asthma will also be reviewed, as informed by human studies, basic science, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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16
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Theisen E, McDougal CE, Nakanishi M, Stevenson DM, Amador-Noguez D, Rosenberg DW, Knoll LJ, Sauer JD. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Play Contrasting Roles in Listeria-Stimulated Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3729-3738. [PMID: 29678951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and are commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. NSAIDs are used following childhood vaccinations and cancer immunotherapies; however, how NSAIDs influence the development of immunity following these therapies is unknown. We hypothesized that NSAIDs would modulate the development of an immune response to Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy. Treatment of mice with the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin impaired the generation of cell-mediated immunity. This phenotype was due to inhibition of the inducible COX-2 enzyme, as treatment with the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib similarly inhibited the development of immunity. In contrast, loss of COX-1 activity improved immunity to L. monocytogenes Impairments in immunity were independent of bacterial burden, dendritic cell costimulation, or innate immune cell infiltrate. Instead, we observed that PGE2 production following L. monocytogenes is critical for the formation of an Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response. Use of the alternative analgesic acetaminophen did not impair immunity. Taken together, our results suggest that COX-2 is necessary for optimal CD8+ T cell responses to L. monocytogenes, whereas COX-1 is detrimental. Use of pharmacotherapies that spare COX-2 activity and the production of PGE2 like acetaminophen will be critical for the generation of optimal antitumor responses using L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Courtney E McDougal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - David M Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
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17
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Refined Deep-Sea Water Suppresses Inflammatory Responses via the MAPK/AP-1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathway in LPS-Treated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112282. [PMID: 29088069 PMCID: PMC5713252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a type of inflammatory skin disease caused by genetics, immune system dysfunction, and environmental stresses. It is, however, still considered to be a refractory disease. Macrophages are inflammatory immune cells that infiltrate the skin and induce inflammation. We investigated the effect of refined deep-sea water (RDSW) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that RDSW suppressed the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Furthermore, nitric oxide, a product of iNOS, and prostaglandin (PG) D2 and PGE2, products of COX-2, were significantly inhibited by RDSW in a hardness-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that RDSW reversed the release of histamines and regressed the mRNA expressions and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor, in a hardness-dependent manner. We also found that the suppressive effect of RDSW on LPS-induced inflammatory responses was regulated by the inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation, and ERK 1/2 and JNK 1/2 mediated the suppression of c-Jun and c-Fos expressions. In conclusion, the present investigation suggests the possibility that RDSW may be used to treat and/or prevent inflammatory diseases, including AD.
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18
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Ouhaddi Y, Nebbaki SS, Habouri L, Afif H, Lussier B, Kapoor M, Narumiya S, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Benderdour M, Fahmi H. Exacerbation of Aging-Associated and Instability-Induced Murine Osteoarthritis With Deletion of D Prostanoid Receptor 1, a Prostaglandin D 2 Receptor. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1784-1795. [PMID: 28544596 DOI: 10.1002/art.40160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1), a receptor for prostaglandin D2 , plays important roles in inflammation and cartilage metabolism. However, its role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) remains unknown. This study was undertaken to explore the roles of DP1 in the development of OA in murine models and to evaluate the efficacy of a DP1 selective agonist in the treatment of OA. METHODS The development of aging-associated OA and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced OA was compared between DP1-deficient (DP1-/- ) and wild-type (WT) mice. The progression of OA was assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and micro-computed tomography. Cartilage explants from DP1-/- and WT mice were treated with interleukin-1α (IL-1α) ex vivo, to evaluate proteoglycan degradation. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of the DP1 selective agonist BW245C on OA progression was evaluated in WT mice. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, DP1-/- mice had exacerbated cartilage degradation in both models of OA, and this was associated with increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and ADAMTS-5. In addition, DP1-/- mice demonstrated enhanced subchondral bone changes. Cartilage explants from DP1-/- mice showed enhanced proteoglycan degradation following treatment with IL-1α. Intraperitoneal injection of BW245C attenuated the severity of DMM-induced cartilage degradation and bony changes in WT mice. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a critical role for DP1 signaling in OA pathogenesis. Modulation of the functions of DP1 may constitute a potential therapeutic target for the development of novel OA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ouhaddi
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah-Salwa Nebbaki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lauris Habouri
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hassan Afif
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mohit Kapoor
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Hassan Fahmi
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Peinhaupt M, Sturm EM, Heinemann A. Prostaglandins and Their Receptors in Eosinophil Function and As Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:104. [PMID: 28770200 PMCID: PMC5515835 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the known prostanoid receptors, human eosinophils express the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptors DP1 [also D-type prostanoid (DP)] and DP2 (also chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule, expressed on Th2 cells), the prostaglandin E2 receptors EP2 and EP4, and the prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor IP. Prostanoids can bind to either one or multiple receptors, characteristically have a short half-life in vivo, and are quickly degraded into metabolites with altered affinity and specificity for a given receptor subtype. Prostanoid receptors signal mainly through G proteins and naturally activate signal transduction pathways according to the G protein subtype that they preferentially interact with. This can lead to the activation of sometimes opposing signaling pathways. In addition, prostanoid signaling is often cell-type specific and also the combination of expressed receptors can influence the outcome of the prostanoid impulse. Accordingly, it is assumed that eosinophils and their (patho-)physiological functions are governed by a sensitive prostanoid signaling network. In this review, we specifically focus on the functions of PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 and their receptors on eosinophils. We discuss their significance in allergic and non-allergic diseases and summarize potential targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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20
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Lipid Mediators of Allergic Disease: Pathways, Treatments, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:48. [PMID: 27333777 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids are critical regulators of inflammation. Over the last 75 years, these diverse compounds have emerged as clinically-relevant mediators of allergic disease pathophysiology. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the importance of lipid mediators in the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Lipids are critical participants in cell signaling events which influence key physiologic (bronchoconstriction) and immune phenomena (degranulation, chemotaxis, sensitization). Lipid-mediated cellular mechanisms including: (1) formation of structural support platforms (lipid rafts) for receptor signaling complexes, (2) activation of a diverse family of G-protein coupled receptors, and (3) mediating intracellular signaling cascades by acting as second messengers. Here, we review four classes of bioactive lipids (platelet activating factor, the leukotrienes, the prostanoids, and the sphingolipids) with special emphasis on lipid synthesis pathways and signaling, atopic disease pathology, and the ongoing development of atopy treatments targeting lipid mediator pathways.
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21
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Musolino C, Allegra A, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells: A bridge between inflammation and cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 37:671-683. [PMID: 27922687 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered to be one of the hallmarks of tumor initiation and progression. Changes occurring in the microenvironment of progressing tumors resemble the process of chronic inflammation, which begins with ischemia followed by interstitial and cellular edema, appearance of immune cells, growth of blood vessels and tissue repair, and development of inflammatory infiltrates. Moreover, long‑term production and accumulation of inflammatory factors lead to local and systemic immunosuppression associated with cancer progression. Of the several mechanisms described to explain this anergy, the accumulation of myeloid cells in the tumor, spleen, and peripheral blood of cancer patients has gained considerable interest. A population of suppressive CD11b+Gr-1+ cells has in fact been designated as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a unique category of the myeloid lineage, and they induce the prevention of the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro, and the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell tolerance in vivo. Therapeutic approaches directed toward the manipulation of the MDSC population and their function may improve chemoimmune-enhancing therapy for advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Govanni Pioggia
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFN CNR, Messina Unit, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
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22
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Worbs T, Hammerschmidt SI, Förster R. Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 17:30-48. [PMID: 27890914 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as tolerogenic immune responses. Recent comprehensive studies have highlighted the importance of DC migration in the maintenance of immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, and also in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. In this Review, we summarize the anatomical, cellular and molecular factors that regulate the migration of different DC subsets in health and disease. In particular, we focus on new insights concerning the role of migratory DCs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the skin, intestine, lung, and brain, as well as in autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Swantje I Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Singh J, Shah R, Singh D. Inundation of asthma target research: Untangling asthma riddles. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 41:60-85. [PMID: 27667568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inveterate inflammatory disorder, delineated by the airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airway wall remodeling. Although, asthma is a vague term, and is recognized as heterogenous entity encompassing different phenotypes. Targeting single mediator or receptor did not prove much clinical significant, as asthma is complex disease involving myriad inflammatory mediators. Asthma may probably involve a large number of different types of molecular and cellular components interacting through complex pathophysiological pathways. This review covers the past, present, and future therapeutic approaches and pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma. Furthermore, review describe importance of targeting several mediators/modulators and receptor antagonists involved in the physiopathology of asthma. Novel targets for asthma research include Galectins, Immunological targets, K + Channels, Kinases and Transcription Factors, Toll-like receptors, Selectins and Transient receptor potential channels. But recent developments in asthma research are very promising, these include Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) abated airway obstruction in mouse model of asthma and Calcium-sensing receptor obliterate inflammation and in bronchial hyperresponsiveness allergic asthma. All these progresses in asthma targets, and asthma phenotypes exploration are auspicious in untangling of asthma riddles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
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24
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Calbet M, Andrés M, Armengol C, Bravo M, Eichhorn P, López R, García-González V, Roberts R, Miralpeix M. Pharmacological characterization of CRTh2 antagonist LAS191859: Long receptor residence time translates into long-lasting in vivo efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:208-216. [PMID: 27317944 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cells (CRTh2) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed on the leukocytes most closely associated with asthma and allergy like eosinophils, mast cells, Th2-lymphocytes and basophils. At present it is clear that CRTh2 mediates most prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) pro-inflammatory effects and as a result antagonists for this receptor have reached asthma clinical studies showing a trend of lung function improvement. The challenge remains to identify compounds with improved clinical efficacy when administered once a day. Herein we described the pharmacological profile of LAS191859, a novel, potent and selective CRTh2 antagonist. In vitro evidence in GTPγS binding studies indicate that LAS191859 is a CRTh2 antagonist with activity in the low nanomolar range. This potency is also maintained in cellular assays performed with human eosinophils and whole blood. The main differentiation of LAS191859 vs other CRTh2 antagonists is in its receptor binding kinetics. LAS191859 has a residence time half-life of 21h at CRTh2 that translates into a long-lasting in vivo efficacy that is independent of plasma levels. We believe that the strategy behind this compound will allow optimal efficacy and posology for chronic asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calbet
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Armengol
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa López
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Roberts
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Miralpeix
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Roles of basophils and mast cells in cutaneous inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:563-70. [PMID: 27170045 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are associated with T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. Newly developed mast cell-deficient mice have provided evidence that mast cells initiate contact hypersensitivity via activating dendritic cells. Studies using basophil-deficient mice have also revealed that basophils are responsible for cutaneous Th2 skewing to haptens and peptide antigens but not to protein antigens. Recently, several studies reported the existence of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which differ from classic T cells in that they lack the T cell receptor. Mast cells and basophils can interact with ILCs and play some roles in the pathogenesis of Th2 responses. Basophil-derived interleukin (IL)-4 enhances the expression of the chemokine CCL11, as well as IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 in ILC2s, leading to the accumulation of eosinophils in allergic reactions. IL-33-stimulated mast cells can play a regulatory role in the development of ILC2-mediated non-antigen-specific protease-induced acute inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of mast cells and basophils in immunity and inflammation.
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26
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Xue SS, He JL, Zhang X, Liu YJ, Xue FX, Wang CJ, Ai D, Zhu Y. Metabolomic analysis revealed the role of DNA methylation in the balance of arachidonic acid metabolism and endothelial activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1317-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Vijay R, Hua X, Meyerholz DK, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Gelb M, Murakami M, Perlman S. Critical role of phospholipase A2 group IID in age-related susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1851-68. [PMID: 26392224 PMCID: PMC4612096 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vijay et al. show that an age-dependent increase of phospholipase A2 group IID (PLA2G2D) in the lung contributes to worse outcomes in mice infected with SARS-CoV. Mice lacking (PLA2G2D) had increased survival to lethal infection with enhanced DC migration to the dLN and augmented T cell responses. The results suggest that targeting (PLA2G2D) in elderly patients with respiratory infections could represent an attractive therapeutic strategy. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation in the lungs are associated with aging and may contribute to age-related immune dysfunction. To maintain lung homeostasis, chronic inflammation is countered by enhanced expression of proresolving/antiinflammatory factors. Here, we show that age-dependent increases of one such factor in the lungs, a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) group IID (PLA2G2D) with antiinflammatory properties, contributed to worse outcomes in mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Strikingly, infection of mice lacking PLA2G2D expression (Pla2g2d−/− mice) converted a uniformly lethal infection to a nonlethal one (>80% survival), subsequent to development of enhanced respiratory DC migration to the draining lymph nodes, augmented antivirus T cell responses, and diminished lung damage. We also observed similar effects in influenza A virus–infected middle-aged Pla2g2d−/− mice. Furthermore, oxidative stress, probably via lipid peroxidation, was found to induce PLA2G2D expression in mice and in human monocyte–derived macrophages. Thus, our results suggest that directed inhibition of a single inducible phospholipase, PLA2G2D, in the lungs of older patients with severe respiratory infections is potentially an attractive therapeutic intervention to restore immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vijay
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xiaoyang Hua
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Michael Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:513-40. [PMID: 26374175 PMCID: PMC4561827 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the main mediators of PUFA effects in the body. They are formed via cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways, resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids (FAs), epoxy FAs, lipoxins, eoxins, hepoxilins, resolvins, protectins (also called neuroprotectins in the brain), and maresins. In addition to the well-known eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, recent developments in lipidomic methodologies have raised awareness of and interest in the large number of oxylipins formed from other PUFAs, including those from the essential FAs and the longer-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Oxylipins have essential roles in normal physiology and function, but can also have detrimental effects. Compared with the oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs generally have greater activity and more inflammatory, vasoconstrictory, and proliferative effects, although there are notable exceptions. Because PUFA composition does not necessarily reflect oxylipin composition, comprehensive analysis of the oxylipin profile is necessary to understand the overall physiologic effects of PUFAs mediated through their oxylipins. These analyses should include oxylipins derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, because these largely unexplored bioactive oxylipins constitute more than one-half of oxylipins present in tissues. Because collated information on oxylipins formed from different PUFAs is currently unavailable, this review provides a detailed compilation of the main oxylipins formed from PUFAs and describes their functions. Much remains to be elucidated in this emerging field, including the discovery of more oxylipins, and the understanding of the differing biological potencies, kinetics, and isomer-specific activities of these novel PUFA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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29
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Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Mast cells and basophils in cutaneous immune responses. Allergy 2015; 70:131-40. [PMID: 25250718 DOI: 10.1111/all.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils share some functions in common and are generally associated with T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses, but taking basophils as surrogate cells for mast cell research or vice versa for several decades is problematic. Thus far, their in vitro functions have been well studied, but their in vivo functions remained poorly understood. New research tools for their functional analysis in vivo have revealed previously unrecognized roles for mast cells and basophils in several skin disorders. Newly developed mast cell-deficient mice provided evidence that mast cells initiate contact hypersensitivity via activating dendritic cells. In addition, studies using basophil-deficient mice have revealed that basophils were responsible for cutaneous Th2 skewing to haptens and peptide antigens but not to protein antigens. Moreover, human basophils infiltrate different skin lesions and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin diseases ranging from atopic dermatitis to autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances related to mast cells and basophils in human and murine cutaneous immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - K. Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- PRESTO; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
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Mazari AMA, Hegazy UM, Mannervik B. Identification of new inhibitors for human hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase among FDA-approved drugs and other compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 229:91-9. [PMID: 25603235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase (HPGDS) is a member of the Sigma class glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalyzing the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin D2, a mediator of allergy and inflammation responses. Selective inhibitors of human HPGDS are expected to be of therapeutic importance in relieving symptoms related to allergy and asthma. Hence, a collection of diverse FDA-approved compounds was screened for potential novel applications as inhibitors of HPGDS. METHODS The catalytic activity of purified HPGDS was used for inhibition studies in vitro. RESULTS Our inhibition studies revealed 23 compounds as effective inhibitors of HPGDS with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Erythrosine sodium, suramin, tannic acid and sanguinarine sulfate were characterized with IC50 values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6 μM, respectively. Kinetic inhibition analysis showed that erythrosine sodium is a nonlinear competitive inhibitor of HPGDS, while suramin, tannic acid and sanguinarine sulfate are linear competitive inhibitors. CONCLUSION The results show that certain FDA-approved compounds may have pharmacological effects not previously realized that warrant further consideration in their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam M A Mazari
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Usama M Hegazy
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12311 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Honda T, Kabashima K. Prostanoids in allergy. Allergol Int 2015; 64:11-6. [PMID: 25572554 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostanoids, which include prostaglandin and thromboxane, are metabolites of arachidonic acid released in various pathophysiological conditions. They induce a range of actions mediated through their respective receptors expressed on target cells. It has been demonstrated that each prostanoid receptor has multiple functions and that the effect of receptor stimulation can vary depending on context; this sometimes results in opposing effects, such as simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory outcomes. The balance between the production of each prostanoid and the expression of its receptors has been shown to be important for maintaining homeostasis but also involved in the development of various pathological conditions such as allergy. Here, we review the recent findings on the roles of prostanoids in allergy, especially focusing on atopic dermatitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Honda
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Claar D, Hartert TV, Peebles RS. The role of prostaglandins in allergic lung inflammation and asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 9:55-72. [PMID: 25541289 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2015.992783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are products of the COX pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. There are five primary PGs, PGD₂, PGE₂, PGF₂, PGI₂ and thromboxane A₂, all of which signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. Some PGs may counteract the actions of others, or even the same PG may have opposing physiologic or immunologic effects, depending on the specific receptor through which it signals. In this review, we examine the effects of COX activity and the various PGs on allergic airway inflammation and physiology that is associated with asthma. We also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting PGs in allergic lung inflammation and asthma based on basic science, animal model and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dru Claar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, T-1217 MCN Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
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van den Brule S, Huaux F, Uwambayinema F, Ibouraadaten S, Yakoub Y, Palmai-Pallag M, Trottein F, Renauld JC, Lison D. Lung inflammation and thymic atrophy after bleomycin are controlled by the prostaglandin D2 receptor DP1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:212-22. [PMID: 24003988 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0520oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) can be accompanied by secondary systemic manifestations. In a model of ALI induced by bleomycin (bleo), we examined the response of D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1)-deficient mice (DP1(-/-)) to better understand these processes. DP1 deficiency aggravated the toxicity of bleo as indicated by enhanced body weight loss, mortality, and lung inflammation including bronchoalveolar permeability and neutrophilia. Thymic atrophy was also observed after bleo and was strongly exacerbated in DP1(-/-) mice. This resulted from the enhanced depletion of immature T lymphocytes in the thymus of DP1(-/-) mice, a phenomenon usually related to increased glucocorticoid release in blood. Serum corticosterone was more elevated in DP1(-/-) mice after bleo than in wild-type (wt) mice. Thymocytes of DP1(-/-) mice were not more sensitive to dexamethasone in vitro, and systemic delivery of dexamethasone or peritoneal inflammation after LPS induced a similar thymic atrophy in wt and DP1(-/-) mice, indicating that pulmonary DP1 was critical to the control of thymic atrophy after bleo. DP1(-/-) mice showed increased lung and/or blood mediators involved in neutrophil recruitment and/or glucocorticoid production/thymic atrophy (osteopontin, leukemia inhibitory factor, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine) after bleo. Finally, local pulmonary DP1 activation or inhibition in wt mice abrogated or amplified thymic atrophy after bleo, respectively. Altogether, our data reveal that ALI can perturb the systemic T-cell pool by inducing thymic atrophy and that both pathological processes are controlled by the pulmonary DP1 receptor. This new pathway represents a potential therapeutic target in ALI.
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35
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Neyt K, Lambrecht BN. The role of lung dendritic cell subsets in immunity to respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:57-67. [PMID: 23947347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of acute respiratory disease. The clinical course of infection and symptoms depend on the viral strain, the health status of the host, and the immunological status of the host. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in recognizing and presenting viral antigens and in inducing adaptive immune responses that clear the virus. Because the lung is continuously exposed to the air, the lung is equipped with an elaborate network of DCs to sense incoming foreign pathogens. Increasing knowledge on DC biology has informed us that DCs are not a single cell type. In the steady state lung, three DC subsets can be defined: CD11b(+) or CD103(+) conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. Upon inflammation, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs are recruited to the lung. It is only recently that tools became available to allow DC subsets to be clearly studied. This review focuses on the activation of DCs and the function of lung DCs in the context of respiratory virus infection and highlights some cautionary points for interpreting older experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Neyt
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent, Belgium
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36
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Koyani CN, Windischhofer W, Rossmann C, Jin G, Kickmaier S, Heinzel FR, Groschner K, Alavian-Ghavanini A, Sattler W, Malle E. 15-deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-PGJ₂ promotes inflammation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via the DP2/MAPK/TNFα axis. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:472-80. [PMID: 24698234 PMCID: PMC4008937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandins (PGs), lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid, play a pivotal role during inflammation. PGD2 synthase is abundantly expressed in heart tissue and PGD2 has recently been found to induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. PGD2 is an unstable prostanoid metabolite; therefore the objective of the present study was to elucidate whether its final dehydration product, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2, present at high levels in ischemic myocardium) might cause cardiomyocyte damage. Methods and results Using specific (ant)agonists we show that 15d-PGJ2 induced formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of p38 and p42/44 MAPKs via the PGD2 receptor DP2 (but not DP1 or PPARγ) in the murine atrial cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell line. Activation of the DP2-ROS-MAPK axis by 15d-PGJ2 enhanced transcription and translation of TNFα and induced apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Silencing of TNFα significantly attenuated the extrinsic (caspase-8) and intrinsic apoptotic pathways (bax and caspase-9), caspase-3 activation and downstream PARP cleavage and γH2AX activation. The apoptotic machinery was unaffected by intracellular calcium, transcription factor NF-κB and its downstream target p53. Of note, 9,10-dihydro-15d-PGJ2 (lacking the electrophilic carbon atom in the cyclopentenone ring) did not activate cellular responses. Selected experiments performed in primary murine cardiomyocytes confirmed data obtained in HL-1 cells namely that the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cascades are activated via DP2/MAPK/TNFα signaling. Conclusions We conclude that the reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group of 15d-PGJ2 is responsible for the pronounced upregulation of TNFα promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We propose that inhibition of DP2 receptors could provide a possibility to modulate 15d-PGJ2-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Rossmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Cardiology Department, Medical University of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sandra Kickmaier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Alavian-Ghavanini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. CRC is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually and incidence rates are increasing in most of the developing countries. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations suggest that environmental factors such as western style dietary habits, tobacco-smoking, and lack of physical activities are considered as risks for CRC. Molecular pathobiology of CRC implicates pro-inflammatory conditions to promote the tumor malignant progression, invasion, and metastasis. It is well known that patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at higher risk of CRC. Many evidences exist reiterating the link between Inflammation and CRC. Inflammation involves interaction between various immune cells, inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, which may lead to signaling towards, tumor cell proliferation, growth, and invasion. Thus, this review will focus on mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species play a role in promoting CRC. Based on these mechanisms, various preventive strategies, involving anti-inflammatory agents, such as COX inhibitors, COX-LOX inhibitors, iNOS inhibitors, natural supplements/agents, and synthetic agents, that blocks the inflammatory pathways and suppress CRC are discussed in this review.
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Sarashina H, Tsubosaka Y, Omori K, Aritake K, Nakagawa T, Hori M, Hirai H, Nakamura M, Narumiya S, Urade Y, Ozaki H, Murata T. Opposing immunomodulatory roles of prostaglandin D2 during the progression of skin inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:459-65. [PMID: 24298012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of PGD2 are extremely context dependent. It can have pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in clinically important pathological conditions. A greater mechanistic insight into the determinants of PGD2 activity during inflammation is thus required. In this study, we investigated the role of PGD2 in croton oil-induced dermatitis using transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing hematopoietic PGD synthase. Administration of croton oil caused tissue swelling and vascular leakage in the mouse ear. Compared with wild-type animals, TG mice produced more PGD2 and showed decreased inflammation in the early phase, but more severe manifestations during the late phase. Data obtained from bone marrow transplantation between wild-type and TG mice indicated that PGD2 produced by tissue resident cells in the TG mice attenuated early-phase inflammation, whereas PGD2 produced from hematopoietic lineage cells exacerbated late-phase inflammation. There are two distinct PGD2 receptors: D-prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). In TG mice, treatment with a DP antagonist exacerbated inflammation in the early phase, whereas treatment with a CRTH2 antagonist attenuated inflammation during the late phase. In vitro experiments showed that DP agonism enhanced vascular endothelial barrier formation, whereas CRTH2 agonism stimulated neutrophil migration. Collectively, these results show that when hematopoietic PGD synthase is overexpressed, tissue resident cell-derived PGD2 suppresses skin inflammation via DP in the early phase, but hematopoietic lineage cell-derived PGD2 stimulates CRTH2 and promotes inflammation during the late phase. DP-mediated vascular barrier enhancement or CRTH2-mediated neutrophil activation may be responsible for these effects. Thus, PGD2 represents opposite roles in inflammation, depending on the disease phase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sarashina
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Lipid mediators and allergic diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111:155-62. [PMID: 23987187 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the basic science and translational relevance of lipid mediators in the pathobiology of allergic diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for articles using the key terms lipid mediator, prostaglandin, prostanoid, leukotriene, thromboxane, asthma, and allergic inflammation. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles were selected based on their relevance to the goals of this review. Articles with a particular focus on clinical and translational aspects of basic science discoveries were emphasized. RESULTS Lipid mediators are bioactive molecules generated from cell membrane phospholipids. They play important roles in many disease states, particularly in inflammatory and immune responses. Lipid mediators and their receptors are potentially useful as diagnostic markers of disease and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Several useful therapeutic agents have been developed based on a growing understanding of the lipid mediator pathways in allergic disease, notably the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 antagonists and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton. Additional receptor agonists and antagonists relevant to these pathways are in development, and it is likely that future pharmacologic treatments for allergic disease will become available as our understanding of these molecules continues to evolve.
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Shyu RY, Wu CC, Wang CH, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Chen ML, Jiang SY, Tsai FM. H-rev107 regulates prostaglandin D2 synthase-mediated suppression of cellular invasion in testicular cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:30. [PMID: 23687991 PMCID: PMC3669107 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H-rev107 is a member of the HREV107 type II tumor suppressor gene family which includes H-REV107, RIG1, and HRASLS. H-REV107 has been shown to express at high levels in differentiated tissues of post-meiotic testicular germ cells. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is conjectured to induce SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) expression and subsequent Sertoli cell differentiation. To date, the function of H-rev107 in differentiated testicular cells has not been well defined. Results In the study, we found that H-rev107 was co-localized with prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and enhanced the activity of PTGDS, resulting in increase of PGD2 production in testis cells. Furthermore, when H-rev107 was expressed in human NT2/D1 testicular cancer cells, cell migration and invasion were inhibited. Also, silencing of PTGDS would reduce H-rev107-mediated increase in PGD2, cAMP, and SOX9. Silencing of PTGDS or SOX9 also alleviated H-rev107-mediated suppression of cell migration and invasion. Conclusions These results revealed that H-rev107, through PTGDS, suppressed cell migration and invasion. Our data suggest that the PGD2-cAMP-SOX9 signal pathway might play an important role in H-rev107-mediated cancer cell invasion in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yaun Shyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Taipei Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Toki S, Goleniewska K, Huckabee MM, Zhou W, Newcomb DC, Fitzgerald GA, Lawson WE, Peebles RS. PGI₂ signaling inhibits antigen uptake and increases migration of immature dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:77-88. [PMID: 23625201 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PGI₂ signaling through IP inhibits allergen-induced inflammatory responses in mice. We reported previously that PGI₂ analogs decreased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by mature BMDCs. However, whether PGI₂ modulates the function of immature DCs has not been investigated. We hypothesized that PGI2 negatively regulates immature DC function and investigated the effect of PGI2 analogs on immature BMDC antigen uptake and migration in vitro and in vivo. Immature BMDCs were obtained from WT and IPKO mice, both on a C57BL/6 background. The PGI2 analog cicaprost decreased FITC-OVA uptake by immature BMDCs. In addition, cicaprost increased immature BMDC podosome dissolution, pro-MMP-9 production, cell surface CCR7 expression, and chemotactic migration toward CCL19 and CCL21, as well as chemokinesis, in an IP-specific fashion. These in vitro results suggested that cicaprost promotes migration of immature DCs from mucosal surface to draining LNs. This concept was supported by the finding that migration of immature GFP⁺ BMDCs to draining LNs was enhanced by pretreatment with cicaprost. Further, migration of immature lung DCs labeled with PKH26 was enhanced by intranasal cicaprost administration. Our results suggest PGI2-IP signaling increases immature DC migration to the draining LNs and may represent a novel mechanism by which this eicosanoid inhibits immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Toki
- Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave., T-1218 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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Nishino R, Fukuyama T, Tajima Y, Miyashita L, Watanabe Y, Ueda H, Kosaka T. Prior oral exposure to environmental immunosuppressive chemicals methoxychlor, parathion, or piperonyl butoxide aggravates allergic airway inflammation in NC/Nga mice. Toxicology 2013; 309:1-8. [PMID: 23583882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive environmental chemicals may increase the potency of allergens and thereby play a role in the development of respiratory tract allergies, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between environmental immunosuppressive chemicals and the allergic airway inflammation development. METHODS We used a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation. NC/Nga mice were exposed orally to pesticides parathion (an organophosphate compound) or methoxychlor (an organochlorine compound), or to an insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide, prior to OVA intraperitoneal sensitization and inhalation challenge. We assessed serum IgE levels, B-cell counts, cytokine production, IgE production in hilar lymph nodes, eosinophil counts, chemokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and cytokine gene expression in the lung. RESULTS Exposure to environmental immunosuppressive chemicals markedly increased serum IgE - IgE-positive B-cells, IgE and cytokines in lymph nodes - eosinophils and chemokines in BALF - IL-10a and IL-17 in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Allergic airway inflammation can be aggravated by prior exposure to immunosuppressive environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nishino
- Laboratory of Immunotoxicology and Acute Toxicology, Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
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Resolution of inflammation as a novel chemopreventive strategy. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:151-61. [PMID: 23370700 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation, a physiologic response to protect cells from microbial infection and other noxious stimuli, is automatically terminated by endogenous anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators to restore homeostatic conditions. However, if timely resolution of inflammation is failed, inflammation persists and can progress to a chronic inflammation which has long been thought as a predisposing factor to carcinogenesis. Excessive and pathologic inflammation causes DNA damage, genomic instability, epigenetic dysregulation, and alteration of intracellular signaling, all of which are involved in neoplastic transformation. To prevent chronic inflammation and resulting inflammation-promoted cancer development, understanding the process that resolves inflammation is essential. Resolution of inflammation is an active coordinated process regulated by distinct anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving endogenous lipid mediators, such as resolvins and lipoxins. The role of pro-inflammatory signaling in carcinogenesis has become more and more evident and well characterized, but the potential role of pro-resolving mediators in cancer prevention remains still elusive. In searching for an efficacious way to prevent chronic inflammation-associated cancer, the pro-resolving signal transduction pathways and their regulators should be unraveled.
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Wu CJ, Chen LC, Huang WC, Chuang CL, Kuo ML. Alleviation of lung inflammatory responses by adeno-associated virus 2/9 vector carrying CC10 in OVA-sensitized mice. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 24:48-57. [PMID: 23013277 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness. The over-activated Th2 and lung epithelium cells express many different cytokines, and chemokines mainly contribute to the severity of lung inflammation. Clara cell 10 kD protein (CC10) is highly expressed in airway epithelium cells and exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/9 vector, composed of AAV2 rep and AAV9 cap genes, can efficiently and specifically target lung epithelium cells. Thus, AAV2/9 vector might carry therapeutic potential gene sequences for the treatment of asthma. This study tested whether AAV2/9 vector carrying CC10 could reduce inflammatory and asthmatic responses in OVA-induced asthmatic mouse model. The results showed that AAV2/9-CC10 vector virus significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, CCL11, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and eosinophilia in the lungs of sensitized mice. CC10 level in OVA-sensitized mice was rescued with the administration of AAV2/9-CC10 vector virus. Lung tissue remodeling, including collagen deposition and goblet cell hyperplasia, was also alleviated. However, serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE as well as Th2 cytokine levels in OVA-stimulated splenocyte culture supernatants were at the comparable levels to the sensitized control group. The results demonstrate that AAV2/9-CC10 vector virus relieved local inflammatory and asthmatic responses in lung. Therefore, we propose that AAV2/9-CC10 vector virus guaranteed sufficient CC10 expression and had an anti-inflammatory effect in asthmatic mice. It might be applied as a novel therapeutic approach for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Mohan S, Ahmad AS, Glushakov AV, Chambers C, Doré S. Putative role of prostaglandin receptor in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 23097645 PMCID: PMC3477820 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Of all strokes, 84% are ischemic, 13% are intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strokes, and 3% are subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes. Despite the decreased incidence of ischemic stroke, there has been no change in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the last decade. ICH is a devastating disease 37–38% of patients between the ages of 45 and 64 die within 30 days. In an effort to prevent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes we and others have been studying the role of prostaglandins and their receptors. Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. Most prostaglandins are produced from specific enzymes and act upon cells via distinct G-protein coupled receptors. The presence of multiple prostaglandin receptors cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways allow differentiated cells to respond to prostaglandins in a unique manner. Due to the number of prostaglandin receptors, prostaglandin-dependent signaling can function either to promote neuronal survival or injury following acute excitotoxicity, hypoxia, and stress induced by ICH. To better understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival and neurotoxicity mediated by prostaglandin receptors, it is essential to understand downstream signaling. Several groups including ours have discovered unique roles for prostaglandin receptors in rodent models of ischemic stroke, excitotoxicity, and Alzheimer disease, highlighting the emerging role of prostaglandin receptor signaling in hemorrhagic stroke with a focus on cyclic-adenosine monophosphate and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. We review current ICH data and discuss future directions notably on prostaglandin receptors, which may lead to the development of unique therapeutic targets against hemorrhagic stroke and brain injuries alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Halova I, Draberova L, Draber P. Mast cell chemotaxis - chemoattractants and signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2012; 3:119. [PMID: 22654878 PMCID: PMC3360162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of mast cells is essential for their recruitment within target tissues where they play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. These processes rely on the ability of mast cells to recognize appropriate chemotactic stimuli and react to them by a chemotactic response. Another level of intercellular communication is attained by production of chemoattractants by activated mast cells, which results in accumulation of mast cells and other hematopoietic cells at the sites of inflammation. Mast cells express numerous surface receptors for various ligands with properties of potent chemoattractants. They include the stem cell factor (SCF) recognized by c-Kit, antigen, which binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE) anchored to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), highly cytokinergic (HC) IgE recognized by FcεRI, lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which binds to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Other large groups of chemoattractants are eicosanoids [prostaglandin E2 and D2, leukotriene (LT) B4, LTD4, and LTC4, and others] and chemokines (CC, CXC, C, and CX3C), which also bind to various GPCRs. Further noteworthy chemoattractants are isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1–3, which are sensitively recognized by TGF-β serine/threonine type I and II β receptors, adenosine, C1q, C3a, and C5a components of the complement, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neuroendocrine peptide catestatin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and others. Here we discuss the major types of chemoattractants recognized by mast cells, their target receptors, as well as signaling pathways they utilize. We also briefly deal with methods used for studies of mast cell chemotaxis and with ways of how these studies profited from the results obtained in other cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Lung dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection and asthma: from protection to immunopathology. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:243-70. [PMID: 22224777 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lung dendritic cells (DCs) bridge innate and adaptive immunity, and depending on context, they also induce a Th1, Th2, or Th17 response to optimally clear infectious threats. Conversely, lung DCs can also mount maladaptive Th2 immune responses to harmless allergens and, in this way, contribute to immunopathology. It is now clear that the various aspects of DC biology can be understood only if we take into account the functional specializations of different DC subsets that are present in the lung in homeostasis or are attracted to the lung as part of the inflammatory response to inhaled noxious stimuli. Lung DCs are heavily influenced by the nearby epithelial cells, and a model is emerging whereby direct communication between DCs and epithelial cells determines the outcome of the pulmonary immune response. Here, we have approached DC biology from the perspective of viral infection and allergy to illustrate these emerging concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Potent, oxygenated lipid molecules called prostanoids regulate a wide variety of physiological responses and pathological processes. Prostanoids are produced by various cell types and act on target cells through specific G protein-coupled receptors. Although prostanoids have historically been considered acute inflammation mediators, studies using specific receptor knockout mice indicate that prostanoids, in fact, regulate various aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Each prostanoid, depending on which receptor it acts on, exerts specific effects on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and T and B lymphocytes, often in concert with microbial ligands and cytokines, to affect the strength, quality, and duration of immune responses. Prostanoids are also relevant to immunopathology, from inflammation to autoimmunity and cancer. Here, we review the role of prostanoids in regulating immunity, their involvement in immunopathology, and areas of insight that may lead to new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Hussain M, Javeed A, Ashraf M, Zhao Y, Mukhtar MM, Rehman MU. Aspirin and immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:10-20. [PMID: 22172645 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The time-tested gradual exploration of aspirin's diverse pharmacological properties has made it the most reliable therapeutic agent worldwide. In addition to its well-argued anti-inflammatory effects, many new and exciting data have emerged regarding the role of aspirin in cells of the immune system and certain immunopathological states. For instance, aspirin induces tolerogenic activity in dendritic cells and determines the fate of naive T cells to regulatory phenotypes, which suggests its immunoregulatory potential in relevance to immune tolerance. It also displays some intriguing traits to modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this article, the immunomodulatory relation of aspirin to different immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and the T and B lymphocytes has been highlighted. Moreover, the clinical prospects of aspirin in terms of autoimmunity, allograft rejection and immune tolerance have also been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhao J, Zhao J, Legge K, Perlman S. Age-related increases in PGD(2) expression impair respiratory DC migration, resulting in diminished T cell responses upon respiratory virus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4921-30. [PMID: 22105170 DOI: 10.1172/jci59777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory virus infection is felt most keenly among the elderly. T cells are necessary for viral clearance, and many age-dependent intrinsic T cell defects have been documented. However, the development of robust T cell responses in the lung also requires respiratory DCs (rDCs), which must process antigen and migrate to draining LNs (DLNs), and little is known about age-related defects in these T cell-extrinsic functions. Here, we show that increases in prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) expression in mouse lungs upon aging correlate with a progressive impairment in rDC migration to DLNs. Decreased rDC migration resulted in diminished T cell responses and more severe clinical disease in older mice infected with respiratory viruses. Diminished rDC migration associated with virus-specific defects in T cell responses and was not a result of cell-intrinsic defect, rather it reflected the observed age-dependent increases in PGD(2) expression. Blocking PGD(2) function with small-molecule antagonists enhanced rDC migration, T cell responses, and survival. This effect correlated with upregulation on rDCs of CCR7, a chemokine receptor involved in DC chemotaxis. Our results suggest that inhibiting PGD(2) function may be a useful approach to enhance T cell responses against respiratory viruses in older humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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