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Vollmer C, Dias A, Sales M, Sacramento PM, Silva JC, Oyamada HAA, Linhares UC, Gupta S, Kasahara TM, Bento CAM. Leptin favors imbalance of antigen-specific CD4 + T-cells associated with severity of cat allergy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290740. [PMID: 37954580 PMCID: PMC10639137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity can complicate IgE-mediated allergic diseases. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the ability of obesity-related concentrations of leptin to modulate the in vitro effector and regulatory Fel d1-specific CD4+ T-cell subsets in patients allergic to cat, considered the third most common cause of respiratory allergy in humans. Methods For this study, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 30 cat-allergic patients with mild, moderate and severe respiratory symptoms were obtained. The PBMC cultures were stimulated with Fel d1 antigen (10 µg/mL) in the presence or absence of obesity-related leptin dose (50 ηg/mL). After 6 days, the levels of cytokines and IgE in the supernatants were evaluated by multiplex and ELISA, respectively. The frequency of different non-follicular (CXCR5-) and follicular (CXCR5+) Fel d1-specific CD4+ T cell subsets was determined by flow cytometry. The plasma levels of leptin and IgE anti-cat titers were evaluated by ELISA and ImmunoCAP, respectively. Results and conclusions Fel d1 induced both IgE production and release of cytokines related to Th2, Th9 and Th17 cell phenotypes. Feld1 was more efficient in increasing the frequency of TFHIL-21- cells positive for IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 than TFHIL-21+ cell subsets. Leptin favored the expansion Th2-like and Th9-like cells and TFHIL-21- cells positive for IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but reduced the proportion of conventional (Treg/Tr-1) and follicular (TFR) regulatory CD4+ T-cell subsets expressing or not CD39 marker. Finally, many of the imbalances between Fel d1-specific CD4+ T-cells were also correlated with plasma leptin and anti-Fel d1 IgE titers. In summary, hyperleptinemia should negatively impact on the severity of cat allergies by favoring the expansion of pathogenic Fel d1-specific CD4+ T-cell phenotypes and damaging the functional status of regulatory CD4+ T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vollmer
- Post-graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aleida Dias
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisa Sales
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila M. Sacramento
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo A. A. Oyamada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses C. Linhares
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Taissa M. Kasahara
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleonice A. M. Bento
- Post-graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Ma S, Satitsuksanoa P, Jansen K, Cevhertas L, van de Veen W, Akdis M. B regulatory cells in allergy. Immunol Rev 2020; 299:10-30. [PMID: 33345311 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
B cells have classically been recognized for their unique and indispensable role in the production of antibodies. Their potential as immunoregulatory cells with anti-inflammatory functions has received increasing attention during the last two decades. Herein, we highlight pioneering studies in the field of regulatory B cell (Breg) research. We will review the literature on Bregs with a particular focus on their role in the regulation of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ma
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kirstin Jansen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lacin Cevhertas
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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3
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Dona DW, Suphioglu C. Egg Allergy: Diagnosis and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5010. [PMID: 32708567 PMCID: PMC7404024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity or an allergy to chicken egg proteins is a predominant symptomatic condition affecting 1 in 20 children in Australia; however, an effective form of therapy has not yet been found. This occurs as the immune system of the allergic individual overreacts when in contact with egg allergens (egg proteins), triggering a complex immune response. The subsequent instantaneous inflammatory immune response is characterized by the excessive production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against the allergen, T-cell mediators and inflammation. Current allergen-specific approaches to egg allergy diagnosis and treatment lack consistency and therefore pose safety concerns among anaphylactic patients. Immunotherapy has thus far been found to be the most efficient way to treat and relieve symptoms, this includes oral immunotherapy (OIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). A major limitation in immunotherapy, however, is the difficulty in preparing effective and safe extracts from natural allergen sources. Advances in molecular techniques allow for the production of safe and standardized recombinant and hypoallergenic egg variants by targeting the IgE-binding epitopes responsible for clinical allergic symptoms. Site-directed mutagenesis can be performed to create such safe hypoallergens for their potential use in future methods of immunotherapy, providing a feasible standardized therapeutic approach to target egg allergies safely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong 3216 VIC, Australia;
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4
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Glesner J, Kapingidza AB, Godzwon M, Offermann LR, Mueller GA, DeRose EF, Wright P, Richardson CM, Woodfolk JA, Vailes LD, Wünschmann S, London RE, Chapman MD, Ohlin M, Chruszcz M, Pomés A. A Human IgE Antibody Binding Site on Der p 2 for the Design of a Recombinant Allergen for Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2545-2556. [PMID: 31554696 PMCID: PMC6810898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Der p 2 is one of the most important allergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Identification of human IgE Ab binding epitopes can be used for rational design of allergens with reduced IgE reactivity for therapy. Antigenic analysis of Der p 2 was performed by site-directed mutagenesis based on the x-ray crystal structure of the allergen in complex with a Fab from the murine IgG mAb 7A1 that binds an epitope overlapping with human IgE binding sites. Conformational changes upon Ab binding were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance using a 7A1-single-chain variable fragment. In addition, a human IgE Ab construct that interferes with mAb 7A1 binding was isolated from a combinatorial phage-display library constructed from a mite-allergic patient and expressed as two recombinant forms (single-chain Fab in Pichia pastoris and Fab in Escherichia coli). These two IgE Ab constructs and the mAb 7A1 failed to recognize two Der p 2 epitope double mutants designed to abolish the allergen-Ab interaction while preserving the fold necessary to bind Abs at other sites of the allergen surface. A 10-100-fold reduction in binding of IgE from allergic subjects to the mutants additionally showed that the residues mutated were involved in IgE Ab binding. In summary, mutagenesis of a Der p 2 epitope defined by x-ray crystallography revealed an IgE Ab binding site that will be considered for the design of hypoallergens for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Glesner
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | - Eugene F DeRose
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | - Paul Wright
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | | | - Lisa D Vailes
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Robert E London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | | | | | | | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903;
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5
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Bacher P, Scheffold A. The effect of regulatory T cells on tolerance to airborne allergens and allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:1697-1709. [PMID: 30527063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential mediators of tolerance against self-antigens and harmless exogenous antigens. Treg cell deficiencies result in multiple autoimmune and allergic syndromes in neonates. How Treg cells affect conventional allergies against aeroantigens, which are restricted to a few specific proteins released from inhaled particles, remains controversial. The hallmarks of antigen-specific loss of tolerance are allergen-specific TH2 cells and IgE. However, difficulties in identifying the rare allergen-specific Treg cells have obscured the cellular basis of tolerance to aeroallergens, which is also a major obstacle for the rational design of novel and more efficient allergen-specific immunotherapies. Recent technological progress allowing characterization of allergen-specific effectors and Treg cells with minimal in vitro manipulation revealed their detailed contribution to tolerance. The data identified inhaled particles as immunodominant Treg cell targets in healthy and allergic subjects. Conversely, the supposed immunodominant major allergens being rapidly released from inhaled particles apparently do not actively induce tolerance but are ignored by the immune system. Here, the partially contradictory data on various allergen-specific T-cell types in healthy subjects, allergic patients, and patients undergoing allergen-specific immunotherapy are discussed and integrated into one model, postulating Treg cell-dependent and Treg cell-independent checkpoints of tolerance and allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bacher
- Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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6
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Tsuboi H, Honda F, Takahashi H, Ono Y, Abe S, Kondo Y, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Comparison with Sjögren's syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 30:7-16. [PMID: 31425659 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1650694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is characterized by lympho-plasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis in multiple organs, accompanied by high serum IgG4 levels. Although both IgG4-RD and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) frequently affect salivary and lacrimal glands, the clinical and pathological features of these two conditions are different. In an attempt to delineate the pathomechanisms of IgG4-RD, we compared the gene expression patterns of various molecules in labial salivary glands (LSGs) between IgG4-RD and SS. First, using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated significantly higher mRNA expression levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), IL-10, and TGFβ in LSGs of IgG4-RD than SS and healthy controls (HCs). We propose that the combination of AID and IL-10 contributes to IgG4-specific immunoglobulin class switch recombination, and that TGFβ induces LSGs fibrosis in IgG4-RD. Second, DNA microarray identified 2641 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LSGs; with 1321 up-regulated and 1320 down-regulated genes in IgG4-RD, relative to SS. Among the up-regulated DEGs in IgG4-RD, quantitative PCR confirmed significantly higher expression levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) and lactotransferrin in LSGs of IgG4-RD than SS and HCs. The former has chemotactic activity on various types of lymphocytes and enhances collagen production from fibroblasts, while lactotransferrin is an iron-binding protein abundantly present in milk and has a wide range of functions, including fibroblast proliferation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Third, immunofluorescence staining confirmed specific upregulation of CCL18 in macrophages, CD11c + and B cells, and plasmacytes of LSGs-IgG4-RD. These pathological findings could help in the identification of disease-specific biomarkers as well as development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumika Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saori Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses against aeroantigens and their role in allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1537-1550. [PMID: 29858582 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract is specialized to continuously monitor the external environment and to protect against invading pathogens, while maintaining tolerance to innocuous inhaled particles. Allergies result from a loss of tolerance against harmless antigens characterized by formation of allergen-specific Th2 cells and IgE. Tolerance is often described as a balance between harmful Th2 cells and various types of protective "regulatory" T cells. However, the identity of the protective T cells in healthy vs. allergic individuals or following successful allergen-specific therapy is controversially discussed. Recent technological progress enabling the identification of antigen-specific effector and regulatory T cells has significantly contributed to our understanding of tolerance. Here we discuss the experimental evidence for the various tolerance mechanisms described. We try to integrate the partially contradictory data into a new model proposing different mechanism of tolerance depending on the quality and quantity of the antigens as well as the way of antigen exposure. Understanding the basis of tolerance is essential for the rational design of novel and more efficient immunotherapies.
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8
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Bonnet B, Messaoudi K, Jacomet F, Michaud E, Fauquert JL, Caillaud D, Evrard B. An update on molecular cat allergens: Fel d 1 and what else? Chapter 1: Fel d 1, the major cat allergen. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29643919 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0239-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Cats are the major source of indoor inhalant allergens after house dust mites. The global incidence of cat allergies is rising sharply, posing a major public health problem. Ten cat allergens have been identified. The major allergen responsible for symptoms is Fel d 1, a secretoglobin and not a lipocalin, making the cat a special case among mammals. Main body Given its clinical predominance, it is essential to have a good knowledge of this allergenic fraction, including its basic structure, to understand the new exciting diagnostic and therapeutic applications currently in development. The recent arrival of the component-resolved diagnosis, which uses molecular allergens, represents a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the disease. Recombinant Fel d 1 is now available for in vitro diagnosis by the anti-Fel d 1 specific IgE assay. The first part of the review will seek to describe the recent advances related to Fel d 1 in terms of positive diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. In daily practice, anti-Fel d 1 IgE tend to replace those directed against the overall extract but is this attitude justified? We will look at the most recent arguments to try to answer this question. In parallel, a second revolution is taking place thanks to molecular engineering, which has allowed the development of various forms of recombinant Fel d 1 and which seeks to modify the immunomodulatory properties of the molecule and thus the clinical history of the disease via various modalities of anti-Fel d 1-specific immunotherapy. We will endeavor to give a clear and practical overview of all these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bonnet
- 1Laboratoire d'Immunologie, ECREIN, UMR1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,2Service d'Immunologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K Messaoudi
- 3Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - F Jacomet
- 4Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - E Michaud
- 5Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J L Fauquert
- 5Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Caillaud
- 6Service de Pneumologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Evrard
- 1Laboratoire d'Immunologie, ECREIN, UMR1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,2Service d'Immunologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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9
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Bonnet B, Messaoudi K, Jacomet F, Michaud E, Fauquert JL, Caillaud D, Evrard B. An update on molecular cat allergens: Fel d 1 and what else? Chapter 1: Fel d 1, the major cat allergen. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018; 14:14. [PMID: 29643919 PMCID: PMC5891966 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cats are the major source of indoor inhalant allergens after house dust mites. The global incidence of cat allergies is rising sharply, posing a major public health problem. Ten cat allergens have been identified. The major allergen responsible for symptoms is Fel d 1, a secretoglobin and not a lipocalin, making the cat a special case among mammals. Main body Given its clinical predominance, it is essential to have a good knowledge of this allergenic fraction, including its basic structure, to understand the new exciting diagnostic and therapeutic applications currently in development. The recent arrival of the component-resolved diagnosis, which uses molecular allergens, represents a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the disease. Recombinant Fel d 1 is now available for in vitro diagnosis by the anti-Fel d 1 specific IgE assay. The first part of the review will seek to describe the recent advances related to Fel d 1 in terms of positive diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. In daily practice, anti-Fel d 1 IgE tend to replace those directed against the overall extract but is this attitude justified? We will look at the most recent arguments to try to answer this question. In parallel, a second revolution is taking place thanks to molecular engineering, which has allowed the development of various forms of recombinant Fel d 1 and which seeks to modify the immunomodulatory properties of the molecule and thus the clinical history of the disease via various modalities of anti-Fel d 1-specific immunotherapy. We will endeavor to give a clear and practical overview of all these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bonnet
- 1Laboratoire d'Immunologie, ECREIN, UMR1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,2Service d'Immunologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K Messaoudi
- 3Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - F Jacomet
- 4Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - E Michaud
- 5Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J L Fauquert
- 5Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Caillaud
- 6Service de Pneumologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Evrard
- 1Laboratoire d'Immunologie, ECREIN, UMR1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,2Service d'Immunologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Virtanen T. Immunotherapy for pet allergies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:807-814. [PMID: 29182437 PMCID: PMC5893203 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1409315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases compose a serious challenge for modern societies. Their individual, medical and economical burden is large. As humans spend most of their time indoors, exposure to indoor allergens is a significant contributor to the development of allergic sensitization and respiratory allergies, such as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. One important source of indoor allergens are pets, in particular cats and dogs. Allergens from these and other mammals spread effectively and they are encountered widely in public places. If patient education, allergen avoidance and pharmacotherapy do not suffice for controlling the symptoms of pet allergy, allergen immunotherapy can be a treatment option. Current information on allergen immunotherapy in pet allergy suggests that it can be effective in reducing allergic symptoms. However, the low number of high-quality randomized controlled trials of allergen immunotherapy in pet allergy warrants for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Low expression of a D dm7/L dm7-hybrid mutant (D/L dm7) in the novel haplotype H-2 nc identified in atopic dermatitis model NC/Nga mice. Genes Immun 2017; 20:74-81. [PMID: 29282355 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-017-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, MHC type (H2 haplotype) of AD model mice NC/Nga is poorly understood. Alloreactive CD8+ or CD4+ T cells in NC/Nga strongly responded to each antigen-presenting cells (A/J: H-2a, C57BL/6: H-2b, BALB/c: H-2d, or C3H/HeJ: H-2k), suggesting that NC/Nga has other H2 haplotype. Polymorphic microsatellite (CA)n repeats in TNF-α gene differ based on the H2 haplotype at present. NC/Nga's (CA)n repeats (n = 19) were different from other examined strains, A/J (n = 14), BALB/c (n = 14), C3H/HeJ (n = 16), and C57BL/6 (n = 20). Using flow cytometry and genotyping, we demonstrated the NC/Nga H2 haplotype had a unique phenotype (Kd, I-Ak, and I-Ek) in which Dd and Ld lacked as protein despite sensitive mRNA detection. The loss of Dd and Ld was caused by forming a unique Ddm7/Ldm7-hybrid mutant (D/Ldm7). We propose to call this novel H2 haplotype the "H-2nc," and provide the important information regarding the AD research using NC/Nga mice.
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12
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Pellerin L, Jenks JA, Chinthrajah S, Dominguez T, Block W, Zhou X, Noshirvan A, Gregori S, Roncarolo MG, Nadeau KC, Bacchetta R. Peanut-specific type 1 regulatory T cells induced in vitro from allergic subjects are functionally impaired. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:202-213.e8. [PMID: 28689791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy (PA) is a life-threatening condition that lacks regulator-approved treatment. Regulatory T type 1 (TR1) cells are potent suppressors of immune responses and can be induced in vivo upon repeated antigen exposure or in vitro by using tolerogenic dendritic cells. Whether oral immunotherapy (OIT) leads to antigen-specific TR1 cell induction has not been established. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether peanut-specific TR1 cells can be generated in vitro from peripheral blood of patients with PA at baseline or during OIT and whether they are functional compared with peanut-specific TR1 cells induced from healthy control (HC) subjects. METHODS Tolerogenic dendritic cells were differentiated in the presence of IL-10 from PBMCs of patients with PA and HC subjects pulsed with the main peanut allergens of Arachis hypogaea, Ara h 1 and 2, and used as antigen-presenting cells for autologous CD4+ T cells (CD4+ T cells coincubated with tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with the main peanut allergens [pea-T10 cells]). Pea-T10 cells were characterized by the presence of CD49b+ lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3)+ TR1 cells, antigen-specific proliferative responses, and cytokine production. RESULTS CD49b+LAG3+ TR1 cells were induced in pea-T10 cells at comparable percentages from HC subjects and patients with PA. Despite their antigen specificity, pea-T10 cells of patients with PA with or without OIT, as compared with those of HC subjects, were not anergic and had high TH2 cytokine production upon peanut-specific restimulation. CONCLUSIONS Peanut-specific TR1 cells can be induced from HC subjects and patients with PA, but those from patients with PA are functionally defective independent of OIT. The unfavorable TR1/TH2 ratio is discussed as a possible cause of PA TR1 cell impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pellerin
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jennifer Anne Jenks
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tina Dominguez
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Whitney Block
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Arram Noshirvan
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari Christine Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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Muehling LM, Mai DT, Kwok WW, Heymann PW, Pomés A, Woodfolk JA. Circulating Memory CD4+ T Cells Target Conserved Epitopes of Rhinovirus Capsid Proteins and Respond Rapidly to Experimental Infection in Humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3214-3224. [PMID: 27591323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is a major cause of common cold and an important trigger of acute episodes of chronic lung diseases. Antigenic variation across the numerous RV strains results in frequent infections and a lack of durable cross-protection. Because the nature of human CD4+ T cells that target RV is largely unknown, T cell epitopes of RV capsid proteins were analyzed, and cognate T cells were characterized in healthy subjects and those infected by intranasal challenge. Peptide epitopes of the RV-A16 capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 were identified by peptide/MHC class II tetramer-guided epitope mapping, validated by direct ex vivo enumeration, and interrogated using a variety of in silico methods. Among noninfected subjects, those circulating RV-A16-specific CD4+ T cells detected at the highest frequencies targeted 10 unique epitopes that bound to diverse HLA-DR molecules. T cell epitopes localized to conserved molecular regions of biological significance to the virus were enriched for HLA class I and II binding motifs, and constituted both species-specific (RV-A) and pan-species (RV-A, -B, and -C) varieties. Circulating epitope-specific T cells comprised both memory Th1 and T follicular helper cells, and were rapidly expanded and activated after intranasal challenge with RV-A16. Cross-reactivity was evidenced by identification of a common *0401-restricted epitope for RV-A16 and RV-A39 by tetramer-guided epitope mapping and the ability for RV-A16-specific Th1 cells to proliferate in response to their RV-A39 peptide counterpart. The preferential persistence of high-frequency RV-specific memory Th1 cells that recognize a limited set of conserved epitopes likely arises from iterative priming by previous exposures to different RV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Muehling
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Duy T Mai
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Peter W Heymann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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14
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van de Veen W, Stanic B, Wirz OF, Jansen K, Globinska A, Akdis M. Role of regulatory B cells in immune tolerance to allergens and beyond. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:654-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Benign TH2 immunity in children: A fresh perspective on control of the allergic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:388-9. [PMID: 26853130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Wisniewski JA, Commins SP, Agrawal R, Hulse KE, Yu MD, Cronin J, Heymann PW, Pomes A, Platts-Mills TA, Workman L, Woodfolk JA. Analysis of cytokine production by peanut-reactive T cells identifies residual Th2 effectors in highly allergic children who received peanut oral immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1201-13. [PMID: 25823600 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associated with peanut allergy, and how these responses relate to IgE antibodies to peanut components. OBJECTIVE To interrogate T cell effector cytokine populations induced by Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 among peanut allergic (PA) children in the context of IgE and to evaluate their modulation during oral immunotherapy (OIT). METHODS Peanut-reactive effector T cells were analysed in conjunction with specific IgE profiles in PA children using intracellular staining and multiplex assay. Cytokine-expressing T cell subpopulations were visualized using SPICE. RESULTS Ara h 2 dominated the antibody response to peanut as judged by prevalence and quantity among a cohort of children with IgE to peanut. High IgE (> 15 kU(A)/L) was almost exclusively associated with dual sensitization to Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 and was age independent. Among PA children, IL-4-biased responses to both major allergens were induced, regardless of whether IgE antibodies to Ara h 1 were present. Among subjects receiving OIT in whom high IgE was maintained, Th2 reactivity to peanut components persisted despite clinical desensitization and modulation of allergen-specific immune parameters including augmented specific IgG4 antibodies, Th1 skewing and enhanced IL-10. The complexity of cytokine-positive subpopulations within peanut-reactive IL-4(+) and IFN-γ(+) T cells was similar to that observed in those who received no OIT, but was modified with extended therapy. Nonetheless, high Foxp3 expression was a distinguishing feature of peanut-reactive IL-4(+) T cells irrespective of OIT, and a correlate of their ability to secrete type 2 cytokines. CONCLUSION Although total numbers of peanut-reactive IL-4(+) and IFN-γ(+) T cells are modulated by OIT in highly allergic children, complex T cell populations with pathogenic potential persist in the presence of recognized immune markers of successful immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wisniewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S P Commins
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K E Hulse
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M D Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J Cronin
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - P W Heymann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A Pomes
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T A Platts-Mills
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - L Workman
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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17
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Renand A, Archila LD, McGinty J, Wambre E, Robinson D, Hales BJ, Thomas WR, Kwok WW. Chronic cat allergen exposure induces a TH2 cell-dependent IgG4 response related to low sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1627-1635.e13. [PMID: 26371841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human subjects, allergen tolerance has been observed after high-dose allergen exposure or after completed allergen immunotherapy, which is related to the accumulation of anti-inflammatory IgG4. However, the specific T-cell response that leads to IgG4 induction during chronic allergen exposure remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the relationship between cat allergen-specific T-cell frequency, cat allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 titers, and clinical status in adults with cat allergy with and without cat ownership and the cellular mechanism by which IgG4 is produced. METHODS Fel d 1-, Fel d 4-, Fel d 7-, and Fel d 8-specific T-cell responses were characterized by CD154 expression after antigen stimulation. RESULTS In allergic subjects without cat ownership, the frequency of cat allergen (Fel d 1 and Fel d 4)-specific TH2 (sTH2) cells correlates with higher IgE levels and is linked to asthma. Paradoxically, we observed that subjects with cat allergy and chronic cat exposure maintain a high frequency of sTH2 cells, which correlates with higher IgG4 levels and low sensitization. B cells from allergic, but not nonallergic subjects, are able to produce IgG4 after cognate interactions with sTH2 clones and Fel d 1 peptide or the Fel d 1 recombinant protein. CONCLUSION These experiments suggest that (1) allergen-experienced B cells with the capacity to produce IgG4 are present in allergic subjects and (2) cat allergen exposure induces an IgG4 response in a TH2 cell-dependent manner. Thus IgG4 accumulation could be mediated by chronic activation of the TH2 response, which in turn drives desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedee Renand
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | - Luis D Archila
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | - John McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | - David Robinson
- the Asthma and Allergy Department, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Wash
| | - Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Wayne R Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
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18
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Tsuboi H, Nakai Y, Iizuka M, Asashima H, Hagiya C, Tsuzuki S, Hirota T, Miki H, Hagiwara S, Kondo Y, Tanaka A, Moriyama M, Matsumoto I, Nakamura S, Yoshihara T, Abe K, Sumida T. DNA microarray analysis of labial salivary glands in IgG4-related disease: comparison with Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2892-9. [PMID: 24943710 DOI: 10.1002/art.38748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare gene expression in labial salivary glands (LSGs) from patients with IgG4-related disease with that in LSGs from patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS Gene expression was analyzed by DNA microarray in LSG samples from 5 patients with IgG4-related disease, 5 SS patients, and 3 healthy controls. Genes differentially expressed in IgG4-related disease and SS were identified, and gene annotation enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) annotation. Validation of the results was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using LSG samples from 9 patients with IgG4-related disease, 10 SS patients, and 4 controls. RESULTS Gene expression patterns in patients with IgG4-related disease, SS patients, and healthy controls were quite different from each other in hierarchical clustering as well as in principal components analysis. In IgG4-related disease compared with SS, a total of 1,771 probe sets (corresponding to 1,321 genes) were identified as up-regulated, and 1,785 probe sets (corresponding to 1,320 genes) were identified as down-regulated (false discovery rate of <5%). GO term analysis indicated that the up-regulated set of differentially expressed genes in IgG4-related disease encoded proteins that function in cell proliferation, extracellular matrix organization, and organ development. PCR validated significantly higher expression of lactotransferrin in patients with IgG4-related disease than in SS patients (P < 0.05) and significantly higher expression of CCL18 in patients with IgG4-related disease than in SS patients and controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results clearly showed that the gene expression pattern in LSGs from patients with IgG4-related disease is different from that in LSGs from SS patients.
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19
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Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of immune tolerance to allergens: role of IL-10 and Tregs. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4678-80. [PMID: 25365074 DOI: 10.1172/jci78891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 20 years, major advances have been made in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans. The demonstration of T cell tolerance, particularly that mediated by the immune-suppressive functions of IL-10, led to a major conceptual change in this area. Currently, the known essential components of allergen tolerance include the induction of allergen-specific regulatory subsets of T and B cells, the immune-suppressive function of secreted factors, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, the production of IgG4 isotype allergen-specific blocking antibodies, and decreased allergic inflammatory responses by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in inflamed tissues.
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20
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Yoo Y, Perzanowski MS. Allergic sensitization and the environment: latest update. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14:465. [PMID: 25149167 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases is still increasing both in developed and developing countries. Allergic sensitization against common inhalant allergens is common and, although not sufficient, a necessary step in the development of allergic diseases. Despite a small number of proteins from certain plants and animals being common allergens in humans, we still do not fully understand who will develop sensitization and to which allergens. Environmental exposure to these allergens is essential for the development of sensitization, but what has emerged clearly in the literature in the recent years is that the adjuvants to which an individual is exposed at the same time as the allergen are probably an equally important determinant of the immune response to the allergen. These adjuvants act on all steps in the development of sensitization from modifying epithelial barriers, to facilitating antigen presentation, to driving T-cell responses, to altering mast cell and basophil hyperreactivity. The adjuvants come from biogenic sources, including microbes and the plants and animals that produce the allergens, and from man-made sources (anthropogenic), including unintended by-products of combustion and chemicals now ubiquitous in modern life. As we better understand how individuals are exposed to these adjuvants and how the exposure influences the likelihood of an allergic response, we may be able to design individual and community-level interventions that will reverse the increase in allergic disease prevalence, but we are not there yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Konradsen JR, Fujisawa T, van Hage M, Hedlin G, Hilger C, Kleine-Tebbe J, Matsui EC, Roberts G, Rönmark E, Platts-Mills TAE. Allergy to furry animals: New insights, diagnostic approaches, and challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:616-25. [PMID: 25282018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergy to furry animals has been increasing, and allergy to cats, dogs, or both is considered a major risk factor for the development of asthma and rhinitis. An important step forward in the diagnosis of allergy to furry animals has been made with the introduction of molecular-based allergy diagnostics. A workshop on furry animals was convened to provide an up-to-date assessment of our understanding of (1) the exposure and immune response to the major mammalian allergens, (2) the relationship of these responses (particularly those to specific proteins or components) to symptoms, and (3) the relevance of these specific antibody responses to current or future investigation of patients presenting with allergic diseases. In this review research results discussed at the workshop are presented, including the effect of concomitant exposures from other allergens or microorganisms, the significance of the community prevalence of furry animals, molecular-based allergy diagnostics, and a detailed discussion of cat and dog components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon R Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Hedlin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, CRP-Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg Kleine-Tebbe
- Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Outpatient Clinic and Research Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth C Matsui
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Graham Roberts
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom; Human Development and Health and Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Units, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Rönmark
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Hentges F, Léonard C, Arumugam K, Hilger C. Immune responses to inhalant Mammalian allergens. Front Immunol 2014; 5:234. [PMID: 24904583 PMCID: PMC4033121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe and the USA, at least one person in four is exposed every day to inhalant allergens of mammalian origin, a considerable number is regularly exposed for professional reasons and almost everyone is occasionally exposed to inhalant allergens from pets or domestic animals. The production of IgE to these inhalant allergens, often complicated by asthma and rhinitis, defines the atopic status. However, the immune response to these allergens largely imprints the cellular immune compartment and also drives non-IgE humoral immune responses in the allergic and non-allergic population. During the recent years, it has become clear that IgE antibodies recognize mammalian allergens that belong to three protein or glycoprotein families: the secretoglobins, the lipocalins, and the serum albumins. In this article, we review the humoral and cellular immune responses to the major members of these families and try to define common characteristics and also distinctive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Hentges
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, CRP-Santé , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Cathy Léonard
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, CRP-Santé , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Karthik Arumugam
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, CRP-Santé , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, CRP-Santé , Luxembourg , Luxembourg
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23
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Ebe H, Tsuboi H, Hagiya C, Takahashi H, Yokosawa M, Hagiwara S, Hirota T, Kurashima Y, Takai C, Miki H, Asashima H, Umeda N, Kondo Y, Ogishima H, Suzuki T, Chino Y, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Clinical features of patients with IgG4-related disease complicated with perivascular lesions. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 25:105-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2014.903596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ebe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Hagiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokosawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinya Hagiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hirota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Takai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruka Miki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Asashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoto Umeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogishima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Chino
- Department of Rheumatology, Mito Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Mito, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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24
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Erwin EA, Woodfolk JA, James HR, Satinover SM, Platts-Mills TAE. Changes in cat specific IgE and IgG antibodies with decreased cat exposure. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:545-550.e1. [PMID: 24726651 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of the effects of reducing exposure to cat allergens is limited. It has also become clear that there are different forms of immune response to cat allergens. OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in skin tests and cat specific IgG and IgE antibodies when students from a home with a cat move to a college dormitory. METHODS Ninety-seven college students participated in a prospective study that consisted of allergy skin prick testing and serum measurement of IgE and IgG antibodies to cat at the beginning and end of one academic year in college. A subgroup returned for follow-up at the end of 2 years. RESULTS Among 97 students, 33% had IgG antibodies to Fel d 1 but no evidence of sensitization, 25% had positive skin test results and/or serum IgE antibodies, and 42% had negative skin test results and no detectable serum antibodies. Among the non-cat sensitized students with IgG antibodies, the titers decreased during 8 months (P = .002). Titers of IgG4 to Fel d 1 also decreased (P < .001). Among the sensitized students, no change in IgE antibodies to cat occurred in 8 months (P = .20), whereas Fel d 1 specific IgG antibodies decreased (P < .001). Thus, ratios of IgG to IgE decreased highly significantly (P = .007). Among the students with negative skin test results who returned for follow-up (n = 56), none developed positive skin test results or serum IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION Under conditions of marked decrease in exposure, no participants developed new-onset sensitization. Among the individuals sensitized at study entry, there were major decreases in the ratio of IgG to IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Erwin
- Center for Innovation in Pediatric Practice, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hayley R James
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shama M Satinover
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thomas A E Platts-Mills
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
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25
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Wambre E, DeLong JH, James EA, Torres-Chinn N, Pfützner W, Möbs C, Durham SR, Till SJ, Robinson D, Kwok WW. Specific immunotherapy modifies allergen-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses in an epitope-dependent manner. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:872-9.e7. [PMID: 24373351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system induces and controls allergic inflammation at the T-cell epitope level is critical for the design of new allergy vaccine strategies. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize allergen-specific T-cell responses linked with allergy or peripheral tolerance and to determine how CD4(+) T-cell responses to individual allergen-derived epitopes change over allergen-specific immunotherapy. METHODS Timothy grass pollen (TGP) allergy was used as a model for studying grass pollen allergies. The breadth, magnitude, epitope hierarchy, and phenotype of the DR04:01-restricted TGP-specific T-cell responses in 10 subjects with grass pollen allergy, 5 nonatopic subjects, and 6 allergy vaccine-treated subjects was determined by using an ex vivo peptide-MHC class II tetramer approach. RESULTS CD4(+) T cells in allergic subjects are directed to a broad range of TGP epitopes characterized by defined immunodominance hierarchy patterns and with distinct functional profiles that depend on the epitope recognized. Epitopes that are restricted specifically to either TH2 or TH1/TR1 responses were identified. Allergen-specific immunotherapy was associated with preferential deletion of allergen-specific TH2 cells and without a significant change in the frequency of TH1/TR1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Preferential allergen-specific TH2 cell deletion after repeated high-dose antigen stimulation can be another independent mechanism to restore tolerance to allergen during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | | | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | | | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Till
- Allergy, Asthma and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
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Wisniewski J, Agrawal R, Woodfolk JA. Mechanisms of tolerance induction in allergic disease: integrating current and emerging concepts. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:164-76. [PMID: 23331558 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of atopy and allergic disease continues to escalate worldwide. Defining immune mechanisms that suppress the underlying Th2-driven inflammatory process is critical for the rational design of new treatments to prevent or attenuate disease. Allergen immunotherapy has provided a useful framework for evaluating changes in the immune response that occur during the development of tolerance. Despite this, elucidating the phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory cells, has proven challenging in humans with allergic disease. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of the immune pathways that orchestrate allergen tolerance, with an emphasis on emerging concepts related to human disease. A variety of regulatory cell types, including IL-10-secreting T and B cells, play a pivotal role in suppressing allergic responses to inhaled, ingested and injected allergens. These cells may inhibit Th2 effectors directly, or else indirectly, through other cell types and mediators. Protective antibodies, including IgG4, Fc sialylated IgG, and IgA, have the capacity to modulate the response by preventing allergen binding to surface-bound IgE, or inhibiting dendritic cell maturation. Immune cell plasticity may augment suppression of Th2 cells by T regulatory cells, through mechanisms that involve T cell conversion, or else unconventional roles of classical effector cells. These actions depend upon external cues provided by the in vivo milieu. As such, specific anatomical sites may preferentially favour tolerance induction. Recent scientific advances now allow a global analysis of immune parameters that capture novel markers of tolerance induction in allergic patients. Such markers could provide new molecular targets for assessing tolerance, and for designing treatments that confer long-lasting protection in a safe and efficacious fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wisniewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
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Smith KA, Gray NJ, Cheek E, Saleh F, Lavender J, Frew AJ, Kern F, Tarzi MD. Characterisation of CD154+ T cells following ex vivo birch allergen stimulation defines a close relationship between T cell subsets in healthy volunteers. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:14. [PMID: 23521868 PMCID: PMC3614533 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic sensitisation has been ascribed to a dysregulated relationship between allergen-specific Th1, Th2 and regulatory T cells. We hypothesised that the relationship between these T cell subsets could be better defined using a short-term allergen stimulation system followed by direct analysis of CD154-positive T cells. Using peripheral blood samples from birch pollinosis patients and healthy non-atopic controls, we sought to explore the frequencies and phenotype of birch-stimulated CD154-positive T helper cells following ex vivo birch allergen stimulation. RESULTS Activated CD154-positive Th1, Th2 and Tr1-like cells, that co-expressed IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10 respectively, were identified in both birch-allergic and non-allergic participants. We observed a close correlation between Th1, Th2 and Tr1-like cell frequency in non-allergic volunteers, such that the three parameters increased together to maintain a low Th2: Th1 ratio. The relationship between Th1, Th2 and Tr1-like responses was dysregulated in birch-allergic patients, with abrogation of the IL-10 response and a higher Th2: Th1 ratio. A close correlation was observed between Th2 cell frequency and the absolute concentration of birch-specific IgE within the birch-allergic group, and we confirmed previous reports of a more differentiated T cell phenotype in allergic subjects. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate an important balance between IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10 T cell responses to birch allergen in health, where Th2 responses to allergens were frequently observed, but apparently balanced by Th1 and regulatory responses. The detection of CD154 positive T cells after short-term antigen stimulation may be a useful method for the detection of T cell responses to allergens when cost, speed and convenience are priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Smith
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Clinical Medicine, Pathogen-Host-Interactions Group, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
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Pei Y, Geng S, Liu L, Yan F, Guan H, Hou J, Chen Y, Wang B, An X. Fel d 1-airway inflammation prevention and treatment by co-immunization vaccine via induction of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ Treg cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1019-31. [PMID: 23324570 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pet allergens are major causes for asthma and allergic rhinitis. Fel d 1 protein, a key pet allergen from domestic cat, can sensitize host and trigger asthma attack. In this study, we report that co-immunization with recombinant Fel d 1 protein (rFel d 1) plus plasmid DNA that contains Fe1 d 1 gene was effective in preventing and treating the natural Fel d 1 (nFel d 1) induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. A population of T regulatory cells (iTreg) exhibiting a CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ phenotype and expressing IL-10 and TGF-β was induced by this co-immunization strategy. Furthermore, after adoptive transfers of the iTreg cells, mice that were pre-sensitized and challenged with nFel d 1 exhibited less signs of allergic inflammation, AHR and a reduced allergic immune response. These data indicate that co-immunization with DNA and protein mixture vaccine may be an effective treatment for cat allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechun Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology; China Agricultural University; Beijing, P.R. China
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Abstract
This overview describes the nature of the immune responses induced by the inhalation of allergens. There is a dichotomy in that B cells have multiple mechanisms that limit the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production, whereas T-cell responses are large even in nonallergic subjects. With the possible exception of responses to cat allergen, however, T cells from nonallergic subjects have limited effector function of helping IgG antibody, and in house-dust mite allergy, this declines with age. Regulation by interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing cells and CD25+ T-regulatory cells has been proposed, but critically, there is limited evidence for this, and many studies show the highest IL-10 production by cells from allergic subjects. Recent studies have shown the importance of nonlymphoid chemokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-27, so studying responses in situ is critical. Most sources of allergens have 1 or 2 dominant allergens, and for house-dust mite, it has been shown that people have a predictable responsiveness to high-, mid-and poor-IgE-binding proteins regardless of the total size of their response. This allergen hierarchy can be used to design improved allergen preparations and to investigate how antiallergen responses are regulated.
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Kennedy JL, Heymann PW, Platts-Mills TAE. The role of allergy in severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:659-69. [PMID: 22515388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The classification of asthma to identify forms which have different contributing causes is useful for all cases in which the disease requires regular treatment, but it is essential for the management of severe asthma. Many forms of the disease can occur, and complex mixtures are not uncommon; here we artificially separated the cases into four groups: (i) inhalant allergy, (ii) fungal sensitization with or without colonization (including ABPA); (iii) severe sinusitis with or without aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), and (iv) non-inflammatory cases, including those associated with severe obesity and vocal cord dysfunction (VCD). The reason for focusing on these groups is because they illustrate how much the specific management depends upon correct classification. Inhalant allergy can present as chronically severe asthma. However, severe attacks of asthma requiring hospital admission can occur in cases which are generally only mild or moderate. The best recognized and probably the most common cause of these acute episodes is acute infection with a rhinovirus. Recent evidence suggests that high titre IgE, particularly to dust mite, correlates to exacerbations of asthma related to rhinovirus infection. Although it is well recognized that the fungus Aspergillus can colonize the lungs and cause severe disease, it is less well recognized that those cases may not have full criteria for diagnosis of ABPA or may involve other fungi. Identifying fungal cases is important, because treatment with imidazole antifungals can provide significant benefit. Taken together, specific treatment using allergen avoidance, immunotherapy, anti-IgE, or antifungal treatment is an important part of the successful management of severe asthma, and each of these requires correctly identifying specific sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Kennedy
- University of Virginia Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Tsuboi H, Matsuo N, Iizuka M, Tsuzuki S, Kondo Y, Tanaka A, Moriyama M, Matsumoto I, Nakamura S, Sumida T. Analysis of IgG4 class switch-related molecules in IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R171. [PMID: 22824292 PMCID: PMC3580565 DOI: 10.1186/ar3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a new disease entity characterized by high serum IgG4 levels, IgG4-positive plasmacytic infiltration, and fibrosis in various organs. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of upregulation of IgG4 class switch recombination in IgG4-RD. METHODS We extracted RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with IgG4-RD (n = 6), Sjögren syndrome (SS) (n = 6), and healthy controls (n = 8), from CD3-positive T cells and CD20-positive B cells sorted from PBMCs of patients with IgG4-RD (n = 3), SS (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 4), as well as from labial salivary glands (LSGs) of patients with IgG4-RD (n = 11), SS (n = 13), and healthy controls (n = 3). The mRNA expression levels of IgG4-specific class switch-related molecules, such as Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), Treg cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), and transcriptional factors (GATA3 and Foxp3) were examined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IgG4-nonspecific class switch-related molecules, such as CD40, CD154, BAFF, APRIL, IRF4, and AID, were also examined. RESULTS The expression levels of Treg cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and AID were significantly higher in LSGs of IgG4-RD than in SS and the controls (P < 0.05, each). In contrast, those of CD40 and CD154 were significantly lower in PBMCs of IgG4-RD than in SS (P < 0.05, each), whereas CD40 in CD20-positive B cells and CD154 in CD3-positive T cells were comparable in the three groups. CONCLUSION Overexpression of IL-10, TGF-β, and AID in LSGs might play important roles in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, such as IgG4-specific class-switch recombination and fibrosis. IgG4 class-switch recombination seems to be mainly upregulated in affected organs.
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Commins SP, Kelly LA, Rönmark E, James HR, Pochan SL, Peters EJ, Lundbäck B, Nganga LW, Cooper PJ, Hoskins JM, Eapen SS, Matos LA, McBride DC, Heymann PW, Woodfolk JA, Perzanowski MS, Platts-Mills TAE. Galactose-α-1,3-galactose-specific IgE is associated with anaphylaxis but not asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:723-30. [PMID: 22281828 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2017oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) are common in the southeastern United States. These antibodies, which are induced by ectoparasitic ticks, can give rise to positive skin tests or serum assays with cat extract. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between IgE antibodies to α-gal and asthma, and compare this with the relationship between asthma and IgE antibodies to Fel d 1 and other protein allergens. METHODS Patients being investigated for recurrent anaphylaxis, angioedema, or acute urticaria underwent spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, questionnaires, and serum IgE antibody assays. The results were compared with control subjects and cohorts from the emergency department in Virginia (n = 130), northern Sweden (n = 963), and rural Kenya (n = 131). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients in Virginia with high-titer IgE antibodies to α-gal had normal lung function, low levels of exhaled nitric oxide, and low prevalence of asthma symptoms. Among patients in the emergency department and children in Kenya, there was no association between IgE antibodies to α-gal and asthma (odds ratios, 1.04 and 0.75, respectively). In Sweden, IgE antibodies to cat were closely correlated with IgE antibodies to Fel d 1 (r = 0.83) and to asthma (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results provide a model of an ectoparasite-induced specific IgE response that can increase total serum IgE without creating a risk for asthma, and further evidence that the main allergens that are causally related to asthma are those that are inhaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Commins
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Erwin EA, Woodfolk JA, Ronmark E, Perzanowski M, Platts-Mills TAE. The long-term protective effects of domestic animals in the home. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:920-2. [PMID: 21668815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Platts-Mills TAE, Woodfolk JA. Allergens and their role in the allergic immune response. Immunol Rev 2011; 242:51-68. [PMID: 21682738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergens are recognized as the proteins that induce immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses in humans. The proteins come from a range of sources and, not surprisingly, have many different biological functions. However, the delivery of allergens to the nose is exclusively on particles, which carry a range of molecules in addition to the protein allergens. These molecules include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that can alter the response. Although the response to allergens is characterized by IgE antibodies, it also includes other isotypes (IgG, IgA, and IgG4), as well as T cells. The challenge is to identify the characteristics of these exposures that favor the production of this form of response. The primary features of the exposure appear to be the delivery in particles, such as pollen grains or mite feces, containing both proteins and PAMPs, but with overall low dose. Within this model, there is a simple direct relationship between the dose of exposure to mite or grass pollen and the prevalence of IgE responses. By contrast, the highest levels of exposure to cat allergen are associated with a lower prevalence of IgE responses. Although the detailed mechanisms for this phenomenon are not clear, it appears that enhanced production of interleukin-10 in response to specific Fel d 1 peptides could influence the response. However, it is striking that the animal sources that are most clearly associated with decreased responses at high allergen dose are derived from animals from which humans evolved more recently (∼65 million years ago). Although the nose is still recognized as the primary route for sensitization to inhalant allergens, there is increasing evidence that the skin is also an important site for the generation of IgE antibody responses. By contrast, it is now evident that delivery of foreign proteins by the oral route or sublingually will favor the generation of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A E Platts-Mills
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA.
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36
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Bosnjak B, Stelzmueller B, Erb KJ, Epstein MM. Treatment of allergic asthma: modulation of Th2 cells and their responses. Respir Res 2011; 12:114. [PMID: 21867534 PMCID: PMC3179723 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezy, laboured breathing with an underlying Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory response in the airways. It is currently treated and, more or less, controlled depending on severity, with bronchodilators e.g. long-acting beta agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists or anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids (inhaled or oral), leukotriene modifiers, theophyline and anti-IgE therapy. Unfortunately, none of these treatments are curative and some asthmatic patients do not respond to intense anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, the use of long-term oral steroids has many undesired side effects. For this reason, novel and more effective drugs are needed. In this review, we focus on the CD4+ Th2 cells and their products as targets for the development of new drugs to add to the current armamentarium as adjuncts or as potential stand-alone treatments for allergic asthma. We argue that in early disease, the reduction or elimination of allergen-specific Th2 cells will reduce the consequences of repeated allergic inflammatory responses such as lung remodelling without causing generalised immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bosnjak
- Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Crack LR, Chan HW, McPherson T, Ogg GS. Phenotypic analysis of perennial airborne allergen-specific CD4+ T cells in atopic and non-atopic individuals. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1555-67. [PMID: 21729183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD); yet, little is known of the differentiation status of CD4+ T cells specific for common environmental allergens, such as the major cat allergen, Fel d 1. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency, differentiation phenotype and function of circulating Fel d 1-specific CD4+ T cells in adult individuals with severe persistent AD in comparison with healthy controls. METHODS Using HLA class II tetrameric complexes based on a HLA-DPB1*0401-restricted Fel d 1 epitope, ex vivo and cultured T cell frequency and phenotype were analysed in individuals with AD and healthy controls. Cytokine secretion was measured by ex vivo and cultured IL-4 and IFN-γ ELISpots. RESULTS Ex vivo Fel d 1-specific DPB1*0401-restricted CD4+ T cells in both atopics and non-atopics express high levels of CCR7, CD62L, CD27 and CD28, placing the cells largely within the central memory subgroup. However, the functional phenotype was distinct, with greater IL-4 production from the cells derived from atopics, which correlated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Circulating Fel d 1-specific DPB1*0401-restricted CD4+ T cells in both atopic and non-atopic donors maintain a central memory phenotype; however in atopics, the cells had greater Th2 effector function, compatible with a disease model of altered antigen delivery in atopic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Crack
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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Jahn-Schmid B, Pickl WF, Bohle B. Interaction of allergens, major histocompatibility complex molecules, and T cell receptors: a 'ménage à trois' that opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention in type I allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:27-42. [PMID: 21447957 DOI: 10.1159/000321904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are major players in the initiation and perpetuation of the allergic immune response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on allergen recognition by T lymphocytes and address the components of the trimeric recognition complex: T cell receptors, major histocompatibility complex molecules, and allergen-derived peptides. Furthermore, possible implications of this scientific background for future therapeutic developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. beatrice.jahn-schmid @ meduniwien.ac.at
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Worm M, Lee HH, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hafner RP, Laidler P, Healey D, Buhot C, Verhoef A, Maillère B, Kay AB, Larché M. Development and preliminary clinical evaluation of a peptide immunotherapy vaccine for cat allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:89-97, 97.e1-14. [PMID: 21211644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic sensitization to cat allergens is common and represents a major risk factor for asthma. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is effective but cumbersome and associated with IgE-dependent adverse events. Immunotherapy targeting allergen-specific T cells, with synthetic peptides representing T-cell epitopes, might improve safety and reduce the duration of treatment. OBJECTIVE We sought to define major T-cell epitopes of Fel d 1 for peptide immunotherapy, generate a peptide vaccine, and evaluate its safety and tolerability in subjects with cat allergy. METHODS We determined the binding affinities of Fel d 1 peptides for 10 commonly expressed HLA-DR molecules. Functionally immunodominant peptides were identified by means of proliferation and cytokine secretion. Histamine-releasing activity was assessed, and a peptide vaccine was formulated. Safety and tolerability were evaluated in a dose-ranging phase IIa clinical trial. RESULTS MHC-binding sequences were identified throughout Fel d 1. Some regions contained multiple overlapping T-cell epitopes that bound multiple MHC molecules. Immunodominant sequences were identified on the basis of proliferative and cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-13) responses. Cat allergen extract, but not peptides, induced histamine release in blood basophils. A single administration of peptide vaccine was safe and well tolerated. The dose of vaccine resulting in the greatest inhibition of the late-phase skin response to intradermal whole allergen challenge was 3 nmol. CONCLUSIONS Fel d 1 contains multiple overlapping MHC-binding motifs. A peptide vaccine comprising the immunodominant regions of the allergen was safe and well tolerated when given to subjects with cat allergy as a single dose. The dose of vaccine resulting in the greatest reduction in late-phase skin response was defined for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) with extracts containing intact allergen molecules is clinically efficacious, but associated with frequent adverse events related to the allergic sensitization of the patient. As a result, treatment is initiated in an incremental dose fashion which ultimately achieves a plateau (maintenance dose) that may be continued for several years. Reduction of allergic adverse events may allow safer and more rapid treatment Thus, many groups have developed and evaluated strategies to reduce allergenicity whilst maintaining immunogenicity, the latter being required to achieve specific modulation of the immune response. Peptide immunotherapy can be used to target T and/or B cells in an antigen-specific manner. To date, only approaches that target T cells have been clinically evaluated. Short, synthetic peptides representing immunodominant T cell epitopes of major allergens are able to modulate allergen-specific T cell responses in the absence of IgE cross linking and activation of effector cells. Here we review clinical and mechanistic studies associated with peptide immunotherapy targeting allergy to cats or to bee venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Larché
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, HSC 4H20, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Kinnunen T, Nieminen A, Kwok WW, Närvänen A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Saarelainen S, Taivainen A, Virtanen T. Allergen-specific naïve and memory CD4+ T cells exhibit functional and phenotypic differences between individuals with or without allergy. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2460-9. [PMID: 20690179 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells are detectable in the peripheral blood of both individuals with or without allergy, their frequencies and phenotypes within the memory as well as naïve repertoires are incompletely known. Here, we analyzed the DRB1*0401-restricted responses of peripheral blood-derived memory (CD4(+)CD45RO(+)) and naïve (CD4(+)CD45RA(+)) T cells from subjects with or without allergy against the immunodominant epitope of the major cow dander allergen Bos d 2 by HLA class II tetramers in vitro. The frequency of Bos d 2(127-142)-specific memory T cells in the peripheral blood-derived cultures appeared to be higher in subjects with allergy than those without, whereas naïve Bos d 2(127-142)-specific T cells were detectable in the cultures of both groups at nearly the same frequency. Surprisingly, the TCR avidity of Bos d 2(127-142)-specific T cells of naïve origin, as assessed by the intensity of HLA class II tetramer staining, was found to be higher in individuals with allergy. Upon restimulation, long-term Bos d 2(127-142)-specific T-cell lines generated from both memory and naïve T-cell pools from individuals with allergy proliferated more strongly, produced more IL-4 and IL-10, and expressed higher levels of CD25 but lower levels of CXCR3 than the T-cell lines from individuals without allergy, demonstrating differences also at the functional level. Collectively, our current results suggest that not only the memory but also the naïve allergen-specific T-cell repertoires differ between individuals with or without allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Kwok WW, Roti M, Delong JH, Tan V, Wambre E, James EA, Robinson D. Direct ex vivo analysis of allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1407-1409.e1. [PMID: 20513526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oseroff C, Sidney J, Kotturi MF, Kolla R, Alam R, Broide DH, Wasserman SI, Weiskopf D, McKinney DM, Chung JL, Petersen A, Grey H, Peters B, Sette A. Molecular determinants of T cell epitope recognition to the common Timothy grass allergen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:943-55. [PMID: 20554959 PMCID: PMC3310373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular determinants of allergen-derived T cell epitopes in humans utilizing the Phleum pratense (Timothy grass) allergens (Phl p). PBMCs from allergic individuals were tested in ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning known Phl p allergens. A total of 43 distinct antigenic regions were recognized, illustrating the large breadth of grass-specific T cell epitopes. Th2 cytokines (as represented by IL-5) were predominant, whereas IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-17 were detected less frequently. Responses from specific immunotherapy treatment individuals were weaker and less consistent, yet similar in epitope specificity and cytokine pattern to allergic donors, whereas nonallergic individuals were essentially nonreactive. Despite the large breadth of recognition, nine dominant antigenic regions were defined, each recognized by multiple donors, accounting for 51% of the total response. Multiple HLA molecules and loci restricted the dominant regions, and the immunodominant epitopes could be predicted using bioinformatic algorithms specific for 23 common HLA-DR, DP, and DQ molecules. Immunodominance was also apparent at the Phl p Ag level. It was found that 52, 19, and 14% of the total response was directed to Phl p 5, 1, and 3, respectively. Interestingly, little or no correlation between Phl p-specific IgE levels and T cell responses was found. Thus, certain intrinsic features of the allergen protein might influence immunogenicity at the level of T cell reactivity. Consistent with this notion, different Phl p Ags were associated with distinct patterns of IL-5, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | | | - Ravi Kolla
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jo L. Chung
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | - Arnd Petersen
- Molecular and Clinical Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Howard Grey
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
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Woodfolk JA. Epitope-specific T-cell responses and allergic phenotypes: implications for T-cell peptide therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:309-18. [PMID: 20477080 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the 1990s, elucidation of the primary amino acid sequence of several major allergens using molecular cloning techniques opened the door to T-cell epitope mapping studies. Such analyses underscored the complexity of the allergen-specific T-cell repertoire and the challenges to using allergen-derived peptides to identify epitope-specific differences associated with allergic and nonallergic responses. This review highlights important factors that may influence the nature of epitope-specific T-cell responses observed in vitro. These include the properties of the allergen, genetics of the host and selection of patients with defined allergic phenotypes based on serum antibody profiles and skin test reactivity. By taking these factors into account, T-cell epitope-specific differences associated with distinct allergic phenotypes can be identified. Observations at the T-cell epitope level undermine the Th1/Th2 paradigm as a model for the development of allergic versus nonallergic responses. Instead, they support the mounting data that point to a network of interactions between T helper cells and regulatory T cells, which controls the allergic response. The ability of peptides that localize to polypeptide chain 2 of the major cat allergen, Fel d 1, to preferentially induce interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma is discussed. Mechanisms whereby specific allergen-derived peptides may modify the T-cell repertoire and influence the immune outcome are also outlined. Further investigation of allergen-derived T-cell epitopes is warranted in order to optimize the design of peptide vaccines for the treatment of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Woodfolk
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA.
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Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is recognized as a highly effective practice in the treatment of patients with severe allergic rhinitis and/or asthma and is recommended by World Health Organization as an integrated part of allergy management strategy. Several studies have shown that allergen-specific immunotherapy, based on the administration of increasing doses of allergen, achieves a hyposensitization and reduces both early and late responses occurring during the natural exposure to the allergen itself. This is the unique antigen-specific immunomodulatory treatment in current use for human diseases. Successful immunotherapy is associated with reductions in symptoms and medication scores and improved quality of life. After interruption it usually confers long-term remission of symptoms and prevents the onset of new sensitizations in children up to a number of years. Subcutaneous immunotherapy usually suppresses the allergen-induced late response in target organs, likely due to the reduction of the infiltration of T cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells and neutrophils. In addition to the reduction of cells of allergic inflammation, immunotherapy also decreases inflammatory mediators at the site of allergen exposure. This review provides an update on the immunological T cell responses induced by conventional subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy, and gives a unifying view to reconciling the old dualism between immunoredirecting and immunoregulating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Mazza G, Sabatos-Peyton CA, Protheroe RE, Herman A, Campbell JD, Wraith DC. Isolation and characterization of human interleukin-10-secreting T cells from peripheral blood. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:225-34. [PMID: 20034527 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, produced by multiple lineages of both human and murine T cells, in regulating the immune response. Here, we demonstrate that the small percentage of circulating CD4(+) T cells that secrete IL-10 can be isolated from human peripheral blood and, importantly, we have optimized a protocol to expand these cells in both antigen-specific and polyclonal manners. Expanded CD4(+)IL-10(+) T cells abrogate proliferation and T helper (Th) 1-like cytokine production in an antigen-specific manner, and to a lesser extent exhibit bystander suppressive capacity. CD4(+)IL-10(+) T cells are suppressive in a cell contact-dependent way, though they do not require secretion of IL-10 for their suppressive role in vitro. CD4(+)IL-10(+) T cells have an activated phenotype, with high expression of CD25, CD69, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, and are largely FoxP3 negative. This novel method for the isolation and expansion of suppressive IL-10-secreting T cells has important implications both for further research and clinical therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Mazza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Akdis M, Akdis CA. Therapeutic manipulation of immune tolerance in allergic disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:645-60. [PMID: 19644474 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune tolerance - the adaptation of the immune system to external antigens or allergens - might be therapeutically manipulated to restore normal immunity in conditions such as allergy, asthma and autoimmune diseases. The field of allergen-specific immunotherapy is experiencing exciting and novel developments for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases, and recent insights into the reciprocal regulation and counter-balance between different T-cell subsets is foreseen to facilitate new strategies for immunointervention. This Review highlights current knowledge of immunomodulatory therapies for the manipulation of immune tolerance and highlights recent approaches to improve allergen-specific immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Obere Strasse 22, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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Suboptimal recognition of a T cell epitope of the major dog allergen Can f 1 by human T cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3320-7. [PMID: 19700193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously proposed that mammalian lipocalin allergens are recognized suboptimally by the human immune system due to their homology with endogenous lipocalins. Here, we have characterized in detail the human T cell recognition of one of the previously identified T cell epitopes of the major dog allergen Can f 1, contained in peptide p105-120. A panel of peptide analogues (altered peptide ligands, APLs) of p105-120 was tested on two specific T cell clones restricted by different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Interestingly, we identified for both of the clones several heteroclitic APLs that were capable of stimulating them at 10-30-fold lower concentrations than the natural peptide. Moreover, one of the heteroclitic APLs identified with the T cell clones, L115F, was observed to induce a stronger polyclonal T cell response than the natural allergen peptide from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of six Can f 1-allergic subjects studied. The heteroclitic APLs bound with the same affinity as p105-120 to common HLA-DR- and HLA-DP-alleles, suggesting that their improved stimulatory capacity is attributable to a more efficient T cell receptor (TCR) recognition rather than increased HLA binding. Collectively, our data suggest that p105-120 is recognized suboptimally by human T cells. This may contribute to the allergenicity of Can f 1.
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Immune tolerance in allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:700-7. [PMID: 19700272 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Research on the mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy and asthma has shown substantial progress in recent years and has led to a variety of allergen-specific therapeutic and preventive approaches. Studies on the area of allergen-specific immunotherapy (allergen-SIT) have provided substantial knowledge on the mechanisms of allergic disease with novel developments for treatment and prevention. Several studies have demonstrated that increased numbers and the activation of allergen-specific T regulatory cells correlate with successful allergen-SIT. Particularly, targeting of the molecular mechanisms of immune tolerance and reciprocal regulation of effector and regulatory T-cell subsets are foreseen for the development of new strategies for immune intervention. This review focuses on current knowledge of immune tolerance to allergens in healthy immune response to allergens and allergen-SIT.
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Targeting allergen to Fc gammaRI: a strategy to treat allergic disease? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 8:547-52. [PMID: 18978470 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32831665d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Targeting allergens to surface receptors on antigen presenting cells may provide a therapeutic strategy for allergic disease. This article discusses the immunomodulatory capacity of a molecule (H22-Fel d 1), which targets the major cat allergen, Fel d 1, to the high affinity IgG receptor, Fc gammaRI, on human dendritic cells. RECENT FINDINGS The fusion protein, H22-Fel d 1, induced a semi-mature phenotype in dendritic cells characterized by production of inflammatory cytokines with no change in surface markers, suggesting tolerogenic capacity. At the T-cell level, H22-Fel d 1 stimulated increased proliferation coupled with amplification of T cells expressing IL-5 and IL-10. Further analysis revealed induction of diverse T cell subtypes characteristic of Th0, regulatory Th1 and regulatory Th2 cells. Notably, this effect was restricted to T cells isolated from cat-allergic patients. Despite the increase in IL-5-expressing T cells, responses induced by H22-Fel d 1 appeared to be regulated by IL-10. Comparison with nonreceptor-targeted allergens from cat and house dust mite confirmed that qualitative T-cell changes induced by H22-Fel d 1 were unique. SUMMARY H22-Fel d 1 induces a novel variation of the Th2 response, which incorporates elements of a protective T-cell response. Exploiting Fc gammaRI-mediated pathways for allergen delivery may offer a new approach for treatment.
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