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Zhang Y, Wang J, Yu J, Zhu H. FKBP4 correlates with CD8 + T cells and lymphatic metastases in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2024; 30:422-432. [PMID: 36067001 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the engagement of CD8+ T cells in the lymph node metastasis (LNM) of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and significant CD8+ T cell-related genes regulating the LNM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Tumor samples of primary OSCC patients were obtained (n = 71). CD8 expression in LNM- and LNM+ tumors were identified using tissue microarray (TMA)-based immunohistochemistry (IHC) and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The LNM status, as well as the metagene expression of CD8+ T cells of OSCC patients, were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Metagenes related to LNM were screened using logistic regression analyses and further identified using TMA-based IHC. RESULTS CD8 was significantly positively associated with LNM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, tumors with higher expression of FKBP4 had significantly higher LNM rate (HR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.08 ~ 2.53; p < 0.05), which was also proven using TMA-based IHC analysis. CONCLUSION CD8+ T cells might engage in the lymphatic metastases of OSCC. Among CD8+ T cell-related genes, FKBP4 could be a promising biomarker to predict the risk of LNM of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Jin Y, Tan A, Feng J, Xu Z, Wang P, Ruan P, Luo R, Weng Y, Peng M. Prognostic Impact of Memory CD8(+) T Cells on Immunotherapy in Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698076. [PMID: 34249758 PMCID: PMC8269315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prognostic value of memory CD8(+) T cells in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Methods EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Web of Science databases were searched to identify suitabile articles published before March 2021. Risk of bias on the study level was assessed using the Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment Tool. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pooled progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using RevMan 5.4 to evaluate the prognostic impact of memory CD8(+) T cells. Results In total, nine studies were included in the final analysis. High levels of memory CD8(+) T cells were significantly closely correlated with better progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients with immunotherapy (PFS, HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53-0.78; OS, HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.65). Memory CD8(+) T cells still have significant prognostic value in cancer patients given immunotherapy alone after excluding of other interfering factors such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy (PFS, HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.89; OS, HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.13-0.42). However, high memory CD8(+) T cells levels did not correspond to a longer PFS or OS in cancer patients with non-immunotherapy (PFS, HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.63-1.73; OS, HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.48-3.48). Thus, memory CD8(+) T cells might be a promising predictor in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Conclusions The host's overall immune status, and not only the tumor itself, should be considered to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients. This study is the first to show the significant prognostic value of memory CD8(+) T cells in immunotherapy of cancer patients through systematic review and meta-analysis. Thus, the detection of memory CD8(+) T cells has a considerable value in clinical practice in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Memory CD8(+) T cells may be promising immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aili Tan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zexi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruijun Luo
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Weng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Han J, Khatwani N, Searles TG, Turk MJ, Angeles CV. Memory CD8 + T cell responses to cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101435. [PMID: 33272898 PMCID: PMC7738415 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived memory CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor immunity. Studies over the past two decades have identified four subsets of memory CD8+ T cells - central, effector, stem-like, and tissue resident memory - that either circulate through blood, lymphoid and peripheral organs, or reside in tissues where cancers develop. In this article, we will review studies from both pre-clinical mouse models and human patients to summarize the phenotype, distribution and unique features of each memory subset, and highlight specific roles of each subset in anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, we will discuss how stem-cell like and resident memory CD8+ T cell subsets relate to exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) populations. These studies reveal how memory CD8+ T cell subsets together orchestrate durable immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Nikhil Khatwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Deng Y, Wang F, Hughes T, Yu J. FOXOs in cancer immunity: Knowns and unknowns. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 50:53-64. [PMID: 29309928 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells, along with their extracellular factors, have profound effects on either promoting or repressing anti-cancer immunity. Accumulating evidence has shown the paradoxical intrinsic role of the Forkhead box O (FOXO) family of transcription factors in cancer, which can act as a tumor repressor while also maintaining cancer stem cells. FOXOs also regulate cancer immunity. FOXOs promote antitumor activity through negatively regulating the expression of immunosuppressive proteins, such as programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor cells or stromal cells, which can shape an immunotolerant state in the TME. FOXOs also intrinsically control the anti-tumor immune response as well as the homeostasis and development of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. As a cancer repressor, reviving the activity of Foxo1 forces tumor-infiltrating activated regulatory T (Treg) cells to egress from tumor tissues. As a promoter of cancer development, Foxo3 and Foxo1 negatively regulate cytotoxicity of both CD8+ T cells and NK cells against tumor cells. In this review, we focus on the complex role of FOXOs in regulating cancer immunity due to the various roles that they play in cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. We also speculate on some possible additional roles of FOXOs in cancer immunity based on findings regarding FOXOs in non-cancer settings, such as infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), China.
| | - Fangjie Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), China
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States; The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, United States.
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Effector, Memory, and Dysfunctional CD8(+) T Cell Fates in the Antitumor Immune Response. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8941260. [PMID: 27314056 PMCID: PMC4893440 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8941260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system plays a pivotal role in the host's ability to mount an effective, antigen-specific immune response against tumors. CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) mediate tumor rejection through recognition of tumor antigens and direct killing of transformed cells. In growing tumors, TILs are often functionally impaired as a result of interaction with, or signals from, transformed cells and the tumor microenvironment. These interactions and signals can lead to transcriptional, functional, and phenotypic changes in TILs that diminish the host's ability to eradicate the tumor. In addition to effector and memory CD8(+) T cells, populations described as exhausted, anergic, senescent, and regulatory CD8(+) T cells have been observed in clinical and basic studies of antitumor immune responses. In the context of antitumor immunity, these CD8(+) T cell subsets remain poorly characterized in terms of fate-specific biomarkers and transcription factor profiles. Here we discuss the current characterization of CD8(+) T cell fates in antitumor immune responses and discuss recent insights into how signals in the tumor microenvironment influence TIL transcriptional networks to promote CD8(+) T cell dysfunction.
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Menger L, Sledzinska A, Bergerhoff K, Vargas FA, Smith J, Poirot L, Pule M, Herrero J, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. TALEN-Mediated Inactivation of PD-1 in Tumor-Reactive Lymphocytes Promotes Intratumoral T-cell Persistence and Rejection of Established Tumors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2087-93. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mesiano G, Leuci V, Giraudo L, Gammaitoni L, Carnevale Schianca F, Cangemi M, Rotolo R, Capellero S, Pignochino Y, Grignani G, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. Adoptive immunotherapy against sarcomas. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:517-28. [PMID: 25516119 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.987121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conventional treatments reached an unsatisfactory therapeutic plateau in the treatment of advanced unresectable bone and soft tissue sarcomas that remain an unsolved medical need. Several evidences support the concept that adoptive immunotherapy may effectively integrate within the complex and multidisciplinary treatment of sarcomas. AREAS COVERED In this work we reviewed adoptive immunotherapy strategies that have been explored in sarcoma settings, with specific focus on issues related to their clinic transferability. We schematically divided approaches based on T lymphocytes specific for MHC-restricted tumor-associated antigens or relying on MHC-independent immune effectors such as natural killer (NK), cytokine-induced killer (CIK) or γδ T cells. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical findings and initial clinical reports showed the potentialities and drawbacks of different adoptive immunotherapy strategies. The expansion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is difficult to be reproduced outside melanoma. Genetically redirected T cells appear to be a promising option and initial reports are encouraging against patients with sarcomas. Adoptive immunotherapy with MHC-unrestricted effectors such as NK, CIK or γδ T cells has recently shown great preclinical potential in sarcoma setting and biologic features that may favor clinical transferability. Combination of different immunotherapy approaches and integration with conventional treatments appear to be key issues for successful designing of next clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mesiano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS, Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy , Candiolo, Turin , Italy
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Ma Q, Gomes EM, Lo ASY, Junghans RP. Advanced generation anti-prostate specific membrane antigen designer T cells for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Prostate 2014; 74:286-96. [PMID: 24174378 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive immunotherapy by infusion of designer T cells (dTc) engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for tumoricidal activity represents a potentially highly specific modality for the treatment of cancer. In this study, 2nd generation (gen) anti-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) dTc were developed for improving the efficacy of previously developed 1st gen dTc for prostate cancer immunotherapy. The 1st gen dTc are modified with chimeric immunoglobulin-T cell receptor (IgTCR) while the 2nd gen dTc are engineered with an immunoglobulin-CD28-T cell receptor (IgCD28TCR), which incorporates a CD28 costimulatory signal for optimal T cell activation. METHODS A 2nd gen anti-PSMA IgCD28TCR CAR was constructed by inserting the CD28 signal domain into the 1st gen CAR. 1st and 2nd gen anti-PSMA dTc were created by transducing human T cells with anti-PSMA CARs and their antitumor efficacy was compared for specific activation on PSMA-expressing tumor contact, cytotoxicity against PSMA-expressing tumor cells in vitro, and suppression of tumor growth in an animal model. RESULTS The 2nd gen dTc can be optimally activated to secrete larger amounts of cytokines such as IL2 and IFNγ than 1st gen and to proliferate more vigorously on PSMA-expressing tumor contact. More importantly, the 2nd gen dTc preserve the PSMA-specific cytotoxicity in vitro and suppress tumor growth in animal models with significant higher potency. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that 2nd gen anti-PSMA designer T cells exhibit superior antitumor functions versus 1st gen, providing a rationale for advancing this improved agent toward clinical application in prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Prostate/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzhong Ma
- Department of Medicine, Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
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Wang LX, Plautz GE. T cells sensitized with breast tumor progenitor cell vaccine have therapeutic activity against spontaneous HER2/neu tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 134:61-70. [PMID: 22173696 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progenitor cells are critical for tumor initiation and recurrence so they are an important therapeutic target. We tested whether T cells could recognize tumor antigens expressed by breast cancer progenitor cells and acquire therapeutic activity against established metastases or delay onset of spontaneous tumors. Breast tumors were derived from HER2/neu transgenic mice and propagated in vitro under conditions that selected progenitor cells which were then used as an irradiated whole cell vaccine. A minor subset of recently sensitized T cells was isolated from vaccine-draining lymph nodes then activated in vitro to achieve numerical expansion. We show that the tumor progenitor cell vaccines reversed tolerance to a known HER2/neu epitope, otherwise inhibited by Treg cells. Additional shared tumor antigens were recognized because a Neuneg subclone also induced a Th1 type immune response against breast tumors. Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated lymph node T cells-mediated regression of established metastases from multiple independently derived breast tumor lines. Moreover, adoptive transfer of effector T cells into Neu-tolerant mice, months before the onset of spontaneous tumors, significantly postponed tumor development. Interestingly, T-cell-mediated lysis of metastases stimulated an IgG response to HER2/neu as well as other shared antigens. In summary, tumor progenitor cells contain shared antigens which can lead to a cross-protective T-cell response. Moreover, antigens acquired during immune-mediated tumor destruction are presented in a manner conducive to reversal of tolerance and Ig class switching. These complementary effector mechanisms might augment therapy by eliminating refractory breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, NE62, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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10
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Eliciting protective immune responses against murine myeloma challenge in lymphopenia mice through adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific lymphocytes and immunization of tumor vaccine secreting mIL-21. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:675-83. [PMID: 20539320 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 may induce both innate and adaptive immune responses against tumors. The goal of this study was to evaluate a new adoptive immunotherapy strategy that combined lymphocytes from mice immunized with a murine myeloma vaccine secreting murine IL-21 (mIL-21-Sp2/0) in lymphopenic mice induced by cyclophosphamide. The data indicate that effective antitumor immunity was induced in mice receiving syngeneic murine lymphocytes from the mice immunized with the mIL-21-Sp2/0. More importantly, the efficacy against the Sp2/0 cell challenge was enhanced after the lymphocytes were activated and proliferated ex vivo before administration into the lymphopenic mice. We conclude that the adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific lymphocytes into mice immunized with mIL-21-Sp2/0 induced protective immune responses against myeloma challenge.
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Wang LX, Plautz GE. Tumor-primed, in vitro-activated CD4+ effector T cells establish long-term memory without exogenous cytokine support or ongoing antigen exposure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5612-8. [PMID: 20382887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-reactive T cells can be primed in vivo, then activated in vitro to provide numerical expansion and uniform acquisiton of effector phenotype and function. Adoptive transfer of effector T cells mediates complete regression of established tumors in animal models. Some experimental models indicate that extensive in vitro proliferation of T cells inhibits efficacy and that central memory T cells (T(CM)) provide greater activity than effector memory T cells (T(EM)). Clinical studies also demonstrate that persistence of adoptively transferred T cells is associated with therapeutic response, thus identifying that conditions to maximize effector cell numbers yet retain memory function are important. In this article, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of in vitro activated effector CD4(+) T cells into tumor-free congenic mice mediates rejection of tumor challenge 9 mo later, at which time T cells re-express activation markers and undergo rapid proliferation at tumor sites. Analysis of the phenotype of memory cells in lymphoid tissues following adoptive transfer shows high CD44 expression with heterogeneous expression of CD62L, indicating a mixture of T(EM) and T(CM) phenotypes. Memory cells were sorted into two subsets based on CD62L expression levels and then activated in vitro. Although T(EM) cells proliferated more rapidly, T(EM) and T(CM) cells acquired effector phenotype and function. These data indicate that controlled in vitro expansion of tumor-reactive T cells for adoptive immunotherapy also provides a competent memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Enhancement of antitumor immunity by low-dose total body irradiationis associated with selectively decreasing the proportion and number of T regulatory cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:157-62. [PMID: 20140010 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose total body irradiation (LTBI) is used in the treatment of some cancers mainly for immune enhancement rather than cell killing. However, the mechanism underlying LTBI remains unknown. In this study, by analyzing the immune patterns of lymphocytes, we found that the percentage and absolute number of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells are markedly decreased in naive mice following treatment with LTBI. On the contrary, the CD4(+)CD44(+)/CD8(+)CD44(+) effect or-memory T cells are greatly increased. Importantly, naive mice treated with dendritic cell-gp 100 tumor vaccines under LTBI induced an enhancement of antigen-specific proliferation and cytotoxicity as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion against F10 melanoma tumor challenge, compared to treatment with either the tumor vaccine or LTBI alone. Consequently, the treatment resulted in a reduced tumor burden and prolonged mouse survival. Our data demonstrate that LTBI's enhancement of antitumor immunity was mainly associated with selectively decreasing the proportion and number of T regulatory cells,implying the potential application of the combination of LTBI and a tumor vaccine in antitumor therapy.
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Gunturu KS, Meehan KR, Mackenzie TA, Crocenzi TS, McDermott D, Usherwood EJ, Margolin KA, Crosby NA, Atkins MB, Turk MJ, Ahonen C, Fuse S, Clark JI, Fisher JL, Noelle RJ, Ernstoff MS. Cytokine working group study of lymphodepleting chemotherapy, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical outcomes and peripheral-blood cell recovery. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1196-202. [PMID: 20124177 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recovery of lymphocyte populations after lymphocyte depletion is implicated in therapeutic immune pathways in animal models and in patients with cancer. We sought to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy-induced lymphodepletion followed by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy on clinical response and the recovery of lymphocyte subcompartments in patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a two-stage phase II trial design. Patients with measurable metastatic melanoma were treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg, days 1 and 2) and fludarabine (25 mg/m(2), day 3 through 7) followed by two 5-day courses of intravenous high-dose bolus IL-2 (600,000 U/kg; days 8 through 12 and 21 through 25). GM-CSF (250 microg/m(2)/d beginning day 8) was given until granulocyte recovery. Lymphocyte recovery profiles were determined by flow cytometric phenotyping at regular intervals, and clinical outcome was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). RESULTS The trial was stopped at the end of stage 1 with four of 18 objective responses noted. Twelve patients had detailed lymphocyte subcompartments evaluated. After lymphodepletion, we observed an induction of regulatory cells (CD4+ T regulatory cells; CD8+ T suppressor cells) and of T memory cells (CD8+ T central memory cells; T effector memory RA+ cells). Expansion of circulating melanoma-specific CD8(+) cells was observed in one of four HLA-A2-positive patients. CONCLUSION Chemotherapy-induced lymphodepletion modulates the homeostatic repopulation of the lymphocyte compartment and influences recovering lymphocyte subpopulations. Clinical activity seems similar to standard high-dose aldesleukin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna S Gunturu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Dou J, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhao F, Li Y, Cao M, Hu W, Hu K, He XF, Chu L, Jiang C, Gu N. Antitumor efficacy induced by human ovarian cancer cells secreting IL-21 alone or combination with GM-CSF cytokines in nude mice model. Immunobiology 2009; 214:483-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang T, Barber A, Sentman CL. Chimeric NKG2D modified T cells inhibit systemic T-cell lymphoma growth in a manner involving multiple cytokines and cytotoxic pathways. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11029-36. [PMID: 18006849 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy and mechanisms of chimeric NKG2D receptor (chNKG2D)-modified T cells in eliminating NKG2D ligand-positive RMA/Rae1 lymphoma cells were evaluated. Intravenous injection of RMA/Rae1 cells led to significant tumor formation in spleens and lymph nodes within 2 weeks. Adoptive transfer of chNKG2D-modified T cells after tumor injection significantly reduced tumor burdens in both spleens and lymph nodes, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Multiple treatments with chNKG2D T cells resulted in long-term tumor-free survival. Moreover, these long-term survivors were resistant to rechallenge with RMA tumor cells (NKG2D ligand-negative), and their spleen and lymph node cells produced IFN-gamma in response to RMA but not to other tumors in vitro, indicating immunity against RMA tumor antigens. ChNKG2D T cell-derived IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not perforin (Pfp), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, or Fas ligand (FasL) alone were critical for in vivo efficacy. T cells deficient in both Pfp and FasL did not kill NKG2D ligand-positive RMA cells in vitro. Adoptive transfer of Pfp(-/-)FasL(-/-) chNKG2D T cells had reduced in vivo efficacy, indicating that chNKG2D T cells used both mechanisms to attack RMA/Rae1 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that chNKG2D T-cell-mediated therapeutic effects are mediated by both cytokine-dependent and cytotoxic mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Yorty JL, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. Rapid accumulation of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells at the tumor site is associated with long-term control of SV40 T antigen-induced tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 57:883-95. [PMID: 18004562 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously established a model to study CD8(+) T cell (T(CD8))-based adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using line SV11 mice that develop choroid plexus tumors in the brain due to transgenic expression of Simian Virus 40 large T antigen (Tag). These mice are tolerant to the three dominant T(CD8)-recognized Tag epitopes I, II/III and IV. However, adoptive transfer of spleen cells from naïve C57BL/6 (B6) mice prolongs SV11 survival following T(CD8) priming against the endogenous Tag epitope IV. In addition, survival of SV11 mice is dramatically increased following transfer of lymphocytes from Tag-immune B6 mice. In the current study, we compared the kinetics and magnitude of Tag-specific T(CD8) accumulation at the tumor site following adoptive transfer with a high dose of either Tag-immune or naïve donor cells or decreasing doses of Tag-immune lymphocytes. Following adoptive transfer of Tag-immune cells, epitope I- and IV-specific T(CD8) accumulated to high levels in the brain of SV11 mice, peaking at 5-7 days, while epitope IV-specific T(CD8 )derived from naïve donors required three weeks to achieve peak levels. A similar delay in the peak of epitope IV-specific T(CD8) accumulation was observed when tenfold fewer Tag-immune donor cells were administered, reducing control of tumor progression. These results suggest that efficient and prolonged control of established autochthonous tumors is associated with high-level early accumulation of adoptively transferred T cells. We also provide evidence that although multiple specificities are represented in the Tag immune donor lymphocytes, epitope IV-specific donor T(CD8) play a predominant role in control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Yorty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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17
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Huang H, Hao S, Li F, Ye Z, Yang J, Xiang J. CD4+ Th1 cells promote CD8+ Tc1 cell survival, memory response, tumor localization and therapy by targeted delivery of interleukin 2 via acquired pMHC I complexes. Immunology 2007; 120:148-59. [PMID: 17274112 PMCID: PMC2265849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cooperative role of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells has been reported for CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in tumor eradication. However, its molecular mechanisms have not been well elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that CD4+ Th cells can acquire major histocompatibility complex/peptide I (pMHC I) complexes and costimulatory molecules by dendritic cell (DC) activation, and further stimulate naïve CD8+ T cell proliferation and activation. In this study, we used CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ Tc1 cells derived from ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic OT II and OT I mice to study CD4+ Th1 cell's help effects on active CD8+ Tc1 cells and the molecular mechanisms involved in CD8+ Tc1-cell immunotherapy of OVA-expressing EG7 tumors. Our data showed that CD4+ Th1 cells with acquired pMHC I by OVA-pulsed DC (DCOVA) stimulation are capable of prolonging survival and reducing apoptosis formation of active CD8+ Tc1 cells in vitro, and promoting CD8+ Tc1 cell tumor localization and memory responses in vivo by 3-folds. A combined adoptive T-cell therapy of CD8+ Tc1 with CD4+ Th1 cells resulted in regression of well-established EG7 tumors (5 mm in diameter) in all 10/10 mice. The CD4+ Th1's help effect is mediated via the helper cytokine IL-2 specifically targeted to CD8+ Tc1 cells in vivo by acquired pMHC I complexes. Taken together, these results will have important implications for designing adoptive T-cell immunotherapy protocols in treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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18
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Hao S, Bai O, Li F, Yuan J, Laferte S, Xiang J. Mature dendritic cells pulsed with exosomes stimulate efficient cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and antitumour immunity. Immunology 2006; 120:90-102. [PMID: 17073943 PMCID: PMC2265880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXO) derived from dendritic cells (DC), which express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules, have been used for antitumour vaccines. However, they are still less effective by showing only prophylatic immunity in animal models or very limited immune responses in clinical trials. In this study, we showed that ovalbumin (OVA) protein-pulsed DC (DC(OVA))-derived EXO (EXO(OVA)) displayed MHC class I-OVA I peptide (pMHC I) complexes, CD11c, CD40, CD80, CCR7, DEC205, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR9, MyD88 and DC-SIGN molecules, but at a lower level than DC(OVA). EXO(OVA) can be taken up by DC through LFA-1/CD54 and C-type lectin/mannose (glucosamine)-rich C-type lectin receptor (CLR) interactions. Mature DC pulsed with EXO(OVA), which were referred to as mDC(EXO), expressed a higher level of pMHC I, MHC II, and costimulatory CD40, CD54 and CD80 than DC(OVA). The mDC(EXO) could more strongly stimulate OVA-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and more efficiently induce OVA-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, antitumour immunity and CD8(+) T-cell memory in vivo than EXO(OVA) and DC(OVA). In addition, mDC(EXO) could also more efficiently eradicate established tumours. Therefore, mature DC pulsed with EXO may represent a new, highly effective DC-based vaccine for the induction of antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siguo Hao
- Research Unit, Division of Health Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ou Bai
- Research Unit, Division of Health Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Fang Li
- Research Unit, Division of Health Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jinying Yuan
- Research Unit, Division of Health Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Suzanne Laferte
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- Research Unit, Division of Health Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Xia D, Hao S, Xiang J. CD8+ cytotoxic T-APC stimulate central memory CD8+ T cell responses via acquired peptide-MHC class I complexes and CD80 costimulation, and IL-2 secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2976-84. [PMID: 16920933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that naive CD4+ Th cells acquire peptide-MHC class I (pMHC I) and costimulatory molecules from OVA-pulsed dendritic cells (DC(OVA)), and act as Th-APCs in stimulation of CD8+ CTL responses. In this study, we further demonstrated that naive CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cells also acquire pMHC I and costimulatory CD54 and CD80 molecules by DC(OVA) stimulation, and act as Tc-APC. These Tc-APC can play both negative and positive modulations in antitumor immune responses by eliminating DC(OVA) and neighboring Tc-APC, and stimulating OVA-specific CD8+ central memory T responses and antitumor immunity. Interestingly, the stimulatory effect of Tc-APC is mediated via its IL-2 secretion and acquired CD80 costimulation, and is specifically targeted to OVA-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo via its acquired pMHC I complexes. These principles could be applied to not only antitumor immunity, but also other immune disorders (e.g., autoimmunity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Xia
- Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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20
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Chen X, Zeng Y, Li G, Larmonier N, Graner MW, Katsanis E. Peritransplantation vaccination with chaperone-rich cell lysate induces antileukemia immunity. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:275-83. [PMID: 16503496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) is an effective anticancer vaccine in immunocompetent mice. In this study, we explored the therapeutic applicability of CRCL in the context of syngeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to treat preexisting leukemia. Our results demonstrate that tumor growth is significantly delayed in mice receiving syngeneic HCT from 12B1 tumor CRCL-immunized donors compared with animals receiving HCT from nonimmunized donors. CRCL immunization after immune HCT further hindered tumor growth when compared with immune HCT without posttransplantation vaccination. The magnitude of the immune response was consistent with the antitumor effects observed in vivo. Rechallenge of surviving mice with 12B1 or A20 cells in opposite groins confirmed that mice had developed long-term tumor-specific immunity against 12B1 tumor cells. In addition, we documented that both T cells and natural killer cells contributed to the antitumor effect of CRCL vaccination, because depletion of either subset hampered tumor growth delay. Thus, our results indicate that CRCL is a promising vaccine capable of generating specific immune responses. This antitumor immunity can be effectively transferred to a host via HCT and further enhanced after HCT with additional tumor CRCL immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5073, USA
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21
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Knutson KL, Wagner W, Disis ML. Adoptive T cell therapy of solid cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:96-103. [PMID: 15891880 PMCID: PMC11030201 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune-based approaches for the treatment of cancer has been actively investigated for many years. One strategy that has emerged as a potentially effective strategy for the treatment of aggressive established malignancies is adoptive T cell therapy. The power of this approach has been repeatedly observed in preclinical animal models. However, moving from homogeneous animal models to the heterogeneous human clinical setting has been very difficult. It is only in recent times that we have been able to pinpoint the problems of the clinical translation of adoptive T cell therapy. Some of the major problems are sources of tumor-specific T cells, ex vivo expansion, persistence, and anti-tumor activity. This review overviews the nature of these problems and some of the emerging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L. Knutson
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 342D Guggenheim, 200 First St SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Oncology, University of Washington, Tumor Vaccine Group, 1959 NE Pacific Street, 356527, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Mary L. Disis
- Department of Oncology, University of Washington, Tumor Vaccine Group, 1959 NE Pacific Street, 356527, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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22
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Kjaergaard J, Wang LX, Kuriyama H, Shu S, Plautz GE. Active immunotherapy for advanced intracranial murine tumors by using dendritic cell-tumor cell fusion vaccines. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:156-64. [PMID: 16121986 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Immunotherapy for malignant brain tumors by active immunization or adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes has the potential to make up for some of the limitations of current clinical therapy. In this study, the authors tested whether active immunotherapy is curative in mice bearing advanced, rapidly progressive intracranial tumors. METHODS Tumor vaccines were created through electrofusion of dendritic cells (DCs) and irradiated tumor cells to form multinucleated heterokaryons that retained the potent antigen processing and costimulatory function of DCs as well as the entire complement of tumor antigens. Murine hosts bearing intracranial GL261 glioma or MCA 205 fibrosarcoma were treated with a combination of local cranial radiotherapy, intrasplenic vaccination with DC/tumor fusion cells, and anti-OX40R (CD134) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7 days after tumor inoculation. Whereas control mice had a median survival of approximately 20 days, the treated mice underwent complete tumor regression that was immunologically specific. Seven days after vaccination treated mice demonstrated robust infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which was exclusively confined to the tumor without apparent neurological toxicity. Cured mice survived longer than 120 days with no evidence of tumor recurrence and resisted intracranial tumor challenge. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a strategy to achieve an antitumor response against tumors in the central nervous system that is highly focused from both immunological and anatomical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Kjaergaard
- Center for Surgery Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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23
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Sussman JJ, Parihar R, Winstead K, Finkelman FD. Prolonged Culture of Vaccine-Primed Lymphocytes Results in Decreased Antitumor Killing and Change in Cytokine Secretion. Cancer Res 2004; 64:9124-30. [PMID: 15604282 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of effector T cells has been used successfully to eliminate metastases in animal models. Because antitumor activity depends on the number of effector cells transferred, some human trials have used in vitro-repetitive activation and expansion techniques to increase cell number. We hypothesized that the prolonged culture period might contribute to the lack of human trial success by decreasing the potency of the effector T cells. Lymph nodes draining a progressively growing murine melanoma tumor transduced to secrete granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor were harvested and activated in vitro with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody followed by expansion in IL-2 for a total of 5 days in culture. Some lymphocytes were reactivated and further expanded for a total of 9 days in culture. In vivo activity of the effector T cells was measured by the reduction in lung metastases and is shown to be dose dependent. The prolonged culture period resulted in nearly 3-fold more T cells but at least 8-fold less antitumor activity. This was accompanied by decreased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN-gamma, and increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Thus, although increased cell number is important to maximize the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy, some culture conditions may actually be counterproductive in that decreases in cell potency can outweigh the benefits of increased cell numbers. The T-cell cytokine secretion pattern predicts decreased effector cell function and may explain the decreased antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Sussman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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24
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Wang LX, Huang WX, Graor H, Cohen PA, Kim JA, Shu S, Plautz GE. Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with polyclonal, 108-fold hyperexpanded, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Transl Med 2004; 2:41. [PMID: 15566571 PMCID: PMC535812 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy is dose dependent and optimally requires participation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Here, we isolated tumor-sensitized T cells and activated them in vitro using conditions that led to greater than 108-fold numerical hyperexpansion of either the CD4+ or CD8+ subset while retaining their capacity for in vivo therapeutic efficacy. Murine tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) cells were segregated to purify the CD62Llow subset, or the CD4+ subset thereof. Cells were then propagated through multiple cycles of anti-CD3 activation with IL-2 + IL-7 for the CD8+ subset, or IL-7 + IL-23 for the CD4+ subset. A broad repertoire of TCR Vbeta families was maintained throughout hyperexpansion, which was similar to the starting population. Adoptive transfer of hyper-expanded CD8+ T cells eliminated established pulmonary metastases, in an immunologically specific fashion without the requirement for adjunct IL-2. Hyper-expanded CD4+ T cells cured established tumors in intracranial or subcutaneous sites that were not susceptible to CD8+ T cells alone. Because accessibility and antigen presentation within metastases varies according to anatomic site, maintenance of a broad repertoire of both CD4+ and CD8+ T effector cells will augment the overall systemic efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wen-Xin Huang
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hallie Graor
- Dept. of General Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter A Cohen
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julian A Kim
- Dept. of General Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suyu Shu
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory E Plautz
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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