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The novel anti-cancer feature of Brazzein through activating of hTLR5 by integration of biological evaluation: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21979. [PMID: 36539522 PMCID: PMC9768156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of plant proteins exhibit the properties similar to the antitumor proteins although the anticancer activity of Brazzein on modulating the autophagy signaling pathway has not been determined so far. The present study aimed to develop a simplified system to enable the rational design of the activating extracellular domain of human Toll-like receptor 5 (hTLR5). To identify the anticancer effect of Brazzein, HADDOCK program and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were applied to examine the binding of the wild type (WT) and p.A19K mutant of Brazzein to the TLR5. The expression of MAP1S and TNF-α genes was estimated based on real-time PCR. The results clearly confirmed that the WT of Brazzein activated hTLR5 in the MCF-7 cell line since the genes were more and significantly less expressed in the cells treated with the WT and p.A19K mutant than the control, respectively. The snapshots of MD simulation exhibit the consistent close interactions of hTLR5 with the two helices of Brazzein on its lateral side. The results of per residue-free energy decomposition analysis substantiate those of intermolecular contact analysis perfectly one. We propose that the WT of Brazzein can act as an antitumor drug candidate.
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Ghaffari MH, Sadri H, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Hammon HM, Sauerwein H. Effects of colostrum feeding on the mRNA abundance of genes related to toll-like receptors, key antimicrobial defense molecules, and tight junctions in the small intestine of neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10363-10373. [PMID: 34218909 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of feeding either colostrum or milk-based formula on the mRNA abundance of genes related to pathogen recognition [toll-like receptors (TLR1-10)], antimicrobial defense [β-defensin 1 (DEFB1) and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1)], and tight junctions (claudin 1 = CLDN1, claudin 4 = CLDN4, and occludin = OCLN) in different sections of the small intestine of neonatal calves at d 4 of life. Holstein dairy calves were fed either colostrum (COL; n = 7) or milk-based formula (FOR; n = 7) with comparable nutrient composition but lower contents of several bioactives in the formula than in the respective colostrum group until d 4 of life. Following euthanasia on d 4 (2 h after feeding), tissue samples from the duodenum, jejunum (proximal, middle, and distal), and ileum were collected. The mRNA abundance of the target genes was quantified by quantitative PCR. The mRNA abundance of TLR1, TLR6, TLR9, and TLR10 were greater in COL than in FOR calves. However, the mRNA abundance of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR7 did not differ between groups. A group × gut region interaction was observed for the mRNA abundance of TLR8 with greater values in duodenum and proximal jejunum of COL than in FOR calves but in the more distal regions, in mid and distal jejunum, and ileum, this diet effect disappeared or was reversed. We observed greater mRNA abundance of TLR1 in the jejunum (middle and distal) and ileum, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR9-10 in the distal jejunum and ileum, and of TLR3 in the distal jejunum, and TLR5, TLR7, and TLR8 in the ileum compared with the other gut regions. The mRNA abundance of PGLYRP1, DEFB1, and OCLN did not differ between groups. The mRNA abundance of CLDN1 was greater, but the CLDN4 mRNA tended to be lower in COL than in FOR calves. The mRNA abundance of PGLYRP1 was lower in the distal jejunum and DEFB1 mRNA in the middle jejunum compared with the other gut regions. The mRNA abundances of OCLN and CLDN4 were greater in the duodenum, and of CLDN1 in the middle and proximal jejunum compared with the other gut regions. Overall, the greater mRNA abundance of 5 different TLR, and CLDN1 in most intestinal sections of the COL calves may suggest that feeding colostrum improves immune responsiveness and epithelial barrier function in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hassan Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Toll-Like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9914854. [PMID: 34195298 PMCID: PMC8181103 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system. Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune system to each other. The TLRs are activated through binding to damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial/microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns (XAMPs). The immunogenetic molecules of TLRs have their own functions, structures, coreceptors, and ligands which make them unique. These properties of TLRs give us an opportunity to find out how we can employ this knowledge for ligand-drug discovery strategies to control TLRs functions and contribution, signaling pathways, and indirect activities. Hence, the authors of this paper have a deep observation on the molecular and structural biology of human TLRs (hTLRs). Methods and Materials To prepare this paper and fulfill our goals, different search engines (e.g., GOOGLE SCHOLAR), Databases (e.g., MEDLINE), and websites (e.g., SCOPUS) were recruited to search and find effective papers and investigations. To reach this purpose, we tried with papers published in the English language with no limitation in time. The iCite bibliometrics was exploited to check the quality of the collected publications. Results Each TLR molecule has its own molecular and structural biology, coreceptor(s), and abilities which make them unique or a complementary portion of the others. These immunogenetic molecules have remarkable roles and are much more important in different sections of immune and nonimmune systems rather than that we understand to date. Conclusion TLRs are suitable targets for ligand-drug discovery strategies to establish new therapeutics in the fields of infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Sharma N, Akhade AS, Ismaeel S, Qadri A. Serum-borne lipids amplify TLR-activated inflammatory responses. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:821-831. [PMID: 32717772 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0720-241rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs recognize conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns and generate innate immune responses. Several circulating and cell membrane associated proteins have been shown to collaborate with TLRs in sensing microbial ligands and promoting inflammatory responses. Here, we show that serum and serum-borne lipids including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) amplify inflammatory responses from intestinal epithelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes primed with microbial TLR ligands. Treatment with the inhibitors of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, suramin, or pertussis toxin (PT), the inhibitor of JNK-MAPK, or knockdown of LPC response-regulating GPCR, G2A, decreases the augmentation brought about by serum or LPC in TLR-induced inflammatory response. In vivo administration of PT or anti-G2A antibody reduces TLR2-activated cytokine secretion. The ability of host lipids to costimulate TLR-generated cellular responses represents a novel pathway for the amplification of innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ajay Suresh Akhade
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sana Ismaeel
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayub Qadri
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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5
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Hakoupian M, Ferino E, Jickling GC, Amini H, Stamova B, Ander BP, Alomar N, Sharp FR, Zhan X. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide is associated with stroke. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6570. [PMID: 33753837 PMCID: PMC7985504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine if plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are associated with different causes of stroke and correlate with C-reactive protein (CRP), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS). Ischemic stroke (cardioembolic (CE), large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), small vessel occlusion (SVO)), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), transient ischemic attack (TIA) and control subjects were compared (n = 205). Plasma LPS, LTA, CRP, and LBP levels were quantified by ELISA. LPS and CRP levels were elevated in ischemic strokes (CE, LAA, SVO) and ICH compared to controls. LBP levels were elevated in ischemic strokes (CE, LAA) and ICH. LTA levels were increased in SVO stroke compared to TIA but not controls. LPS levels correlated with CRP and LBP levels in stroke and TIA. LPS, LBP and CRP levels positively correlated with the NIHSS and WBC count but negatively correlated with total cholesterol. Plasma LPS and LBP associate with major causes of ischemic stroke and with ICH, whereas LPS/LBP do not associate with TIAs. LTA only associated with SVO stroke. LPS positively correlated with CRP, LBP, and WBC but negatively correlated with cholesterol. Higher LPS levels were associated with worse stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Hakoupian
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Eva Ferino
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hajar Amini
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Noor Alomar
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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6
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Santos Junior MN, de Macêdo Neres NS, Campos GB, Bastos BL, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. A Review of Ureaplasma diversum: A Representative of the Mollicute Class Associated With Reproductive and Respiratory Disorders in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:572171. [PMID: 33681318 PMCID: PMC7930009 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.572171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mollicutes class encompasses wall-less microbes with a reduced genome. They may infect plants, insects, humans, and animals including those on farms and in livestock. Ureaplasma diversum is a mollicute associated with decreased reproduction mainly in the conception rate in cattle, as well as weight loss and decreased quality in milk production. Therefore, U. diversum infection contributes to important economic losses, mainly in large cattle-producing countries such as the United States, China, Brazil, and India. The characteristics of Mollicutes, virulence, and pathogenic variations make it difficult to control their infections. Genomic analysis, prevalence studies, and immunomodulation assays help better understand the pathogenesis of bovine ureaplasma. Here we present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Neres Santos Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Nayara Silva de Macêdo Neres
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Baek DH, Lee SH. Characteristics of Treponema denticola lipooligosaccharide in presence of hemin and quorum-sensing molecule. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 124:105062. [PMID: 33524879 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to examine the diverse bioactivity of lipooligosaccharide extracted from T. denticola cultured in the presence of hemin and quorum-sensing inhibitor. DESIGN T. denticola was cultured in the presence or absence hemin or 2(5 H)-furanone, and lipooligosaccharide from T. denticola cultured in various conditions was extracted using an extraction kit. To investigate bioactivity of the lipooligosaccharide, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were treated with the extracted lipooligosaccharide in the presence or absence of Tannerella forsythia lipopolysaccharide. The induction of cytokine expressions was investigated by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, and the signaling pathway was examined by immunoblotting. To investigate antagonistic mechanisms of the lipooligosaccharide, HGFs were cotreated with fluorescence-labeled T. forsythia lipopolysaccharide and the extracted lipooligosaccharide. Binding of T. forsythia lipopolysaccharide to the cell was analyzed by a flow cytometer. RESULTS Lipooligosaccharide induced a low level of cytokine expression at high concentration of hemin or 2(5 H)-furanone. Lipooligosaccharide extracted from T. denticola cultured in higher concentration of hemin and 2(5 H)-furanone had a greater inhibitory effect on induction of cytokine expression by T. forsythia lipopolysaccharide. Further, lipooligosaccharide inhibited the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways by T. forsythia lipopolysaccharide. Lipooligosaccharide inhibited the binding of T. forsythia lipopolysaccharide to HGFs in the presence of CD14 and LBP. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of T. denticola lipooligosaccharide may be altered by bacterial communication and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Heon Baek
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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8
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González-Sanmiguel J, Schuh CMAP, Muñoz-Montesino C, Contreras-Kallens P, Aguayo LG, Aguayo S. Complex Interaction between Resident Microbiota and Misfolded Proteins: Role in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E2476. [PMID: 33203002 PMCID: PMC7697492 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are brain conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. These diseases are associated with the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ), alpha synuclein (α-Syn) and prion protein (PrP) depositions in the brain, respectively, which lead to synaptic disconnection and subsequent progressive neuronal death. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of these diseases, the specific mechanisms of their origins remain largely unknown. A body of research suggests a potential association between host microbiota, neuroinflammation and dementia, either directly due to bacterial brain invasion because of barrier leakage and production of toxins and inflammation, or indirectly by modulating the immune response. In the present review, we focus on the emerging topics of neuroinflammation and the association between components of the human microbiota and the deposition of Aβ, α-Syn and PrP in the brain. Special focus is given to gut and oral bacteria and biofilms and to the potential mechanisms associating microbiome dysbiosis and toxin production with neurodegeneration. The roles of neuroinflammation, protein misfolding and cellular mediators in membrane damage and increased permeability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina M. A. P. Schuh
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile; (C.M.A.P.S.); (P.C.-K.)
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (J.G.-S.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Pamina Contreras-Kallens
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile; (C.M.A.P.S.); (P.C.-K.)
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (J.G.-S.); (C.M.-M.)
- Program on Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Sebastian Aguayo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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9
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Vasefi M, Ghaboolian-Zare E, Abedelwahab H, Osu A. Environmental toxins and Alzheimer's disease progression. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104852. [PMID: 33010393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which causes progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Effective strategies to treat or prevent remains one of the most challenging undertakings in the medical field. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease that involves several risk factors. Aging and genetic factors both play important roles in the onset of the AD, however; certain environmental factors have been reported to increase the risk of AD. Chronic exposure to toxins has been seen as an environmental factor that may increase the risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease such as AD. Exposure to metals and biotoxins produced by bacteria, molds, and viruses may contribute to the cognitive decline and pathophysiology associated with AD. Toxins may contribute to the pathology of the disease through various mechanisms such as deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tangles in the brain, induction of apoptosis, inflammation, or oxidative damage. Here, we will review how toxins affect brain physiology with a focus on mechanisms by which toxins may contribute to the development and progression of AD. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help contribute towards the development of an effective strategy to slow the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vasefi
- Department Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States.
| | | | | | - Anthony Osu
- Department Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States
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10
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Nogieć A, Bzowska M, Demczuk A, Varol C, Guzik K. Phenotype and Response to PAMPs of Human Monocyte-Derived Foam Cells Obtained by Long-Term Culture in the Presence of oxLDLs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1592. [PMID: 32849539 PMCID: PMC7417357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-laden, foam macrophages constitute the most characteristic component of human atherosclerotic plaques. Persistent uptake of oxLDLs results in accumulation of lipid bodies inside the cells and determines their phenotype and subsequent functions. In this work, we describe the phenotype of human monocyte-derived foam cells obtained by differentiation in the constant presence of oxLDLs for 30 days (prolonged-hMDFCs). Although neither the total cellular nor the cell surface expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) was regulated by oxLDLs, the prolonged-hMDFCs changed dramatically their responsiveness to TLR ligands and inactivated bacteria. Using multiplex technology, we observed an acute decline in cytokine and chemokine production after surface and endosomal TLR stimulation with the exception of TLR2/6 triggering with agonists Pam2CSK4 and MALP-2. We also noted significant reduction of some surface receptors which can have accessory function in recognition of particulate antigens (CD47, CD81, and CD11b). In contrast, the prolonged-hMDFCs responded to inflammasome activation by LPS/nigericin with extensive, necrotic type cell death, which was partially independent of caspase-1. This pyroptosis-like cell death was aggravated by necrostatin-1 and rapamycin. These findings identify a potential contribution of mature foam cells to inflammatory status by increasing the immunogenic cell death burden. The observed cross-talk between foam cell death pathways may lead to recognition of a potential new marker for atherosclerosis disease severity. Overall, our study demonstrates that, in contrast to other cellular models of foam cells, the prolonged-hMDFCs acquire a functional phenotype which may help understanding the role of foam cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nogieć
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Demczuk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract & Liver Diseases, The Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Andersen BJ, Rosa BA, Kupritz J, Meite A, Serge T, Hertz MI, Curtis K, King CL, Mitreva M, Fischer PU, Weil GJ. Systems analysis-based assessment of post-treatment adverse events in lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007697. [PMID: 31557154 PMCID: PMC6762072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease, and the Global Program to Eliminate LF delivers mass drug administration (MDA) to 500 million people every year. Adverse events (AEs) are common after LF treatment. Methodology/Principal findings To better understand the pathogenesis of AEs, we studied LF-patients from a treatment trial. Plasma levels of many filarial antigens increased post-treatment in individuals with AEs, and this is consistent with parasite death. Circulating immune complexes were not elevated in these participants, and the classical complement cascade was not activated. Multiple cytokines increased after treatment in persons with AEs. A transcriptomic analysis was performed for nine individuals with moderate systemic AEs and nine matched controls. Differential gene expression analysis identified a significant transcriptional signature associated with post-treatment AEs; 744 genes were upregulated. The transcriptional signature was enriched for TLR and NF-κB signaling. Increased expression of seven out of the top eight genes upregulated in persons with AEs were validated by qRT-PCR, including TLR2. Conclusions/Significance This is the first global study of changes in gene expression associated with AEs after treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Changes in cytokines were consistent with prior studies and with the RNAseq data. These results suggest that Wolbachia lipoprotein is involved in AE development, because it activates TLR2-TLR6 and downstream NF-κB. Additionally, LPS Binding Protein (LBP, which shuttles lipoproteins to TLR2) increased post-treatment in individuals with AEs. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of AEs may lead to improved management, increased MDA compliance, and accelerated LF elimination. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disabling parasitic disease that affects millions of people in the developing world. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (coordinated by the World Health Organization) uses mass administration of antifilarial medications to cure infections, prevent disease, and reduce transmission. Some individuals develop adverse events (AEs) after treatment, and this can reduce willingness of persons in endemic areas to accept treatment. The purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the cause of AEs following treatment. We hypothesized that parasite antigens released into the blood following treatment trigger inflammatory responses that lead to AEs. To test this hypothesis we collected blood from LF-infected individuals before and after treatment and clinically assessed them for AEs. We measured parasite antigens, cytokines and other components of the immune system in blood samples and compared post-treatment changes in persons with and without AEs. We also assessed changes in transcription profiles in peripheral blood leukocytes that were associated with post-treatment AEs. Post-treatment changes in transcription profiles and in immune proteins and parasite components in plasma suggest that systemic AEs are triggered by death of the parasites following treatment with release of parasite antigens and Wolbachia bacteria into the circulation. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of post-treatment AEs may help to improve messaging related to mass drug administration programs and lead to improved AE management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt J. Andersen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jonah Kupritz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aboulaye Meite
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, Les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Traye Serge
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, Les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Marla I. Hertz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kurt Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter U. Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Benz K, Schöbel A, Dietz M, Maurer P, Jackowski J. Adhesion Behaviour of Primary Human Osteoblasts and Fibroblasts on Polyether Ether Ketone Compared with Titanium under In Vitro Lipopolysaccharide Incubation. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172739. [PMID: 31461861 PMCID: PMC6747843 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro pilot study was to analyse the adhesion behaviour of human osteoblasts and fibroblasts on polyether ether ketone (PEEK) when compared with titanium surfaces in an inflammatory environment under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of primary human osteoblasts/fibroblasts on titanium/PEEK samples were created. The gene expression of the LPS-binding protein (LBP) and the LPS receptor (toll-like receptor 4; TLR4) was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunocytochemistry was used to obtain evidence for the distribution of LBP/TLR4 at the protein level of the extra-cellular-matrix-binding protein vinculin and the actin cytoskeleton. SEM images revealed that the osteoblasts and fibroblasts on the PEEK surfaces had adhesion characteristics comparable to those of titanium. The osteoblasts contracted under LPS incubation and a significantly increased LBP gene expression were detected. This was discernible at the protein level on all the materials. Whereas no increase of TLR4 was detected with regard to mRNA concentrations, a considerable increase in the antibody reaction was detected on all the materials. As is the case with titanium, the colonisation of human osteoblasts and fibroblasts on PEEK samples is possible under pro-inflammatory environmental conditions and the cellular inflammation behaviour towards PEEK is lower than that of titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Benz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Emergency Care, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schöbel
- Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Emergency Care, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Marisa Dietz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital North Dortmund, 44145 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Maurer
- Private Practice Clinic for Oral Surgery, 66606 St. Wendel, Germany
| | - Jochen Jackowski
- Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Emergency Care, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
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13
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Soluble CD14 Enhances the Response of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells to Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8127301. [PMID: 31178663 PMCID: PMC6507176 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8127301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) do not express membrane-bound CD14, and their responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is drastically enhanced by soluble CD14 (sCD14), which is due to the facilitation of the interaction between LPS and Toll-like receptor- (TLR-) 4. Several studies also show that sCD14 enhances the responsiveness of different immune cells to TLR-2, but such effect in hPDLSCs has not been studied so far. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the potential effect of sCD14 on the hPDLSC response to two different TLR-2 agonists, in vitro. Primary hPDLSCs were stimulated with synthetic lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in concentrations 1-1000 ng/ml in the presence/absence of sCD14 (250 ng/ml). Additionally, the effect of different sCD14 concentrations (2.5-250 ng/ml) on the TLR-2 response was determined in Pam3CSK4- or LTA-triggered hPDLSCs. The resulting expression of interleukin- (IL-) 6, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8), and chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) was measured by qPCR and ELISA. The production of IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2 was gradually increased by both TLR-2 agonists and was significantly enhanced by sCD14. The response of hPDLSCs to low and submaximal concentrations of TLR-2 agonists (1-100 ng/ml) was most effectively enhanced by sCD14. The effect of sCD14 on TLR-2 response in hPDLSCs was concentration-dependent and was already detectable at low sCD14 levels. Our data showed that exogenous sCD14 significantly enhanced the responsiveness of hPDLSCs to TLR-2 agonists and enabled the detection of their small amounts. This effect was already detectable at low sCD14 levels, which are comparable to those in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Changes in the local sCD14 level may be considered as a crucial factor influencing the susceptibility of hPDLSCs to different pathogens and thus may contribute to the progression of periodontitis.
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14
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Hatakeyama M, Nakada F, Ichinose H, Kitaoka T. Direct stimulation of cellular immune response via TLR2 signaling triggered by contact with hybrid glyco-biointerfaces composed of chitohexaose and cellohexaose. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:517-522. [PMID: 30576996 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of carbohydrates by cell receptors activates various cell signaling processes. In this report, hybrid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of chitohexaose (βGlcNAc6) and cellohexaose (βGlc6) are prepared to induce a highly sensitive, glyco-density-dependent inflammatory response by HEK293 cells expressing toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which recognizes oligo-βGlcNAc moieties. Thiosemicarbazide-labeled βGlcNAc6 and βGlc6, as a bio-signal inducer and a spacer molecule, respectively, were immobilized on a gold substrate via spontaneous chemisorption to control the βGlcNAc6 density on the SAM surface. The βGlcNAc6 density ranged from 0 to 0.65 chains nm-2. The inflammatory response of HEK293 cells varied as a function of the surface glyco-density, and the hybrid SAM with 0.146 chains nm-2 of βGlcNAc6 induced a stronger response than pure βGlcNAc6-SAM with 0.654 chains nm-2. Thus, direct activation of TLR2-mediated cellular stimulation triggered by as-designed glyco-biointerfaces was possible through a mutual interaction between the fittingly βGlcNAc6 moieties assembled on hybrid glyco-SAMs and TLR2 on the surface of HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hatakeyama
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Fumi Nakada
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ichinose
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
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15
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Blanchard EL, Loomis KH, Bhosle SM, Vanover D, Baumhof P, Pitard B, Zurla C, Santangelo PJ. Proximity Ligation Assays for In Situ Detection of Innate Immune Activation: Focus on In Vitro-Transcribed mRNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 14:52-66. [PMID: 30579042 PMCID: PMC6304375 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of innate immune activation is crucial for vaccine and therapeutic development, including RNA-based vaccines, a promising approach. Current measurement methods quantify type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine production, but they do not allow for the isolation of individual pathways, do not provide kinetic activation or spatial information within tissues, and cannot be translated into clinical studies. Here we demonstrated the use of proximity ligation assays (PLAs) to detect pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation in cells and in tissue samples. First, we validated PLA's sensitivity and specificity using well-characterized soluble agonists. Next, we characterized PRR activation from in vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNAs, as well as the effect of sequence and base modifications in vitro. Finally, we established the measurement of PRR activation in tissue sections via PLA upon IVT mRNA intramuscular (i.m.) injection in mice. Overall, our results indicate that PLA is a valuable, versatile, and sensitive tool to monitor PRR activation for vaccine, adjuvant, and therapeutic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline L Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kristin H Loomis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Sushma M Bhosle
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Bruno Pitard
- In-Cell-Art, 21 rue de la Noue Bras de Fer, 44200 Nantes, France
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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16
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Jappe U, Schwager C, Schromm AB, González Roldán N, Stein K, Heine H, Duda KA. Lipophilic Allergens, Different Modes of Allergen-Lipid Interaction and Their Impact on Asthma and Allergy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30837983 PMCID: PMC6382701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular allergology research has provided valuable information on the structure and function of single allergenic molecules. There are several allergens in food and inhalant allergen sources that are able to interact with lipid ligands via different structural features: hydrophobic pockets, hydrophobic cavities, or specialized domains. For only a few of these allergens information on their associated ligands is already available. Several of the allergens are clinically relevant, so that it is highly probable that the individual structural features with which they interact with lipids have a direct effect on their allergenic potential, and thus on allergy development. There is some evidence for a protective effect of lipids delaying the enzymatic digestion of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergen Ara h 8 (hydrophobic pocket), probably allowing this molecule to get to the intestinal immune system intact (sensitization). Oleosins from different food allergen sources are part of lipid storage organelles and potential marker allergens for the severity of the allergic reaction. House dust mite (HDM), is more often associated with allergic asthma than other sources of inhalant allergens. In particular, lipid-associated allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus which are Der p 2, Der p 5, Der p 7, Der p 13, Der p 14, and Der p 21 have been reported to be associated with severe allergic reactions and respiratory symptoms such as asthma. The exact mechanism of interaction of these allergens with lipids still has to be elucidated. Apart from single allergens glycolipids have been shown to directly induce allergic inflammation. Several-in parts conflicting-data exist on the lipid (and allergen) and toll-like receptor interactions. For only few single allergens mechanistic studies were performed on their interaction with the air-liquid interface of the lungs, in particular with the surfactant components SP-A and SP-D. The increasing knowledge on protein-lipid-interaction for lipophilic and hydrophobic food and inhalant allergens on the basis of their particular structure, of their capacity to be integral part of membranes (like the oleosins), and their ability to interact with membranes, surfactant components, and transport lipids (like the lipid transfer proteins) are essential to eventually clarify allergy and asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Luebeck, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Schwager
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Andra B. Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Nestor González Roldán
- Junior Research Group of Allergobiochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karina Stein
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Holger Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Katarzyna A. Duda
- Junior Research Group of Allergobiochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
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17
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Bülow S, Zeller L, Werner M, Toelge M, Holzinger J, Entzian C, Schubert T, Waldow F, Gisch N, Hammerschmidt S, Gessner A. Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Is an Enhancer of Bacterial Lipoprotein Recognition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2768. [PMID: 30581431 PMCID: PMC6293271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate perception of immunologically important pathogen-associated molecular patterns like lipopolysaccharide and bacterial lipoproteins is essential for efficient innate and adaptive immune responses. In the context of Gram-negative infection, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) neutralizes endotoxic activity of lipopolysaccharides, and thus prohibits hyperactivation. So far, no immunological function of BPI has been described in Gram-positive infections. Here, we show a significant elevation of BPI in Gram-positive meningitis and, surprisingly, a positive correlation between BPI and pro-inflammatory markers like TNFα. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we identify BPI ligands of Gram-positive origin, specifically bacterial lipopeptides and lipoteichoic acids, and determine essential structural motifs for this interaction. Importantly, the interaction of BPI with these newly defined ligands significantly enhances the immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) mediated by Gram-positive bacteria, and thereby ensures their sensitive perception. In conclusion, we define BPI as an immune enhancing pattern recognition molecule in Gram-positive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Bülow
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Zeller
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maren Werner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Toelge
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Holzinger
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Franziska Waldow
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Center for Functional Genomcis of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Tsukamoto H, Takeuchi S, Kubota K, Kobayashi Y, Kozakai S, Ukai I, Shichiku A, Okubo M, Numasaki M, Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto Y, Nochi T, Watanabe K, Aso H, Tomioka Y. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein stimulates CD14-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 internalization and LPS-induced TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3 axis activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10186-10201. [PMID: 29760187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an indispensable immune receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Following LPS stimulation, TLR4 transmits the signal from the cell surface and becomes internalized in an endosome. However, the spatial regulation of TLR4 signaling is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of LPS-induced TLR4 internalization and clarified the roles of the extracellular LPS-binding molecules, LPS-binding protein (LBP), and glycerophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (CD14). LPS stimulation of CD14-expressing cells induced TLR4 internalization in the presence of serum, and an inhibitory anti-LBP mAb blocked its internalization. Addition of LBP to serum-free cultures restored LPS-induced TLR4 internalization to comparable levels of serum. The secretory form of the CD14 (sCD14) induced internalization but required a much higher concentration than LBP. An inhibitory anti-sCD14 mAb was ineffective for serum-mediated internalization. LBP lacking the domain for LPS transfer to CD14 and a CD14 mutant with reduced LPS binding both attenuated TLR4 internalization. Accordingly, LBP is an essential serum molecule for TLR4 internalization, and its LPS transfer to membrane-anchored CD14 (mCD14) is a prerequisite. LBP induced the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of TBK1, IKKϵ, and IRF3, leading to IFN-β expression. However, LPS-stimulated late activation of NF-κB or necroptosis were not affected. Collectively, our results indicate that LBP controls LPS-induced TLR4 internalization, which induces TLR adaptor molecule 1 (TRIF)-dependent activation of the TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3-IFN-β pathway. In summary, we showed that LBP-mediated LPS transfer to mCD14 is required for serum-dependent TLR4 internalization and activation of the TRIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
| | - Shino Takeuchi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Kanae Kubota
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yohei Kobayashi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Sao Kozakai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ippo Ukai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ayumi Shichiku
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Misaki Okubo
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Muneo Numasaki
- the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Yoshitomi Kanemitsu
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
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19
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Pan X, Gong D, Gao F, Sangild PT. Diet-dependent changes in the intestinal DNA methylome after introduction of enteral feeding in preterm pigs. Epigenomics 2018; 10:395-408. [PMID: 29587528 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine how enteral feeding affects the intestinal epigenome and gene expression just after preterm birth. MATERIALS & METHODS Intestinal tissue from preterm pigs, modeling preterm infants, was collected at birth and 5 days after gradual introduction of infant formula or bovine colostrum. The intestinal tissue was analyzed by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and real-time qPCR. RESULTS Relative to colostrum, formula increased bacterial epithelial adherence and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) expression, which was regulated by promoter methylation. Diet-dependent changes in DNA methylation and/or mRNA expression were related to innate immune response, hypoxia, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways (e.g., TTC38, IL8, C3, HIF1A and VEGFR1). CONCLUSION Epigenetic changes may mediate important effects of the first feeding on intestinal development in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Desheng Gong
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, PR China
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
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20
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Sahasrabudhe NM, Beukema M, Tian L, Troost B, Scholte J, Bruininx E, Bruggeman G, van den Berg M, Scheurink A, Schols HA, Faas MM, de Vos P. Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:383. [PMID: 29545800 PMCID: PMC5839092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary carbohydrate fibers are known to prevent immunological diseases common in Western countries such as allergy and asthma but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Until now beneficial effects of dietary fibers are mainly attributed to fermentation products of the fibers such as anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here, we found and present a new mechanism by which dietary fibers can be anti-inflammatory: a commonly consumed fiber, pectin, blocks innate immune receptors. We show that pectin binds and inhibits, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and specifically inhibits the proinflammatory TLR2-TLR1 pathway while the tolerogenic TLR2-TLR6 pathway remains unaltered. This effect is most pronounced with pectins having a low degree of methyl esterification (DM). Low-DM pectin interacts with TLR2 through electrostatic forces between non-esterified galacturonic acids on the pectin and positive charges on the TLR2 ectodomain, as confirmed by testing pectin binding on mutated TLR2. The anti-inflammatory effect of low-DM pectins was first studied in human dendritic cells and mouse macrophages in vitro and was subsequently tested in vivo in TLR2-dependent ileitis in a mouse model. In these mice, ileitis was prevented by pectin administration. Protective effects were shown to be TLR2-TLR1 dependent and independent of the SCFAs produced by the gut microbiota. These data suggest that low-DM pectins as a source of dietary fiber can reduce inflammation through direct interaction with TLR2-TLR1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha M. Sahasrabudhe
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Berit Troost
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Scholte
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Neuroendocrinology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik Bruininx
- Agrifirm Innovation Center, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anton Scheurink
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Neuroendocrinology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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21
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Pan X, Gong D, Nguyen DN, Zhang X, Hu Q, Lu H, Fredholm M, Sangild PT, Gao F. Early microbial colonization affects DNA methylation of genes related to intestinal immunity and metabolism in preterm pigs. DNA Res 2018; 25:4818260. [PMID: 29365082 PMCID: PMC6014285 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation may play an important role in mediating microbe-host interactions and adaptation of intestinal gene expression to bacterial colonization just after birth. This is particularly important after preterm birth because the immature intestine is hypersensitive to invading bacteria. We compared the intestinal DNA methylome and microbiome between conventional (CON) and antibiotics-treated (AB) preterm pigs, used as a model for preterm infants. Oral AB treatment reduced bacterial density (∼100-fold), diversity and fermentation, improved the resistance to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and changed the genome-wide DNA methylation in the distal small intestine. Integration of epigenome data with previously obtained proteome data showed that intestinal immune-metabolic pathways were affected by the AB-induced delay in bacterial colonization. DNA methylation and expression of intestinal genes, related to innate immune response, phagocytosis, endothelial homeostasis and tissue metabolism (e.g. CPN1, C3, LBP, HIF1A, MicroRNA-126, PTPRE), differed between AB and CON pigs even before any evidence of NEC lesions. Our findings document that the newborn immature intestine is influenced by bacterial colonization via DNA methylation changes. Microbiota-dependent epigenetic programming of genes related to gut immunity, vascular integrity and metabolism may be critical for short- and long-term intestinal health in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Desheng Gong
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hanlin Lu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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22
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Chan JYW, Tsui JCC, Law PTW, So WKW, Leung DYP, Sham MMK, Tsui SKW, Chan CWH. Regulation of TLR4 in silica-induced inflammation: An underlying mechanism of silicosis. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:986-991. [PMID: 30013439 PMCID: PMC6036162 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an incurable lung disease affecting millions of workers in hazardous occupations. It is caused by chronic exposure to the dust that contains free crystalline silica. Silica-induced lung damage occurs by several main mechanisms including cell death by apoptosis, fibrosis and production of cytokines. However, the signal pathways involved in these mechanisms are not fully characterized. In this study, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-related signal pathway was examined in silica-treated U937-differentiated macrophages. The expression level of TLR4 was measured by both quantitative PCR and Western blot. Confirmation of the involvement of MyD88/TIRAP and NFκB p65 cascade was performed by Western blot. The secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed that TLR4 and related MyD88/TIRAP pathway was associated with silica-exposure in U937-differentiated macrophages. Protein expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TIRAP was upregulated when the U937-differentiated macrophages were exposed to silica. However, the upregulation was attenuated when TLR4 inhibitor, TAK-242 was present. At different incubation times of silica exposure, it was found that NFκB p65 cascade was activated at 10-60 minutes. Release of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα was induced by silica exposure and the induction of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα was suppressed by the addition of TAK-242. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TLR4 and related MyD88/TIRAP pathway was involved in silica-induced inflammation in U937-differentiated macrophages. Downstream NFκB p65 cascade was activated within 1 hour when the U937-differentiated macrophages were exposed to silica. The better understanding of early stage of silica-induced inflammatory process may help to develop earlier diagnosis of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Yuet Wa Chan
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Chi Ching Tsui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Tik Wan Law
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Kwok Wei So
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Doris Yin Ping Leung
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Carmen Wing Han Chan
- Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Nighot M, Al-Sadi R, Guo S, Rawat M, Nighot P, Watterson MD, Ma TY. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increase in Intestinal Epithelial Tight Permeability Is Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor 4/Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MyD88) Activation of Myosin Light Chain Kinase Expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2698-2710. [PMID: 29157665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall and play an important role in mediating intestinal inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel disease. Although recent studies suggested that physiologically relevant concentrations of LPS (0 to 1 ng/mL) cause an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability, the mechanisms that mediate an LPS-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability remain unclear. Herein, we show that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays a central role in the LPS-induced increase in TJ permeability. Filter-grown Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers and C57BL/6 mice were used as an in vitro and in vivo intestinal epithelial model system, respectively. LPS caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in MLCK expression and kinase activity in Caco-2 monolayers. The pharmacologic MLCK inhibition and siRNA-induced knock-down of MLCK inhibited the LPS-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. The LPS increase in TJ permeability was mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)/MyD88 signal-transduction pathway up-regulation of MLCK expression. The LPS-induced increase in mouse intestinal permeability also required an increase in MLCK expression. The LPS-induced increase in intestinal permeability was inhibited in MLCK-/- and TLR-4-/- mice. These data show, for the first time, that the LPS-induced increase in intestinal permeability was mediated by TLR-4/MyD88 signal-transduction pathway up-regulation of MLCK. Therapeutic targeting of these pathways can prevent an LPS-induced increase in intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Nighot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Shuhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Thomas Y Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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24
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Furlan CPB, Valle SC, Östman E, Maróstica MR, Tovar J. Inclusion of Hass avocado-oil improves postprandial metabolic responses to a hypercaloric-hyperlipidic meal in overweight subjects. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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25
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Sanui T, Takeshita M, Fukuda T, Tanaka U, Alshargabi R, Aida Y, Nishimura F. Roles of serum in innate immune responses of human leukocytes to synthetic lipopeptide. Int Immunopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28633072 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-l-Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4) is a highly conserved molecular motif found in various classes of lipoproteins. The requirement for leukocyte to respond to synthetic Pam3CSK4 were studied. Pam3CSK4 primed neutrophils for a respiratory burst in a serum-dependent manner. Pam3CSK4 upregulated CD11b, CD14, and cytochrome b558, and downregulated Leu-8. Treatment of neutrophils with anti-CD14 antibodies and treatment of serum with anti-LPS binding protein (LBP) antibodies resulted in the inhibition of priming for respiratory burst by Pam3CSK4. It should be noted that LBP could not replicate the effects of serum in priming of neutrophils for respiratory burst by Pam3CSK4. Serum LBP bound to immobilized Pam3CSK4. Pam3CSK4 induced the interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by leukocytes in a serum-dependent manner. Further, Pam3CSK4-induced priming of neutrophils for respiratory burst was not inhibited by the LPS antagonists LA-14-PP, Rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS, or E5531, and Pam3CSK4-induced IL-8 production by leukocytes was not affected by LPS antagonist, E5531, indicating that Pam3CSK4 was recognized by a different receptor than LPS. Thus, Pam3CSK4 and LPS had similar biological activities and similar requirement to act on leukocytes, but were recognized by different receptors. Serum in the action of Pam3CSK4 on leukocytes was not replicated by LBP, suggesting that Pam3CSK4 might be disaggregated by serum to result in the activation of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Takeshita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Urara Tanaka
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Rehab Alshargabi
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshitomi Aida
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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26
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Ding PH, Darveau RP, Wang CY, Jin L. 3LPS-binding protein and its interactions with P. gingivalis LPS modulate pro-inflammatory response and Toll-like receptor signaling in human oral keratinocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173223. [PMID: 28384159 PMCID: PMC5383028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) as an acute-phase protein plays a crucial role in innate host response to bacterial challenge. Our previous study shows that LBP expression in human gingiva is associated with periodontal status. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone periodontopathogen, and its LPS with lipid A structural heterogeneity critically accounts for periodontal pathogenesis. This study investigated the effects of LBP and its interactions with two featured isoforms of P. gingivalis LPS (tetra-acylated LPS1435/1449 and penta-acylated LPS1690) on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs), and the involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. HOKs were pre-incubated with recombinant human LBP (rhLBP) at 10ng/ml, 100ng/ml and 1μg/ml for 1 h, followed by the treatment of P. gingivalis LPS1690 or LPS1435/1449 for 3h or 24h respectively. The expression of IL-6 and IL-8, and involvements of TLR2 and TLR4 were analyzed. The genes associated with TLR signaling were assessed by PCR array. Interestingly, rhLBP per se significantly up-regulated the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HOKs (p<0.05), which was blocked by TLR2 antibody (p<0.001). LPS1435/1449 down-regulated more significantly rhLBP-induced IL-6 and IL-8 mRNAs with reference to P. gingivalis LPS1690 (approximately 80% vs. 40%, p<0.05; and 90% vs. 36%, p<0.001, respectively). Moreover, rhLBP markedly down-regulated the gene expression of TLRs and their adaptors such as CD180 (-2.44 folds) and MD-1 (-9.62 folds), while the interaction of P. gingivalis LPS1435/1449 with rhLBP greatly up-regulated both transcripts (7.11 and 4.05 folds, respectively). Notably, P. gingivalis LPS1690-rhLBP interaction dramatically up-regulated CD180 transcript (20.86 folds) and significantly down-regulated MD-1 transcript (-6.93 folds). This pioneering study shows that rhLBP enables to enhance the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HOKs through TLR2 signaling pathway. P. gingivalis LPS with different lipid A structures down-regulates to different extents rhLBP-induced cytokine expression, possibly through fine-tuning of the CD180-MD1 complex and relevant TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Ding
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, D-570 Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Department of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry, CHS, Room 33–030, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Lijian Jin
- Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Norris MH, Schweizer HP, Tuanyok A. Structural diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharides affects innate immune signaling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005571. [PMID: 28453531 PMCID: PMC5425228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) causes the disease melioidosis. The main cause of mortality in this disease is septic shock triggered by the host responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the Gram-negative outer membrane. Bp LPS is thought to be a weak inducer of the host immune system. LPS from several strains of Bp were purified and their ability to induce the inflammatory mediators TNF-α and iNOS in murine macrophages at low concentrations was investigated. Innate and adaptive immunity qPCR arrays were used to profile expression patterns of 84 gene targets in response to the different LPS types. Additional qPCR validation confirmed large differences in macrophage response. LPS from a high-virulence serotype B strain 576a and a virulent rough central nervous system tropic strain MSHR435 greatly induced the innate immune response indicating that the immunopathogenesis of these strains is different than in infections with strains similar to the prototype strain 1026b. The accumulation of autophagic vesicles was also increased in macrophages challenged with highly immunogenic Bp LPS. Gene induction and concomitant cytokine secretion profiles of human PBMCs in response to the various LPS were also investigated. MALDI-TOF/TOF was used to probe the lipid A portions of the LPS, indicating substantial structural differences that likely play a role in host response to LPS. These findings add to the evolving knowledge of host-response to bacterial LPS, which can be used to better understand septic shock in melioidosis patients and in the rational design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Herbert P. Schweizer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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28
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Rajasekaran S, Tangavel C, Aiyer SN, Nayagam SM, Raveendran M, Demonte NL, Subbaiah P, Kanna R, Shetty AP, Dharmalingam K. ISSLS PRIZE IN CLINICAL SCIENCE 2017: Is infection the possible initiator of disc disease? An insight from proteomic analysis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 26:1384-1400. [PMID: 28168343 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-4972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Proteomic and 16S rDNA analysis of disc tissues obtained in vivo. OBJECTIVE To address the controversy of infection as an aetiology for disc disorders through protein profiling. There is raging controversy over the presence of bacteria in human lumbar discs in vivo, and if they represent contamination or infection. Proteomics can provide valuable insight by identifying proteins signifying bacterial presence and, also host defence response proteins (HDRPs), which will confirm infection. METHODS 22 discs (15-disc herniations (DH), 5-degenerate (DD), 2-normal in MRI (NM) were harvested intraoperatively and immediately snap frozen. Samples were pooled into three groups and proteins extracted were analysed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Post identification, data analysis was performed using Uniprotdb, Pantherdb, Proteome discoverer and STRING network. Authentication for bacterial presence was performed by PCR amplification of 16S rDNA. RESULTS LC-MS/MS analysis using Orbitrap showed 1103 proteins in DH group, compared to 394 in NM and 564 in DD. 73 bacterial specific proteins were identified (56 specific for Propionibacterium acnes; 17 for Staphylococcus epidermidis). In addition, 67 infection-specific HDRPs, unique or upregulated, such as Defensin, Lysozyme, Dermcidin, Cathepsin-G, Prolactin-Induced Protein, and Phospholipase-A2, were identified confirming presence of infection. Species-specific primers for P. acnes exhibited amplicons at 946 bp (16S rDNA) and 515 bp (Lipase) confirming presence of P. acnes in both NM discs, 11 of 15 DH discs, and all five DD discs. Bioinformatic search for protein-protein interactions (STRING) documented 169 proteins with close interactions (protein clustering co-efficient 0.7) between host response and degenerative proteins implying that infection may initiate degradation through Ubiquitin C. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates bacterial specific proteins and host defence proteins to infection which strengthen the hypothesis of infection as a possible initiator of disc disease. These results can lead to a paradigm shift in our understanding and management of disc disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajasekaran
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettuppalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India.
| | - Chitraa Tangavel
- Ganga Research Centre, No 91, Mettuppalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641030, India
| | - Siddharth N Aiyer
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettuppalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India
| | | | - M Raveendran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | | | - Pramela Subbaiah
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettuppalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India
| | - Rishi Kanna
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettuppalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India
| | - Ajoy Prasad Shetty
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettuppalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India
| | - K Dharmalingam
- Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, 625020, India
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van Bergenhenegouwen J, Kraneveld AD, Rutten L, Garssen J, Vos AP, Hartog A. Lipoproteins attenuate TLR2 and TLR4 activation by bacteria and bacterial ligands with differences in affinity and kinetics. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:42. [PMID: 27793087 PMCID: PMC5086051 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small intestine is a specialized compartment were close interactions take place between host, microbes, food antigens and dietary fatty acids. Dietary fats get absorbed by epithelial cells and processed into a range of lipoprotein particles after which they are basolaterally secreted and collected in the lymphatics. In contrast to the colon, the small intestine is covered only by a thin mucus coat that allows for intimate interactions between host-cells and microbes. Lipoproteins have long been recognized as protective factors in infectious diseases via the neutralization of bacterial toxins like lipopolysaccharides. Much less attention has been given to the potential role of lipoproteins as factors contributing to the maintenance of small intestinal immune homeostasis via modulating bacteria-induced immune responses. Results Lipoproteins VLDL, LDL and HDL were found to neutralize TLR responses towards specific TLR-ligands or a selection of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Attenuation of TLR2 activity was acute and only slightly improved by longer pre-incubation times of ligands and lipoproteins with no differences between bacterial-lipopeptides or bacteria. In contrast, attenuation of TLR4 responses was only observed after extensive preincubation of lipoproteins and LPS. Preincubation of bacteria and lipoproteins led only to a modest attenuation of TLR4 activity. Moreover, compared to TLR2, TLR4 activity could only be attenuated by lipoproteins over a small ligand dose range. Conclusions These results demonstrate the ability of lipoproteins VLDL, LDL and HDL to inhibit TLR responses towards bacterial-ligands and bacteria. Presence of lipoproteins was found to modulate the MAMP-induced cytokine release by primary human monocytes measured as changes in the release of IL-6, TNFα, GM-CSF and IFNγ. Using TLR2 and TLR4-reporter cells, lipoproteins were found to inhibit TLR responses with differences in affinity and kinetics. These data establish a role for lipoproteins as immunoregulatory molecules, attenuating TLR-responses and thereby positively contributing to mucosal homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-016-0180-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anita Hartog
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Ren C, Zhang Q, de Haan BJ, Zhang H, Faas MM, de Vos P. Identification of TLR2/TLR6 signalling lactic acid bacteria for supporting immune regulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34561. [PMID: 27708357 PMCID: PMC5052581 DOI: 10.1038/srep34561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) influence the consumer’s immune status it is not completely understood how this is established. Bacteria-host interactions between bacterial cell-wall components and toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been suggested to play an essential role. Here we investigated the interaction between LABs with reported health effects and TLRs. By using cell-lines expressing single or combination of TLRs, we show that LABs can signal via TLR-dependent and independent pathways. The strains only stimulated and did not inhibit TLRs. We found that several strains such as L. plantarum CCFM634, L. plantarum CCFM734, L. fermentum CCFM381, L. acidophilus CCFM137, and S. thermophilus CCFM218 stimulated TLR2/TLR6. TLR2/TLR6 is essential in immune regulatory processes and of interest for prevention of diseases. Specificity of the TLR2/TLR6 stimulation was confirmed with blocking antibodies. Immunomodulatory properties of LABs were also studied by assessing IL-10 and IL-6 secretion patterns in bacteria-stimulated THP1-derived macrophages, which confirmed species and strain specific effects of the LABs. With this study we provide novel insight in LAB specific host-microbe interactions. Our data demonstrates that interactions between pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is species and strain specific and underpins the importance of selecting specific strains for promoting specific health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ren
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Levy O. Innate immunity of the human newborn: distinct cytokine responses to LPS and other Toll-like receptor agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human newborns are at increased risk of microbial invasion and display diminished responses to many vaccines indicating a functional immaturity of the immune system at birth. Such altered immune reactivity may reflect the demands of in utero existence, including the need to avoid potentially harmful inflammatory immune reactions. Despite normal basal expression of Toll-like receptors and membrane CD14, innate immune responses of neonatal mononuclear cells to lipopolysaccharide are characterized by markedly reduced release of the pro-inflammatory Th1-polarizing cytokines TNF-α and interferon-γ with relative preservation of anti-inflammatory Th2-polarizing cytokines. Differences between newborns and adults with respect to TLR-induced TNF-α release extend to a range of TLR agonists, including bacterial lipopeptides, and are due to differences in soluble factors present in blood plasma. Soluble factors in neonatal blood plasma suppress TLR-induced TNF-α release from monocytes and efforts to identify and characterize these inhibitors are on-going. Such altered immunity to TLR agonists is likely to alter both innate and adaptive immune responses in newborns profoundly. Definition of the mechanisms underlying distinct neonatal immunity promises to identify novel ways to prevent and treat infection in this relatively high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts USA,
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Škanta F, Procházková P, Roubalová R, Dvořák J, Bilej M. LBP/BPI homologue in Eisenia andrei earthworms. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:1-6. [PMID: 26297397 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
LBP/BPIs are pattern recognition receptors that are often present in vertebrates and in invertebrates, and they play a defense role against pathogens. We have identified 1698 bp cDNA sequence from the Eisenia andrei earthworm with predicted amino acid sequence that shares homology with the LBP/BPI family (EaLBP/BPI). Sequence analysis of EaLBP/BPI proved the existence of two conserved domains with the potential ability to bind LPS. The predicted molecular mass of the EaLBP/BPI protein is 53.5 kDa, and its high basicity (pI 9.8) is caused by its high arginine content. Constitutive transcription of the Ealbp/bpi gene was shown in all tested tissues, with the highest level in coelomocytes and seminal vesicles; the lowest level was detected in the intestine. On the contrary, another earthworm LPS-binding molecule CCF (coelomic cytolytic factor) was expressed only in the intestine and coelomocytes. In E. andrei coelomocytes, the transcription of Ealbp/bpi gene was up-regulated in response to bacterial stimulation, reaching a maximum at 8 and 16 h post stimulation with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Škanta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Procházková
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Roubalová
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dvořák
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
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Zhou Z, Xu MJ, Gao B. Hepatocytes: a key cell type for innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:301-15. [PMID: 26685902 PMCID: PMC4856808 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the major parenchymal cells in the liver, play pivotal roles in metabolism, detoxification, and protein synthesis. Hepatocytes also activate innate immunity against invading microorganisms by secreting innate immunity proteins. These proteins include bactericidal proteins that directly kill bacteria, opsonins that assist in the phagocytosis of foreign bacteria, iron-sequestering proteins that block iron uptake by bacteria, several soluble factors that regulate lipopolysaccharide signaling, and the coagulation factor fibrinogen that activates innate immunity. In this review, we summarize the wide variety of innate immunity proteins produced by hepatocytes and discuss liver-enriched transcription factors (e.g. hepatocyte nuclear factors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins), pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), and downstream signaling pathways (e.g. signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 and nuclear factor-κB) that regulate the expression of these innate immunity proteins. We also briefly discuss the dysregulation of these innate immunity proteins in chronic liver disease, which may contribute to an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Płóciennikowska A, Zdioruk MI, Traczyk G, Świątkowska A, Kwiatkowska K. LPS-induced clustering of CD14 triggers generation of PI(4,5)P2. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4096-111. [PMID: 26446256 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces strong pro-inflammatory reactions after sequential binding to CD14 protein and TLR4 receptor. Here, we show that CD14 controls generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] in response to LPS binding. In J774 cells and HEK293 cells expressing CD14 exposed to 10-100 ng/ml LPS, the level of PI(4,5)P2 rose in a biphasic manner with peaks at 5-10 min and 60 min. After 5-10 min of LPS stimulation, CD14 underwent prominent clustering in the plasma membrane, accompanied by accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 and type-I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) isoforms Iα and Iγ (encoded by Pip5k1a and Pip5k1c, respectively) in the CD14 region. Clustering of CD14 with antibodies, without LPS and TLR4 participation, was sufficient to trigger PI(4,5)P2 elevation. The newly generated PI(4,5)P2 accumulated in rafts, which also accommodated CD14 and a large portion of PIP5K Iα and PIP5K Iγ. Silencing of PIP5K Iα and PIP5K Iγ, or application of drugs interfering with PI(4,5)P2 synthesis and availability, abolished the LPS-induced PI(4,5)P2 elevation and inhibited downstream pro-inflammatory reactions. Taken together, these data indicate that LPS induces clustering of CD14, which triggers PI(4,5)P2 generation in rafts that is required for maximal pro-inflammatory signaling of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Płóciennikowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, 3 Pasteur St., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Mykola I Zdioruk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, 3 Pasteur St., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Gabriela Traczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, 3 Pasteur St., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Świątkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, 3 Pasteur St., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, 3 Pasteur St., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Lipoproteins/peptides are sepsis-inducing toxins from bacteria that can be neutralized by synthetic anti-endotoxin peptides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14292. [PMID: 26390973 PMCID: PMC4585737 DOI: 10.1038/srep14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening syndrome with increasing incidence worldwide, is triggered by an overwhelming inflammation induced by microbial toxins released into the bloodstream during infection. A well-known sepsis-inducing factor is the membrane constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), signalling via Toll-like receptor-4. Although sepsis is caused in more than 50% cases by Gram-positive and mycoplasma cells, the causative compounds are still poorly described. In contradicting investigations lipoproteins/-peptides (LP), lipoteichoic acids (LTA), and peptidoglycans (PGN), were made responsible for eliciting this pathology. Here, we used human mononuclear cells from healthy donors to determine the cytokine-inducing activity of various LPs from different bacterial origin, synthetic and natural, and compared their activity with that of natural LTA and PGN. We demonstrate that LP are the most potent non-LPS pro-inflammatory toxins of the bacterial cell walls, signalling via Toll-like receptor-2, not only in vitro, but also when inoculated into mice: A synthetic LP caused sepsis-related pathological symptoms in a dose-response manner. Additionally, these mice produced pro-inflammatory cytokines characteristic of a septic reaction. Importantly, the recently designed polypeptide Aspidasept® which has been proven to efficiently neutralize LPS in vivo, inhibited cytokines induced by the various non-LPS compounds protecting animals from the pro-inflammatory activity of synthetic LP.
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Nyirenda MH, Morandi E, Vinkemeier U, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Drinkwater S, Mee M, King L, Podda G, Zhang GX, Ghaemmaghami A, Constantinescu CS, Bar-Or A, Gran B. TLR2 Stimulation Regulates the Balance between Regulatory T Cell and Th17 Function: A Novel Mechanism of Reduced Regulatory T Cell Function in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5761-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Toll-like receptor-1 and receptor-2 and Beta-defensin in postcholecystectomy bile duct injury. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:216129. [PMID: 25755667 PMCID: PMC4337755 DOI: 10.1155/2015/216129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postcholecystectomy bile duct injuries (BDI) produce hepatic cholestasis and cause infection of the biliary tract. The biliary cells participate in secreting cytokines and in expression of immune response receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) conduct signalling and activate the innate and adaptive inflammatory response. The objective was to determine the serum levels of TLR-2 and the expression of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and β-defensin in liver biopsies of postcholecystectomy BDI patients. A transverse, analytical study with 2 groups was done. One group included healthy volunteers (control group) and other included 25 postcholecystectomy BDI patients with complete biliary obstruction. Using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, serum levels of TLR-2 were determined, and with immunofluorescence the morphologic analysis of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and β-defensin in liver biopsies of postcholecystectomy BDI patients was performed. The average TLR-2 serum level in the control group was 0.0 pg/mL and in the BDI group, 0.023 ± 0.0045 pg/mL (P < 0.0001, bilateral Mann Whitney U). Immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression in liver biopsies, blood vessels, bile ducts, and hepatic parenchyma where 12 hepatic biopsies were positive for TLR-1 with average of 3213057.74 ± 1071019.25 μm2; and 7 biopsies were positive for β-defensin with an average of 730364.33 ± 210838.02 μm2; and 6 biopsies positive for TLR-2, obtaining an average of 3354364.24 ± 838591.06 μm2. In conclusion, TLR-1 and TLR-2 and β-defensin play an important role in the innate antimicrobial defense of the hepatobiliary system.
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38
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Scuotto A, Djorie S, Colavizza M, Romond PC, Romond MB. Bifidobacterium breve C50 secretes lipoprotein with CHAP domain recognized in aggregated form by TLR2. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:367-75. [PMID: 25457102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular components secreted by Bifidobacterium breve C50 can induce maturation, high IL-10 production and prolonged survival of dendritic cells via a TLR2 pathway. In this study, the components were isolated from the supernatant by gel filtration chromatography. Antibodies raised against the major compounds with molecular weight above 600 kDa (Bb C50BC) also recognized compounds of lower molecular weight (200–600 kDa). TLR2 and TLR6 bound to the components already recognized by the antibodies. Trypsin digestion of Bb C50BC released three major peptides whose sequences displayed close similarities to a putative secreted protein with a CHAP amidase domain from B. breve. The 1300-bp genomic region corresponding to the hypothetical protein was amplified by PCR. The deduced polypeptide started with an N-terminal signal sequence of 45 amino acids, containing the lipobox motif (LAAC) with the cysteine in position 25, and 2 positively charged residues within the first 14 residues of the signal sequence. Lipid detection in Bb C50BC by GC/MS further supported the implication of a lipoprotein. Sugars were also detected in Bb C50BC. Close similarity with the glucan-binding protein B from Bifidobacterium animalis of two released peptides from Bb C50BC protein suggested that glucose moieties, possibly in glucan form, could be bound to the lipoprotein. Finally, heating at 100 °C for 5 min led to the breakdown of Bb C50BC in compounds of molecular weight below 67 kDa, which suggested that Bb C50BC was an aggregate. One might assume that a basic unit was formed by the lipoprotein bound putatively to glucan. Besides the other sugars and hexosamines recognized by galectin 1 were localized at the surface of the Bb C50BC aggregate. In conclusion, the extracellular components secreted by B. breve C50 were constituted of a lipoprotein putatively associated with glucose moieties and acting in an aggregating form as an agonist of TLR2/TLR6.
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Fu GH, Liu F, Xia JH, Yue GH. The LBP gene and its association with resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22028-41. [PMID: 25470022 PMCID: PMC4284692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to pathogens is important for the sustainability and profitability of food fish production. In immune-related genes, the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) gene is an important mediator of the inflammatory reaction. We analyzed the cDNA and genomic structure of the LBP gene in tilapia. The full-length cDNA (1901 bp) of the gene contained a 1416 bp open reading frame, encoding 471 amino acid residues. Its genomic sequence was 5577 bp, comprising 15 exons and 14 introns. Under normal conditions, the gene was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues. The highest expression was detected in intestine and kidney. We examined the responses of the gene to challenges with two bacterial pathogens Streptcoccus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila. The gene was significantly upregulated in kidney and spleen post-infection with S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila, respectively. However, the expression profiles of the gene after the challenge with the two pathogens were different. Furthermore, we identified three SNPs in the gene. There were significant associations (p < 0.05) of two of the three SNPs with the resistance to A. hydrophila, but not with the resistance to S. agalactiae or growth performance. These results suggest that the LBP gene is involved in the acute-phase immunologic response to the bacterial infections, and the responses to the two bacterial pathogens are different. The two SNPs associated with the resistance to A. hydrophila may be useful in the selection of tilapia resistant to A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Hong Fu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Feng Liu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Jun Hong Xia
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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Barreto-Bergter E, Figueiredo RT. Fungal glycans and the innate immune recognition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:145. [PMID: 25353009 PMCID: PMC4196476 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides such as α- and β-glucans, chitin, and glycoproteins extensively modified with both N- and O-linked carbohydrates are the major components of fungal surfaces. The fungal cell wall is an excellent target for the action of antifungal agents, since most of its components are absent from mammalian cells. Recognition of these carbohydrate-containing molecules by the innate immune system triggers inflammatory responses and activation of microbicidal mechanisms by leukocytes. This review will discuss the structure of surface fungal glycoconjugates and polysaccharides and their recognition by innate immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas/Unidade de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Reducing the bioactivity of Tannerella forsythia lipopolysaccharide by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Microbiol 2014; 52:702-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mariano VS, Zorzetto-Fernandes AL, da Silva TA, Ruas LP, Nohara LL, de Almeida IC, Roque-Barreira MC. Recognition of TLR2 N-glycans: critical role in ArtinM immunomodulatory activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98512. [PMID: 24892697 PMCID: PMC4043963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR2 plays a critical role in the protection against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conferred by ArtinM administration. ArtinM, a D-mannose-binding lectin from Artocarpus heterophyllus, induces IL-12 production in macrophages and dendritic cells, which accounts for the T helper1 immunity that results from ArtinM administration. We examined the direct interaction of ArtinM with TLR2using HEK293A cells transfected with TLR2, alone or in combination with TLR1 or TLR6, together with accessory proteins. Stimulation with ArtinM induced NF-κB activation and interleukin (IL)-8 production in cells transfected with TLR2, TLR2/1, or TLR2/6. Murine macrophages that were stimulated with ArtinM had augmented TLR2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, pre-incubation of unstimulated macrophages with an anti-TLR2 antibody reduced the cell labeling with ArtinM. In addition, a microplate assay revealed that ArtinM bound to TLR2 molecules that had been captured by specific antibodies from a macrophages lysate. Notably,ArtinM binding to TLR2 was selectively inhibited when the lectin was pre-incubated with mannotriose. The biological relevance of the direct interaction of ArtinM with TLR2 glycans was assessed using macrophages from TLR2-KOmice, which produced significantly lower levels of IL-12 and IL-10 in response to ArtinM than macrophages from wild-type mice. Pre-treatment of murine macrophages with pharmacological inhibitors of signaling molecules demonstrated the involvement of p38 MAPK and JNK in the IL-12 production induced by ArtinM and the involvement ofPI3K in IL-10 production. Thus, ArtinM interacts directly with TLR2 or TLR2 heterodimers in a carbohydrate recognition-dependent manner and functions as a TLR2 agonist with immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sammartino Mariano
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andre Luiz Zorzetto-Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luciana Pereira Ruas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lilian L. Nohara
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor Correia de Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Marques Neto LM, Kipnis A. Role of Fused Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunogens and Adjuvants in Modern Tuberculosis Vaccines. Front Immunol 2014; 5:188. [PMID: 24795730 PMCID: PMC4005953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have been developed to improve or replace the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin). The development of subunit protein vaccines is a promising strategy because it combines specificity and safety. In addition, subunit protein vaccines can be designed to have selected immune epitopes associated with immunomodulating components to drive the appropriate immune response. However, the limited antigens present in subunit vaccines reduce their capacity to stimulate a complete immune response compared with vaccines composed of live attenuated or killed microorganisms. This deficiency can be compensated by the incorporation of adjuvants in the vaccine formulation. The fusion of adjuvants with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins or immune epitopes has the potential to become the new frontier in the TB vaccine development field. Researchers have addressed this approach by fusing the immune epitopes of their vaccines with molecules such as interleukins, lipids, lipoproteins, and immune stimulatory peptides, which have the potential to enhance the immune response. The fused molecules are being tested as subunit vaccines alone or within live attenuated vector contexts. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to discuss the association of Mtb fusion proteins with adjuvants; Mtb immunogens fused with adjuvants; and cytokine fusion with Mtb proteins and live recombinant vectors expressing cytokines. The incorporation of adjuvant molecules in a vaccine can be complex, and developing a stable fusion with proteins is a challenging task. Overall, the fusion of adjuvants with Mtb epitopes, despite the limited number of studies, is a promising field in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás , Goiânia , Brazil
| | - Lázaro Moreira Marques Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás , Goiânia , Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás , Goiânia , Brazil
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Cordeiro CMM, Esmaili H, Ansah G, Hincke MT. Ovocalyxin-36 is a pattern recognition protein in chicken eggshell membranes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84112. [PMID: 24391897 PMCID: PMC3877205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian eggshell membranes are essential elements in the fabrication of the calcified shell as a defense against bacterial penetration. Ovocalyxin-36 (OCX-36) is an abundant avian eggshell membrane protein, which shares protein sequence homology to bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC) proteins. We have developed an efficient method to extract OCX-36 from chicken eggshell membranes for purification with cation and anion exchange chromatographies. Purified OCX-36 protein exhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding activity and bound lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 in a dose-dependent manner. OCX-36 showed inhibitory activity against growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. OCX-36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were verified at cDNA 211 position and the corresponding proteins proline-71 (Pro-71) or serine-71 (Ser-71) were purified from eggs collected from genotyped hens. A significant difference between Pro-71 and Ser-71 OCX-36 for S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) binding activity was detected. The current study is a starting point to understand the innate immune role that OCX-36 may play in protection against bacterial invasion of both embryonated eggs (relevant to avian reproductive success) and unfertilized table eggs (relevant to food safety).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Esmaili
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Ansah
- ISA North America, Division of Hendrix Genetics, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maxwell T. Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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45
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CD14 mediates binding of high doses of LPS but is dispensable for TNF-α production. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:824919. [PMID: 24489448 PMCID: PMC3892557 DOI: 10.1155/2013/824919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involves a sequential engagement of serum LPS-binding protein (LBP), plasma membrane CD14, and TLR4/MD-2 signaling complex. We analyzed participation of CD14 in TNF-α production stimulated with 1-1000 ng/mL of smooth or rough LPS (sLPS or rLPS) and in sLPS binding to RAW264 and J744 cells. CD14 was indispensable for TNF-α generation induced by a low concentration, 1 ng/mL, of sLPS and rLPS. At higher doses of both LPS forms (100-1000 ng/mL), TNF-α release required CD14 to much lower extent. Among the two forms of LPS, rLPS-induced TNF-α production was less CD14-dependent and could proceed in the absence of serum as an LBP source. On the other hand, the involvement of CD14 was crucial for the binding of 1000 ng/mL of sLPS judging from an inhibitory effect of the anti-CD14 antibody. The binding of sLPS was also strongly inhibited by dextran sulfate, a competitive ligand of scavenger receptors (SR). In the presence of dextran sulfate, sLPS-induced production of TNF-α was upregulated about 1.6-fold. The data indicate that CD14 together with SR participates in the binding of high doses of sLPS. However, CD14 contribution to TNF α production induced by high concentrations of sLPS and rLPS can be limited.
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Eckert JK, Kim YJ, Kim JI, Gürtler K, Oh DY, Sur S, Lundvall L, Hamann L, van der Ploeg A, Pickkers P, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Kubarenko AV, Weber AN, Kabesch M, Kumpf O, An HJ, Lee JO, Schumann RR. The crystal structure of lipopolysaccharide binding protein reveals the location of a frequent mutation that impairs innate immunity. Immunity 2013; 39:647-60. [PMID: 24120359 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase protein that initiates an immune response after recognition of bacterial LPS. Here, we report the crystal structure of murine LBP at 2.9 Å resolution. Several structural differences were observed between LBP and the related bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), and the LBP C-terminal domain contained a negatively charged groove and a hydrophobic "phenylalanine core." A frequent human LBP SNP (allelic frequency 0.08) affected this region, potentially generating a proteinase cleavage site. The mutant protein had a reduced binding capacity for LPS and lipopeptides. SNP carriers displayed a reduced cytokine response after in vivo LPS exposure and lower cytokine concentrations in pneumonia. In a retrospective trial, the LBP SNP was associated with increased mortality rates during sepsis and pneumonia. Thus, the structural integrity of LBP may be crucial for fighting infections efficiently, and future patient stratification might help to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Eckert
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Tsalkidou EA, Roilides E, Gardikis S, Trypsianis G, Kortsaris A, Chatzimichael A, Tentes I. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: a potential marker of febrile urinary tract infection in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:1091-7. [PMID: 23463341 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are encountered frequently in children, and their early diagnosis and treatment are important. This study evaluates the diagnostic value of serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), an acute-phase protein, in children with febrile UTI and compares it to those of the total white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). METHODS The study population comprised 77 consecutive patients with a first-episode febrile UTI (33 boys) with a median age of 11 months [interquartile range (IQR), 5.5-33 months], 21 healthy controls (11 boys) with a median age of 10 months (IQR, 5-20.5 months) and 58 febrile controls with a fever due to other causes (28 boys) with a median age of 12.5 months (IQR, 7-30 months). LBP, IL-6, PCT, and CRP were measured for both patients and control groups. RESULTS The serum levels of LBP (p < 0.001), CRP (p < 0.001), PCT (p = 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.002), ESR (p = 0.020), and WBC (p < 0.001) were higher in patients with febrile UTI than in the healthy and febrile control groups. The LPB cut-off value for best sensitivity and specificity in patients with febrile UTI was >43.23 mg/l. Furthermore, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was significantly greater for LBP than for CRP (p = 0.014), PCT (p < 0.001), ESR (p < 0.001), WBC (p = 0.002) and IL-6 (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the serum LBP concentration constitutes a reliable biologic marker for the diagnosis of a febrile UTI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Tsalkidou
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandoupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Toll-like receptor and accessory molecule mRNA expression in humans and mice as well as in murine autoimmunity, transient inflammation, and progressive fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13213-30. [PMID: 23803655 PMCID: PMC3742183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell type-, organ-, and species-specific expression of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well described, but little is known about the respective expression profiles of their accessory molecules. We therefore determined the mRNA expression levels of LBP, MD2, CD36, CD14, granulin, HMGB1, LL37, GRP94, UNC93b1, TRIL, PRAT4A, AP3B1, AEP and the respective TLRs in human and mouse solid organs. Humans and mice displayed significant differences between their respective mRNA expression patterns of these factors. In addition, the expression profiles in transient tissue inflammation upon renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, in spleens and kidneys from mice with lupus-like systemic autoimmunity, and in progressive tissue fibrosis upon unilateral ureteral obstruction were studied. Several TLR co-factors were specifically regulated during the different phases of these disease entities, suggesting a functional involvement in the disease process. Thus, the organ- and species-specific expression patterns need to be considered in the design and interpretation of studies related to TLR-mediated innate immunity, which seems to be involved in the tissue injury phase, in the phase of tissue regeneration, and in progressive tissue remodelling.
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Ma X, You X, Zeng Y, He J, Liu L, Deng Z, Jiang C, Wu H, Zhu C, Yu M, Wu Y. Mycoplasma fermentans MALP-2 induces heme oxygenase-1 expression via mitogen-activated protein kinases and Nrf2 pathways to modulate cyclooxygenase 2 expression in human monocytes. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:827-34. [PMID: 23536693 PMCID: PMC3675981 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00716-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-inducible rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation that confers cytoprotection against oxidative injury and performs a vital function in the maintenance of cell hemostasis. Increasing numbers of reports have indicated that mycoplasma-derived membrane lipoproteins/lipopeptides, such as macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2), function as agents that stimulate the immune system by producing various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), which play roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory responses during mycoplasma infection. Here, we report that MALP-2 induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression and upregulated HO-1 enzyme activity in THP-1 cells. Specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125, significantly abolished HO-1 expression. In addition, MALP-2 also induced NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation, and the silencing of Nrf2 expression in THP-1 cells decreased the levels of MALP-2-mediated HO-1 expression. Furthermore, COX-2 protein expression levels were upregulated in THP-1 cells in response to MALP-2, and transfection with small interfering RNAs of HO-1 significantly increased COX-2 accumulation. These results demonstrate that MALP-2 induces HO-1 expression via MAPKs and Nrf2 pathways and, furthermore, that MALP-2-induced COX-2 expression was modulated by HO-1 in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liangzhuan Liu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chuanhao Jiang
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Cuiming Zhu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Minjun Yu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Ding PH, Jin L. The role of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in innate immunity: a revisit and its relevance to oral/periodontal health. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.-H. Ding
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - L.J. Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
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