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Klapp V, Álvarez-Abril B, Leuzzi G, Kroemer G, Ciccia A, Galluzzi L. The DNA Damage Response and Inflammation in Cancer. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1521-1545. [PMID: 37026695 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic stability in normal cells is crucial to avoid oncogenesis. Accordingly, multiple components of the DNA damage response (DDR) operate as bona fide tumor suppressor proteins by preserving genomic stability, eliciting the demise of cells with unrepairable DNA lesions, and engaging cell-extrinsic oncosuppression via immunosurveillance. That said, DDR sig-naling can also favor tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Indeed, DDR signaling in cancer cells has been consistently linked to the inhibition of tumor-targeting immune responses. Here, we discuss the complex interactions between the DDR and inflammation in the context of oncogenesis, tumor progression, and response to therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that DDR is intimately connected to the emission of immunomodulatory signals by normal and malignant cells, as part of a cell-extrinsic program to preserve organismal homeostasis. DDR-driven inflammation, however, can have diametrically opposed effects on tumor-targeting immunity. Understanding the links between the DDR and inflammation in normal and malignant cells may unlock novel immunotherapeutic paradigms to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Klapp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Beatriz Álvarez-Abril
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
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Luo E, Liu H, Zhao Q, Shi B, Chen Q. Dental-craniofacial manifestation and treatment of rare diseases. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:9. [PMID: 30783081 PMCID: PMC6381182 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases are usually genetic, chronic and incurable disorders with a relatively low incidence. Developments in the diagnosis and management of rare diseases have been relatively slow due to a lack of sufficient profit motivation and market to attract research by companies. However, due to the attention of government and society as well as economic development, rare diseases have been gradually become an increasing concern. As several dental-craniofacial manifestations are associated with rare diseases, we summarize them in this study to help dentists and oral maxillofacial surgeons provide an early diagnosis and subsequent management for patients with these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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The natural product fucoidan ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:687-696. [PMID: 28797984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide based predominantly on l-fucose, and has several biologic functions. Reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis and autophagy and release of related inflammatory factors have important roles in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR). Here, the effect of fucoidan on hepatic IR was investigated. Mice were randomized into sham, IR, and fucoidan (20, 40mg/kg for 14days) groups. Samples were collected to assess biochemical indicators, hepatocyte damage and levels of proteins related to signaling pathways at different time points. Fucoidan had no effect on normal liver tissue, but inhibited the increases in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, inflammatory factors, and the hepatocyte damage caused by IR. Also, apoptosis and autophagy via the activated JAK2/STAT1 pathway were attenuated by fucoidan to protect against hepatic injury. In conclusion, fucoidan ameliorates hepatic IR injury in mice via JAK2/STAT1-mediated apoptosis and autophagy. Inhibition of this pathway may be associated with reduced release of related inflammatory cytokines, especially interferon-γ.
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Yap E, Norziha ZA, Simbun A, Tumian NR, Cheong SK, Leong CF, Wong CL. MicroRNAs that affect the Fanconi Anemia/BRCA pathway are downregulated in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia patients without detectable BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations. Leuk Res 2017; 59:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The herbal decoction modified Danggui Buxue Tang attenuates immune-mediated bone marrow failure by regulating the differentiation of T lymphocytes in an immune-induced aplastic anemia mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180417. [PMID: 28683082 PMCID: PMC5500321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Astragali and Rhizoma Coptidis are all herbs of modified Danggui Buxue Tang (DGBX) and are extensively applied herbs in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of anemia and inflammation. In this study, immune-induced AA mice were used as an animal model, and the immunosuppressive agent, Ciclosporin A (CsA), was used as a positive control. Multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined by bead-based multiplex flow cytometry. The T-cell subsets were assessed using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Western blot analysis was used to estimate the protein expression levels of specific transcription factors for T helper cells (Th1, Th2 and Th17) and key molecules of the Janus-activated kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat3) signaling pathway. DGBX treatment could significantly increase the production of whole blood cells in peripheral blood (PB); inhibit the expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells; increase the differentiation of Th2 and Tregs cells; regulate the expression levels of T-bet, GATA-3, RORγ and proinflammatory cytokines; and decrease the expression levels of key molecules in the Jak/Stat signaling pathway. These results indicate that DGBX can regulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes, resulting in immunosuppressive and hematogenic functions on AA mice. DGBX might be a good candidate for inclusion in a randomized study for AA with more data on the possible side effects and doses used in humans. Ultimately, it may be used for applications of traditional medicine against AA in modern complementary and alternative immunosuppressive therapeutics.
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Sertorio M, Amarachintha S, Wilson A, Pang Q. Loss of Fancc Impairs Antibody-Secreting Cell Differentiation in Mice through Deregulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2986-94. [PMID: 26895835 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by a progressive bone marrow failure and an increased incidence of cancer. FA patients have high susceptibility to immune-related complications such as infection and posttransplant graft-versus-host disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of FA deficiency in B cell function using the Fancc mouse model. Fancc(-/-) B cells show a specific defect in IgG2a switch and impaired Ab-secreting cell (ASC) differentiation. Global transcriptome analysis of naive B cells by mRNA sequencing demonstrates that FA deficiency deregulates a network of genes involved in immune function. Significantly, many genes implicated in Wnt signaling were aberrantly expressed in Fancc(-/-) B cells. Consistently, Fancc(-/-) B cells accumulate high levels of β-catenin under both resting and stimulated conditions, suggesting hyperactive Wnt signaling. Using an in vivo Wnt GFP reporter assay, we verified the upregulation of Wnt signaling as a potential mechanism responsible for the impaired Fancc(-/-) B cell differentiation. Furthermore, we showed that Wnt signaling inhibits ASC differentiation possibly through repression of Blimp1 and that Fancc(-/-) B cells are hypersensitive to Wnt activation during ASC differentiation. Our findings identify Wnt signaling as a physiological regulator of ASC differentiation and establish a role for the Wnt pathway in normal B cell function and FA immune deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Sertorio
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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7
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Epanchintsev A, Shyamsunder P, Verma RS, Lyakhovich A. IL-6, IL-8, MMP-2, MMP-9 are overexpressed in Fanconi anemia cells through a NF-κB/TNF-α dependent mechanism. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1686-99. [PMID: 25358651 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with a bone-marrow failure, genome instability, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and a predisposition to cancer. Mutations have been documented in 16 FA genes that participate in the FA-BRCA DNA repair pathway, a fundamental pathway in the development of the disease and the presentation of its symptoms. FA cells have been characterized by an overproduction of cytokines, MAPKs, and Interleukins. Through this study we have identified the overexpression of additional secretory factors such as IL-6, IL-8, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in FA cells and in cells depleted of FANCA or FANCC and proved that their expression is under the control of NF-κB/TNF-α signaling pathways. We also demonstrated that these overexpressed secretory factors were effective in promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of surrounding tumor cells a fundamental event in the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and that they also modulated the expression of EMT markers such as E-cadherin and SNAIL. Overall our data suggest that the upregulation of EMT promoting factors in FA may contribute to predisposing FA patients to cancer, thereby providing new insights into possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Epanchintsev
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Pavithra Shyamsunder
- Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Rama S Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Novosibirsk Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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8
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Laguette N, Brégnard C, Hue P, Basbous J, Yatim A, Larroque M, Kirchhoff F, Constantinou A, Sobhian B, Benkirane M. Premature activation of the SLX4 complex by Vpr promotes G2/M arrest and escape from innate immune sensing. Cell 2014; 156:134-45. [PMID: 24412650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HIV auxiliary protein Vpr potently blocks the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. Here, we show that G2/M arrest results from untimely activation of the structure-specific endonuclease (SSE) regulator SLX4 complex (SLX4com) by Vpr, a process that requires VPRBP-DDB1-CUL4 E3-ligase complex. Direct interaction of Vpr with SLX4 induced the recruitment of VPRBP and kinase-active PLK1, enhancing the cleavage of DNA by SLX4-associated MUS81-EME1 endonucleases. G2/M arrest-deficient Vpr alleles failed to interact with SLX4 or to induce recruitment of MUS81 and PLK1. Furthermore, knockdown of SLX4, MUS81, or EME1 inhibited Vpr-induced G2/M arrest. In addition, we show that the SLX4com is involved in suppressing spontaneous and HIV-1-mediated induction of type 1 interferon and establishment of antiviral responses. Thus, our work not only reveals the identity of the cellular factors required for Vpr-mediated G2/M arrest but also identifies the SLX4com as a regulator of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Laguette
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France.
| | - Christelle Brégnard
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Pauline Hue
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Jihane Basbous
- Laboratoire Instabilité du Génome et Cancer, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Ahmad Yatim
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Marion Larroque
- Laboratoire Instabilité du Génome et Cancer, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 81089 Ulm, Germany
| | - Angelos Constantinou
- Laboratoire Instabilité du Génome et Cancer, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Bijan Sobhian
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Monsef Benkirane
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier 34000, France.
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Abstract
Molecular pathogenesis may be elucidated for inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). The study and presentation of the details of their molecular biology and biochemistry is warranted for appropriate diagnosis and management of afflicted patients and to identify the physiology of the normal hematopoiesis and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Several themes have emerged within each subsection of IBMFS, including the ribosomopathies, which include ribosome assembly and ribosomal RNA processing. The Fanconi anemia pathway has become interdigitated with the familial breast cancer syndromes. In this article, the diseases that account for most IBMFS diagnoses are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deborah Chirnomas
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, LMP 2073, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Disrupted Signaling through the Fanconi Anemia Pathway Leads to Dysfunctional Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Anemia 2012; 2012:265790. [PMID: 22675615 PMCID: PMC3366203 DOI: 10.1155/2012/265790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is the most common inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. FA patients suffer to varying degrees from a heterogeneous range of developmental defects and, in addition, have an increased likelihood of developing cancer. Almost all FA patients develop a severe, progressive bone marrow failure syndrome, which impacts upon the production of all hematopoietic lineages and, hence, is thought to be driven by a defect at the level of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). This hypothesis would also correlate with the very high incidence of MDS and AML that is observed in FA patients. In this paper, we discuss the evidence that supports the role of dysfunctional HSC biology in driving the etiology of the disease. Furthermore, we consider the different model systems currently available to study the biology of cells defective in the FA signaling pathway and how they are informative in terms of identifying the physiologic mediators of HSC depletion and dissecting their putative mechanism of action. Finally, we ask whether the insights gained using such disease models can be translated into potential novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the hematologic disorders in FA patients.
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Fanconi anemia proteins and their interacting partners: a molecular puzzle. Anemia 2012; 2012:425814. [PMID: 22737580 PMCID: PMC3378961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Fanconi anemia (FA) has been the subject of intense investigations, primarily in the DNA repair research field. Many discoveries have led to the notion of a canonical pathway, termed the FA pathway, where all FA proteins function sequentially in different protein complexes to repair DNA cross-link damages. Although a detailed architecture of this DNA cross-link repair pathway is emerging, the question of how a defective DNA cross-link repair process translates into the disease phenotype is unresolved. Other areas of research including oxidative metabolism, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation have been studied in the context of FA, and some of these areas were investigated before the fervent enthusiasm in the DNA repair field. These other molecular mechanisms may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In addition, several FA-interacting proteins have been identified with roles in these “other” nonrepair molecular functions. Thus, the goal of this paper is to revisit old ideas and to discuss protein-protein interactions related to other FA-related molecular functions to try to give the reader a wider perspective of the FA molecular puzzle.
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12
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Meier D, Schindler D. Fanconi anemia core complex gene promoters harbor conserved transcription regulatory elements. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22911. [PMID: 21826217 PMCID: PMC3149625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) gene family is a recent addition to the complex network of proteins that respond to and repair certain types of DNA damage in the human genome. Since little is known about the regulation of this novel group of genes at the DNA level, we characterized the promoters of the eight genes (FANCA, B, C, E, F, G, L and M) that compose the FA core complex. The promoters of these genes show the characteristic attributes of housekeeping genes, such as a high GC content and CpG islands, a lack of TATA boxes and a low conservation. The promoters functioned in a monodirectional way and were, in their most active regions, comparable in strength to the SV40 promoter in our reporter plasmids. They were also marked by a distinctive transcriptional start site (TSS). In the 5' region of each promoter, we identified a region that was able to negatively regulate the promoter activity in HeLa and HEK 293 cells in isolation. The central and 3' regions of the promoter sequences harbor binding sites for several common and rare transcription factors, including STAT, SMAD, E2F, AP1 and YY1, which indicates that there may be cross-connections to several established regulatory pathways. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and siRNA experiments confirmed the shared regulatory responses between the prominent members of the TGF-β and JAK/STAT pathways and members of the FA core complex. Although the promoters are not well conserved, they share region and sequence specific regulatory motifs and transcription factor binding sites (TBFs), and we identified a bi-partite nature to these promoters. These results support a hypothesis based on the co-evolution of the FA core complex genes that was expanded to include their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
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13
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Blalock WL, Bavelloni A, Piazzi M, Faenza I, Cocco L. A role for PKR in hematologic malignancies. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:572-91. [PMID: 20232306 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR has been described for many years as strictly a pro-apoptotic kinase. Recent data suggest that the main purpose of this kinase is damage control and repair following stress and, if all else fails, apoptosis. Aberrant activation of PKR has been reported in numerous neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Although a subset of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia contain low levels of PKR expression and activity, elevated PKR activity and/or expression have been detected in a wide range of hematologic malignancies, from bone marrow failure disorders to acute leukemia. With the recent findings that cancers containing elevated PKR activity are highly sensitive to PKR inhibition, we explore the role of PKR in hematologic malignancies, signal transduction pathways affected by PKR, and how PKR may contribute to leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Blalock
- Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited genomic instability disorder, caused by mutations in genes regulating replication-dependent removal of interstrand DNA crosslinks. The Fanconi Anemia pathway is thought to coordinate a complex mechanism that enlists elements of three classic DNA repair pathways, namely homologous recombination, nucleotide excision repair, and mutagenic translesion synthesis, in response to genotoxic insults. To this end, the Fanconi Anemia pathway employs a unique nuclear protein complex that ubiquitinates FANCD2 and FANCI, leading to formation of DNA repair structures. Lack of obvious enzymatic activities among most FA members has made it challenging to unravel its precise modus operandi. Here we review the current understanding of how the Fanconi Anemia pathway components participate in DNA repair and discuss the mechanisms that regulate this pathway to ensure timely, efficient, and correct restoration of chromosomal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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15
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Parmar K, D'Andrea A, Niedernhofer LJ. Mouse models of Fanconi anemia. Mutat Res 2009; 668:133-40. [PMID: 19427003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a rare inherited disease characterized by congenital anomalies, growth retardation, aplastic anemia and an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia and squamous cell carcinomas. The disease is caused by mutation in genes encoding proteins required for the Fanconi anemia pathway, a response mechanism to replicative stress, including that caused by genotoxins that cause DNA interstrand crosslinks. Defects in the Fanconi anemia pathway lead to genomic instability and apoptosis of proliferating cells. To date, 13 complementation groups of Fanconi anemia were identified. Five of these genes have been deleted or mutated in the mouse, as well as a sixth key regulatory gene, to create mouse models of Fanconi anemia. This review summarizes the phenotype of each of the Fanconi anemia mouse models and highlights how genetic and interventional studies using the strains have yielded novel insight into therapeutic strategies for Fanconi anemia and into how the Fanconi anemia pathway protects against genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalindi Parmar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Biomarkers and mechanisms of FANCD2 function. J Biomed Biotechnol 2008; 2008:821529. [PMID: 18483568 PMCID: PMC2375970 DOI: 10.1155/2008/821529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic or epigenetic inactivation of the pathway formed by the Fanconi anemia (FA) and BRCA1 proteins occurs in several cancer types, making the affected tumors potentially hypersensitive to DNA cross-linkers and other chemotherapeutic agents. It has been proposed that the inability of FA/BRCA-defective cells to form subnuclear foci of effector proteins, such as FANCD2, can be used as a biomarker to aid individualization of chemotherapy. We show that FANCD2 inactivation not only renders cells sensitive to cross-links, but also oxidative stress, a common effect of cancer therapeutics. Oxidative stress sensitivity does not correlate with FANCD2 or RAD51 foci formation, but associates with increased γH2AX foci levels and apoptosis. Therefore, FANCD2 may protect cells against cross-links and oxidative stress through distinct mechanisms, consistent with the growing notion that the pathway is not linear. Our data emphasize the need for multiple biomarkers, such as γH2AX, FANCD2, and RAD51, to capture all pathway activities.
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17
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by aplastic anemia, cancer/leukemia susceptibility and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, such as cisplatin. To date, 12 FA gene products have been identified, which cooperate in a common DNA damage-activated signaling pathway regulating DNA repair (the FA pathway). Eight FA proteins form a nuclear complex harboring E3 ubiquitin ligase activity (the FA core complex) that, in response to DNA damage, mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FA protein FANCD2. Monoubiquitylated FANCD2 colocalizes in nuclear foci with proteins involved in DNA repair, including BRCA1, FANCD1/BRCA2, FANCN/PALB2 and RAD51. All these factors are required for cellular resistance to DNA crosslinking agents. The inactivation of the FA pathway has also been observed in a wide variety of human cancers and is implicated in the sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA crosslinking agents. Drugs that inhibit the FA pathway may be useful chemosensitizers in the treatment of cancer. Publication history: Republished from Current BioData's Targeted Proteins database (TPdb; http://www.targetedproteinsdb.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Jacquemont
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, N, C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Sejas DP, Rani R, Qiu Y, Zhang X, Fagerlie SR, Nakano H, Williams DA, Pang Q. Inflammatory reactive oxygen species-mediated hemopoietic suppression in Fancc-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5277-87. [PMID: 17404312 PMCID: PMC2919363 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with the genomic instability syndrome Fanconi anemia (FA) commonly develop progressive bone marrow (BM) failure and have a high risk of cancer. Certain manifestations of the disease suggest that the FA immune system is dysfunctional and may contribute to the pathogenesis of both BM failure and malignancies. In this study, we have investigated inflammation and innate immunity in FA hemopoietic cells using mice deficient in Fanconi complementation group C gene (Fancc). We demonstrate that Fancc-deficient mice exhibit enhanced inflammatory response and are hypersensitive to LPS-induced septic shock as a result of hemopoietic suppression. This exacerbated inflammatory phenotype is intrinsic to the hemopoietic system and can be corrected by the re-expression of a wild-type FANCC gene, suggesting a potential role of the FANCC protein in innate immunity. LPS-mediated hemopoietic suppression requires two major inflammatory agents, TNF-alpha and reactive oxygen species. In addition, LPS-induced excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in Fancc(-/-) BM cells overactivates the stress kinase p38 and requires prolonged activation of the JNK. Our data implicate a role of inflammation in pathogenesis of FA and BM failure diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Sejas
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Reena Rani
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Yuhui Qiu
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Sara R. Fagerlie
- Clinical Transplantation Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - David A. Williams
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare hereditary disease characterized by bone marrow failure and developmental anomalies; a high incidence of myelodysplasia (MDS), acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML), and solid tumors; and cellular hypersensitivity to cross-linking agents. The genetic basis of FA is mutations in any one of the known FA genes. The function of the proteins is largely unknown, but many form complexes with each other, and in one canonical "pathway," eight of the known FA proteins bind together in a complex and monoubiquitinate FANCD2, a protein not present in the core complex. Monoubiquitinated FANCD2 translocates to damage-induced nuclear foci containing BRCA1, BRCA2, and Rad51, thereby protecting the genome. Because hypersensitivity to genotoxic stress is a feature of all somatic cells, this aspect of FA protein function cannot account for the nearly universal development of bone marrow failure. There is strong in vitro and in vivo evidence that at least some of the FA proteins promote survival signaling pathways in hematopoietic cells by forming complexes with signaling molecules. Because associations with heat shock proteins occur in this context, we suggest that these proteins function as co-chaperones and scaffolds that organize proper responses to a wide variety of extracellular cues, some global, and some specific for hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grover C Bagby
- OHSU Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Abstract
A rare genetic disease, Fanconi anemia (FA), now attracts broader attention from cancer biologists and basic researchers in the DNA repair and ubiquitin biology fields as well as from hematologists. FA is a chromosome instability syndrome characterized by childhood-onset aplastic anemia, cancer or leukemia susceptibility, and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Identification of 11 genes for FA has led to progress in the molecular understanding of this disease. FA proteins, including a ubiquitin ligase (FANCL), a monoubiquitinated protein (FANCD2), a helicase (FANCJ/BACH1/BRIP1), and a breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility protein (FANCD1/BRCA2), appear to cooperate in a pathway leading to the recognition and repair of damaged DNA. Molecular interactions among FA proteins and responsible proteins for other chromosome instability syndromes (BLM, NBS1, MRE11, ATM, and ATR) have also been found. Furthermore, inactivation of FA genes has been observed in a wide variety of human cancers in the general population. These findings have broad implications for predicting the sensitivity and resistance of tumors to widely used anticancer DNA crosslinking agents (cisplatin, mitomycin C, and melphalan). Here, we summarize recent progress in the molecular biology of FA and discuss roles of the FA proteins in DNA repair and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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