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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are short-lived: reappraising the influence of migration, genetic factors and activation on estimation of lifespan. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25060. [PMID: 27112985 PMCID: PMC4844974 DOI: 10.1038/srep25060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important role in immunity to certain pathogens and immunopathology in some autoimmune diseases. They are thought to have a longer lifespan than conventional DCs (cDCs), largely based on a slower rate of BrdU labeling by splenic pDCs. Here we demonstrated that pDC expansion and therefore BrdU labeling by pDCs occurs in bone marrow (BM). The rate of labeling was similar between BM pDCs and spleen cDCs. Therefore, slower BrdU labeling of spleen pDCs likely reflects the "migration time" (∼2 days) for BrdU labeled pDCs to traffic to the spleen, not necessarily reflecting longer life span. Tracking the decay of differentiated DCs showed that splenic pDCs and cDCs decayed at a similar rate. We suggest that spleen pDCs have a shorter in vivo lifespan than estimated utilizing some of the previous approaches. Nevertheless, pDC lifespan varies between mouse strains. pDCs from lupus-prone NZB mice survived longer than C57BL/6 pDCs. We also demonstrated that activation either positively or negatively impacted on the survival of pDCs via different cell-death mechanisms. Thus, pDCs are also short-lived. However, the pDC lifespan is regulated by genetic and environmental factors that may have pathological consequence.
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2
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Fukui R, Kanno A, Miyake K. Type I IFN Contributes to the Phenotype of Unc93b1D34A/D34A Mice by Regulating TLR7 Expression in B Cells and Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:416-27. [PMID: 26621862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR7 recognizes pathogen-derived and self-derived RNA, and thus a regulatory system for control of the TLR7 response is required to avoid excessive activation. Unc93 homolog B1 (Unc93B1) is a regulator of TLR7 that controls the TLR7 response by transporting TLR7 from the endoplasmic reticulum to endolysosomes. We have previously shown that a D34A mutation in Unc93B1 induces hyperactivation of TLR7, and that Unc93b1(D34A/D34A) mice (D34A mice) have systemic inflammation spontaneously. In this study, we examined the roles of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17A, and type I IFNs to understand the mechanism underlying the phenotype in D34A mice. mRNAs for IFN-γ and IL-I7A in CD4(+) T cells increased, but inflammatory phenotype manifesting as thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly was still observed in Ifng(-/-) or Il17a(-/-) D34A mice. In contrast to T cell-derived cytokines, Ifnar1(-/-) D34A mice showed an ameliorated phenotype with lower expression of TLR7 in B cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). The amount of TLR7 decreased in B cells from Ifnar1(-/-) D34A mice, but the percentage of TLR7(+) cells decreased among CD8α(-) cDCs. In conclusion, type I IFNs maintain expression of TLR7 in B cells and cDCs in different ways; total amount of TLR7 is kept in B cells and TLR7(+) population is retained among cDCs. Our results suggested that these TLR7-expressing cells are activated initially and influence TLR7-dependent systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Atsuo Kanno
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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3
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Llanos C, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Contribution of dendritic cells to the autoimmune pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2015; 146:497-507. [PMID: 26173489 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous disease in which excessive inflammation, autoantibodies and complement activation lead to multisystem tissue damage. The contribution of the individual genetic composition has been extensively studied, and several susceptibility genes related to immune pathways that participate in SLE pathogenesis have been identified. It has been proposed that SLE takes place when susceptibility factors interact with environmental stimuli leading to a deregulated immune response. Experimental evidence suggests that such events are related to the failure of T-cell and B-cell suppression mediated by defects in cell signalling, immune tolerance and apoptotic mechanism promoting autoimmunity. In addition, it has been reported that dendritic cells (DCs) from SLE patients, which are crucial in the modulation of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, show an increased ratio of activating/inhibitory receptors on their surfaces. This phenotype and an augmented expression of co-stimulatory molecules is thought to be critical for disease pathogenesis. Accordingly, tolerogenic DCs can be a potential strategy for developing antigen-specific therapies to reduce detrimental inflammation without causing systemic immunosuppression. In this review article we discuss the most relevant data relative to the contribution of DCs to the triggering of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Mackern-Oberti
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Science and Technology Center (CCT) of Mendoza, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
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4
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Lu FT, Yang W, Wang YH, Ma HD, Tang W, Yang JB, Li L, Ansari AA, Lian ZX. Thymic B cells promote thymus-derived regulatory T cell development and proliferation. J Autoimmun 2015; 61:62-72. [PMID: 26071985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thymic CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for the development of immunological tolerance and immune homeostasis and requires contributions of both thymic dendritic and epithelial cells. Although B cells have been reported to be present within the thymus, there has not hitherto been a definition of their role in immune cell development and, in particular, whether or how they contribute to the Treg cellular thymic compartment. Herein, using both phenotypic and functional approaches, we demonstrate that thymic B cells contribute to the maintenance of thymic Treg cells and, using an in vitro culture system, demonstrate that thymic B cells contribute to the size of the thymic Treg compartment via cell-cell MHC II contact and the involvement of two independent co-stimulatory pathways that include interactions between the CD40/CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. Our data also suggest that thymic B cells promote the generation of thymic Treg cell precursors (pre-Treg cells), but not the conversion of FoxP3(+) Treg cells from pre-Treg cells. In addition, thymic B cells directly promote the proliferation of thymic Treg cells that is MHC II contact dependent with a minimal if any role for co-stimulatory molecules including CD40/CD80/CD86. Both pathways are independent of TGFβ. In conclusion, we rigorously define the critical role of thymic B cells in the development of thymic Treg cells from non-Treg to precursor stage and in the proliferation of mature thymic Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ting Lu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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5
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Zhan Y, Carrington EM, Ko HJ, Vikstrom IB, Oon S, Zhang JG, Vremec D, Brady JL, Bouillet P, Wu L, Huang DCS, Wicks IP, Morand EF, Strasser A, Lew AM. Bcl-2 Antagonists Kill Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells From Lupus-Prone Mice and Dampen Interferon-α Production. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:797-808. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Emma M. Carrington
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Hyun-Ja Ko
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Ingela B. Vikstrom
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Shereen Oon
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - David Vremec
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Jamie L. Brady
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Li Wu
- Tsinghua University and Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences and Tsinghua University School of Medicine; Beijing China
| | - David C. S. Huang
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Ian P. Wicks
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Eric F. Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Andrew M. Lew
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
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6
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Palanichamy A, Bauer JW, Yalavarthi S, Meednu N, Barnard J, Owen T, Cistrone C, Bird A, Rabinovich A, Nevarez S, Knight JS, Dedrick R, Rosenberg A, Wei C, Rangel-Moreno J, Liesveld J, Sanz I, Baechler E, Kaplan MJ, Anolik JH. Neutrophil-mediated IFN activation in the bone marrow alters B cell development in human and murine systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:906-18. [PMID: 24379124 PMCID: PMC3907774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of type I IFN plays a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we report the presence of IFN activation in SLE bone marrow (BM), as measured by an IFN gene signature, increased IFN regulated chemokines, and direct production of IFN by BM-resident cells, associated with profound changes in B cell development. The majority of SLE patients had an IFN signature in the BM that was more pronounced than the paired peripheral blood and correlated with both higher autoantibodies and disease activity. Pronounced alterations in B cell development were noted in SLE in the presence of an IFN signature with a reduction in the fraction of pro/pre-B cells, suggesting an inhibition in early B cell development and an expansion of B cells at the transitional stage. These B cell changes strongly correlated with an increase in BAFF and APRIL expression in the IFN-high BM. Furthermore, we found that BM neutrophils in SLE were prime producers of IFN-α and B cell factors. In NZM lupus-prone mice, similar changes in B cell development were observed and mediated by IFN, given abrogation in NZM mice lacking type-I IFNR. BM neutrophils were abundant, responsive to, and producers of IFN, in close proximity to B cells. These results indicate that the BM is an important but previously unrecognized target organ in SLE with neutrophil-mediated IFN activation and alterations in B cell ontogeny and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Palanichamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jason W Bauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Srilakshmi Yalavarthi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nida Meednu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jennifer Barnard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Teresa Owen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Christopher Cistrone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Anna Bird
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Alfred Rabinovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sarah Nevarez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Alexander Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Emily Baechler
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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7
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Pau E, Cheung YH, Loh C, Lajoie G, Wither JE. TLR tolerance reduces IFN-alpha production despite plasmacytoid dendritic cell expansion and anti-nuclear antibodies in NZB bicongenic mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36761. [PMID: 22574220 PMCID: PMC3344944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic loci on New Zealand Black (NZB) chromosomes 1 and 13 play a significant role in the development of lupus-like autoimmune disease. We have previously shown that C57BL/6 (B6) congenic mice with homozygous NZB chromosome 1 (B6.NZBc1) or 13 (B6.NZBc13) intervals develop anti-nuclear antibodies and mild glomerulonephritis (GN), together with increased T and B cell activation. Here, we produced B6.NZBc1c13 bicongenic mice with both intervals, and demonstrate several novel phenotypes including: marked plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cell expansion, and elevated IgA production. Despite these changes, only minor increases in anti-nuclear antibody production were seen, and the severity of GN was reduced as compared to B6.NZBc1 mice. Although bicongenic mice had increased levels of baff and tnf-α mRNA in their spleens, the levels of IFN-α-induced gene expression were reduced. Splenocytes from bicongenic mice also demonstrated reduced secretion of IFN-α following TLR stimulation in vitro. This reduction was not due to inhibition by TNF-α and IL-10, or regulation by other cellular populations. Because pDC in bicongenic mice are chronically exposed to nuclear antigen-containing immune complexes in vivo, we examined whether repeated stimulation of mouse pDC with TLR ligands leads to impaired IFN-α production, a phenomenon termed TLR tolerance. Bone marrow pDC from both B6 and bicongenic mice demonstrated markedly inhibited secretion of IFN-α following repeated stimulation with a TLR9 ligand. Our findings suggest that the expansion of pDC and production of anti-nuclear antibodies need not be associated with increased IFN-α production and severe kidney disease, revealing additional complexity in the regulation of autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Pau
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yui-Ho Cheung
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Loh
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ginette Lajoie
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital and William Osler Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Haque S, Alexander MY, Bruce IN. Endothelial progenitor cells: a new player in lupus? Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:203. [PMID: 22356717 PMCID: PMC3392811 DOI: 10.1186/ar3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a greatly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. There is growing interest in the link between vascular damage and lupus-specific inflammatory factors. Impaired endothelial repair could account for the endothelial dysfunction in this patient group. This review describes the contribution that endothelial progenitor cells could play in the pathogenesis of premature vascular damage in this disease. The methods of isolation, detection, and characterization of endothelial progenitor cells, together with their potential role in repair of the endothelium and as a therapeutic target in SLE, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahena Haque
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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9
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Apostolidis SA, Lieberman LA, Kis-Toth K, Crispín JC, Tsokos GC. The dysregulation of cytokine networks in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:769-79. [PMID: 21877904 PMCID: PMC3189553 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic immune activation and tissue damage. Organ damage in SLE results from the deposition of immune complexes and the infiltration of activated T cells into susceptible organs. Cytokines are intimately involved in every step of the SLE pathogenesis. Defective immune regulation and uncontrolled lymphocyte activation, as well as increased antigen presenting cell maturation are all influenced by cytokines. Moreover, expansion of local immune responses as well as tissue infiltration by pathogenic cells is instigated by cytokines. In this review, we describe the main cytokine abnormalities reported in SLE and discuss the mechanisms that drive their aberrant production as well as the pathogenic pathways that their presence promotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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10
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Abrogation of pathogenic IgG autoantibody production in CD40L gene-deleted lupus-prone New Zealand Black mice. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:215-27. [PMID: 21414847 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand Black (NZB) mice spontaneously develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease. Since CD40-CD40L interactions are important for B cell class-switch recombination and germinal center formation, we sought to understand the impact of these interactions on the immune abnormalities in NZB CD40L gene-deleted (CD40L(-/-)) mice in vivo. NZB.CD40L(-/-) mice demonstrated abrogation of all IgG autoantibodies tested and attenuated kidney disease. However, polyclonal B cell activation in vivo and B cell proliferation and class-switching in response to TLR ligands in vitro were preserved in the absence of CD40L in NZB mice. Although, plasmacytoid dendritic cell expansion and elevated BAFF production were unaffected by the absence of CD40L, there was some evidence that IFN-α-induced gene expression was reduced in the bone marrow of NZB.CD40L(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that CD40-CD40L interactions play an important role in promoting pathogenic IgG autoantibody production and kidney disease in NZB mice.
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11
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Thacker SG, Berthier CC, Mattinzoli D, Rastaldi MP, Kretzler M, Kaplan MJ. The detrimental effects of IFN-α on vasculogenesis in lupus are mediated by repression of IL-1 pathways: potential role in atherogenesis and renal vascular rarefaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4457-69. [PMID: 20805419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased vascular risk due to premature atherosclerosis independent of traditional risk factors. We previously proposed that IFN-α plays a crucial role in premature vascular damage in SLE. IFN-α alters the balance between endothelial cell apoptosis and vascular repair mediated by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and myeloid circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-α promotes an antiangiogenic signature in SLE and control EPCs/CACs, characterized by transcriptional repression of IL-1α and β, IL-1R1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A, and upregulation of IL-1R antagonist and the decoy receptor IL-1R2. IL-1β promotes significant improvement in the functional capacity of lupus EPCs/CACs, therefore abrogating the deleterious effects of IFN-α. The beneficial effects from IL-1 are mediated, at least in part, by increases in EPC/CAC proliferation, by decreases in EPC/CAC apoptosis, and by preventing the skewing of CACs toward nonangiogenic pathways. IFN-α induces STAT2 and 6 phosphorylation in EPCs/CACs, and JAK inhibition abrogates the transcriptional antiangiogenic changes induced by IFN-α in these cells. Immunohistochemistry of renal biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis, but not anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic Ab-positive vasculitis, showed this pathway to be operational in vivo, with increased IL-1R antagonist, downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A, and glomerular and blood vessel decreased capillary density, compared with controls. Our study introduces a novel putative pathway by which type I IFNs may interfere with vascular repair in SLE through repression of IL-1-dependent pathways. This could promote atherosclerosis and loss of renal function in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth G Thacker
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Goeken JA, Layer T, Fleenor S, Laccheo M, Lenert P. B-cell receptor for antigen modulates B-cell responses to complex TLR9 agonists and antagonists: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010; 19:1290-301. [PMID: 20605877 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310371157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to make secondary structures significantly affects the ability of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists and antagonists to either induce or block TLR9-dependent activation in B cells. However, it has a minor impact on TLR9-induced activation in interferon alpha (IFNα)-producing dendritic cells. Based on the ability of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides to form predictable secondary structures, we have classified TLR9-antagonists into Class R ('restricted', palindromic) and Class B ('broadly reactive', linear) oligodeoxynucleotides. In non-autoreactive B cells, Class R oligodeoxynucleotides are at least 10-fold less potent TLR9-inhibitors. We wanted to determine whether engagement of the B-cell receptor for antigen could overcome this restriction. Here we show that in non-autoreactive mouse B cells, B-cell receptor for antigen engagement increased the potency of Class R oligodeoxynucleotides for TLR9 activation at least 10-fold, making it equal in potency to linear oligodeoxynucleotides. However, this enhanced potency was selective for TLR9-induced B-cell cycling and apoptosis protection while TLR9-induced IL-6, an event that strongly depends on signaling via late endosomes, still required 10 times more Class R oligodeoxynucleotides. Thus, pathway-specific effects of Class R oligodeoxynucleotides for TLR9/B-cell receptor for antigen co-stimulated B cells may have therapeutic advantages over non-selective targeting of B cells, a strategy that may be seen as a potential therapy for human systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Goeken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Nie YJ, Mok MY, Chan GCF, Chan AW, Jin OU, Kavikondala S, Lie AKW, Lau CS. Phenotypic and functional abnormalities of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R91. [PMID: 20478074 PMCID: PMC2911875 DOI: 10.1186/ar3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T and B cells, which are believed to be secondary to deficient dendritic cells (DCs). However, whether DC abnormalities occur during their development in the bone marrow (BM) or in the periphery is not known. Methods Thirteen patients with SLE and 16 normal controls were recruited. We studied the morphology, phenotype, and functional abilities of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) generated by using two culture methods: FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3)-ligand (FL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively. Results BMDCs induced by FL exhibited both myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) features, whereas GM-CSF/IL-4 induced mDC generation. Substantial phenotypic and functional defects of BMDCs were found from patients with SLE at different stages of cell maturation. When compared with healthy controls, SLE immature BM FLDCs expressed higher levels of CCR7. Both immature and mature SLE BM FLDCs expressed higher levels of CD40 and CD86 and induced stronger T-cell proliferation. SLE BM mDCs expressed higher levels of CD40 and CD86 but lower levels of HLA-DR and a lower ability to stimulate T-cell proliferation when compared with control BM mDCs. Conclusions Our data are in accordance with previous reports that suggest that DCs have a potential pathogenic role in SLE. Defects of these cells are evident during their development in BM. BM mDCs are deficient, whereas BM pDCs, which are part of BM FLDCs, are the likely culprit in inducing autoimmunity in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying J Nie
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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Classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of inhibitory oligonucleotides for Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:986596. [PMID: 20490286 PMCID: PMC2873634 DOI: 10.1155/2010/986596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune defense depends on two specialized armed forces. The innate force acts as an alarm mechanism that senses changes in the microenvironment through the recognition of common microbial patterns by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD proteins. It rapidly generates an inflammatory response aimed at neutralizing the intruder at the mucosal checkpoint. The innate arm also communicates this message with more specialized adaptive forces represented by pathogen-specific B cells and T cells. Interestingly, B cells also express some innate sensors, like TLR7 and TLR9, and may respond to bacterial hypomethylated CpG motifs and single-stranded RNA viruses. Intracellular nucleic acid sensing TLRs play an important role in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we describe recent achievements in the development of oligonucleotide—(ODN)-based inhibitors of TLR9 and/or TLR7 signaling. We categorize these novel therapeutics into Classes G, R, and B based on their cellular and molecular targets. Several short ODNs have already shown promise as pathway-specific therapeutics for animal lupus. We envision their future use in human SLE, microbial DNA-dependent sepsis, and in other autoinflammatory diseases.
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Lenert P. Nucleic acid sensing receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus: development of novel DNA- and/or RNA-like analogues for treating lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:208-22. [PMID: 20456414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) DNA, DNA- or RNA-associated nucleoproteins are the primary autoimmune targets in SLE, yet their relative inability to trigger similar autoimmune responses in experimental animals has fascinated scientists for decades. While many cellular proteins bind non-specifically negatively charged nucleic acids, it was discovered only recently that several intracellular proteins are involved directly in innate recognition of exogenous DNA or RNA, or cytosol-residing DNA or RNA viruses. Thus, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate responses to double-stranded RNA (TLR-3), single-stranded RNA (TLR-7/8) or unmethylated bacterial cytosine (phosphodiester) guanine (CpG)-DNA (TLR-9), while DNA-dependent activator of IRFs/Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI/ZBP1), haematopoietic IFN-inducible nuclear protein-200 (p202), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), RNA polymerase III, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) mediate responses to cytosolic dsDNA or dsRNA, respectively. TLR-induced responses are more robust than those induced by cytosolic DNA- or RNA- sensors, the later usually being limited to interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent type I interferon (IFN) induction and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. Interestingly, AIM2 is not capable of inducing type I IFN, but rather plays a role in caspase I activation. DNA- or RNA-like synthetic inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODN) have been developed that antagonize TLR-7- and/or TLR-9-induced activation in autoimmune B cells and in type I IFN-producing dendritic cells at low nanomolar concentrations. It is not known whether these INH-ODNs have any agonistic or antagonistic effects on cytosolic DNA or RNA sensors. While this remains to be determined in the future, in vivo studies have already shown their potential for preventing spontaneous lupus in various animal models of lupus. Several groups are exploring the possibility of translating these INH-ODNs into human therapeutics for treating SLE and bacterial DNA-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lenert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Mensah KA, Mathian A, Ma L, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. Mediation of nonerosive arthritis in a mouse model of lupus by interferon-alpha-stimulated monocyte differentiation that is nonpermissive of osteoclastogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1127-37. [PMID: 20131244 DOI: 10.1002/art.27312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the joint inflammation referred to as Jaccoud's arthritis that occurs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is nonerosive. Although the mechanism responsible is unknown, the antiosteoclastogenic cytokine interferon-alpha (IFNalpha), whose transcriptome is present in SLE monocytes, may be responsible. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of IFNalpha and lupus on osteoclasts and erosion in the (NZB x NZW)F(1) mouse model of SLE with K/BxN serum-induced arthritis. METHODS Systemic IFNalpha levels in (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice were elevated by administration of AdIFNalpha. SLE disease was marked by anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody titer and proteinuria, and Ifi202 and Mx1 expression represented the IFNalpha transcriptome. Microfocal computed tomography was used to evaluate bone erosions. Flow cytometry for CD11b and CD11c was used to evaluate the frequency of circulating osteoclast precursors (OCPs) and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) in blood. RESULTS Administration of AdIFNalpha to (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice induced osteopetrosis. (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice without autoimmune disease were fully susceptible to focal erosions in the setting of serum-induced arthritis. However, (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice with high anti-dsDNA antibody titers and the IFNalpha transcriptome were protected against bone erosions. AdIFNalpha pretreatment of NZW mice before K/BxN serum administration also resulted in protection against bone erosion (r(2) = 0.4720, P < 0.01), which was associated with a decrease in the frequency of circulating CD11b+CD11c- OCPs and a concomitant increase in the percentage of CD11b+CD11c+ cells (r(2) = 0.6330, P < 0.05), which are phenotypic of myeloid DCs. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IFNalpha in SLE shifts monocyte development toward myeloid DCs at the expense of osteoclastogenesis, thereby resulting in decreased bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi A Mensah
- University of Rochester Medical Center and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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17
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Thacker SG, Duquaine D, Park J, Kaplan MJ. Lupus-prone New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice display endothelial dysfunction and abnormal phenotype and function of endothelial progenitor cells. Lupus 2010; 19:288-99. [PMID: 20068018 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309353773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an impairment in phenotype and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) which is mediated by interferon alpha (IFN-alpha). We assessed whether murine lupus models also exhibit vasculogenesis abnormalities and their potential association with endothelial dysfunction. Phenotype and function of EPCs and type I IFN gene signatures in EPC compartments were assessed in female New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F(1) (NZB/W), B6.MRL-Fas(lpr)/J (B6/lpr) and control mice. Thoracic aorta endothelial and smooth muscle function were measured in response to acetylcholine or sodium nitropruside, respectively. NZB/W mice displayed reduced numbers, increased apoptosis and impaired function of EPCs. These abnormalities correlated with significant decreases in endothelium-dependent vasomotor responses and with increased type I IFN signatures in EPC compartments. In contrast, B6/lpr mice showed improvement in endothelium-dependent and endothelial-independent responses, no abnormalities in EPC phenotype or function and downregulation of type I IFN signatures in EPC compartments. These results indicate that NZB/W mice represent a good model to study the mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction and abnormal vasculogenesis in lupus. These results further support the hypothesis that type I IFNs may play an important role in premature vascular damage and, potentially, atherosclerosis development in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Thacker
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680, USA
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18
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Wang JH, Li J, Wu Q, Yang P, Pawar RD, Xie S, Timares L, Raman C, Chaplin DD, Lu L, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. Marginal zone precursor B cells as cellular agents for type I IFN-promoted antigen transport in autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:442-51. [PMID: 19949066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic connection of type I IFN and its role in regulating the migration response of Ag delivery by B cells into lymphoid follicles in an autoimmune condition has not been well-identified. Here, we show that there was a significantly larger population of marginal zone precursor (MZ-P) B cells, defined as being IgM(hi)CD1d(hi)CD21(hi)CD23(hi) in the spleens of autoimmune BXD2 mice compared with B6 mice. MZ-P B cells were highly proliferative compared with marginal zone (MZ) and follicular (FO) B cells. The intrafollicular accumulation of MZ-P B cells in proximity to germinal centers (GCs) in BXD2 mice facilitated rapid Ag delivery to the GC area, whereas Ag-carrying MZ B cells, residing predominantly in the periphery, had a lower ability to carry Ag into the GCs. IFN-alpha, generated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, induced the expression of CD69 and suppressed the sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced chemotactic response, promoting FO-oriented Ag transport by MZ-P B cells. Knockout of type I IFN receptor in BXD2 (BXD2-Ifnalphar(-/-)) mice substantially diffused the intrafollicular MZ-P B cell conglomeration and shifted their location to the FO-MZ border near the marginal sinus, making Ag delivery to the FO interior less efficient. The development of spontaneous GCs was decreased in BXD2-Ifnalphar(-/-) mice. Together, our results suggest that the MZ-P B cells are major Ag-delivery B cells and that the FO entry of these B cells is highly regulated by type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the marginal sinus in the spleens of autoimmune BXD2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Agrawal H, Jacob N, Carreras E, Bajana S, Putterman C, Turner S, Neas B, Mathian A, Koss MN, Stohl W, Kovats S, Jacob CO. Deficiency of type I IFN receptor in lupus-prone New Zealand mixed 2328 mice decreases dendritic cell numbers and activation and protects from disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6021-9. [PMID: 19812195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are potent regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we report that clinical and pathological lupus nephritis and serum anti-nuclear Ab levels are greatly attenuated in New Zealand Mixed (NZM) 2328 mice deficient in type I IFN receptors (IFNAR). To determine whether the inflammatory environment in NZM 2328 mice leads to IFNAR-regulated changes in dendritic cells (DC), the number, activation, and function of DC subsets were compared in 2- and 5-mo-old (clinically healthy) female NZM and NZM-IFNAR(-/-) mice. Numbers of activated CD40(high) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) were significantly increased in renal lymph nodes of 2-mo-old NZM but not NZM-IFNAR(-/-) mice, suggesting an early IFNAR-dependent expansion and activation of pDC at disease sites. Relative to NZM spleens, NZM-IFNAR(-/-) spleens in 5-mo-old mice were significantly decreased in size and contained reduced numbers of conventional DC subsets, but not pDC. Splenic and renal lymph node NZM-IFNAR(-/-) DC analyzed directly ex vivo expressed significantly less CD40, CD86, and PDL1 than did NZM DC. Upon activation with synthetic TLR9 ligands in vitro, splenic NZM-IFNAR(-/-) DC produced less IL-12p40/70 and TNF-alpha than did NZM DC. The limited IFNAR(-/-) DC response to endogenous activating stimuli correlated with reduced numbers of splenic activated memory CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells in older mice. Thus, IFNAR signaling significantly increases DC numbers, acquisition of Ag presentation competence, and proinflammatory function before onset of clinically apparent lupus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Agrawal
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Choubey D, Panchanathan R. Interferon-inducible Ifi200-family genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Lett 2008; 119:32-41. [PMID: 18598717 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of complex autoimmune diseases. Studies have suggested that genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors contribute to the development of the disease. Interestingly, several recent studies involving SLE patients and mouse models of the disease have suggested a role for interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the development of SLE. One family of ISGs is the Ifi200-family, which includes mouse (Ifi202a, Ifi202b, Ifi203, Ifi204, and Ifi205) and human (IFI16, MNDA, AIM2, and IFIX) genes. The mouse genes cluster between serum amyloid P-component (Apcs) and alpha-spectrin (Spna-1) genes on chromosome 1 and the human genes cluster in syntenic region 1q23. The Ifi200-family genes encode structurally and functionally related proteins (the p200-family proteins). Increased expression of certain p200-family proteins in cells is associated with inhibition of cell proliferation, modulation of apoptosis, and cell differentiation. Our studies involving generation of B6.Nba2 congenic mice, coupled with gene expression analyses, identified the Ifi202 as a candidate lupus-susceptibility gene. Importantly, recent studies using different mouse models of SLE have suggested that increased expression of Ifi202 gene (encoding p202 protein) in immune cells contributes to lupus susceptibility. Consistent with a functional role for the p202 protein in lupus susceptibility, increased levels of IFI16 protein in human SLE patients are associated with the diseases. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the regulation and role of p200-family proteins in the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
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Characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in bone marrow of pig-tailed macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:35-41. [PMID: 17989338 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00309-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), one of two types of bone marrow (BM)-derived blood DCs, play an important role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses. However, little is known about the nature of pDCs that reside in the BM. Because the simian immunodeficiency virus-macaque model closely mimics human immunodeficiency virus disease in humans, with both infections inducing a decrease in pDCs, we characterized and compared pDCs in the BM with those in peripheral blood (PB) of healthy pig-tailed macaques. The results revealed that pDCs from both compartments had the same CD123++ HLA-DR+ Lin- phenotype and were similar in size. Although BM-derived pDCs (BM-pDCs) were 3-fold greater in frequency and 10-fold greater in number, they had lower cell surface expression of both HLA-DR and the costimulatory molecule CD86 than did PB-pDCs. Both BM- and PB-pDCs responded ex vivo to synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and inactivated influenza virus by upregulating HLA-DR and CD86 and secreting cytokines; however, stimulated BM-pDCs secreted less alpha interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha per cell than did PB-pDCs. These results suggest that while BM-pDCs appear to be phenotypically less mature than PB-pDCs, they do respond to pathogens. Thus, during acute infections, these cells could initiate immune responses either in the BM or after rapidly migrating from the BM into the periphery. A better characterization of pDCs in blood and tissues will be beneficial for future studies of macaques that focus on either pathogenesis or vaccine development.
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Monrad S, Kaplan MJ. Dendritic cells and the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Res 2007; 37:135-45. [PMID: 17695248 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has become apparent. As unique mediators of both tolerance and immunity, aberrant myeloid and plasmacytoid DC function can promote autoimmune responses via a number of mechanisms and proinflammatory pathways. This review provides an overview of DC function, the potential role of DCs in promoting autoimmune responses in SLE, and how other abnormalities in lupus can lead to an enhanced engagement of DCs in immune responses. How medications used to treat SLE and other autoimmune conditions may exert effects on DCs is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Monrad
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, 5520 MSRBI, Box 0680, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Marshak-Rothstein A, Rifkin IR. Immunologically active autoantigens: the role of toll-like receptors in the development of chronic inflammatory disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:419-41. [PMID: 17378763 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, serve as sentinels, waiting to alert the host to the first signs of microbial infection and to activate the initial line of immune defense. Research has increasingly demonstrated that many of the same PRRs also recognize self-epitopes that either are released from dying or damaged cells or are present at the surface of apoptotic cells or apoptotic bodies. In this context, PRRs play a critical role in tissue repair and the clearance of cellular debris. However, failure to appropriately regulate self-responses triggered by certain PRRs can have serious pathological consequences. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene family represents a case in point. TLR7, 8, and 9 were originally identified as receptors specific for bacterial and viral RNA and DNA, but more recent in vitro and in vivo studies have now linked these receptors to the detection of host RNA, DNA, and RNA- or DNA-associated proteins. In this context, they likely play a key role in the development of systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Shu SA, Lian ZX, Chuang YH, Yang GX, Moritoki Y, Comstock SS, Zhong RQ, Ansari AA, Liu YJ, Gershwin ME. The role of CD11c(+) hepatic dendritic cells in the induction of innate immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2007. [PMID: 17521321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the liver in the initiation and maintenance of tolerance is a critical immune function that involves multiple lineages of immune cells. Included within these populations are liver dendritic cells (DCs). Although there has been significant work on the phenotypic and functional roles of splenic and bone marrow dendritic cells, as well as their subsets, comparable studies in liver have often been difficult. To address this issue we have isolated, from C57BL/6 mice, relatively pure populations of DCs and compared phenotype and function to the data from spleen using flow cytometry, cell sorter assisted purification and culture, morphology by cytospin and May-Giemsa staining, cell cycle progression, antigen uptake, cytokine production and allo-activation potential. natural killer (NK)1.1(-)CD11c(+) liver DC subsets (conventional DCs, T cell receptor (TcR)beta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(-) and plasmacytoid DCs, TcRbeta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(+)) efficiently endocytose dextran and produce significant levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 p40 in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, with responses higher than splenic DCs. There is also a differential capability of hepatic DCs to respond to innate signals. Indeed, CD11c(+) hepatic DCs have a greater capacity to respond to innate stimulation but are less capable of inducing CpG activated-allogeneic T cells. These data suggest that hepatic dendritic cells function as a critical bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and are capable of inducing stronger innate responses with a lower capacity for allo-stimulation than splenic dendritic cells. These properties of liver dendritic cells contribute to their unique role in the induction of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Shu SA, Lian ZX, Chuang YH, Yang GX, Moritoki Y, Comstock SS, Zhong RQ, Ansari AA, Liu YJ, Gershwin ME. The role of CD11c(+) hepatic dendritic cells in the induction of innate immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:335-43. [PMID: 17521321 PMCID: PMC1941951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the liver in the initiation and maintenance of tolerance is a critical immune function that involves multiple lineages of immune cells. Included within these populations are liver dendritic cells (DCs). Although there has been significant work on the phenotypic and functional roles of splenic and bone marrow dendritic cells, as well as their subsets, comparable studies in liver have often been difficult. To address this issue we have isolated, from C57BL/6 mice, relatively pure populations of DCs and compared phenotype and function to the data from spleen using flow cytometry, cell sorter assisted purification and culture, morphology by cytospin and May-Giemsa staining, cell cycle progression, antigen uptake, cytokine production and allo-activation potential. natural killer (NK)1.1(-)CD11c(+) liver DC subsets (conventional DCs, T cell receptor (TcR)beta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(-) and plasmacytoid DCs, TcRbeta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(+)) efficiently endocytose dextran and produce significant levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 p40 in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, with responses higher than splenic DCs. There is also a differential capability of hepatic DCs to respond to innate signals. Indeed, CD11c(+) hepatic DCs have a greater capacity to respond to innate stimulation but are less capable of inducing CpG activated-allogeneic T cells. These data suggest that hepatic dendritic cells function as a critical bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and are capable of inducing stronger innate responses with a lower capacity for allo-stimulation than splenic dendritic cells. These properties of liver dendritic cells contribute to their unique role in the induction of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wan S, Xia C, Morel L. IL-6 produced by dendritic cells from lupus-prone mice inhibits CD4+CD25+ T cell regulatory functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:271-9. [PMID: 17182564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 triple congenic mouse (B6.TC) is a model of lupus coexpressing the three major NZM2410-derived susceptibility loci on a C57BL/6 background. B6.TC mice produce high titers of antinuclear nephrogenic autoantibodies and a highly penetrant glomerulonephritis. Previous studies have shown the Sle1 locus is associated with a reduced number of regulatory T cells (Treg) and that Sle3 results in intrinsic defects of myeloid cells that hyperactivate T cells. In this report, we show that B6.TC dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate in lymphoid organs and present a defective maturation process, in which bone marrow-derived, plasmacytoid, and myeloid DCs express a significantly lower level of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II. B6.TC DCs also induce a higher level of proliferation in CD4(+) T cells than B6 DCs, and B6.TC DCs block the suppressive activity of Treg. B6.TC DCs overproduce IL-6, which is necessary for the blockade of Treg activity, as shown by the effect of anti-IL-6 neutralizing Ab in the suppression assays. The overproduction of IL-6 by DCs and the blockade of Treg activity maps to Sle1, which therefore not only confers a reduced number of Treg but also blocks their ability to regulate autoreactive T cells. Taken together, these results provide a genetic and mechanistic evidence for systemic autoimmunity resulting from an impaired regulatory T cell compartment in both number and function and for Sle1-expressing DCs playing a major role in the latter defect though their production of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suigui Wan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Papadimitraki ED, Choulaki C, Koutala E, Bertsias G, Tsatsanis C, Gergianaki I, Raptopoulou A, Kritikos HD, Mamalaki C, Sidiropoulos P, Boumpas DT. Expansion of toll-like receptor 9-expressing B cells in active systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for the induction and maintenance of the autoimmune process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3601-11. [PMID: 17075805 DOI: 10.1002/art.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-associated receptors in innate immunity that may be involved in the recognition of self antigens and the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. This study was undertaken to examine the expression and function of various TLRs in subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS The expression of TLRs in PBMCs from 50 SLE patients with active disease (SLE Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI] score >or=8; n = 26) or inactive disease (SLEDAI score <8; n = 24) and 20 healthy controls was studied by flow cytometry. TLR expression was assessed on various subpopulations of PBMCs (TLR-2 and TLR-4 by membrane staining; TLR-3 and TLR-9 by intracellular staining). TLR function was accessed by stimulating PBMCs with specific ligands. RESULTS The proportion of B cells and monocytes expressing TLR-9 was higher among patients with active SLE (mean +/- SD 49.5 +/- 24.4% and 30.7 +/- 24.1%, respectively) than among patients with inactive disease (22.8 +/- 19.6% and 14.3 +/- 8.4%, respectively; P = 0.02 and P = 0.03). Among B cells, the proportion of plasma cells and memory B cells expressing TLR-9 was increased in patients with active SLE. Increased percentages of TLR-9-expressing B cells correlated with the presence of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (P = 0.007). Treatment with serum from patients with active disease increased the percentage of TLR-9-expressing plasma cells in serum from healthy controls. Enhanced induction of HLA-DR after TLR-9 stimulation was documented in B cells from patients with active disease. CONCLUSION In patients with active SLE, the proportion of peripheral blood memory B cells and plasma cells expressing TLR-9 is increased. Endogenous nucleic acids released during apoptotic cell death may stimulate B cells via TLR-9 and contribute to SLE pathogenesis.
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Sakai T, Kogiso M, Mitsuya K, Komatsu T, Yamamoto S. Defect of toll-like receptor 9-mediated activation in NC/Nga mouse macrophages. Immunol Lett 2006; 106:91-5. [PMID: 16650483 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control activation of adaptive immune responses by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we examined TLR9-mediated activation in NC/Nga mice, an animal model for human atopic dermatitis. NC/Nga mouse macrophages produced significantly less TNF-alpha than did BALB/c mouse macrophages in response to CpG oligonucleotide (ODN). In addition to defective TLR9-mediated TNF-alpha production, phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and p38 was rapidly diminished after 60 min of CpG ODN stimulation, whereas phosphorylation of these molecules was sustained until 60 min in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was not observed in NC/Nga mouse macrophages. In contrast, B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) from NC/Nga mice showed normal responses to CpG ODN stimulation. The expression level of TLR9 in NC/Nga mouse macrophages was significantly lower than that in BALB/c mouse macrophages, whereas levels of TLR9 expression in B cells and DCs in NC/Nga mice were the same as those in BALB/c mice. These results suggest that defective TLR9-mediated activation in NC/Nga mouse macrophages contributes to the reduction of TLR9 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Sakai
- Department of International Nutrition, Institution of Health Bioscience, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan.
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Abe M, Thomson AW. Dexamethasone preferentially suppresses plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation and enhances their apoptotic death. Clin Immunol 2006; 118:300-6. [PMID: 16330256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are an important source of type-1 interferon (IFN) following microbial infection and also play key roles in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we show that the glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone (Dex) strikingly reduces pDC (and myeloid DC) numbers in secondary lymphoid tissue and liver of normal and hematopoietic growth factor-mobilized mice and suppresses pDC differentiation from bone marrow precursors in vitro. Moreover, the apoptotic death of pDC in vitro was enhanced by exposure to Dex. Notably, however, Toll-like receptor 9 expression and virally induced IFNalpha production by residual pDC from Dex-treated animals were unaffected. Thus, whereas marked reduction in absolute numbers of pDC by GC may predispose to viral infection, often associated with GC-mediated immunosuppression, reductions in pDC and IFNalpha production may contribute to the beneficial effects on GC observed in systemic autoimmune disease, in which that both pDC and IFNalpha have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Abe
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1504 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Lenert PS. Targeting Toll-like receptor signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and autoreactive B cells as a therapy for lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:203. [PMID: 16542467 PMCID: PMC1526546 DOI: 10.1186/ar1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in lupus and on possibilities to treat lupus using TLR modulating inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (INH-ODNs). TLRs bridge innate and adaptive immune responses and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Of particular interest are TLR3, -7, -8, and -9, which are localized intracellularly. These TLRs recognize single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or hypomethylated CpG-DNA. Exposure to higher order CpG-DNA ligands or to immune complexed self-RNA triggers activation of autoreactive B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. INH-ODNs were recently developed that block all downstream signaling events in TLR9-responsive cells. Some of these INH-ODNs can also target TLR7 signaling pathways. Based on their preferential cell reactivity, we classify INH-ODNs into class B and class R. Class B ('broadly reactive') INH-ODNs target a broad range of TLR-expressing cells. Class R ('restricted') INH-ODNs easily form DNA duplexes or higher order structures, and are preferentially recognized by autoreactive B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, rather than by non-DNA specific follicular B cells. Both classes of INH-ODNs can block animal lupus. Hence, therapeutic application of these novel INH-ODNs in human lupus, particularly class R INH-ODNs, may result in more selective and disease-specific immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar S Lenert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Christensen SR, Kashgarian M, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Akira S, Shlomchik MJ. Toll-like receptor 9 controls anti-DNA autoantibody production in murine lupus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:321-31. [PMID: 16027240 PMCID: PMC2212997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune disease in humans and mice is characterized by loss of immunologic tolerance to a restricted set of self-nuclear antigens. Autoantigens, such as double-stranded (ds) DNA and the RNA-containing Smith antigen (Sm), may be selectively targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus because of their ability to activate a putative common receptor. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a receptor for CpG DNA, has been implicated in the activation of autoreactive B cells in vitro, but its role in promoting autoantibody production and disease in vivo has not been determined. We show that in TLR9-deficient lupus-prone mice, the generation of anti-dsDNA and antichromatin autoantibodies is specifically inhibited. Other autoantibodies, such as anti-Sm, are maintained and even increased in TLR9-deficient mice. In contrast, ablation of TLR3, a receptor for dsRNA, did not inhibit the formation of autoantibodies to either RNA- or DNA-containing antigens. Surprisingly, we found that despite the lack of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in TLR9-deficient mice, there was no effect on the development of clinical autoimmune disease or nephritis. These results demonstrate a specific requirement for TLR9 in autoantibody formation in vivo and indicate a critical role for innate immune activation in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Christensen
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Deng YJ, Huang ZX, Zhou CJ, Wang JW, You Y, Song ZQ, Xiang MM, Zhong BY, Hao F. Gene profiling involved in immature CD4+ T lymphocyte responsible for systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1497-507. [PMID: 16143398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We attempted to characterize the genes expression of CD4+ T lymphocytes for the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Genomewide gene expression profiles of CD4+ T cells, which were isolated from the disease severe activity (T4-1s) and nonactivity (T4-2s) with an SLE patient by using long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE). We picked out 289 genes matching to Unigene cluster with different expression more than four copies between T4-1s and T4-2s libraries and analyzed their roles from the collectedly published articles of PubMed by genes functional clustering. The genes functions were related to a diverse cellular process including: (1) most of these genes were associated with CD4+ T cells functions, particularly related to cellular developments; (2) Ras pathway genes as RANBP10, GMIP, RASGRP2 and ARL5 might be responsible for the abnormal development of CD4+ T cells of SLE; (3) HIG2, TCF7, KHSRP, WWP1, SMAD3, TLK2, AES, CCNI and PIM2 belong to Wnt/beta-catenin way, they could play roles in modulating proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes; (4) uncertain viral infections may initiate autoimmunity because high levels expression genes were detected in T4-1s such as TRIM22, IER2, ABCE1, DUT, G1P2, G1P3, HNRPUL1, EVER2, IFNAR1, TNFSF14, TMP21 and PVRL2; and (5) apoptosis relating genes as EIF3S8, SH3BGRL3, GPX4, TOSO, PFDN5, BIN1, XIAPAF1, TEGT and CUGBP2 may contribute to over uploading of selfantigens in SLE cells. Abnormalities findings of multiple genes expression involving with a variety of CD4+ T cells process might be meaningful to understanding the pathogenesis of SLE, and immature CD4+ T cells may be responsible for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400038, PR China
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Abstract
Recent studies have shed new light on a possible link between the innate activation of plasmocytoid dendritic cells and marginal zone B cells and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Animal studies have identified that this response requires the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Engagement of the TLR9 by various ligands, including non-canonical CpG-motifs, can cause or aggravate pathogenic autoantibody production and cytokine secretion in lupus. Attempts to neutralize this activity either by blocking the acidification of the endosomal compartment with chloroquine and related compounds, or by preventing the interaction between the CpG-DNA sequences and TLR9 using inhibitory oligonucleotides could be a promising therapeutic option for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lenert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Yang GX, Lian ZX, Kikuchi K, Liu YJ, Ansari AA, Ikehara S, Gershwin ME. CD4- plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) migrate in lymph nodes by CpG inoculation and represent a potent functional subset of pDCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3197-203. [PMID: 15749849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently identified two groups of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) isolated from murine liver based on the expression of CD4 and other cell surface markers uniquely expressed by pDCs. Herein, we describe the identification of both CD4+ and CD4- pDCs that clearly exist in lymph nodes (LNs), spleen, liver, thymus, bone marrow, and lung. Normally, CD4+ pDCs are enriched in LNs. However, after in vivo systemic injection with bacterial CpG, a larger number of CD4- pDCs are recruited to the LNs and local inoculation by CpG drives CD4- pDCs migrating into local sentinel LNs, suggesting that CD4- pDCs are the main subpopulation migrating to the peripheral LNs. Furthermore, although both freshly isolated CD4+ pDCs and CD4- pDCs appear as an immature plasmacytoid cell and develop into a DC morphology following activation, the two subsets have strikingly different immune features, including differences in the production pattern of cytokines stimulated with CpG and in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Datta SK, Zhang L, Xu L. T-helper cell intrinsic defects in lupus that break peripheral tolerance to nuclear autoantigens. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:267-78. [PMID: 15630591 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Special populations of T helper cells drive B cells to produce IgG class switched, pathogenic autoantibodies in lupus. The major source of antigenic determinants (epitopes) that trigger interactions between lupus T and B cells is nucleosomes of apoptotic cells. These epitopes can be used for antigen-specific therapy of lupus. Secondly, the autoimmune T cells of lupus are sustained because they resist anergy and activation-induced programmed cell death by markedly upregulating cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 along with the antiapoptotic molecule c-FLIP. Only certain COX-2 inhibitors block pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody production in lupus by causing death of autoimmune T helper cells. Hence COX-2 inhibitors may work independently of their ability to block the enzymatic function of COX-2, and structural peculiarities of these select inhibitors may lead to better drug discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamal K Datta
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Li J, Liu Y, Xie C, Zhu J, Kreska D, Morel L, Mohan C. Deficiency of type I interferon contributes toSle2-associated component lupus phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3063-72. [PMID: 16200585 DOI: 10.1002/art.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in mice and humans have implicated type I interferon (IFN-I) in the pathogenesis of lupus. Given that the locus for IFN-I is positioned within the Sle2 murine lupus susceptibility interval on chromosome 4, we undertook this study to investigate whether differences in IFN-I levels might potentially contribute to the phenotypes ascribed to this locus. METHODS IFN-I, anti-IFN-I, isotype control antibody, or phosphate buffered saline was administered to C57BL/6 and B6.Sle2 mice, and the serologic and cellular phenotypes were studied. In addition, B6.Sle2 mice were examined for structural and expression polymorphisms in the IFN-I gene. RESULTS In both B6.Sle2 congenic mice and C57BL/6 control mice, antibody-mediated blockade of IFN-I augmented serum autoantibody levels and boosted B1a cell numbers. Administration of IFN-I ameliorated these 2 features previously attributed to this disease locus. Importantly, compared with B6 controls, B6.Sle2 mice had reduced levels of IFN-I in their sera and cell culture supernatants, following stimulation. Although several sequence polymorphisms were noted in the Sle2 alleles of various IFN-I genes, it was not established whether any of the noted sequence variations were causally related to the observed phenotypes. CONCLUSION Unexpectedly, reduction of IFN-I levels reproduced the serologic and cellular phenotypes previously associated with the Sle2 lupus susceptibility interval. Placing these findings in the context of other studies, the effect of IFN-I on systemic autoimmunity appears to be far more complex than originally perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75390-8884, USA
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