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Filosto S, Vardhanabhuti S, Canales MA, Poiré X, Lekakis LJ, de Vos S, Portell CA, Wang Z, To C, Schupp M, Poddar S, Trinh T, Warren CM, Aguilar EG, Budka J, Cheng P, Chou J, Bot A, Shen RR, Westin JR. Product Attributes of CAR T-cell Therapy Differentially Associate with Efficacy and Toxicity in Second-line Large B-cell Lymphoma (ZUMA-7). Blood Cancer Discov 2024; 5:21-33. [PMID: 37983485 PMCID: PMC10772511 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-23-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment resistance and toxicities remain a risk following chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Herein, we report pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and product and apheresis attributes associated with outcomes among patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) in ZUMA-7. Axi-cel peak expansion associated with clinical response and toxicity, but not response durability. In apheresis material and final product, a naive T-cell phenotype (CCR7+CD45RA+) expressing CD27 and CD28 associated with improved response durability, event-free survival, progression-free survival, and a lower number of prior therapies. This phenotype was not associated with high-grade cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or neurologic events. Higher baseline and postinfusion levels of serum inflammatory markers associated with differentiated/effector products, reduced efficacy, and increased CRS and neurologic events, thus suggesting targets for intervention. These data support better outcomes with earlier CAR T-cell intervention and may improve patient care by informing on predictive biomarkers and development of next-generation products. SIGNIFICANCE In ZUMA-7, the largest randomized CAR T-cell trial in LBCL, a naive T-cell product phenotype (CCR7+CD45RA+) expressing CD27 and CD28 associated with improved efficacy, decreased toxicity, and a lower number of prior therapies, supporting earlier intervention with CAR T-cell therapy. In addition, targets for improvement of therapeutic index are proposed. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xavier Poiré
- Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lazaros J. Lekakis
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida
| | - Sven de Vos
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Zixing Wang
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Christina To
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Marco Schupp
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Tan Trinh
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | | | | | - Justin Budka
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Paul Cheng
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Justin Chou
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Adrian Bot
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Jason R. Westin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Jain MD, Miklos DB, Jacobson CA, Timmerman JM, Sun J, Nater J, Fang X, Patel A, Davis M, Heeke D, Trinh T, Mattie M, Neumann F, Kim JJ, To C, Filosto S, Reshef R. Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in Combination with the 4-1BB Agonist Utomilumab in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Phase 1 Results from ZUMA-11. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4118-4127. [PMID: 37527011 PMCID: PMC10570684 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have shown clinical benefit for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), yet approximately 60% of patients do not respond or eventually relapse. We investigated the safety and feasibility of the CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) in combination with the 4-1BB agonist antibody utomilumab as an approach to improve efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In phase 1 of the single-arm ZUMA-11 trial, patients with R/R LBCL received a single axi-cel infusion (target dose, 2 × 106 cells/kg) plus utomilumab 10 to 200 mg intravenously every 4 weeks for up to 6 months in a dose-escalation design. The primary endpoint was incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) with utomilumab. Key secondary endpoints were safety, antitumor activity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. RESULTS No DLTs were observed among patients treated with axi-cel and utomilumab (n = 12). Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 10 patients (83%); none were Grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome or neurologic events. The objective response rate was 75% and seven patients (58%) had a complete response. Peak CAR T-cell levels increased in a utomilumab dose-dependent manner up to 100 mg. Patients who received utomilumab 100 mg had persistently increased CAR T cells on days 57 to 168 compared with other dose levels. Utomilumab was associated with dose-dependent increases in IL2, IFNγ, and IL10. CONCLUSIONS Utomilumab-mediated 4-1BB agonism combined with axi-cel therapy had a manageable safety profile. Dual 4-1BB and CD28 costimulation is a feasible therapeutic approach that may enhance CAR T-cell expansion in patients with LBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M. Timmerman
- University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Sun
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Jenny Nater
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Xiang Fang
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Ankit Patel
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Darren Heeke
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Tan Trinh
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Mike Mattie
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Jenny J. Kim
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | - Christina To
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Ran Reshef
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Hangiu O, Compte M, Dinesen A, Navarro R, Tapia-Galisteo A, Mandrup OA, Erce-Llamazares A, Lázaro-Gorines R, Nehme-Álvarez D, Domínguez-Alonso C, Harwood SL, Alfonso C, Blanco B, Rubio-Pérez L, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Díez-Alonso L, Blanco FJ, Sanz L, Howard KA, Álvarez-Vallina L. Tumor targeted 4-1BB agonist antibody-albumin fusions with high affinity to FcRn induce anti-tumor immunity without toxicity. iScience 2022; 25:104958. [PMID: 36072551 PMCID: PMC9441337 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulation of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes by anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has shown anti-tumor activity in human trials, but can be associated with significant off-tumor toxicities involving FcγR interactions. Here, we introduce albumin-fused mouse and human bispecific antibodies with clinically favorable pharmacokinetics designed to confine 4-1BB costimulation to the tumor microenvironment. These Fc-free 4-1BB agonists consist of an EGFR-specific VHH antibody, a 4-1BB-specific scFv, and a human albumin sequence engineered for high FcRn binding connected in tandem (LiTCo-Albu). We demonstrate in vitro cognate target engagement, EGFR-specific costimulatory activity, and FcRn-driven cellular recycling similar to non-fused FcRn high-binding albumin. The mouse LiTCo-Albu exhibited a prolonged circulatory half-life and in vivo tumor inhibition, with no indication of 4-1BB mAb-associated toxicity. Furthermore, we show a greater therapeutic effect when used in combination with PD-1-blocking mAbs. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of tumor-specific LiTCo-Albu antibodies for safe and effective costimulatory strategies in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor targeted 4-1BB agonist antibody-albumin fusions with high affinity to FcRn Potent EGFR-specific 4-1BB costimulation and FcRn-driven cellular recycling Prolonged circulatory half-life and in vivo tumor inhibition, without toxicity Combination with an anti-PD-1 blocking antibody further enhanced anti-tumor activity
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HydrAd: A Helper-Dependent Adenovirus Targeting Multiple Immune Pathways for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112769. [PMID: 35681750 PMCID: PMC9179443 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Solid tumors are highly immunosuppressive and develop multiple inhibitory mechanisms that must be targeted simultaneously for successful cancer immunotherapy. Adenoviral vectors are promising cancer gene therapy vectors due to their inherent ability to stimulate multiple immune pathways. Adenoviruses are well characterized, and their genomes are easily manipulated, allowing for therapeutic transgene expression. Oncolytic adenoviruses are engineered to replicate specifically in malignant cells, resulting in cancer cell lysis. However, oncolytic adenoviral vectors have limited transgene capacity. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors have been developed with the capability of expressing multiple transgenes through removal of all viral coding sequences. We have developed a helper-dependent platform for cancer immunotherapy and demonstrate expression of up to four functional transgenes. This platform allows us to target tumors with specific inhibitory pathways using our library of immunomodulatory transgenes in a mix-and-match approach for a synchronized cancer immunotherapy strategy. Abstract For decades, Adenoviruses (Ads) have been staple cancer gene therapy vectors. Ads are highly immunogenic, making them effective adjuvants. These viruses have well characterized genomes, allowing for substantial modifications including capsid chimerism and therapeutic transgene insertion. Multiple generations of Ad vectors have been generated with reduced or enhanced immunogenicity, depending on their intended purpose, and with increased transgene capacity. The latest-generation Ad vector is the Helper-dependent Ad (HDAd), in which all viral coding sequences are removed from the genome, leaving only the cis-acting ITRs and packaging sequences, providing up to 34 kb of transgene capacity. Although HDAds are replication incompetent, their innate immunogenicity remains intact. Therefore, the HDAd is an ideal cancer gene therapy vector as its infection results in anti-viral immune stimulation that can be enhanced or redirected towards the tumor via transgene expression. Co-infection of tumor cells with an oncolytic Ad and an HDAd results in tumor cell lysis and amplification of HDAd-encoded transgene expression. Here, we describe an HDAd-based cancer gene therapy expressing multiple classes of immunomodulatory molecules to simultaneously stimulate multiple axes of immune pathways: the HydrAd. Overall, the HydrAd platform represents a promising cancer immunotherapy agent against complex solid tumors.
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Immune System in Action. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:1-43. [PMID: 34972961 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells is found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the crosstalk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Assistant Professor, Service Chief of Adult Allergy & Immunology, Division of Immunology, Allergy & Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children' Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Otano I, Azpilikueta A, Glez-Vaz J, Alvarez M, Medina-Echeverz J, Cortés-Domínguez I, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Ellmark P, Fritzell S, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Nelson MH, Ochoa MC, Bolaños E, Cuculescu D, Jaúregui P, Sanchez-Gregorio S, Etxeberria I, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Sanmamed MF, Teijeira Á, Berraondo P, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) costimulation of CD8 + T cells is more potent when provided in cis than in trans with respect to CD3-TCR stimulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7296. [PMID: 34911975 PMCID: PMC8674279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB; TNFSR9) is an activation-induced surface receptor that through costimulation effects provide antigen-primed T cells with augmented survival, proliferation and effector functions as well as metabolic advantages. These immunobiological mechanisms are being utilised for cancer immunotherapy with agonist CD137-binding and crosslinking-inducing agents that elicit CD137 intracellular signaling. In this study, side-by-side comparisons show that provision of CD137 costimulation in-cis with regard to the TCR-CD3-ligating cell is superior to that provided in-trans in terms of T cell activation, proliferation, survival, cytokine secretion and mitochondrial fitness in mouse and human. Cis ligation of CD137 relative to the TCR-CD3 complex results in more intense canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling and provides a more robust induction of cell cycle and DNA damage repair gene expression programs. Here we report that the superiority of cis versus trans CD137-costimulation is readily observed in vivo and is relevant for understanding the immunotherapeutic effects of CAR T cells and CD137 agonistic therapies currently undergoing clinical trials, which may provide costimulation either in cis or in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Otano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre/ Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Cortés-Domínguez
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Program of Solid Tumours, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Program of Solid Tumours, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - María Carmen Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Doina Cuculescu
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Jaúregui
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Gregorio
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre/ Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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PD-L1 is expressed on human activated naive effector CD4+ T cells. Regulation by dendritic cells and regulatory CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260206. [PMID: 34793567 PMCID: PMC8601581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell expression of various co-signalling receptors from the CD28 immunoglobulin superfamily (Inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS), Programmed cell death 1(PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) or from the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family related (GITR), 4-1BB, and CD27), is essential for T cell responses regulation. Other receptors (such as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3, T cell immunoglobulin and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), and lymphocyte activation gene 3) are also involved in this regulation. Disturbance of the balance between activating and inhibitory signals can induce autoimmunity. We have developed an in vitro assay to simultaneously assess the function of naive CD4+ effector T cells (TEFFs), dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (TREGs) and the expression of co-signalling receptors. By running the assay on cells from healthy adult, we investigated the regulation of activated T cell proliferation and phenotypes. We observed that TEFFs activated by DCs mainly expressed BTLA, ICOS and PD-1, whereas activated TREGs mainly expressed TIGIT, ICOS, and CD27. Strikingly, we observed that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was significantly expressed on both activated TEFFs and TREGs. Moreover, high PD-L1 expression on activated TEFFs was correlated with a higher index of proliferation. Lastly, and in parallel to the TREG-mediated suppression of TEFF proliferation, we observed the specific modulation of the surface expression of PD-L1 (but not other markers) on activated TEFFs. Our results suggest that the regulation of T cell proliferation is correlated with the specific expression of PD-L1 on activated TEFFs.
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8
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Bobkov D, Yudintceva N, Lomert E, Shatrova A, Kever L, Semenova S. Lipid raft integrity is required for human leukemia Jurkat T-cell migratory activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158917. [PMID: 33662545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains featuring high cholesterol, sphingolipid, and protein content. These microdomains recruit various receptors, ion channels, and signaling molecules for coordination of various cellular functions, including synaptic transmission, immune response, cytoskeletal organization, adhesion, and migration. Many of these processes also depend on Ca2+ intake. We have previously shown in Jurkat cells that activity of transient receptor potential vanilloid, type 6 (TRPV6) calcium channel, and TRPV6-mediated Ca2+ influx, depend on lipid raft integrity. In this study, using the transwell cell migration assay and time-lapse video microscopy with Jurkat cells, we found that lipid raft destruction was associated with: inhibited cell adhesion and migration; and decreased mean speed, maximum speed, and trajectory length. Using String Server, we constructed a Protein Interaction Network (PIN). The network indicated that TRPV6 proteins interact with the highest probability (0.9) with Src family kinase members (SFKs) involved in processes related to cell migration. Analysis of detergent-resistant membrane fractions and immunoelectron microscopy data confirmed an association in lipid rafts between TRPV6 and Lck kinase, an SFKs member. Destruction of lipid rafts led to uncoupling of TRPV6 clusters with Lck and their departure from the plasma membrane into the cytosol of the cells. Src family kinases are generally associated with their roles in tumor invasion and progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, angiogenesis, and metastatic development. We suggest that a functional interaction between TRPV6 calcium channels and SFKs members in lipid rafts is one of necessary elements of migration and oncogenic signaling in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Bobkov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Natalia Yudintceva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lomert
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Alla Shatrova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Kever
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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9
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CD137 + T-Cells: Protagonists of the Immunotherapy Revolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030456. [PMID: 33530328 PMCID: PMC7866028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The CD137 receptor is expressed by activated antigen-specific T-cells. CD137+ T-cells were identified inside TILs and PBMCs of different tumor types and have proven to be the naturally occurring antitumor effector cells, capable of expressing a wide variability in terms of TCR specificity against both shared and neoantigenic tumor-derived peptides. The aim of this review is thus summarizing and highlighting their role as drivers of patients’ immune responses in anticancer therapies as well as their potential role in future and current strategies of immunotherapy. Abstract The CD137 receptor (4-1BB, TNF RSF9) is an activation induced molecule expressed by antigen-specific T-cells. The engagement with its ligand, CD137L, is capable of increasing T-cell survival, proliferation, and cytokine production. This allowed to identify the CD137+ T-cells as the real tumor-specific activated T-cell population. In fact, these cells express various TCRs that are specific for a wide range of tumor-derived peptides, both shared and neoantigenic ones. Moreover, their prevalence in sites close to the tumor and their unicity in killing cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, raised particular interest in studying their potential role in different strategies of immunotherapy. They indeed showed to be a reliable marker able to predict patient’s outcome to immune-based therapies as well as monitor their response. In addition, the possibility of isolating and expanding this population, turned promising in order to generate effector antitumor T-cells in the context of adoptive T-cell therapies. CD137-targeting monoclonal antibodies have already shown their antitumor efficacy in cancer patients and a number of clinical trials are thus ongoing to test their possible introduction in different combination approaches of immunotherapy. Finally, the intracellular domain of the CD137 receptor was introduced in the anti-CD19 CAR-T cells that were approved by FDA for the treatment of pediatric B-cell leukemia and refractory B-cell lymphoma.
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10
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Choi BK, Lee HW. The Murine CD137/CD137 Ligand Signalosome: A Signal Platform Generating Signal Complexity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:553715. [PMID: 33362756 PMCID: PMC7758191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.553715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137, a member of the TNFR family, is a costimulatory receptor, and CD137L, a member of the TNF family, is its ligand. Studies using CD137- and CD137L-deficient mice and antibodies against CD137 and CD137L have revealed the diverse and paradoxical effects of these two proteins in various cancers, autoimmunity, infections, and inflammation. Both their cellular diversity and their spatiotemporal expression patterns indicate that they mediate complex immune responses. This intricacy is further enhanced by the bidirectional signal transduction events that occur when these two proteins interact in various types of immune cells. Here, we review the biology of murine CD137/CD137L, particularly, the complexity of their proximal signaling pathways, and speculate on their roles in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Oda SK, Anderson KG, Ravikumar P, Bonson P, Garcia NM, Jenkins CM, Zhuang S, Daman AW, Chiu EY, Bates BM, Greenberg PD. A Fas-4-1BB fusion protein converts a death to a pro-survival signal and enhances T cell therapy. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191166. [PMID: 32860705 PMCID: PMC7953733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) with genetically modified T cells has shown impressive results against some hematologic cancers, but efficacy in solid tumors can be limited by restrictive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). For example, Fas ligand is commonly overexpressed in TMEs and induces apoptosis in tumor-infiltrating, Fas receptor-positive lymphocytes. We engineered immunomodulatory fusion proteins (IFPs) to enhance ACT efficacy, combining an inhibitory receptor ectodomain with a costimulatory endodomain to convert negative into positive signals. We developed a Fas-4-1BB IFP that replaces the Fas intracellular tail with costimulatory 4-1BB. Fas-4-1BB IFP-engineered murine T cells exhibited increased pro-survival signaling, proliferation, antitumor function, and altered metabolism in vitro. In vivo, Fas-4-1BB ACT eradicated leukemia and significantly improved survival in the aggressive KPC pancreatic cancer model. Fas-4-1BB IFP expression also enhanced primary human T cell function in vitro. Thus, Fas-4-1BB IFP expression is a novel strategy to improve multiple T cell functions and enhance ACT against solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K. Oda
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Pranali Ravikumar
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrick Bonson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicolas M. Garcia
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Cody M. Jenkins
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Summer Zhuang
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew W. Daman
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Edison Y. Chiu
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Breanna M. Bates
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Philip D. Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine/Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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12
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Claus C, Ferrara C, Xu W, Sam J, Lang S, Uhlenbrock F, Albrecht R, Herter S, Schlenker R, Hüsser T, Diggelmann S, Challier J, Mössner E, Hosse RJ, Hofer T, Brünker P, Joseph C, Benz J, Ringler P, Stahlberg H, Lauer M, Perro M, Chen S, Küttel C, Bhavani Mohan PL, Nicolini V, Birk MC, Ongaro A, Prince C, Gianotti R, Dugan G, Whitlow CT, Solingapuram Sai KK, Caudell DL, Burgos-Rodriguez AG, Cline JM, Hettich M, Ceppi M, Giusti AM, Crameri F, Driessen W, Morcos PN, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Levitsky V, Amann M, Grau-Richards S, von Hirschheydt T, Tournaviti S, Mølhøj M, Fauti T, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Teichgräber V, Colombetti S, Bacac M, Zippelius A, Klein C, Umaña P. Tumor-targeted 4-1BB agonists for combination with T cell bispecific antibodies as off-the-shelf therapy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/496/eaav5989. [PMID: 31189721 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav5989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous costimulatory molecules on T cells such as 4-1BB (CD137) can be leveraged for cancer immunotherapy. Systemic administration of agonistic anti-4-1BB antibodies, although effective preclinically, has not advanced to phase 3 trials because they have been hampered by both dependency on Fcγ receptor-mediated hyperclustering and hepatotoxicity. To overcome these issues, we engineered proteins simultaneously targeting 4-1BB and a tumor stroma or tumor antigen: FAP-4-1BBL (RG7826) and CD19-4-1BBL. In the presence of a T cell receptor signal, they provide potent T cell costimulation strictly dependent on tumor antigen-mediated hyperclustering without systemic activation by FcγR binding. We could show targeting of FAP-4-1BBL to FAP-expressing tumor stroma and lymph nodes in a colorectal cancer-bearing rhesus monkey. Combination of FAP-4-1BBL with tumor antigen-targeted T cell bispecific (TCB) molecules in human tumor samples led to increased IFN-γ and granzyme B secretion. Further, combination of FAP- or CD19-4-1BBL with CEA-TCB (RG7802) or CD20-TCB (RG6026), respectively, resulted in tumor remission in mouse models, accompanied by intratumoral accumulation of activated effector CD8+ T cells. FAP- and CD19-4-1BBL thus represent an off-the-shelf combination immunotherapy without requiring genetic modification of effector cells for the treatment of solid and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Claus
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Ferrara
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Wei Xu
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Lang
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Uhlenbrock
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosmarie Albrecht
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Schlenker
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Hüsser
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Diggelmann
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - John Challier
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Mössner
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ralf J Hosse
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hofer
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brünker
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Joseph
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Benz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ringler
- University of Basel, Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- University of Basel, Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Lauer
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Perro
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stanford Chen
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christine Küttel
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Preethi L Bhavani Mohan
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martina Carola Birk
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Ongaro
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Prince
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Reto Gianotti
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Dugan
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | - David L Caudell
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | - J Mark Cline
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael Hettich
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Ceppi
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Crameri
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wouter Driessen
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter N Morcos
- Roche Innovation Center New York, pRED, 430 E 29th St, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maria Amann
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Grau-Richards
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Stella Tournaviti
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, pRED, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, pRED, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fauti
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Volker Teichgräber
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sara Colombetti
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
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13
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Recombinant Costimulatory Fusion Proteins as Functional Immunomodulators Enhance Antitumor Activity in Murine B16F10 Melanoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020223. [PMID: 32423130 PMCID: PMC7349950 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking inhibitory signaling and engaging stimulatory signaling have emerged as important therapeutic modalities for cancer immunotherapy. This study aimed to investigate immunomodulatory features of three recombinant costimulatory ligand proteins in a mouse model, which are extracellular domains of OX40-ligand (OX40L), 4-1BB-ligand (4-1BBL), or two domains in tandem, fused with the transmembrane domain of diphtheria toxin (DTT), named DTT-COS1, DTT-COS2, and DTT-COS12, respectively. In vitro study showed that DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 had immunological activity increasing the ratio of CD8/CD4 T cells. Treatments with DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 dramatically generated immune protection against the B16F10 tumor challenge in both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, regarding tumor microenvironment (TME) immunomodulation, DTT-COS1 treatment increased the proportion of CD4+ effector T cells (Teff) and decreased the expression of a suppressive cytokine. Meanwhile, DTT-COS12 reduced regulatory T cells (Treg) and improved the level of stimulatory cytokines. In addition, endogenous antibodies against OX40L/4-1BBL were generated, which may help with antitumor responses. Unexpectedly, DTT-COS2 lacked antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, serum analysis of liver-function associated factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines demonstrated that treatments were safe formulations in mice without signs of systemic toxicity. Remarkably, DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 are functional immunomodulators for mouse B16F10 melanoma, creating practical preclinical value in cancer immunotherapy.
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14
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Wang Y, Wang P, Xu J. Phosphorylation: A Fast Switch For Checkpoint Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:347-398. [PMID: 32185718 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint signaling involves a variety of upstream and downstream factors that participate in the regulation of checkpoint expression, activation, and degradation. During the process, phosphorylation plays a critical role. Phosphorylation is one of the most well-documented post-translational modifications of proteins. Of note, the importance of phosphorylation has been emphasized in aspects of cell activities, including proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation. Here we summarize how phosphorylation of specific molecules affects the immune activities with preference in tumor immunity. Of course, immune checkpoints are given extra attention in this book. There are many common pathways that are involved in signaling of different checkpoints. Some of them are integrated and presented as common activities in the early part of this chapter, especially those associated with PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, because investigations concerning them are particularly abundant and variant. Their distinct regulation is supplementarily discussed in their respective section. As for checkpoints that are so far not well explored, their related phosphorylation modulations are listed separately in the later part. We hope to provide a clear and systematic view of the phosphorylation-modulated immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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15
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Overview of Basic Immunology and Clinical Application. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:1-36. [PMID: 32301008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and cross-talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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16
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Li Y, Tan S, Zhang C, Chai Y, He M, Zhang CWH, Wang Q, Tong Z, Liu K, Lei Y, Liu WJ, Liu Y, Tian Z, Cao X, Yan J, Qi J, Tien P, Gao S, Gao GF. Limited Cross-Linking of 4-1BB by 4-1BB Ligand and the Agonist Monoclonal Antibody Utomilumab. Cell Rep 2019; 25:909-920.e4. [PMID: 30355497 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB are of interest for tumor immunotherapy. We determined the complex structures of human 4-1BB with 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or utomilumab to elucidate the structural basis of 4-1BB activation. The 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex displays a typical TNF/TNFR family binding mode. The structure of utomilumab/4-1BB complex shows that utomilumab binds to dimeric 4-1BB with a distinct but partially overlapping binding area with 4-1BBL. Competitive binding analysis demonstrates that utomilumab blocks the 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction, indicating the interruption of ligand-mediated signaling. The binding profiles of 4-1BBL and utomilumab to monomeric or dimeric 4-1BB indicate limited cross-linking of 4-1BB molecules. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the binding of 4-1BB with its ligand and its agonist mAb, which may facilitate the future development of anti-4-1BB biologics for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengnan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Qihui Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yifan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Po Tien
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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18
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Signal Transduction Via Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:85-133. [PMID: 31758532 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen-specific stimulation is essential for initiating T-cell activation. However, signaling through the TCR alone is not sufficient for inducing an effective response. In addition to TCR-mediated signaling, signaling through antigen-independent co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is critically important not only for the full activation and functional differentiation of T cells but also for the termination and suppression of T-cell responses. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways underlying the function of each molecular component. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have no kinase activity, but their cytoplasmic region contains unique functional motifs and potential phosphorylation sites. Engagement of co-stimulatory receptors leads to recruitment of specific binding partners, such as adaptor molecules, kinases, and phosphatases, via recognition of a specific motif. Consequently, each co-stimulatory receptor transduces a unique pattern of signaling pathways. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways provided by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, including B7:CD28 family members, immunoglobulin, and members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
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20
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Zapata JM, Perez-Chacon G, Carr-Baena P, Martinez-Forero I, Azpilikueta A, Otano I, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) Signalosome: Complexity Is a Matter of TRAFs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2618. [PMID: 30524423 PMCID: PMC6262405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, Tnsfr9) is a member of the TNF-receptor (TNFR) superfamily without known intrinsic enzymatic activity in its cytoplasmic domain. Hence, akin to other members of the TNFR family, it relies on the TNFR-Associated-Factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins to build the CD137 signalosome for transducing signals into the cell. Thus, upon CD137 activation by binding of CD137L trimers or by crosslinking with agonist monoclonal antibodies, TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 are readily recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of CD137, likely as homo- and/or heterotrimers with different configurations, initiating the construction of the CD137 signalosome. The formation of TRAF2-RING dimers between TRAF2 molecules from contiguous trimers would help to establish a multimeric structure of TRAF-trimers that is probably essential for CD137 signaling. In addition, available studies have identified a large number of proteins that are recruited to CD137:TRAF complexes including ubiquitin ligases and proteases, kinases, and modulatory proteins. Working in a coordinated fashion, these CD137-signalosomes will ultimately promote CD137-mediated T cell proliferation and survival and will endow T cells with stronger effector functions. Current evidence allows to envision the molecular events that might take place in the early stages of CD137-signalosome formation, underscoring the key roles of TRAFs and of K63 and K48-ubiquitination of target proteins in the signaling process. Understanding the composition and fine regulation of CD137-signalosomes assembly and disassembly will be key to improve the therapeutic activities of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) encompassing the CD137 cytoplasmic domain and a new generation of CD137 agonists for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Perez-Chacon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Carr-Baena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Martinez-Forero
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Otano
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,MSD, London, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Inmunologia e Inmunoterapia, Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Vairy S, Garcia JL, Teira P, Bittencourt H. CTL019 (tisagenlecleucel): CAR-T therapy for relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3885-3898. [PMID: 30518999 PMCID: PMC6237143 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s138765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, survival of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has dramatically improved, but the subgroup of patients with relapsed/refractory ALL still continues to have dismal prognosis. As an emerging therapeutic approach, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells (CAR-T) represent one of the few practice-changing therapies for this subgroup of patients. Originally conceived and built in Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), CTL019 or tisagenlecleucel, the first CAR-T approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, showed impressive results in refractory/relapsed ALL since the publication on two pediatric patients in 2013. It is in this context that we provide a review of this product in terms of manufacturing, pharmacology, toxicity, and efficacy studies. Evaluation and management of toxicities, particularly cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, is recognized as an essential part of the patient treatment with broader use of IL-6 receptor inhibitor. An under-assessed aspect, the quality of life of patients entering CAR-T cells treatment, will also be reviewed. By their unique nature, CAR-T cells such as tisagenlecleucel operate in a different way than typical drugs, but also provide unique hope for B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vairy
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,
| | - Julia Lopes Garcia
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,
| | - Pierre Teira
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,
| | - Henrique Bittencourt
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,
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22
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Zygmunt BM, Węgrzyn A, Gajska W, Yevsa T, Chodaczek G, Guzmán CA. Mannose Metabolism Is Essential for Th1 Cell Differentiation and IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1400-1411. [PMID: 30030325 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-derived mannose is a common component of glycoproteins, and its deficiency leads to a severe defect in protein glycosylation and failure in basic cell functions. In this work, we show that mannose metabolism is essential for IFN-γ production by mouse Th1 cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the susceptibility of Th1 cells to glycolysis restriction depends on the activation conditions and that under diminished glycolytic flux, mannose availability becomes the limiting factor for IFN-γ expression. This study unravels a new role for glucose metabolism in the differentiation process of Th1 cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for the importance of glycolysis in immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata M Zygmunt
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; .,Wroclaw Research Center EIT+, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Weronika Gajska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-377 Wroclaw, Poland; and
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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23
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Kosmides AK, Necochea K, Hickey JW, Schneck JP. Separating T Cell Targeting Components onto Magnetically Clustered Nanoparticles Boosts Activation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1916-1924. [PMID: 29488768 PMCID: PMC6707078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation requires the coordination of a variety of signaling molecules including T cell receptor-specific signals and costimulatory signals. Altering the composition and distribution of costimulatory molecules during stimulation greatly affects T cell functionality for applications such as adoptive cell therapy (ACT), but the large diversity in these molecules complicates these studies. Here, we develop and validate a reductionist T cell activation platform that enables streamlined customization of stimulatory conditions. This platform is useful for the optimization of ACT protocols as well as the more general study of immune T cell activation. Rather than decorating particles with both signal 1 antigen and signal 2 costimulus, we use distinct, monospecific, paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are then clustered on the cell surface by a magnetic field. This allows for rapid synthesis and characterization of a small number of single-signal nanoparticles which can be systematically combined to explore and optimize T cell activation. By increasing cognate T cell enrichment and incorporating additional costimulatory molecules using this platform, we find significantly higher frequencies and numbers of cognate T cells stimulated from an endogenous population. The magnetic field-induced association of separate particles thus provides a tool for optimizing T cell activation for adoptive immunotherapy and other immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K. Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Kevin Necochea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - John W. Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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24
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology and Translational Relevance for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 995:1-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02505-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Co-stimulation Agonists via CD137, OX40, GITR, and CD27 for Immunotherapy of Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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26
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Hahn AW, Gill DM, Pal SK, Agarwal N. The future of immune checkpoint cancer therapy after PD-1 and CTLA-4. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:681-692. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
| | - David M Gill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Oncology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010 USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
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27
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Cleary KLS, Chan HTC, James S, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Antibody Distance from the Cell Membrane Regulates Antibody Effector Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3999-4011. [PMID: 28404636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using mAbs, such as rituximab, is an established means of treating hematological malignancies. Abs can elicit a number of mechanisms to delete target cells, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis. The inherent properties of the target molecule help to define which of these mechanisms are more important for efficacy. However, it is often unclear why mAb binding to different epitopes within the same target elicits different levels of therapeutic activity. To specifically address whether distance from the target cell membrane influences the aforementioned effector mechanisms, a panel of fusion proteins consisting of a CD20 or CD52 epitope attached to various CD137 scaffold molecules was generated. The CD137 scaffold was modified through the removal or addition of cysteine-rich extracellular domains to produce a panel of chimeric molecules that held the target epitope at different distances along the protein. It was shown that complement-dependent cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity favored a membrane-proximal epitope, whereas Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis favored an epitope positioned further away. These findings were confirmed using reagents targeting the membrane-proximal or -distal domains of CD137 itself before investigating these properties in vivo, where a clear difference in the splenic clearance of transfected tumor cells was observed. Together, this work demonstrates how altering the position of the Ab epitope is able to change the effector mechanisms engaged and facilitates the selection of mAbs designed to delete target cells through specific effector mechanisms and provide more effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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28
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 995:1-31. [PMID: 28321810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53156-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the cross talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains incorporated in these CARs critically determine the function, differentiation, metabolism and persistence of engineered T cells. CD19-targeted CARs that incorporate CD28 or 4-1BB signalling domains are the best known to date. Both have shown remarkable complete remission rates in patients with refractory B cell malignancies. Recent data indicate that CD28-based CARs direct a brisk proliferative response and boost effector functions, whereas 4-1BB-based CARs induce a more progressive T cell accumulation that may compensate for less immediate potency. These distinct kinetic features can be exploited to further develop CAR-based T cell therapies for a variety of cancers. A new field of immunopharmacology is emerging.
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30
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Labiano S, Palazón A, Bolaños E, Azpilikueta A, Sánchez-Paulete AR, Morales-Kastresana A, Quetglas JI, Perez-Gracia JL, Gúrpide A, Rodriguez-Ruiz M, Aznar MA, Jure-Kunkel M, Berraondo P, Melero I. Hypoxia-induced soluble CD137 in malignant cells blocks CD137L-costimulation as an immune escape mechanism. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1062967. [PMID: 26942078 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1062967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors that has been implicated in immune evasion. Previous studies from our group have shown that hypoxia upregulates the co-stimulatory receptor CD137 on activated T lymphocytes and on vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we show that exposure of mouse and human tumor cell lines to hypoxic conditions (1% O2) promotes CD137 transcription. However, the resulting mRNA is predominantly an alternatively spliced form that encodes for a soluble variant, lacking the transmembrane domain. Accordingly, soluble CD137 (sCD137) is detectable by ELISA in the supernatant of hypoxia-exposed cell lines and in the serum of tumor-bearing mice. sCD137, as secreted by tumor cells, is able to bind to CD137-Ligand (CD137L). Our studies on primed T lymphocytes in co-culture with stable transfectants for CD137L demonstrate that tumor-secreted sCD137 prevents co-stimulation of T lymphocytes. Such an effect results from preventing the interaction of CD137L with the transmembrane forms of CD137 expressed on T lymphocytes undergoing activation. Indeed, silencing CD137 with shRNA renders more immunogenic tumor-cell variants upon inoculation to immunocompetent mice but which readily grafted on immunodeficient or CD8+ T-cell-depleted mice. These mechanisms are interpreted as a molecular strategy deployed by tumors to repress lymphocyte co-stimulation via CD137/CD137L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Labiano
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Asis Palazón
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose I Quetglas
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - José L Perez-Gracia
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gúrpide
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Ruiz
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Angela Aznar
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Jure-Kunkel
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- CIMA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra and IDISNA , Pamplona, Spain
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31
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Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:117. [PMID: 26106583 PMCID: PMC4459101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB’s expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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32
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So T, Nagashima H, Ishii N. TNF Receptor-Associated Factor (TRAF) Signaling Network in CD4 + T-Lymphocytes. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 236:139-54. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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33
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Kim EC, Moon JH, Kang SW, Kwon B, Lee HW. TMEM126A, a CD137 ligand binding protein, couples with the TLR4 signal transduction pathway in macrophages. Mol Immunol 2014; 64:244-51. [PMID: 25549946 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We showed previously that a novel protein, transmembrane protein 126A (TMEM126A), binds to CD137 ligand (CD137L, 4-1BBL) and couples with its reverse signals in macrophages. Here, we present data showing that TMEM126A relays TLR4 signaling. Thus, up-regulation of CD54 (ICAM-1), MHC II, CD86 and CD40 expression in response to TLR4 activation was diminished in TMEM126A-deficient macrophages. Moreover in TMEM126A-deficient RAW264.7 cells, LPS/TLR4-induced late-phase JNK/SAPK and IRF-3 phosphorylation was abolished. These findings indicate that TMEM126A contributes to the TLR4 signal up-regulating the expression of genes whose products are involved in antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Cheol Kim
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoi Moon
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang W Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Ahn E, Kim H, Han KT, Sin JI. A loss of antitumor therapeutic activity of CEA DNA vaccines is associated with the lack of tumor cells' antigen presentation to Ag-specific CTLs in a colon cancer model. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:676-85. [PMID: 25449428 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human colon cancers express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thus, CEA has been considered as a potential vaccine target for immune therapy against colon cancer. In this study, CEA DNA vaccines plus anti-4-1BB Abs treatment was found to increase Ag-specific CTL activity and antitumor protective responses to MC32 cells. However, CEA DNA vaccines alone displayed few antitumor therapeutic effects while significantly inducing Ag-specific CTL responses. Anti-4-1BB Abs alone displayed antitumor therapeutic effects. Intratumoral electroporation with IL-12 cDNA also showed antitumor therapeutic activity against MC32 cells in a CD8+ T cell-dependent and CEA-non-specific manner, suggesting that established MC32 cells are still susceptible to CTL-mediated killing. Finally, our in vitro assays (Western blot assay, IFN-γ, CTL and apoptosis assays, FACS analysis) and animal studies demonstrated that a lack of antitumor therapeutic activity of CEA DNA vaccines might result from acquisition of tumor cell resistance to Ag-specific CTL-mediated killing through the loss of tumor cells' antigen presentation to Ag-specific CTLs. Taken together, these data show that MC32 cells may resist CEA DNA vaccination by their loss of antigen presentation to CEA-specific CTLs in the therapeutic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euri Ahn
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kim
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusun Torque Han
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Baravalle G, Greer AM, LaFlam TN, Shin JS. Antigen-conjugated human IgE induces antigen-specific T cell tolerance in a humanized mouse model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3280-8. [PMID: 24610015 PMCID: PMC4472313 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in immune homeostasis through their ability to present Ags at steady state and mediate T cell tolerance. This characteristic renders DCs an attractive therapeutic target for the induction of tolerance against auto-antigens or allergens. Accordingly, Ag-conjugated DC-specific Abs have been proposed to be an excellent vehicle to deliver Ags to DCs for presentation and tolerance induction. However, this approach requires laborious reagent generation procedures and entails unpredictable side effects resulting from Ab-induced crosslinking of DC surface molecules. In this study, we examined whether IgE, a high-affinity, non-cross-linking natural ligand of FcεRI, could be used to target Ags to DCs and to induce Ag-specific T cell tolerance. We found that Ag-conjugated human IgE Fc domain (Fcε) effectively delivered Ags to DCs and enhanced Ag presentation by 1000- to 2500-fold in human FcεRIα-transgenic mice. Importantly, this presentation resulted in a systemic deletion of Ag-specific T cells and prevented these mice from developing delayed-type hypersensitivity, which is critically dependent on Ag-specific T cell immunity. Thus, targeting FcεRI on DCs via Ag-Fcε fusion protein may serve an alternative method to induce Ag-specific T cell tolerance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Baravalle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alexandra M. Greer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Taylor N. LaFlam
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Kim H, Kwon B, Sin JI. Combined stimulation of IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors augments the antitumor activity of E7 DNA vaccines by increasing Ag-specific CTL responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83765. [PMID: 24391824 PMCID: PMC3877103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause of cervical cancer. Here, we investigate whether concurrent therapy using HPV E7 DNA vaccines (pE7) plus IL-2 vs. IL-15 cDNA and anti-4-1BB Abs might augment antitumor activity against established tumors. IL-2 cDNA was slightly better than IL-15 cDNA as a pE7 adjuvant. Co-delivery of pE7+IL-2 cDNA increased tumor cure rates from 7% to 27%, whereas co-delivery of pE7+IL-2 cDNA with anti-4-1BB Abs increased tumor cure rates from 27% to 67% and elicited long-term memory responses. This increased activity was concomitant with increased induction of Ag-specific CTL activity and IFN-γ responses, but not with Ag-specific IgG production. Moreover, the combined stimulation of IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors with rIL-2 and anti-4-1BB Abs resulted in enhanced production of IFN-γ from Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. However, this effect was abolished by treatment with anti-IL-2 Abs and 4-1BB-Fc, suggesting that the observed effect was IL-2- and anti-4-1BB Ab-specific. A similar result was also obtained for Ag-specific CTL activity. Thus, these studies demonstrate that combined stimulation through the IL-2 and 4-1BB receptors augments the Ag-specific CD8+ CTL responses induced by pE7, increasing tumor cure rates and long-term antitumor immune memory. These findings may have implications for the design of DNA-based therapeutic vaccines against cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/immunology
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kasahara D, Takara A, Takahashi Y, Kodama A, Tanaka R, Ansari AA, Tanaka Y. Natural OX40L expressed on human T cell leukemia virus type-I-immortalized T cell lines interferes with infection of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by CCR5-utilizing human immunodeficiency virus. Virol J 2013; 10:338. [PMID: 24238037 PMCID: PMC4225675 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OX40 ligand (OX40L) co-stimulates and differentiates T cells via ligation of OX40 that is transiently induced on T cells upon activation, resulting in prolonged T cell survival and enhanced cytokine production by T cells. This view has led to the targeting of OX40 as a strategy to boost antigen specific T cells in the context of vaccination. In addition, the ligation of OX40 has also been shown to inhibit infection by CCR5-utilizing (R5) but not CXCR4-utilizing (X4) human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) via enhancement of production of CCR5-binding β-chemokines. It was reasoned that human T cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1) immortalized T cell lines that express high levels of OX40L could serve as an unique source of physiologically functional OX40L. The fact that HTLV-1+ T cell lines simultaneously also express high levels of OX40 suggested a potential limitation. RESULTS Results of our studies showed that HTLV-1+ T cell lines bound exogenous OX40 but not OX40L, indicating that HTLV-1+ T cell lines express an active form of OX40L but an inactive form of OX40. Anti-OX40 non-blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb), but not blocking mAb, stained HTLV-1+ T cell lines, suggesting that the OX40 might be saturated with endogenous OX40L. Functionality of the OX40L was confirmed by the fact that a paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed HTLV-1+ T cell lines inhibited the infection of autologous activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with R5 HIV-1 which was reversed by either anti-OX40L blocking mAb or a mixture of neutralizing mAbs against CCR5-binding β-chemokines. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrated that autologous T cell lines immortalized by HTLV-1 can be utilized as a conventional source of physiologically functional OX40L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Kasahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
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So T, Croft M. Regulation of PI-3-Kinase and Akt Signaling in T Lymphocytes and Other Cells by TNFR Family Molecules. Front Immunol 2013; 4:139. [PMID: 23760533 PMCID: PMC3675380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt (protein kinase B) is a common response triggered by a range of membrane-bound receptors on many cell types. In T lymphocytes, the PI3K-Akt pathway promotes clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival of effector cells and suppresses the generation of regulatory T cells. PI3K activation is tightly controlled by signals through the T cell receptor (TCR) and the co-stimulatory receptor CD28, however sustained and periodic signals from additional co-receptors are now being recognized as critical contributors to the activation of this pathway. Accumulating evidence suggests that many members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, TNFR2 (TNFRSF1B), OX40 (TNFRSF4), 4-1BB (TNFRSF9), HVEM (TNFRSF14), and DR3 (TNFRSF25), that are constitutive or inducible on T cells, can directly or indirectly promote activity in the PI3K-Akt pathway. We discuss recent data which suggests that ligation of one TNFR family molecule organizes a signalosome, via TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) adapter proteins in T cell membrane lipid microdomains, that results in the subsequent accumulation of highly concentrated depots of PI3K and Akt in close proximity to TCR signaling units. We propose this may be a generalizable mechanism applicable to other TNFR family molecules that will result in a quantitative contribution of these signalosomes to enhancing and sustaining PI3K and Akt activation triggered by the TCR. We also review data that other TNFR molecules, such as CD40 (TNFRSF5), RANK (TNFRSF11A), FN14 (TNFRSF12A), TACI (TNFRSF13B), BAFFR (TNFRSF13C), and NGFR (TNFRSF16), contribute to the activation of this pathway in diverse cell types through a similar ability to recruit PI3K or Akt into their signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
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39
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Zhao Y, Tahiliani V, Salek-Ardakani S, Croft M. Targeting 4-1BB (CD137) to enhance CD8 T cell responses with poxviruses and viral antigens. Front Immunol 2012; 3:332. [PMID: 23162550 PMCID: PMC3492829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV) vectors are considered prime vaccine candidates for use in immunotherapy of infectious disease. In spite of this, recent data show that the level of attenuation may hamper the efficient generation of protective CD8 T cells. This suggests that additional adjuvant-like activities may need to be combined with attenuated VACV for optimal vaccination. Stimulatory reagents to the TNFR family molecule 4-1BB (CD137) may represent such an adjuvant for vaccination. Previous murine studies have found that 4-1BB can participate in optimal priming of effector and memory CD8 T cells in response to several virus infections, and concordantly direct stimulation of 4-1BB with agonist reagents effectively boosts the CD8 T cell response against those viruses. In contrast, we recently reported that 4-1BB plays no role in the response to a virulent strain of VACV, questioning whether agonists of 4-1BB will be useful adjuvants for vaccination with VACV vectors. Here we show that agonist anti-4-1BB strongly enhanced the primary viral-specific effector CD8 T cell response during infection with live virulent VACV and attenuated VACV, and during immunization with VACV peptides given in IFA. However, accumulation of memory CD8 T cells was enhanced only following infection with virulent VACV or with peptide vaccination, but not with attenuated VACV, correlating in part with more transient expression of 4-1BB on CD8 T cells with attenuated virus. Our data therefore suggest that 4-1BB may be a promising candidate for targeting as an adjuvant for short-term enhancement of CD8 T cell responses with VACV vaccine strategies, but additional receptors may need to be engaged with 4-1BB to allow long-term CD8 T cell immunity with attenuated VACV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology La Jolla, CA, USA
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40
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So T, Croft M. Regulation of the PKCθ-NF-κB Axis in T Lymphocytes by the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Family Member OX40. Front Immunol 2012; 3:133. [PMID: 22654884 PMCID: PMC3361009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen primed T lymphocytes need to expand and persist to promote adaptive immunity. The growth and survival signals that control this are in large part provided by the NF-κB pathway in activated or effector/memory T cells. Although several membrane receptors impact NF-κB activation, signaling from OX40 (CD134, TNFRSF4), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, has proven to be important for T cell immunity and a strong contributor to NF-κB activity. PKCθ directs the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28-dependent assembly of a CBM complex (CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1) for efficient activation of NF-κB, raising the question of whether other membrane bound receptors that activate NF-κB also require this PKCθ-CBM axis to control TCR-independent T cell activity. We discuss here our recent data demonstrating that after ligation by OX40L (CD252, TNFSF4) expressed on antigen-presenting cells, OX40 translocates into detergent-insoluble membrane lipid microdomains (DIM or lipid rafts) in T cells irrespective of TCR signals, and assembles into a signaling complex containing PKCθ, together with TRAF2, RIP1, the CBM complex, and the IKKα/β/Γ complex. PKCθ is required for optimal NF-κB activation mediated by OX40 and thus works as an essential component of this OX40 signalosome. We also discuss the likelihood that other TNFR superfamily molecules might complex with PKCθ in T cells, and whether PKC isoforms may be critical to the function of TNFR molecules in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai, Japan
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41
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Stephan MT, Stephan SB, Bak P, Chen J, Irvine DJ. Synapse-directed delivery of immunomodulators using T-cell-conjugated nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5776-87. [PMID: 22594972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulating molecular interactions in the T-cell synapse to prevent autoimmunity or, conversely, to boost anti-tumor immunity has long been a goal in immunotherapy. However, delivering therapeutically meaningful doses of immune-modulating compounds into the synapse represents a major challenge. Here, we report that covalent coupling of maleimide-functionlized nanoparticles (NPs) to free thiol groups on T-cell membrane proteins enables efficient delivery of compounds into the T-cell synapse. We demonstrate that surface-linked NPs are rapidly polarized toward the nascent immunological synapse (IS) at the T-cell/APC contact zone during antigen recognition. To translate these findings into a therapeutic application we tested the NP delivery of NSC-87877, a dual inhibitor of Shp1 and Shp2, key phosphatases that downregulate T-cell receptor activation in the synapse, in the context of adoptive T cell therapy of cancer. Conjugating NSC-87877-loaded NPs to the surface of tumor-specific T cells just prior to adoptive transfer into mice with advanced prostate cancer promoted a much greater T-cell expansion at the tumor site, relative to co-infusing the same drug dose systemically, leading to enhanced survival of treated animals. In summary, our studies support the application of T-cell-linked synthetic NPs as efficient drug delivery vehicles into the IS, as well as the broad applicability of this new paradigm for therapeutically modulating signaling events at the T-cell/APC interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Stephan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology-MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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42
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Antigen-independent signalosome of CARMA1, PKCθ, and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) determines NF-κB signaling in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2903-8. [PMID: 21282629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008765108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB activation is essential for T-cell responses, and costimulatory molecules in the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily are viewed as a major source of this signal. Although the TNFR family recruits TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) molecules leading to IKKα/β/γ activation, it is not clear whether simple binding of TRAFs explains why they are such strong activators of NF-κB and so important for T-cell immunity. We now show that one TNFR family member, OX40 (CD134), after ligation by OX40L, assembles a unique complex that not only contains TRAF2, RIP, and IKKα/β/γ but also CARMA1, MALT1, BCL10, and PKC, molecules previously shown to regulate NF-κB activation through the T-cell receptor (TCR). The OX40 signalosome is formed in membrane microdomains irrespective of TCR engagement, and strongly promotes NF-κB activation only if CARMA1 and PKC are recruited. This NF-κB signal allows effector/memory T cells to survive when antigen is no longer available. Thus, by recruiting TCR-related intracellular molecules into the TRAF2 complex, OX40 provides the T cell with a high level of NF-κB activity needed for longevity.
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Croft M, So T, Duan W, Soroosh P. The significance of OX40 and OX40L to T-cell biology and immune disease. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:173-91. [PMID: 19426222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner, OX40L (CD252), are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor superfamily and are expressed on activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as on a number of other lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Costimulatory signals from OX40 to a conventional T cell promote division and survival, augmenting the clonal expansion of effector and memory populations as they are being generated to antigen. OX40 additionally suppresses the differentiation and activity of T-regulatory cells, further amplifying this process. OX40 and OX40L also regulate cytokine production from T cells, antigen-presenting cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, and modulate cytokine receptor signaling. In line with these important modulatory functions, OX40-OX40L interactions have been found to play a central role in the development of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, making them attractive candidates for intervention in the clinic. Conversely, stimulating OX40 has shown it to be a candidate for therapeutic immunization strategies for cancer and infectious disease. This review provides a broad overview of the biology of OX40 including the intracellular signals from OX40 that impact many aspects of immune function and have promoted OX40 as one of the most prominent costimulatory molecules known to control T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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44
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Yan X, Johnson BD, Orentas RJ. Induction of a VLA-2 (CD49b)-expressing effector T cell population by a cell-based neuroblastoma vaccine expressing CD137L. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4621-31. [PMID: 18802064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In malignancies where no universally expressed dominant Ag exists, the use of tumor cell-based vaccines has been proposed. We have modified a mouse neuroblastoma cell line to express either CD80 (B7.1), CD137L (4-1BBL), or both receptors on the tumor cell surface. Vaccines expressing both induce a strong T cell response that is unique in that among responding CD8 T cells, a T effector memory cell (T(EM)) response arises in which a large number of the T(EM) express the alpha-chain of VLA-2, CD49b. We demonstrate using both in vitro and in vivo assays that the CD49b(+) CD8 T cell population is a far more potent antitumor effector cell population than nonfractionated CD8 or CD49b(-) CD8 T cells and that CD49b on vaccine-induced CD8 T cells mediates invasion of a collagen matrix. In in vivo rechallenge studies, CD49b(+) T cells no longer expanded, indicating that CD49b T(EM) expansion is restricted to the initial response to vaccine. To demonstrate a mechanistic link between the expression of costimulatory molecules on the vaccine and CD49b on responding T cells, we stimulated naive T cells in vitro with artificial APC expressing different combinations of anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and CD137L. Although some mRNA encoding CD49b was induced by combining anti-CD3 with anti-CD28 or CD137L, the highest level was induced when all three signals were present. This indicates that CD49b expression results from additive costimulation and that the level of CD49b message serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of T cell activation by a cell-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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45
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Multi-layered action mechanisms of CD137 (4-1BB)-targeted immunotherapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Stephan MT, Ponomarev V, Brentjens RJ, Chang AH, Dobrenkov KV, Heller G, Sadelain M. T cell-encoded CD80 and 4-1BBL induce auto- and transcostimulation, resulting in potent tumor rejection. Nat Med 2007; 13:1440-9. [PMID: 18026115 DOI: 10.1038/nm1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To reject tumors, T cells must overcome poor tumor immunogenicity and an adverse tumor microenvironment. Providing agonistic costimulatory signals to tumor-infiltrating T cells to augment T cell function remains a challenge for the implementation of safe and effective immunotherapy. We hypothesized that T cells overexpressing selected costimulatory ligands could serve as cellular vehicles mediating powerful, yet constrained, anatomically targeted costimulation. Here, we show that primary human T cells expressing CD80 and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) vigorously respond to tumor cells lacking costimulatory ligands and provoke potent rejection of large, systemic tumors in immunodeficient mice. In addition to showing costimulation of bystander T cells (transcostimulation), we show the effect of CD80 and 4-1BBL binding to their respective receptors in the immunological synapse of isolated single cells (autocostimulation). This new strategy of endowing T cells with constitutively expressed costimulatory ligands could be extended to other ligand-receptor pairs and used to enhance any targeted adoptive transfer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Stephan
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York 10021, USA
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Li B, Lin J, Vanroey M, Jure-Kunkel M, Jooss K. Established B16 tumors are rejected following treatment with GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy in combination with anti-4-1BB mAb. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:76-87. [PMID: 17706463 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates potent, specific and long lasting anti-tumor immunity in clinical and preclinical settings. Efforts to further increase immunotherapy efficacy with immune-modulatory agents are under evaluation. Based on the immune-modulatory properties of 4-1BB (CD137), it has been postulated that agonistic 4-1BB antibodies may add additional anti-tumor efficacy to GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy. The combination of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment resulted in rejection of established tumors in the B16 melanoma model. These anti-tumor effects correlated with persistent tumor-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. In addition, early tumor infiltration of functional CD8(+) T cells and a greater expansion of antigen-specific memory T cells were found in mice treated with the combination therapy. In summary, an agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb combined with GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy may provide a novel and potent treatment strategy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Li
- Cell Genesys Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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48
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Zhang N, Sadun RE, Arias RS, Flanagan ML, Sachsman SM, Nien YC, Khawli LA, Hu P, Epstein AL. Targeted and untargeted CD137L fusion proteins for the immunotherapy of experimental solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2758-67. [PMID: 17460060 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD137L is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that provides a costimulatory signal to T cells. In this study, two novel CD137L fusion proteins were produced and compared with the CD137 agonist antibody 2A. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine CD137L was linked to the COOH terminus of either the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin (untargeted version) or TNT-3 (targeted version), an antibody that binds to necrotic regions of tumors. Groups of mice bearing established Colon 26 tumors were then treated daily x 5 with each fusion protein or 2A to determine their immunotherapeutic potential. RESULTS Both fusion proteins retained CD137L activity in vitro and TNT-3/CD137L showed tumor-binding activity by biodistribution analysis in tumor-bearing mice. The fusion proteins also produced similar responses in vivo at the 1 nmol per dose range and showed a 60% (TNT-3/CD137L) or 40% (Fc/CD137L) survival of treated mice at 150 days after tumor implantation, similar to the effects of 2A. Morphologic and immunohistochemical analyses showed massive central necrosis and infiltration of granzyme B-positive cells in necrotic areas and viable peripheral regions of treated tumors. Finally, cell depletion studies showed that CD137L-mediated tumor regression was CD8(+) T cell dependent. CONCLUSIONS From these studies, it was determined that both targeted and untargeted CD137L fusion proteins showed effective antitumor activity, but that the targeted version was more potent. Therefore, the use of the natural CD137 ligand is a promising approach to the treatment of solid tumors by virtue of its ability to produce physiologic costimulation within the tumor, limiting side effects often seen with agonist antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Shin SM, Kim YH, Choi BK, Kwon PM, Lee HW, Kwon BS. 4-1BB triggers IL-13 production from T cells to limit the polarized, Th1-mediated inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1455-65. [PMID: 17389581 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1006619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) triggering typically induces Th1 response by increasing IFN-gamma from T cells upon TCR ligation. We found recently that 4-1BB costimulation increased the expression of IL-13 from CD4(+) T cells, as well as CD8(+) T cells. The enhanced IL-13 expression by agonistic anti-4-1BB treatment was mediated via MAPK1/2, PI-3K, JNK, mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-AT, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. The signaling for IL-13 induction was similar to that of IFN-gamma production by anti-4-1BB treatment in T cells. When the anti-4-1BB-mediated IL-13 expression was tested in an in vivo viral infection model such as HSV-1 and vesicular stomatitis virus, 4-1BB stimulation enhanced IL-13 expression of CD4(+) T, rather than CD8(+) T cells. Although IL-13 was enhanced by anti-4-1BB treatment, the increased IL-13 did not significantly alter the anti-4-1BB-induced Th1 polarization of T cells--increase of T-bet and decrease of GATA-3. Nevertheless, anti-4-1BB treatment polarized T cells excessively in the absence of IL-13 and even became detrimental to the mice by causing liver inflammation. Therefore, we concluded that IL-13 was coinduced following 4-1BB triggering to maintain the Th1/2 balance of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su M Shin
- The Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, San29, Mukeo-Dong, Nam-Ku, Ulsan, Korea 680-749
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Patschan S, Dolff S, Kribben A, Dürig J, Patschan D, Wilde B, Specker C, Philipp T, Witzke O. CD134 expression on CD4+ T cells is associated with nephritis and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:235-42. [PMID: 16879242 PMCID: PMC1809690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a deviation of the immune system that involves T cell-dependent autoantibody production. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of co-stimulatory markers on T cells in this disease. Twenty-eight patients with SLE as defined by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and 11 healthy controls were included into the study. Eleven patients had biopsy-proven lupus nephritis while 17 patients had no clinical evidence of lupus nephritis. Clinical disease activity was assessed according to the systemic lupus erythematosus disease index (SLEDAI). CD4+ T cell populations in the peripheral blood were analysed for the expression of co-stimulatory markers CD45RO, CD70, CD80, CD86, CD137, CD137L, CD134, CD152, CD154 and ICOS. SLE patients showed an increased frequency of peripheral CD4+ T cells expressing high levels of CD80, CD86 and CD134 compared to healthy controls (7.1 +/- 1.5% versus 1.7 +/- 0.9%; P < 0.005; 2.3 +/- 0.4% versus 1.0 +/- 0.2%; P = 0.008, 20.2 +/- 2.0% versus 10.6 +/- 1.9%; P < 0.005, respectively). Significantly higher levels of CD80 on CD4+ T cells were detected in SLE patients with lupus nephritis compared to patients without nephritis (11.9 +/- 3.3% versus 4.0 +/- 0.7%; P < 0.005). There was an increased presence of CD134+ CD4+ cells in SLE patients with lupus nephritis (27.5 +/- 4.0% versus 15.5 +/- 1.3%; P < 0.005). CD80 and CD134 expression was significantly correlated with SLEDAI (r = 0.42, P = 0.03; r = 0.56, P < 0.005). Co-stimulatory molecules on CD4+ T cells are associated with renal disease and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patschan
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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