1
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Santourlidis S, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Erichsen L, Bendhack ML. Epigenetics Meets CAR-T-Cell Therapy to Fight Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1941. [PMID: 38792020 PMCID: PMC11119853 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on the impressive success of Car-T-cell therapy in the treatment of hematological malignancies, a broad application for solid tumors also appears promising. However, some important hurdles need to be overcome. One of these is certainly the identification of specific target antigens on cancer cells. Hypomethylation is a characteristic epigenetic aberration in many tumor entities. Genome-wide screenings for consistent DNA hypomethylations in tumors enable the identification of aberrantly upregulated transcripts, which might result in cell surface proteins. Thus, this approach provides a new perspective for the discovery of potential new Car-T-cell target antigens for almost every tumor entity. First, we focus on this approach as a possible treatment for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Santourlidis
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcelo L. Bendhack
- Department of Urology, Red Cross University Hospital, Positivo University, Rua Mauá 1111, Curitiba 80030-200, Brazil;
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2
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Pulanco MC, Madsen AT, Tanwar A, Corrigan DT, Zang X. Recent advancements in the B7/CD28 immune checkpoint families: new biology and clinical therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:694-713. [PMID: 37069229 PMCID: PMC10310771 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various diseases. Recent basic and clinical studies have revealed novel biology of the B7/CD28 families and new therapeutics for cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the newly discovered KIR3DL3/TMIGD2/HHLA2 pathways, PD-1/PD-L1 and B7-H3 as metabolic regulators, the glycobiology of PD-1/PD-L1, B7x (B7-H4) and B7-H3, and the recently characterized PD-L1/B7-1 cis-interaction. We also cover the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic resistance mechanisms to current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapies in clinical settings. Finally, we review new immunotherapies targeting B7-H3, B7x, PD-1/PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anne T Madsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ankit Tanwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
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3
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Palmer WH, Leaton LA, Codo AC, Crute B, Roest J, Zhu S, Petersen J, Tobin RP, Hume PS, Stone M, van Bokhoven A, Gerich ME, McCarter MD, Zhu Y, Janssen WJ, Vivian JP, Trowsdale J, Getahun A, Rossjohn J, Cambier J, Loh L, Norman PJ. Polymorphic KIR3DL3 expression modulates tissue-resident and innate-like T cells. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5343. [PMID: 37390222 PMCID: PMC10360443 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Most human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are expressed by natural killer (NK) cells and recognize HLA class I molecules as ligands. KIR3DL3 is a conserved but polymorphic inhibitory KIR recognizing a B7 family ligand, HHLA2, and is implicated for immune checkpoint targeting. The expression profile and biological function of KIR3DL3 have been somewhat elusive, so we searched extensively for KIR3DL3 transcripts, revealing highly enriched expression in γδ and CD8+ T cells rather than NK cells. These KIR3DL3-expressing cells are rare in the blood and thymus but more common in the lungs and digestive tract. High-resolution flow cytometry and single-cell transcriptomics showed that peripheral blood KIR3DL3+ T cells have an activated transitional memory phenotype and are hypofunctional. The T cell receptor (TCR) usage is biased toward genes from early rearranged TCR-α variable segments or Vδ1 chains. In addition, we show that TCR-mediated stimulation can be inhibited through KIR3DL3 ligation. Whereas we detected no impact of KIR3DL3 polymorphism on ligand binding, variants in the proximal promoter and at residue 86 can reduce expression. Together, we demonstrate that KIR3DL3 is up-regulated alongside unconventional T cell stimulation and that individuals may vary in their ability to express KIR3DL3. These results have implications for the personalized targeting of KIR3DL3/HHLA2 checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Ann Leaton
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ana Campos Codo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bergren Crute
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James Roest
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiying Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard P. Tobin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology,
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patrick S. Hume
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO,
USA
| | - Matthew Stone
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology,
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adrie van Bokhoven
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of
Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark E. Gerich
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology,
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology,
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Julian P. Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University,
School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - John Cambier
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville,
Australia
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of
Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Li Y, Lv C, Yu Y, Wu B, Zhang Y, Lang Q, Liang Z, Zhong C, Shi Y, Han S, Xu F, Tian Y. KIR3DL3-HHLA2 and TMIGD2-HHLA2 pathways: The dual role of HHLA2 in immune responses and its potential therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy. J Adv Res 2022; 47:137-150. [PMID: 35933091 PMCID: PMC10173190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are essential components of the immune system and are regulated by coinhibitory and costimulatory molecules in which the B7 family and CD28 family play significant roles. Previous immune checkpoint studies on B7/CD28 family members, such as PD-1, have led to remarkable success in cancer immunotherapy. However, there is still a need to find new immune checkpoint molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that HHLA2 exerts inhibitory and stimulatory functions on the immune system by binding to different receptors on different sites. However, the pathways between HHLA2 and its two receptors on T cells and NK cells remain controversial. AIM OF REVIEW Here, we reviewed recent studies about HHLA2 ligand interactions with KIR3DL3 and TMIGD2. We focused on elucidating the pathways between KIR3DL3/TMIGD2 and HHLA2 as well as their function in tumour progression. We also addressed the relationship between HHLA2 expression and the clinical prognosis of cancer patients. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW KIR3DL3/TMIGD2-HHLA2 may represent novel pathways within the tumour microenvironment and serve as crucial immune checkpoints for developing novel therapeutic drugs against human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Baokang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qi Lang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Shi
- The First Clinical College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shukun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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5
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Weiss E, Andrade HS, Lara JR, Souza AS, Paz MA, Lima THA, Porto IOP, S B Silva N, Castro CFB, Grotto RMT, Donadi EA, Mendes-Junior CT, Castelli EC. KIR2DL4 genetic diversity in a Brazilian population sample: implications for transcription regulation and protein diversity in samples with different ancestry backgrounds. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:227-241. [PMID: 33595694 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DL4 is an important immune modulator expressed in natural killer cells; HLA-G is its main ligand. We have characterized the KIR2DL4 genetic diversity by considering the promoter, all exons, and all introns in a highly admixed Brazilian population sample and by using massively parallel sequencing. We introduce a molecular method to amplify and to sequence the complete KIR2DL4 gene. To avoid the mapping bias and genotype errors commonly observed in gene families, we have developed and validated a bioinformatic pipeline designed to minimize these errors and applied it to survey the variability of 220 individuals from the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. We have also compared the KIR2DL4 genetic diversity in the Brazilian cohort with the diversity previously reported by the 1000Genomes consortium. KIR2DL4 presents high linkage disequilibrium throughout the gene, with coding sequences associated with specific promoters. There are few but divergent promoter haplotypes. We have also detected many new KIR2DL4 sequences, all bearing nucleotide exchanges in introns and encoding previously described proteins. Exons 3 and 4, which encode the external domains, are the most variable. The ancestry background influences the KIR2DL4 allele frequencies and must be considered for association studies regarding KIR2DL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Weiss
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa S Andrade
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rodrigues Lara
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia S Souza
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle A Paz
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thálitta H A Lima
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iane O P Porto
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayane S B Silva
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila F Bannwart Castro
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M T Grotto
- Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Agronomical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirão, Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso T Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erick C Castelli
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unit, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Bhatt RS, Berjis A, Konge JC, Mahoney KM, Klee AN, Freeman SS, Chen CH, Jegede OA, Catalano PJ, Pignon JC, Sticco-Ivins M, Zhu B, Hua P, Soden J, Zhu J, McDermott DF, Arulanandam AR, Signoretti S, Freeman GJ. KIR3DL3 Is an Inhibitory Receptor for HHLA2 that Mediates an Alternative Immunoinhibitory Pathway to PD1. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:156-169. [PMID: 33229411 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of the PD1 pathway is a broadly effective cancer therapy, but additional immune-inhibitory pathways contribute to tumor immune evasion. HERV-H LTR-associating 2 (HHLA2; also known as B7H5 and B7H7) is a member of the B7 family of immunoregulatory ligands that mediates costimulatory effects through its interaction with the CD28 family member transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain containing 2 (TMIGD2). However, HHLA2 has also been known to have inhibitory effects on T cells. Here, we report that we have identified killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three immunoglobulin domains and long cytoplasmic tail 3 (KIR3DL3) as an inhibitory receptor for HHLA2 in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and have generated HHLA2 and KIR3DL3 antibodies that block the immune-inhibitory activity of HHLA2, preserving the costimulatory signal. It is known that HHLA2 is frequently expressed in several tumor types, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We found that HHLA2 expression was nonoverlapping with PDL1 expression in ccRCC, suggesting that HHLA2 mediates a mechanism of tumor immune evasion that is independent from PDL1. Blockade of both the PD1 and KIR3DL3 pathways may be a more effective way to reverse tumor immune evasion.See related Spotlight on p. 128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal S Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Abdulla Berjis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie C Konge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen M Mahoney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa N Klee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel S Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chun-Hau Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Opeyemi A Jegede
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul J Catalano
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean-Christophe Pignon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maura Sticco-Ivins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Baogong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ping Hua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix, Chinley, High Peak, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Zhu
- BPS Bioscience, San Diego, California
| | - David F McDermott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio R Arulanandam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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7
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Bruijnesteijn J, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. The Genetic Mechanisms Driving Diversification of the KIR Gene Cluster in Primates. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582804. [PMID: 33013938 PMCID: PMC7516082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity and function of natural killer (NK) cells are modulated through the interactions of multiple receptor families, of which some recognize MHC class I molecules. The high level of MHC class I polymorphism requires their ligands either to interact with conserved epitopes, as is utilized by the NKG2A receptor family, or to co-evolve with the MHC class I allelic variation, which task is taken up by the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family. Multiple molecular mechanisms are responsible for the diversification of the KIR gene system, and include abundant chromosomal recombination, high mutation rates, alternative splicing, and variegated expression. The combination of these genetic mechanisms generates a compound array of diversity as is reflected by the contraction and expansion of KIR haplotypes, frequent birth of fusion genes, allelic polymorphism, structurally distinct isoforms, and variegated expression, which is in contrast to the mainly allelic nature of MHC class I polymorphism in humans. A comparison of the thoroughly studied human and macaque KIR gene repertoires demonstrates a similar evolutionarily conserved toolbox, through which selective forces drove and maintained the diversified nature of the KIR gene cluster. This hypothesis is further supported by the comparative genetics of KIR haplotypes and genes in other primate species. The complex nature of the KIR gene system has an impact upon the education, activity, and function of NK cells in coherence with an individual’s MHC class I repertoire and pathogenic encounters. Although selection operates on an individual, the continuous diversification of the KIR gene system in primates might protect populations against evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bruijnesteijn
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Natasja G de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Wright PA. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor assessment algorithms in haemopoietic progenitor cell transplantation: current perspectives and future opportunities. HLA 2020; 95:435-448. [PMID: 31999071 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells preferentially target and kill malignant and virally infected cells. Both these properties present compelling clinical utility in the field of haemopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT), potentially promoting a graft vs leukaemia effect in the absence of graft vs host disease and protecting against cytomegalovirus activation. Killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) play a central role in the cytotoxic action of natural killer cells, providing opportunity for improving transplantation outcomes by prioritising potential donors with optimal characteristics. Numerous algorithms for assessing KIR gene content as part of HPCT donor selection protocols exist, but no single model has been found to be universally applicable in all transplant centres. This review summarises several of the predominant strategies in KIR assessment algorithms, discussing their basic scientific principles, clinical utility and benefits to post-transplant outcomes. Finally, the review will consider how future donor selection protocols could develop towards unifying the concepts of KIR proteomics and genetics for optimising patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wright
- Transplantation Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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9
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Nutalai R, Gaudieri S, Jumnainsong A, Leelayuwat C. Regulation of KIR3DL3 Expression via Mirna. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080603. [PMID: 31405037 PMCID: PMC6723774 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 3DL3 is a framework gene present in all human KIR haplotypes. Although the structure of KIR3DL3 is suggestive of an inhibitory receptor, the function of KIR3DL3 has not been demonstrated and cognate ligands have not been identified. KIR3DL3 has been shown to be constitutively expressed at a low RNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and decidual natural kill (NK) cells, but cell surface expression of KIR3DL3 cannot be detected. Accordingly, post-transcriptional regulation of KIR3DL3 should exist. Using bioinformatics analysis, we identified three candidate micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs; miR-26a-5p, -26b-5p and -185-5p) that potentially regulate KIR3DL3 expression. Luciferase reporter assays utilizing constructs with mutated miRNA-binding sites of miR-26a-5p, -26b-5p and -185-5p in the 3’-untranslated region (3’ UTR) of KIR3DL3 resulted in up-regulation of luciferase activity demonstrating a potential mechanism of gene regulation. Furthermore, knockdown of the same endogenous miRNAs using silencing ribonucleic acid (siRNA) led to induced surface expression of KIR3DL3. In conclusion, we provide a novel mechanism of functional regulation of KIR3DL3 via miRNAs. These findings are relevant in understanding the generation of KIR repertoire and NK cell clonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungtiwa Nutalai
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduates School of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amonrat Jumnainsong
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanvit Leelayuwat
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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10
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Leaton LA, Shortt J, Kichula KM, Tao S, Nemat-Gorgani N, Mentzer AJ, Oppenheimer SJ, Deng Z, Hollenbach JA, Gignoux CR, Guethlein LA, Parham P, Carrington M, Norman PJ. Conservation, Extensive Heterozygosity, and Convergence of Signaling Potential All Indicate a Critical Role for KIR3DL3 in Higher Primates. Front Immunol 2019; 10:24. [PMID: 30745901 PMCID: PMC6360152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell functions are modulated by polymorphic killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Among 13 human KIR genes, which vary by presence and copy number, KIR3DL3 is ubiquitously present in every individual across diverse populations. No ligand or function is known for KIR3DL3, but limited knowledge of expression suggests involvement in reproduction, likely during placentation. With 157 human alleles, KIR3DL3 is also highly polymorphic and we show heterozygosity exceeds that of HLA-B in many populations. The external domains of catarrhine primate KIR3DL3 evolved as a conserved lineage distinct from other KIR. Accordingly, and in contrast to other KIR, we show the focus of natural selection does not correspond exclusively to known ligand binding sites. Instead, a strong signal for diversifying selection occurs in the D1 Ig domain at a site involved in receptor aggregation, which we show is polymorphic in humans worldwide, suggesting differential ability for receptor aggregation. Meanwhile in the cytoplasmic tail, the first of two inhibitory tyrosine motifs (ITIM) is conserved, whereas independent genomic events have mutated the second ITIM of KIR3DL3 alleles in all great apes. Together, these findings suggest that KIR3DL3 binds a conserved ligand, and a function requiring both receptor aggregation and inhibitory signal attenuation. In this model KIR3DL3 resembles other NK cell inhibitory receptors having only one ITIM, which interact with bivalent downstream signaling proteins through dimerization. Due to the extensive conservation across species, selection, and other unusual properties, we consider elucidating the ligand and function of KIR3DL3 to be a pressing question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Leaton
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Shortt
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katherine M. Kichula
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sudan Tao
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, and Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Oppenheimer
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher R. Gignoux
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
- Ragon Institute of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Genotype B of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor is Related with Gastric Cancer Lesions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6104. [PMID: 29666399 PMCID: PMC5904182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are important in innate immunity for their capacity to kill infected or cancer cells. The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are a family of polymorphic genes with inhibitory and activating functions. The main driving force for gastric cancer (GC) development is a chronic response, which causes an increase of NK cells in the gastric mucosa. The aim of this work was to study polymorphisms in KIR genes in patients with either GC or non-atrophic gastritis (NAG). We studied 242 patients (130 with NAG and 112 with GC) and contrasted with 146 asymptomatic individuals. We analyzed diversity in the content and localization of KIR genes in the different clinical groups studied. Four activating and one inhibitory genes were associated with GC: 2DS1 (OR 3.41), 2DS3 (OR 4.66), 2DS5 (OR 2.25), 3DS1 (OR 3.35) and 2DL5 (OR 3.6). The following were also found as risk factors for GC: Bx genotype (OR 4.2), Bx-Bx centromere-telomere (OR 2.55), cA01|cB03 (OR 36.39) and tB01|tB01 (OR 7.55) gene content and three B motifs (OR 10.9). Polymorphisms in KIR genes were associated with GC and suggest that mutated NK cells may contribute to GC development by increasing gastric mucosa inflammation, leading to constant tissue damage.
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12
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Cisneros E, Estefanía E, Vilches C. Allelic Polymorphism Determines Surface Expression or Intracellular Retention of the Human NK Cell Receptor KIR2DL5A (CD158f). Front Immunol 2017; 7:698. [PMID: 28144240 PMCID: PMC5239777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KIR2DL5 (CD158f) is the most recently identified inhibitory member of human killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs), which enable NK cells to sense self-HLA. Unlike KIR2DL1–3, recognizing HLA-C allotypes through Ig-like domains of the D1–D2 type, KIR2DL5 shares a D0–D2 configuration with KIR2DL4, and its ligands have not been identified. KIR2DL5 is encoded by two paralogous genes displaying copy number variation and allelic polymorphism—KIR2DL5A and KIR2DL5B. UP-R1 mAb, raised against the common allele KIR2DL5A*001, enables specific KIR2DL5 detection. However, not every KIR2DL5+ individual has NK cells staining with UP-R1, discrepancy explained in part by epigenetically silent KIR2DL5B alleles with a distinctive substitution in a promoter RUNX-binding site. Furthermore, we show here that the transcribed allele KIR2DL5A*005, second most common of its locus, fails to confer NK cells UP-R1 reactivity, phenotype explained by inefficacious transport of its product to the cell surface. Two amino acid substitutions distinguish the KIR2DL5A*005 and *001 coding regions. Western blot, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy analyses of cells transfected with tagged constructs demonstrate that a serine substitution for glycine-174, conserved in most KIR, is mainly responsible for KIR2DL5A*005 intracellular retention, and it also affects mAb recognition. In contrast, substitution of aspartate for asparagine 152 has only a minor effect on surface expression, despite destroying an otherwise conserved N-glycosylation site. Our results help to explain the variable expression profile of KIR2DL5+ subjects and indicate that functional polymorphisms in both its promoter and its coding regions are critical for understanding the KIR2DL5 role in immunity and its importance for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cisneros
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ernesto Estefanía
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro , Madrid , Spain
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13
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Béziat V, Hilton HG, Norman PJ, Traherne JA. Deciphering the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor system at super-resolution for natural killer and T-cell biology. Immunology 2016; 150:248-264. [PMID: 27779741 PMCID: PMC5290243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are components of two fundamental biological systems essential for human health and survival. First, they contribute to host immune responses, both innate and adaptive, through their expression by natural killer cells and T cells. Second, KIR play a key role in regulating placentation, and hence reproductive success. Analogous to the diversity of their human leucocyte antigen class I ligands, KIR are extremely polymorphic. In this review, we describe recent developments, fuelled by methodological advances, that are helping to decipher the KIR system in terms of haplotypes, polymorphisms, expression patterns and their ligand interactions. These developments are delivering deeper insight into the relevance of KIR in immune system function, evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Norman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Leong JW, Wagner JA, Ireland AR, Fehniger TA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of NK cell development and function. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:60-69. [PMID: 26948928 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized innate lymphoid cells that survey against viral infections and malignancy. Numerous advances have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control NK cell development and function over the past decade. These include both studies on the regulatory effects of transcription factors and translational repression via microRNAs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate gene expression and thereby orchestrate NK cell development and activation, with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Additionally, we highlight our understanding of how RNA-binding microRNAs fine tune the NK cell molecular program. We also underscore the large number of open questions in the field that are now being addressed using new technological approaches and genetically engineered model organisms. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the basic molecular biology of NK cells will facilitate new strategies to manipulate NK cells for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Leong
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron R Ireland
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Li H, Wright PW, McCullen M, Anderson SK. Characterization of KIR intermediate promoters reveals four promoter types associated with distinct expression patterns of KIR subtypes. Genes Immun 2016; 17:66-74. [PMID: 26656451 PMCID: PMC4724278 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes contain multiple promoters that control the process of gene activation and variegated expression of KIR on natural killer (NK) and T cells. Specific subfamilies of KIR genes have differences in the timing and tissue specificity of expression: however, previous studies of the proximal KIR promoters have not shown significant differences in activity between differentially expressed KIR gene subsets. The recent identification of an intermediate KIR promoter (ProI) associated with KIR2DL1 expression suggested a central role for this element in KIR expression. The current study identifies ProI elements in all of the KIR genes, revealing four classes of ProI that correspond with four distinct expression phenotypes of KIR subgroups: KIR2DL2/S2/L3 that are expressed early in reconstituting NK after transplant; KIR2DL4 that is expressed by CD56-bright NK in a non-variegated manner; KIR3DL3 that is not expressed by circulating NK cells; and the remaining KIR that are expressed by subsets of CD56-dim NK. The four classes of ProI are structurally diverse and display distinct functional properties. Altogether, these results indicate that KIR ProI elements contribute to the tissue/cell-type specificity of KIR transcription and cooperate with the probabilistic proximal promoter to control KIR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - P W Wright
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M McCullen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - S K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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16
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Manser AR, Weinhold S, Uhrberg M. Human KIR repertoires: shaped by genetic diversity and evolution. Immunol Rev 2015; 267:178-96. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Manser
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sandra Weinhold
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
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17
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that survey the environment and protect the host from infected and cancerous cells. As their name implies, NK cells represent an early line of defense during pathogen invasion by directly killing infected cells and secreting inflammatory cytokines. Although the function of NK cells was first described more than four decades ago, the development of this cytotoxic lineage is not well understood. In recent years, we have begun to identify specific transcription factors that control each stage of development and maturation, from ontogeny of the NK cell progenitor to the effector functions of activated NK cells in peripheral organs. This chapter highlights the transcription factors that are unique to NK cells, or shared between NK cells and other hematopoietic cell lineages, but govern the biology of this cytolytic lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1402, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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18
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Vendelbosch S, de Boer M, van Leeuwen K, Pourfarzad F, Geissler J, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW. Novel insights in the genomic organization and hotspots of recombination in the human KIR locus through analysis of intergenic regions. Genes Immun 2014; 16:103-11. [PMID: 25503311 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) proteins constitute a family of highly homologous surface receptors involved in the regulation of the innate cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells. Within the human genome, 17 KIR genes are present, many of which show large variation across the population owing to the high number of allelic variants and copy number variation (CNV). KIR genotyping and CNV determination were used to map the KIR locus in a large cohort of >400 Caucasian individuals. Gene order and structure was determined by sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction of the intergenic regions. In this way, we could show that KIR3DL1 and KIR2DS4 gene variants are linked and that--contrary to current views--the gene KIR2DS5 is only present in the telomeric half of the KIR locus. Our study revealed novel insights in the highly organized distribution of KIR genes. Novel recombination hotspots were identified that contribute to the diversity of KIR gene distribution in the Caucasian population. Next-generation sequencing of the KIR intergenic regions allowed for a detailed single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, which demonstrated several gene-specific as well as haplotype-specific nucleotides for a more accurate genotyping of this notoriously complex gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vendelbosch
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M de Boer
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K van Leeuwen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Pourfarzad
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Geissler
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T W Kuijpers
- 1] Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Schellekens J, Gagne K, Marsh SGE. Natural killer cells and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor polymorphisms: their role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1109:139-58. [PMID: 24473783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9437-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells in the early control of infected, malignant, and "nonself" cells. Various receptor families are involved in enabling NK cells to detect and efficiently eliminate these target cells. The killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family is a set of receptors that are very polymorphic with regard to gene content, expression level, and expression pattern. KIRs are responsible for the induction of a NK cell alloreactive response through their interaction with HLA class I molecules. The role of NK cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been studied for many years, and induction of antileukemic responses by donor NK cells has been reported. Conflicting data still exist on the exact circumstances in which the KIR repertoire affects and influences clinical outcome after HSCT. More large-scale studies are needed on well-defined cohorts to unravel the mechanism of action of the NK cell-mediated alloresponse in an HSCT setting.
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20
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Chan WK, Rujkijyanont P, Neale G, Yang J, Bari R, Das Gupta N, Holladay M, Rooney B, Leung W. Multiplex and genome-wide analyses reveal distinctive properties of KIR+ and CD56+ T cells in human blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1625-36. [PMID: 23858032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells have been linked to a wide spectrum of health conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy complications, cancers, and transplant failures. A small subset of effector memory T cells also expresses KIRs. In this study, we use modern analytic tools including genome-wide and multiplex molecular, phenotypic, and functional assays to characterize the KIR(+) T cells in human blood. We find that KIR(+) T cells primarily reside in the CD56(+) T population that is distinctively DNAM-1(high) with a genome-wide quiescent transcriptome, short telomere, and limited TCR excision circles. During CMV reactivation in bone marrow transplant recipients, KIR(+)CD56(+) T cells rapidly expanded in real-time but not KIR(+)CD56(-) T cells or KIR(+) NK cells. In CMV(+) asymptomatic donors, as much as 50% of CD56(+) T cells are KIR(+), and most are distinguishably KIR2DL2/3(+)NKG2C(+)CD57(+). Functionally, the KIR(+)CD56(+) T cell subset lyses cancer cells and CMVpp65-pulsed target cells in a dual KIR-dependent and TCR-dependent manner. Analysis of metabolic transcriptome confirms the immunological memory status of KIR(+)CD56(+) T cells in contrast to KIR(-)CD56(+) T cells that are more active in energy metabolism and effector differentiation. KIR(-)CD56(+) T cells have >25-fold higher level of expression of RORC than the KIR(+) counterpart and are a previously unknown producer of IL-13 rather than IL-17 in multiplex cytokine arrays. Our data provide fundamental insights into KIR(+) T cells biologically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Keung Chan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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21
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IL-2/IL-15 activate the human clonally restricted KIR3DL1 reverse promoter. Genes Immun 2013; 14:107-14. [PMID: 23328843 PMCID: PMC5742563 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are expressed in a clonally-restricted fashion by human natural killer (NK) cells and allow detection of aberrant cells with low MHC class I levels. Clonally-restricted KIR transcription is maintained by demethylation of the proximal promoter. Antisense transcripts also arise from this promoter and may enforce silencing of nonexpressed methylated alleles in NK cells. Here we show that IL-2 and IL-15, cytokines critical for NK cell development and maintenance, greatly stimulated KIR3DL1 reverse promoter activity, but not forward promoter activity. Activated STAT5 was both necessary and sufficient for this effect and bound to the promoter in NK cells that expressed KIR3DL1 or were poised for expression. A systematic investigation of the KIR3DL1 reverse promoter showed significant differences from the forward promoter, with STAT and YY1 sites playing relatively greater roles in regulating reverse proximal promoter activity. Based on our data, we propose a new role for antisense transcripts in the initiation of KIR gene expression during NK cell development.
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22
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Gallez-Hawkins GM, Li X, Franck AE, Gendzekhadze K, Nakamura R, Forman SJ, Senitzer D, Zaia JA. KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS4 promoter hypomethylation patterns in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1109-15. [PMID: 22939905 PMCID: PMC3478408 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR)-MHC class I pathway is an integral part of natural killer cell immunity, and its role in host protection from both cancer and infection is important. In addition, we have shown elevated KIR2DS2 and 2DS4 expression in PBMCs of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) [1]. Since all inhibitory KIR promoters are known to be heavily methylated, the question asked here is how and when KIR2DS2 and 2DS4 promoters had changed their methylation profile in association with HCT. Genomic DNA, extracted from 20 KIR2DS2/4+ donor and recipient cells, was treated with sodium bisulfate that will modify the unmethylated cytosine into uracil. Sequencing chromatographs were examined for C/T double peak indicative of base conversion. A CpG island in KIR2DS2 promoter spans from -160 to +26 with six cytosine sites. In contrast, the KIR2DS4 promoter CpG island contains three cytosine sites. The noted increase of unmethylated sites was associated with increased KIR expression as measured by mRNA-cDNA Q-PCR. In addition, the frequency of unmethylated sites in the CpG island was increased after HCT. The mechanism through which hypomethylation occurs after HCT is not known but it suggests a linkage to NK clonal expansion during the process of NK education in response to transplant therapy or viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiuli Li
- CMV Laboratory in the Department of Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anne E. Franck
- CMV Laboratory in the Department of Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ketevan Gendzekhadze
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - David Senitzer
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - John A. Zaia
- CMV Laboratory in the Department of Virology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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23
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Cisneros E, Moraru M, Gómez-Lozano N, López-Botet M, Vilches C. KIR2DL5: An Orphan Inhibitory Receptor Displaying Complex Patterns of Polymorphism and Expression. Front Immunol 2012; 3:289. [PMID: 23060877 PMCID: PMC3443818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed anti-KIR2DL5 (CD158f) antibody has demonstrated KIR2DL5 expression on the surface of NK and T lymphocytes, making it the last functional KIR identified in the human genome. KIR2DL5 belongs to an ancestral lineage of KIR with Ig-like domains of the D0-D2 type, of which KIR2DL4, an HLA-G receptor, is the only other human member. Despite KIR2DL4 and KIR2DL5 being encoded by genes with similar domain usage, several KIR2DL5 functions resemble more closely those of KIR recognizing classical HLA class I molecules - surface-expressed KIR2DL5 inhibits NK cells through the SHP-2 phosphatase and displays a clonal distribution on NK and T lymphocytes. No activating homolog of KIR2DL5 has been described in any species. The genetics of KIR2DL5 is complicated by duplication of its gene in an ancestor of modern humans living ∼1.7 million years ago. Both KIR2DL5 paralogs have undergone allelic diversification; the centromeric gene is most often represented by alleles whose expression is silenced epigenetically through DNA methylation, thus providing a natural system to investigate the regulation of KIR transcription. The role of KIR2DL5 in immunity is not completely understood, in spite of different attempts to define its ligand. Here we revisit the most relevant characteristics of KIR2DL5, an NK-cell receptor possessing a unique combination of genetic, structural, and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cisneros
- Immunogenetics-HLA, Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Spain
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Presnell SR, Zhang L, Chlebowy CN, Al-Attar A, Lutz CT. Differential transcription factor use by the KIR2DL4 promoter under constitutive and IL-2/15-treated conditions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:4394-404. [PMID: 22467658 PMCID: PMC3331908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DL4 is unique among human KIR genes in expression, cellular localization, structure, and function, yet the transcription factors required for its expression have not been identified. Using mutagenesis, EMSA, and cotransfection assays, we identified two redundant Runx binding sites in the 2DL4 promoter as essential for constitutive 2DL4 transcription, with contributions by a cyclic AMP response element (CRE) and initiator elements. IL-2- and IL-15-stimulated human NK cell lines increased 2DL4 promoter activity, which required functional Runx, CRE, and Ets sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Runx3 and Ets1 bind the 2DL4 promoter in situ. 2DL4 promoter activity had similar transcription factor requirements in T cells. Runx, CRE, and Ets binding motifs are present in 2DL4 promoters from across primate species, but other postulated transcription factor binding sites are not preserved. Differences between 2DL4 and clonally restricted KIR promoters suggest a model that explains the unique 2DL4 expression pattern in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Corrin N. Chlebowy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Charles T. Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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25
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are more than simple killers and have been implicated in control and clearance of malignant and virally infected cells, regulation of adaptive immune responses, rejection of bone marrow transplants, and autoimmunity and the maintenance of pregnancy. Human NK cells largely use a family of germ-line encoded killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) to respond to the perturbations from self-HLA class I molecules present on infected, malignant, or HLA-disparate fetal or allogenic transplants. Genes encoding KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands are located on different chromosomes, and both feature extraordinary diversity in the number and type of genes. The independent segregation of KIR and HLA gene families produce diversity in the number and type of KIR-HLA gene combinations inherited in individuals, which may determine their immunity and susceptibility to diseases. This chapter provides an overview of NK cells and their unprecedented phenotypic and functional diversity within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Parham P, Norman PJ, Abi-Rached L, Guethlein LA. Variable NK cell receptors exemplified by human KIR3DL1/S1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:11-9. [PMID: 21690332 PMCID: PMC3223120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Variegated expression of variable NK cell receptors for polymorphic MHC class I broadens the range of an individual's NK cell response and the capacity for populations and species to survive disease epidemics and population bottlenecks. On evolutionary time scales, this component of immunity is exceptionally dynamic, unstable, and short-lived, being dependent on coevolution of ligands and receptors subject to varying, competing selection pressures. Consequently these systems of variable NK cell receptors are largely species specific and have recruited different classes of glycoprotein, even within the primate order of mammals. Such disparity helps to explain substantial differences in NK cell biology between humans and animal models, for which the population genetics is largely ignored. KIR3DL1/S1, which recognizes the Bw4 epitope of HLA-A and -B and is the most extensively studied of the variable NK cell receptors, exemplifies how variation in all possible parameters of function is recruited to diversify the human NK cell response.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Evolution, Molecular
- HLA-B Antigens/genetics
- HLA-B Antigens/immunology
- HLA-B Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/immunology
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/immunology
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
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27
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Arita K, Endo S, Kaifu T, Kitaguchi K, Nakamura A, Ohmori H, Kohu K, Satake M, Takai T. Transcriptional Activation of thePirbGene in B Cells by PU.1 and Runx3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:7050-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against tumors and viruses and other infectious diseases. NK cell development is regulated by mechanisms that are both shared with and separate from other hematopoietic cell lineages. Functionally, NK cells use activating and inhibitory receptors to recognize both healthy and altered cells such as transformed or infected cells. Upon activation, NK cells produce cytokines and cytotoxic granules using mechanisms similar to other hematopoietic cell lineages especially cytotoxic T cells. Here we review the transcription factors that control NK cell development and function. Although many of these transcription factors are shared with other hematopoietic cell lineages, they control unexpected and unique aspects of NK cell biology. We review the mechanisms and target genes by which these transcriptional regulators control NK cell development and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G T Hesslein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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29
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van Bergen J, Koning F. The tortoise and the hare: slowly evolving T-cell responses take hastily evolving KIR. Immunology 2010; 131:301-9. [PMID: 20722764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) locus comprises a variable and rapidly evolving set of genes encoding multiple inhibitory and activating receptors. The activating receptors recently evolved from the inhibitory receptors and both bind HLA class I and probably also class I-like structures induced by viral infection. Although generally considered natural killer (NK) cell receptors, KIR are also expressed by a large fraction of effector memory T cells, which slowly accumulate during human life. These effector memory cells are functionally similar to NK cells, as they are immediate effector cells that are cytotoxic and produce IFN-γ. However, different rules apply to NK and T cells with respect to KIR expression and function. For example, KIR tend to modulate signals driven by the T-cell receptor (TCR) rather than to act independently, and use different signal transduction pathways to modulate only a subset of effector functions. The most important difference may lie in the rules governing tolerance: while NK cells with activating KIR binding self-HLA are hyporesponsive, the same is unlikely to apply to T cells. We argue that the expression of activating KIR on virus-specific T cells carrying TCR that weakly cross-react with autoantigens can unleash the autoreactive potential of these cells. This may be the case in rheumatoid arthritis, where cytomegalovirus-specific KIR2DS2(+) T cells might cause vasculitis. Thus, the rapid evolution of activating KIR may have allowed for efficient NK-cell control of viruses, but may also have increased the risk that slowly evolving T-cell responses to persistent pathogens derail into autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Bergen
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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30
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Taniguchi M, Kawabata M. KIR3DL1/S1 genotypes and KIR2DS4 allelic variants in the AB KIR genotypes are associated with Plasmodium-positive individuals in malaria infection. Immunogenetics 2010; 61:717-30. [PMID: 19859704 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of innate immunity in malaria has been suggested for early protection from maturation and multiplication of Plasmodium parasites injected via infected mosquitoes. In this study, the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes in innate immunity were investigated for an association with malaria in the comparison between Plasmodium-positive and Plasmodium-negative Melanesian individuals in the Solomon Islands, one of the most hyperendemic malaria regions in the world. The higher frequency of a pair of KIR3DL1 and KIR2DS4 was observed in the Plasmodium-positive individuals, which led to the investigation of KIR3DL1/S1 genotypes in concert with KIR2DS4 allelic variants. The positive individuals showed the highest frequency of KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1 heterozygosity, which might suggest the masking of activating KIR3DS1 by inhibitory KIR3DL1 at allelic levels to maintain the KIR3DS1-driven activation of natural killer cells diminished in controlling Plasmodium proliferation. The extended analysis with A/B genotypes further revealed the trend of parasitic positive individuals to be KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1 heterozygous in pair with KIR2DS4 nondeleted variants in a set of KIR genes inheritable as the AB genotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first KIR investigation of the malaria-infected population, which strengthened the potential associations of KIR with malaria pathogenesis. The balance of inhibitory and activating KIR3D genes (KIR3DL1/S1) and membrane-bound or secreted status of KIR2DS4 alleles in the interaction with the other KIR genes in the AB genotypes might constitute a part of KIR characteristics to determine resistance or susceptibility to Plasmodium parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Taniguchi
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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31
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Abi-Rached L, Kuhl H, Roos C, ten Hallers B, Zhu B, Carbone L, de Jong PJ, Mootnick AR, Knaust F, Reinhardt R, Parham P, Walter L. A small, variable, and irregular killer cell Ig-like receptor locus accompanies the absence of MHC-C and MHC-G in gibbons. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1379-91. [PMID: 20026738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) of NK cells recognize MHC class I ligands and function in placental reproduction and immune defense against pathogens. During the evolution of monkeys, great apes, and humans, an ancestral KIR3DL gene expanded to become a diverse and rapidly evolving gene family of four KIR lineages. Characterizing the KIR locus are three framework regions, defining two intervals of variable gene content. By analysis of four KIR haplotypes from two species of gibbon, we find that the smaller apes do not conform to these rules. Although diverse and irregular in structure, the gibbon haplotypes are unusually small, containing only two to five functional genes. Comparison with the predicted ancestral hominoid KIR haplotype indicates that modern gibbon KIR haplotypes were formed by a series of deletion events, which created new hybrid genes as well as eliminating ancestral genes. Of the three framework regions, only KIR3DL3 (lineage V), defining the 5' end of the KIR locus, is present and intact on all gibbon KIR haplotypes. KIR2DL4 (lineage I) defining the central framework region has been a major target for elimination or inactivation, correlating with the absence of its putative ligand, MHC-G, in gibbons. Similarly, the MHC-C-driven expansion of lineage III KIR genes in great apes has not occurred in gibbons because they lack MHC-C. Our results indicate that the selective forces shaping the size and organization of the gibbon KIR locus differed from those acting upon the KIR of other hominoid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Abi-Rached
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Identification and analysis of the human CD160 promoter: implication of a potential AML-1 binding site in promoter activation. Genes Immun 2009; 10:616-23. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Vargas RG, Bompeixe EP, França PP, Moraes MMD, Bicalho MDG. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Activating Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Genes’ Association with Recurrent Miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62:34-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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34
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Cichocki F, Hanson RJ, Lenvik T, Pitt M, McCullar V, Li H, Anderson SK, Miller JS. The transcription factor c-Myc enhances KIR gene transcription through direct binding to an upstream distal promoter element. Blood 2009; 113:3245-53. [PMID: 18987359 PMCID: PMC2665893 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-166389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) repertoire of natural killer (NK) cells determines their ability to detect infected or transformed target cells. Although epigenetic mechanisms play a role in KIR gene expression, work in the mouse suggests that other regulatory elements may be involved at specific stages of NK-cell development. Here we report the effects of the transcription factor c-Myc on KIR expression. c-Myc directly binds to, and promotes transcription from, a distal element identified upstream of most KIR genes. Binding of endogenous c-Myc to the distal promoter element is significantly enhanced upon interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulation in peripheral blood NK cells and correlates with an increase in KIR transcription. In addition, the overexpression of c-Myc during NK-cell development promotes transcription from the distal promoter element and contributes to the overall transcription of multiple KIR genes. Our data demonstrate the significance of the 5' promoter element upstream of the conventional KIR promoter region and support a model whereby IL-15 stimulates c-Myc binding at the distal KIR promoter during NK-cell development to promote KIR transcription. This finding provides a direct link between NK-cell activation signals and KIR expression required for acquisition of effector function during NK-cell education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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35
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Triplett BM, Horwitz EM, Iyengar R, Turner V, Holladay MS, Gan K, Behm FG, Leung W. Effects of activating NK cell receptor expression and NK cell reconstitution on the outcomes of unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Leukemia 2009; 23:1278-87. [PMID: 19212329 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory NK cell receptors are recognized as important determinants of NK cell activity in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The role of activating receptors and their acquisition after HCT is less certain. Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated both inhibitory and activating receptors in 59 patients receiving unrelated donor HCT. NK cell numbers normalized quickly relative to B and T cells; however, the expression of both inhibitory and activating isoforms of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) was delayed. Most NK cells expressed an immature phenotype during the first 6 months post-HCT; however, we found high expression of activating NKp46 and NKp44 natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), and cytotoxicity was preserved. Early reconstituting NK cells from unmanipulated grafts showed lower cytotoxicity than those from T-cell-depleted grafts. Differences in NK cell reconstitution had significant effects on clinical outcomes. Patients whose NK cells reconstituted earlier had better survival and lower relapse rates. The best survival group was recipients who possessed HLA-C2 but their donor lacked the cognate-activating KIR2DS1. Collectively, our data underscore the clinical relevance of reconstituting NK cells and their activating KIRs and NCRs. In addition to NK cell quantification and genotyping, comprehensive assessment of NK cell functions and phenotypes, including activating receptors, is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Triplett
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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36
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Porter DL, Hexner EO, Cooley S, Miller JS. Cellular adoptive immunotherapy after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 144:497-537. [PMID: 19779876 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78580-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Porter
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 16 Penn Tower, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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37
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Liu Y, Kuick R, Hanash S, Richardson B. DNA methylation inhibition increases T cell KIR expression through effects on both promoter methylation and transcription factors. Clin Immunol 2008; 130:213-24. [PMID: 18945643 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes are a polymorphic family expressed on NK cells, and "senescent" CD28- T cells implicated in cardiovascular disease. KIR promoters are highly homologous, and NK expression is regulated by DNA methylation. T cell KIR regulation is poorly understood. We asked if epigenetic mechanisms and/or transcription factor alterations determine T cell KIR expression. DNA methylation inhibition activated multiple KIR genes in normal T cells. KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL4 were selected for further study. Expression of both was associated with promoter demethylation, and methylation of the promoters in reporter constructs suppressed expression. KIR reporter construct expression also increased in demethylated T cells and required Ets1, Sp1 and AML sites, implying effects on transcription factors. This was confirmed for Sp1. These results indicate that KIR genes are suppressed by DNA methylation in most T cells, and DNA demethylation promotes their expression through effects on both chromatin structure and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, USA
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38
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Promoter variants of KIR2DL5 add to diversity and may impact gene expression. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:287-94. [PMID: 18461314 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA encompassing the putative proximal promoter and the coding region was used to identify KIR2DL5 alleles from 77 unrelated Caucasian individuals. PCR and sequencing were used to link each new allele to its neighboring KIR locus to identify 2DL5A or 2DL5B loci. Allele 2DL5A*001 was found in 24 of the 37 2DL5 positive individuals; 2DL5B*0020101 and 2DL5A*0050101 were also observed. Two new alleles, 2DL5B*008 and 2DL5B*009, contained substitutions altering the amino acid sequence of the leader and transmembrane region, respectively. Two other novel alleles, 2DL5B*0020102 and 2DL5A*0050102, contained alterations of the 5' upstream region, bringing the number of unique promoter sequences to six. Promoter activity of the alleles was compared using luciferase reporter assays. Our results support those recently published, in which the promoter of 2DL5B*0020101 was shown to be more active in vitro compared to 2DL5A*001, and also provide additional information about the transcriptional activity of the promoters of the newly characterized alleles related to two altered transcription factor binding sites.
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39
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Santourlidis S, Graffmann N, Christ J, Uhrberg M. Lineage-specific transition of histone signatures in the killer cell Ig-like receptor locus from hematopoietic progenitor to NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:418-25. [PMID: 18097043 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The clonal distribution and stable expression of killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) genes is epigenetically regulated. To assess the epigenetic changes that occur during hemopoietic development we examined DNA methylation and chromatin structure of the KIR locus in early hemopoietic progenitor cells and major lymphocyte lineages. In hemopoietic progenitor cells, KIR genes exhibited the major hallmarks of epigenetic repression, which are dense DNA methylation, inaccessibility of chromatin to Micrococcus nuclease digest, and a repressive histone signature, characterized by strong H3K9 dimethylation and reduced H4K8 acetylation. In contrast, KIR genes of NK cells showed active histone signatures characterized by absence of H3K9 dimethylation and presence of H4K8 acetylation. Histone modifications correlated well with the competence of different lymphocyte lineages to express KIR; whereas H4K8 acetylation was high in NK and CD8+ T cells, it was almost absent in CD4+ T cells and B cells and, in the latter case, replaced by H3K9 dimethylation. In KIR-competent lineages, active histone signatures were also observed in silent KIR genes and in this case found in combination with dense DNA methylation of the promoter and nearby regions. The study suggests a two-step model of epigenetic regulation in which lineage-specific acquisition of euchromatic histone marks is a prerequisite for subsequent gene-specific DNA demethylation and expression of KIR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Santourlidis
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Chu WK, Dai PM, Li HL, Chen JK. Transcriptional Activity of the ΔNp63 Promoter Is Regulated by STAT3. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7328-37. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800183200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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41
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Schellekens J, Rozemuller EH, Petersen EJ, van den Tweel JG, Verdonck LF, Tilanus MGJ. Patients benefit from the addition of KIR repertoire data to the donor selection procedure for unrelated haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:981-9. [PMID: 17881057 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) expressed on donor natural killer (NK) cells are important for induction of NK cell alloreactivity in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Current criteria in the selection procedure of an unrelated donor do not account for this potential NK alloresponse. In this study the KIR gene repertoire of 21 HSCT patients and all their potential, unrelated donors (N=64) has been identified by the sequence-specific priming (SSP) procedure. KIR genotype characteristics are correlated with HLA and clinical data. These data show that for 16 cases an HLA compatible alternative donor was available. Among those 16 were 8 donors with a favourable predicted NK alloreactivity directed against the leukaemic cells. In conclusion, it is feasible and clinically relevant to add the KIR repertoire to the unrelated donor selection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schellekens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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Schoenberg K, Trompeter HI, Uhrberg M. Delivery of DNA into natural killer cells for immunotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 423:165-172. [PMID: 18370197 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-194-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are highly resistant to transfection by conventional methods such as electroporation and lipofection. Recently, we reported the employment of a novel electroporation-based method, called nucleofection, which for the first time enabled efficient nonviral gene transfer into NK cells. In this study, we aimed at developing optimized conditions for the transfection of different NK cell lines as well as primary NK cells. Using EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) or luciferase as reporter genes, suitable buffer conditions as well as instrument settings were defined. The new transfection methodology represents a useful tool for the immunotherapeutic use of NK cells, with the potential to enhance cytotoxicity as well as retarget the specificity of cytotoxic lymphocytes in clinical therapy of cancer and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schoenberg
- University Clinic of Düsseldorf, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ohno SI, Sato T, Kohu K, Takeda K, Okumura K, Satake M, Habu S. Runx proteins are involved in regulation of CD122, Ly49 family and IFN-γ expression during NK cell differentiation. Int Immunol 2007; 20:71-9. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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44
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Dorak MT. Role of natural killer cells and killer immunoglobulin-like receptor polymorphisms: association of HLA and KIRs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 134:123-44. [PMID: 17666748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-223-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells play an important role in innate immunity. They act against infected and transformed cells as part of the immune surveillance process. Their interactions with the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) create a situation where they may act against donor hematopoietic cells following stem cell transplantation. Both killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and HLA types of donor and recipient are relevant in the generation of graft-vs-leukemia or graft-vs-host reactions. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on the involvement of natural killer cells in the events following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the structure of the genetic complex encoding the KIRs and provides a PCR-based genotyping scheme for KIR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tevfik Dorak
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, UK
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45
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Hou L, Chen M, Steiner NK, Belle I, Turino C, Ng J, Hurley CK. Seventeen novel alleles add to the already extensive KIR3DL3 diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:449-54. [PMID: 17900289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exons 2-9 of KIR3DL3 alleles were characterized by genomic DNA sequencing in two families and in 78 bone marrow transplant samples. Several strategies were used to isolate single alleles for characterization and to resolve alternative allele combinations. We describe 17 novel 3DL3 alleles carried by 30 individuals. Compared with the most closely matched alleles, the new alleles differ by from one to three nucleotides and from zero to three amino acids. The majority of the substitutions were shared with other 3DL3 alleles although three novel polymorphic codons, 151 (exon 4), 327 (exon 7) and 352 (exon 9), are described. Of the 36 different 3DL3 alleles detected in the transplant population, the three most common alleles accounting for 47% of the total were KIR3DL3*00101 (13.5%), KIR3DL3*003 (21.2%) and KIR3DL3*00901 (12.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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46
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Gómez-Lozano N, Trompeter HI, de Pablo R, Estefanía E, Uhrberg M, Vilches C. Epigenetic silencing of potentially functional KIR2DL5 alleles: Implications for the acquisition of KIR repertoires by NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1954-65. [PMID: 17557377 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
NK cells detect altered patterns of HLA expression in infections and tumors using a variegated repertoire of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). Each clone surveys different HLA molecules by expressing a limited subset of the KIR encoded in its genome, which is maintained throughout cell divisions by epigenetic mechanisms (methylation of the nonexpressed genes). How KIR repertoires are acquired remains, however, unexplained. Human KIR2DL5 is a useful model for studying KIR expression because it has alleles with similar coding regions, but drastically divergent expression - whilst some are transcribed in a typically clonal manner, others, with distinctive promoter polymorphisms, are nonexpressed. Here we investigate the relationship between the sequence diversity of KIR2DL5, including three novel alleles, and its variable transcription. The promoters of the transcribed alleles recruit the transcriptional regulator RUNX3, whilst a mutation shared by all silent alleles precludes this binding. However, all promoters are functional in vitro, and pharmacological DNA demethylation of NK cells rescues the transcription of silent alleles, indicating that only epigenetic mechanisms prevent their inclusion in a normal KIR repertoire. Our results are consistent with a model in which RUNX factors could function as switch elements in the acquisition of KIR repertoires by NK cell precursors.
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47
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Luo L, Du Z, Sharma SK, Cullen R, Spellman S, Reed EF, Rajalingam R. Chain-terminating natural mutations affect the function of activating KIR receptors 3DS1 and 2DS3. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:779-92. [PMID: 17646980 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine the nucleotide polymorphism of activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (aKIR) 3DS1 and 2DS3, we developed a novel direct-sequencing method and analyzed DNA samples of 175 KIR3DS1(+) individuals and 72 KIR2DS3(+) individuals from the white population. The putative ligand-binding extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains of these aKIR receptors are highly conserved, a scenario contrary to inhibitory KIRs that recognize polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. Null alleles 3DS1*049N and 2DS3*003N that do not express cell-surface receptors were discovered, and they occur commonly in whites (3DS1*049N = 2%; 2DS3*003N = 0.8%). Sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detecting these null alleles is negative with DNA from nonwhite subjects, suggesting that these null alleles are specific to whites and probably originated after the colonization of modern humans in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Luo
- UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1652, USA
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48
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Cooley S, Xiao F, Pitt M, Gleason M, McCullar V, Bergemann TL, McQueen KL, Guethlein LA, Parham P, Miller JS. A subpopulation of human peripheral blood NK cells that lacks inhibitory receptors for self-MHC is developmentally immature. Blood 2007; 110:578-86. [PMID: 17392508 PMCID: PMC1924487 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-036228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How receptor acquisition correlates with the functional maturation of natural killer (NK) cells is poorly understood. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to compare NKG2 and killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene expression in NK cells from allogeneic transplant recipients and their donors. Marked differences were observed in the NK subsets of recipients who had 8-fold more CD56(bright) cells, diminished KIR expression (except 2DL4), and increased NKG2A. In normal blood not all CD56(dim) cells express KIR, and a novel subpopulation of cells committed to the NK-cell lineage was defined. These cells, which comprise 19.4% +/- 2.8% of the CD56(dim) NK population in healthy donors, express the activating NKG2D and NKG2E receptors but no KIR or NKG2A. Although the CD56(dim) NKG2A(-) KIR(-) NK cells lack "at least one" inhibitory receptor for autologous MHC class I, they are not fully responsive, but rather functionally immature cells with poor cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. Upon culture with IL-15 and a stromal cell line, CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) KIR(-) NK cells proliferate, express KIR, and develop cytotoxicity and cytokine-producing potential. These findings have implications for the function of NK cells reconstituting after transplantation and support a model for in vivo development in which CD56(bright) cells precede CD56(dim) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cooley
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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49
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Grinstein E, Du Y, Santourlidis S, Christ J, Uhrberg M, Wernet P. Nucleolin regulates gene expression in CD34-positive hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12439-49. [PMID: 17255095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608068200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD34 glycoprotein in human hematopoiesis is expressed on a subset of progenitor cells capable of self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and hematopoietic reconstitution. Nucleolin is an abundant multifunctional phosphoprotein of growing eukaryotic cells, involved in regulation of gene transcription, chromatin remodeling, and RNA metabolism, whose transcripts are enriched in murine hematopoietic stem cells, as opposed to differentiated tissue. Here we show that, in human CD34-positive hematopoietic cells, nucleolin activates endogenous CD34 and Bcl-2 gene expression, and cell surface CD34 protein expression is thereby enhanced by nucleolin. Nucleolin-mediated activation of CD34 gene transcription results from direct sequence-specific interactions with the CD34 promoter region. Nucleolin expression prevails in CD34-positive cells mobilized into peripheral blood (PB), as opposed to CD34-negative peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Therefore, in intact CD34-positive mobilized PB cells, a recruitment of nucleolin to the CD34 promoter region takes place, accompanied by nucleosomal determinants of gene activity, which are absent from the CD34 promoter region in CD34-negative PBMCs. Our data show that nucleolin acts as a component of the gene regulation program of CD34-positive hematopoietic cells and provide further insights into processes by which human CD34-positive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Grinstein
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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50
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McQueen KL, Dorighi KM, Guethlein LA, Wong R, Sanjanwala B, Parham P. Donor-recipient combinations of group A and B KIR haplotypes and HLA class I ligand affect the outcome of HLA-matched, sibling donor hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:309-23. [PMID: 17462498 PMCID: PMC1937576 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of donor and recipient killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype on the outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched siblings was investigated. Transplants were divided into four groups according to the combination of group A and B KIR haplotypes in the transplant donor and recipient. Overall survival of myeloid patients varied with KIR genotype combination. Best survival was associated with the donor lacking and the recipient having group B KIR haplotypes; poorest survival was associated with the donor having and the recipient lacking group B KIR haplotypes. The latter combination was also associated with increased relapse and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, its detrimental effects were seen only for transplants where the recipient and donor were homozygous for the C1 KIR ligand and therefore lacked the C2 ligand. Presence of the Bw4 ligand was also associated with increased acute GVHD. In contrast presence of both KIR3DL1 and its cognate Bw4 ligand was associated with decreased nonrelapse mortality. Analysis of the KIR genes individually revealed KIR2DS3 as a protective factor for chronic GVHD. The results suggest how simple assessments of KIR genotype might inform the selection of donors for hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L. McQueen
- Departments of Structural Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Kristel M. Dorighi
- Departments of Structural Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Departments of Structural Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Ruby Wong
- Department of Health Research and Policy-Biostatistics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA
| | - Bharati Sanjanwala
- Departments of Structural Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology, and Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
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