1
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Misplon JA, Lo CY, Crabbs TA, Price GE, Epstein SL. Adenoviral-vectored universal influenza vaccines administered intranasally reduce lung inflammatory responses upon viral challenge 15 months post-vaccination. J Virol 2023; 97:e0067423. [PMID: 37830821 PMCID: PMC10617573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00674-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Vaccines targeting highly conserved proteins can protect broadly against diverse viral strains. When a vaccine is administered to the respiratory tract, protection against disease is especially powerful. However, it is important to establish that this approach is safe. When vaccinated animals later encounter viruses, does reactivation of powerful local immunity, including T cell responses, damage the lungs? This study investigates the safety of mucosal vaccination of the respiratory tract. Non-replicating adenoviral vaccine vectors expressing conserved influenza virus proteins were given intranasally. This vaccine-induced protection persists for at least 15 months. Vaccination did not exacerbate inflammatory responses or tissue damage upon influenza virus infection. Instead, vaccination with nucleoprotein reduced cytokine responses and histopathology, while neutrophil and T cell responses resolved earlier. The results are promising for safe vaccination at the site of infection and thus have implications for the control of influenza and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Torrie A. Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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2
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Abbott CA, Freimayer EL, Tyllis TS, Norton TS, Alsharifi M, Heng AHS, Pederson SM, Qu Z, Armstrong M, Hill GR, McColl SR, Comerford I. Determination of Tr1 cell populations correlating with distinct activation states in acute IAV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:606-623. [PMID: 37321403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Type I regulatory (Tr1) cells are defined as FOXP3-IL-10-secreting clusters of differentiation (CD4+) T cells that contribute to immune suppression and typically express the markers LAG-3 and CD49b and other co-inhibitory receptors. These cells have not been studied in detail in the context of the resolution of acute infection in the lung. Here, we identify FOXP3- interleukin (IL)-10+ CD4+ T cells transiently accumulating in the lung parenchyma during resolution of the response to sublethal influenza A virus (IAV) infection in mice. These cells were dependent on IL-27Rα, which was required for timely recovery from IAV-induced weight loss. LAG-3 and CD49b were not generally co-expressed by FOXP3- IL-10+ CD4+ T cells in this model and four populations of these cells based on LAG-3 and CD49b co-expression were apparent [LAG-3-CD49b- (double negative), LAG-3+CD49b+ (double positive), LAG-3+CD49b- (LAG-3+), LAG-3-CD49b+ (CD49b+)]. However, each population exhibited suppressive potential consistent with the definition of Tr1 cells. Notably, differences between these populations of Tr1 cells were apparent including differential dependence on IL-10 to mediate suppression and expression of markers indicative of different activation states and terminal differentiation. Sort-transfer experiments indicated that LAG-3+ Tr1 cells exhibited the capacity to convert to double negative and double positive Tr1 cells, indicative of plasticity between these populations. Together, these data determine the features and suppressive potential of Tr1 cells in the resolution of IAV infection and identify four populations delineated by LAG-3 and CD49b, which likely correspond to different Tr1 cell activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Abbott
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Emily L Freimayer
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timona S Tyllis
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Todd S Norton
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Aaron H S Heng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen M Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Black Ochre Data Laboratories, Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark Armstrong
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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3
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Lou D, Fan L, Sojati J, Ramsey MJ, Schmitt L, Salgado CM, Reyes-Mugica M, Oury TD, Byersdorfer C, Chen K, Williams JV. Monocyte production of C1q potentiates CD8 + T cell effector function following respiratory viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.04.543430. [PMID: 37333212 PMCID: PMC10274684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Using a murine model of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), we identified recruitment of a C1q-producing inflammatory monocyte population concomitant with viral clearance by adaptive immune cells. Genetic ablation of C1q led to reduced CD8 + T cell function. Production of C1q by a myeloid lineage was sufficient to enhance CD8 + T cell function. Activated and dividing CD8 + T cells expressed a putative C1q receptor, gC1qR. Perturbation of gC1qR signaling led to altered CD8 + T cell IFN-γ production and metabolic capacity. Autopsy specimens from fatal respiratory viral infections in children demonstrated diffuse production of C1q by an interstitial population. Humans with severe COVID-19 infection also demonstrated upregulation of gC1qR on activated and rapidly dividing CD8 + T cells. Collectively, these studies implicate C1q production from monocytes as a critical regulator of CD8 + T cell function following respiratory viral infection.
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4
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Istomine R, Al-Aubodah TA, Alvarez F, Smith JA, Wagner C, Piccirillo CA. The eIF4EBP-eIF4E axis regulates CD4 + T cell differentiation through modulation of T cell activation and metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:106683. [PMID: 37187701 PMCID: PMC10176268 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical for adaptive immunity, differentiating into distinct effector and regulatory subsets. Although the transcriptional programs underlying their differentiation are known, recent research has highlighted the importance of mRNA translation in determining protein abundance. We previously conducted genome-wide analysis of translation in CD4+ T cells revealing distinct translational signatures distinguishing these subsets, identifying eIF4E as a central differentially translated transcript. As eIF4E is vital for eukaryotic translation, we examined how altered eIF4E activity affected T cell function using mice lacking eIF4E-binding proteins (BP-/-). BP-/- effector T cells showed elevated Th1 responses ex vivo and upon viral challenge with enhanced Th1 differentiation observed in vitro. This was accompanied by increased TCR activation and elevated glycolytic activity. This study highlights how regulating T cell-intrinsic eIF4E activity can influence T cell activation and differentiation, suggesting the eIF4EBP-eIF4E axis as a potential therapeutic target for controlling aberrant T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Istomine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacob A. Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carston Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Corresponding author
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5
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Petkau G, Mitchell TJ, Chakraborty K, Bell SE, D Angeli V, Matheson L, Turner DJ, Saveliev A, Gizlenci O, Salerno F, Katsikis PD, Turner M. The timing of differentiation and potency of CD8 effector function is set by RNA binding proteins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2274. [PMID: 35477960 PMCID: PMC9046422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell differentiation into effector cells is initiated early after antigen encounter by signals from the T cell antigen receptor and costimulatory molecules. The molecular mechanisms that establish the timing and rate of differentiation however are not defined. Here we show that the RNA binding proteins (RBP) ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 limit the rate of differentiation of activated naïve CD8+ T cells and the potency of the resulting cytotoxic lymphocytes. The RBP function in an early and short temporal window to enforce dependency on costimulation via CD28 for full T cell activation and effector differentiation by directly binding mRNA of NF-κB, Irf8 and Notch1 transcription factors and cytokines, including Il2. Their absence in T cells, or the adoptive transfer of small numbers of CD8+ T cells lacking the RBP, promotes resilience to influenza A virus infection without immunopathology. These findings highlight ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 as nodes for the integration of the early T cell activation signals controlling the speed and quality of the CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petkau
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Twm J Mitchell
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Krishnendu Chakraborty
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Sarah E Bell
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Vanessa D Angeli
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Louise Matheson
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - David J Turner
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alexander Saveliev
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ozge Gizlenci
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Fiamma Salerno
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Turner
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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6
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Getz M, Wang Y, An G, Asthana M, Becker A, Cockrell C, Collier N, Craig M, Davis CL, Faeder JR, Ford Versypt AN, Mapder T, Gianlupi JF, Glazier JA, Hamis S, Heiland R, Hillen T, Hou D, Islam MA, Jenner AL, Kurtoglu F, Larkin CI, Liu B, Macfarlane F, Maygrundter P, Morel PA, Narayanan A, Ozik J, Pienaar E, Rangamani P, Saglam AS, Shoemaker JE, Smith AM, Weaver JJA, Macklin P. Iterative community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.04.02.019075. [PMID: 32511322 PMCID: PMC7239052 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.02.019075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a pathogen of critical significance to international public health. Knowledge of the interplay between molecular-scale virus-receptor interactions, single-cell viral replication, intracellular-scale viral transport, and emergent tissue-scale viral propagation is limited. Moreover, little is known about immune system-virus-tissue interactions and how these can result in low-level (asymptomatic) infections in some cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in others, particularly with respect to presentation in different age groups or pre-existing inflammatory risk factors. Given the nonlinear interactions within and among each of these processes, multiscale simulation models can shed light on the emergent dynamics that lead to divergent outcomes, identify actionable "choke points" for pharmacologic interventions, screen potential therapies, and identify potential biomarkers that differentiate patient outcomes. Given the complexity of the problem and the acute need for an actionable model to guide therapy discovery and optimization, we introduce and iteratively refine a prototype of a multiscale model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in lung tissue. The first prototype model was built and shared internationally as open source code and an online interactive model in under 12 hours, and community domain expertise is driving regular refinements. In a sustained community effort, this consortium is integrating data and expertise across virology, immunology, mathematical biology, quantitative systems physiology, cloud and high performance computing, and other domains to accelerate our response to this critical threat to international health. More broadly, this effort is creating a reusable, modular framework for studying viral replication and immune response in tissues, which can also potentially be adapted to related problems in immunology and immunotherapy.
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7
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Myers MA, Smith AP, Lane LC, Moquin DJ, Aogo R, Woolard S, Thomas P, Vogel P, Smith AM. Dynamically linking influenza virus infection kinetics, lung injury, inflammation, and disease severity. eLife 2021; 10:68864. [PMID: 34282728 PMCID: PMC8370774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. Understanding host immune control efficacy and how different factors influence lung injury and disease severity are critical. We established and validated dynamical connections between viral loads, infected cells, CD8+ T cells, lung injury, inflammation, and disease severity using an integrative mathematical model-experiment exchange. Our results showed that the dynamics of inflammation and virus-inflicted lung injury are distinct and nonlinearly related to disease severity, and that these two pathologic measurements can be independently predicted using the model-derived infected cell dynamics. Our findings further indicated that the relative CD8+ T cell dynamics paralleled the percent of the lung that had resolved with the rate of CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance rapidly accelerating by over 48,000 times in 2 days. This complimented our analyses showing a negative correlation between the efficacy of innate and adaptive immune-mediated infected cell clearance, and that infection duration was driven by CD8+ T cell magnitude rather than efficacy and could be significantly prolonged if the ratio of CD8+ T cells to infected cells was sufficiently low. These links between important pathogen kinetics and host pathology enhance our ability to forecast disease progression, potential complications, and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Amanda P Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Lindey C Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - David J Moquin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Rosemary Aogo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Stacie Woolard
- Flow Cytometry Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Paul Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
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8
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Edmans M, McNee A, Porter E, Vatzia E, Paudyal B, Martini V, Gubbins S, Francis O, Harley R, Thomas A, Burt R, Morgan S, Fuller A, Sewell A, Charleston B, Bailey M, Tchilian E. Magnitude and Kinetics of T Cell and Antibody Responses During H1N1pdm09 Infection in Inbred Babraham Pigs and Outbred Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604913. [PMID: 33603740 PMCID: PMC7884753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, to characterize αβ, γδ T cell and antibody (Ab) immune responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus infection. We evaluated the kinetic of virus infection and associated response in inbred Babraham pigs with identical MHC (Swine Leucocyte Antigen) and compared them to commercial outbred animals. High level of nasal virus shedding continued up to days 4 to 5 post infection followed by a steep decline and clearance of virus by day 9. Adaptive T cell and Ab responses were detectable from days 5 to 6 post infection reaching a peak at 9 to 14 days. γδ T cells produced cytokines ex vivo at day 2 post infection, while virus reactive IFNγ producing γδ T cells were detected from day 7 post infection. Analysis of NP tetramer specific and virus specific CD8 and CD4 T cells in blood, lung, lung draining lymph nodes, and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) showed clear differences in cytokine production between these tissues. BAL contained the most highly activated CD8, CD4, and γδ T cells producing large amounts of cytokines, which likely contribute to elimination of virus. The weak response in blood did not reflect the powerful local lung immune responses. The immune response in the Babraham pig following H1N1pdm09 influenza infection was comparable to that of outbred animals. The ability to utilize these two swine models together will provide unparalleled power to analyze immune responses to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Edmans
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Porter
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Harley
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Thomas
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Burt
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Morgan
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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9
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Klomp M, Ghosh S, Mohammed S, Nadeem Khan M. From virus to inflammation, how influenza promotes lung damage. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:115-122. [PMID: 32895987 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0820-232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite seasonal vaccines, influenza-related hospitalization and death rates have remained unchanged over the past 5 years. Influenza pathogenesis has 2 crucial clinical components; first, influenza causes acute lung injury that may require hospitalization. Second, acute injury promotes secondary bacterial pneumonia, a leading cause of hospitalization and disease burden in the United States and globally. Therefore, developing an effective therapeutic regimen against influenza requires a comprehensive understanding of the damage-associated immune-mechanisms to identify therapeutic targets for interventions to mitigate inflammation/tissue-damage, improve antiviral immunity, and prevent influenza-associated secondary bacterial diseases. In this review, the pathogenic immune mechanisms implicated in acute lung injury and the possibility of using lung inflammation and barrier crosstalk for developing therapeutics against influenza are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Klomp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sohail Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - M Nadeem Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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10
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Schmiedeke JK, Hoffmann D, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Blohm U. Establishment of Adequate Functional Cellular Immune Response in Chicks Is Age Dependent. Avian Dis 2020; 64:69-79. [PMID: 32267127 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of immunocompetence in chicks after hatching is not fully understood. However, detailed knowledge of immunocompetence and maturation processes in day-old chicks (DOCs) and juvenile chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) is necessary to implement enhanced immunization strategies. For viral diseases, this especially includes the development of cellular immunity focusing on T-cell-dependent responses. In the current study, we investigated T-cell subsets in blood and lymphoid tissues of 1-to-21-day-old chickens concerning their cellular composition and localization. We detected an increase of T-cell frequencies in blood and spleen and a shift of the CD8α dimer expression toward a CD8αβ expression on the surface of T cells with increasing age. A relocalization of lymphocytes into antigen presentation structures within the spleen was affirmed. In addition, changes in basal messenger RNA (mRNA) level, with increasing IL2 and IFNγ mRNA levels at different ages were measured. These detected changes suggest an improved T-cell-dependent antiviral response with increasing age in chickens. To confirm this finding on a functional level, we conducted a transfer experiment: adult and, as a negative control, neonatal naïve lymphocytes were transferred into DOCs. Afterward, the protection induced by these transferred cells was verified by a sublethal infection by using a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus with neuraminidase deletion, H5Ndel. Previous experiments have shown that adult animals survive infection with this virus strain, while naïve DOCs show severe symptoms or even die. As a result, the transfer of adult, but not neonatal lymphocytes, confers protection to DOCs against the infection, demonstrating functional differences in lymphocytes from chicks of different ages. Collectively, these data reveal the inability of chicks to mount an effective, cellular antiviral response in the first 3 wk of life. Therefore, we propose that the observed maturation of both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system early in development is mandatory for controlling influenza infection in chickens, as well as for an effective vaccination with replication-competent viral vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Schmiedeke
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany,
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11
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Yu H, Yang A, Liu L, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Cowley S. CXCL16 Stimulates Antigen-Induced MAIT Cell Accumulation but Trafficking During Lung Infection Is CXCR6-Independent. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1773. [PMID: 32849637 PMCID: PMC7426740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique T cell subset that contributes to protective immunity against microbial pathogens, but little is known about the role of chemokines in recruiting MAIT cells to the site of infection. Pulmonary infection with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) stimulates the accrual of large numbers of MAIT cells in the lungs of mice. Using this infection model, we find that MAIT cells are predominantly CXCR6+ but do not require CXCR6 for accumulation in the lungs. However, CXCR6 does contribute to long-term retention of MAIT cells in the airway lumen after clearance of the infection. We also find that MAIT cells are not recruited from secondary lymphoid organs and largely proliferate in situ in the lungs after infection. Nevertheless, the only known ligand for CXCR6, CXCL16, is sufficient to drive MAIT cell accumulation in the lungs in the absence of infection when administered in combination with the MAIT cell antigen 5-OP-RU. Overall, this new data advances the understanding of mechanisms that facilitate MAIT cell accumulation and retention in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Amy Yang
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siobhan Cowley
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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12
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Wang J, Li P, Yu Y, Fu Y, Jiang H, Lu M, Sun Z, Jiang S, Lu L, Wu MX. Pulmonary surfactant-biomimetic nanoparticles potentiate heterosubtypic influenza immunity. Science 2020; 367:367/6480/eaau0810. [PMID: 32079747 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines only confer protection against homologous viruses. We synthesized pulmonary surfactant (PS)-biomimetic liposomes encapsulating 2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), an agonist of the interferon gene inducer STING (stimulator of interferon genes). The adjuvant (PS-GAMP) vigorously augmented influenza vaccine-induced humoral and CD8+ T cell immune responses in mice by simulating the early phase of viral infection without concomitant excess inflammation. Two days after intranasal immunization with PS-GAMP-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine, strong cross-protection was elicited against distant H1N1 and heterosubtypic H3N2, H5N1, and H7N9 viruses for at least 6 months while maintaining lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Adjuvanticity was then validated in ferrets. When alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) lacked Sting or gap junctions were blocked, PS-GAMP-mediated adjuvanticity was substantially abrogated in vivo. Thus, AECs play a pivotal role in configuring heterosubtypic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yuhong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongye Jiang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhiping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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13
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Zacharias ZR, Legge KL. Chronic Ethanol Consumption Reduces Existing CD8 T Cell Memory and Is Associated with Lesions in Protection against Secondary Influenza A Virus Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3313-3324. [PMID: 31712384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased incidence of disease severity during pulmonary infections. Our previous work in a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption has detailed that the primary influenza A virus (IAV)-specific CD8 T cell response in mice that consumed ethanol (EtOH) had a reduced proliferative capacity as well as the ability to kill IAV target cells. Interestingly, recent studies have highlighted that human alcoholics have an increased susceptibility to IAV infections, even though they likely possess pre-existing immunity to IAV. However, the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on pre-existing immune responses (i.e., memory) to IAV have not been explored. Our results presented in this study show that IAV-immune mice that then chronically consumed alcohol (X31→EtOH) exhibited increased morbidity and mortality following IAV re-exposure compared with IAV-immune mice that had consumed water (X31→H2O). This increased susceptibility in X31→EtOH mice was associated with reduced IAV-specific killing of target cells and a reduction in the number of IAV-specific CD8 T cells within the lungs. Furthermore, upon IAV challenge, recruitment of the remaining memory IAV-specific CD8 T cells into the lungs is reduced in X31→EtOH mice. This altered recruitment is associated with a reduced pulmonary expression of CXCL10 and CXCL11, which are chemokines that are important for T cell recruitment to the lungs. Overall, these results demonstrate that chronic alcohol consumption negatively affects the resting memory CD8 T cell response and reduces the ability of memory T cells to be recruited to the site of infection upon subsequent exposures, therein contributing to an enhanced susceptibility to IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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14
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Post CM, Boule LA, Burke CG, O'Dell CT, Winans B, Lawrence BP. The Ancestral Environment Shapes Antiviral CD8 + T cell Responses across Generations. iScience 2019; 20:168-183. [PMID: 31569050 PMCID: PMC6817732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked health fates of children to environmental exposures of their great grandparents. However, few studies have considered whether ancestral exposures influence immune function across generations. Here, we report transgenerational inheritance of altered T cell responses resulting from maternal (F0) exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Since F0 exposure to TCDD has been linked to transgenerational transmission of reproductive problems, we asked whether maternal TCDD exposure also caused transgenerational changes in immune function. F0 exposure caused transgenerational effects on the CD8+ T cell response to influenza virus infection in females but not in males. Outcrosses showed changes were passed through both parental lineages. These data demonstrate that F0 exposure to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist causes durable changes to immune responses that can affect subsequent generations. This has broad implications for understanding how the environment of prior generations shapes susceptibility to pathogens and antiviral immunity in later generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Post
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisbeth A Boule
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Catherine G Burke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Colleen T O'Dell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bethany Winans
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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15
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Xie X, Zhao C, He Q, Qiu T, Yuan S, Ding L, Liu L, Jiang L, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Wang X, Zhou D, Zhang X, Xu J. Influenza Vaccine With Consensus Internal Antigens as Immunogens Provides Cross-Group Protection Against Influenza A Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1630. [PMID: 31379782 PMCID: PMC6647892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that continuing antigenic shift and drift of influenza A viruses result in the escape from previous vaccine-induced immune protection, a universal influenza vaccine has been actively sought. However, there were very few vaccines capable of eliciting cross-group ant-influenza immunity. Here, we designed two novel composite immunogens containing highly conserved T-cell epitopes of six influenza A virus internal antigens, and expressed them in DNA, recombinant adenovirus-based (AdC68) and recombinant vaccinia vectors, respectively, to formulate three vaccine forms. The introduction of the two immunogens via a DNA priming and viral vectored vaccine boosting modality afforded cross-group protection from both PR8 and H7N9 influenza virus challenges in mice. Both respiratory residential and systemic T cells contributed to the protective efficacy. Intranasal but not intramuscular administration of AdC68 based vaccine was capable of raising both T cell subpopulations to confer a full protection from lethal PR8 and H7N9 challenges, and blocking the lymphatic egress of T cells during challenges attenuated the protection. Thus, by targeting highly conserved internal viral epitopes to efficiently generate both respiratory and systemic memory T cells, the sequential vaccination strategy reported here represented a new promising candidate for the development of T-cell based universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinci Xie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian He
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxia Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of (1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, (2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or West Nile virus, (3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and pertussis, (4) vaccines against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and Clostridium difficile, and (5) vaccine approaches to mitigate effects of cytomegalovirus on immune senescence. New or improved vaccines developed over recent years demonstrate the considerable opportunity to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Korenkov D, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Basics of CD8 T-cell immune responses after influenza infection and vaccination with inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:977-987. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1541407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Korenkov
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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18
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Vangeti S, Yu M, Smed-Sörensen A. Respiratory Mononuclear Phagocytes in Human Influenza A Virus Infection: Their Role in Immune Protection and As Targets of the Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1521. [PMID: 30018617 PMCID: PMC6037688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses have become increasingly important with recurrent epidemics. Influenza A virus (IAV), a respiratory virus displaying continuous re-emergence, contributes significantly to global morbidity and mortality, especially in young children, immunocompromised, and elderly people. IAV infection is typically confined to the airways and the virus replicates in respiratory epithelial cells but can also infect resident immune cells. Clearance of infection requires virus-specific adaptive immune responses that depend on early and efficient innate immune responses against IAV. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), comprising monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, have common but also unique features. In addition to being professional antigen-presenting cells, MNPs mediate leukocyte recruitment, sense and phagocytose pathogens, regulate inflammation, and shape immune responses. The immune protection mediated by MNPs can be compromised during IAV infection when the cells are also targeted by the virus, leading to impaired cytokine responses and altered interactions with other immune cells. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that immune cells differ depending on their anatomical location and that it is important to study them where they are expected to exert their function. Defining tissue-resident MNP distribution, phenotype, and function during acute and convalescent human IAV infection can offer valuable insights into understanding how MNPs maintain the fine balance required to protect against infections that the cells are themselves susceptible to. In this review, we delineate the role of MNPs in the human respiratory tract during IAV infection both in mediating immune protection and as targets of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Moriyama M, Takeyama H, Hasegawa H, Ichinohe T. Induction of lung CD8 + T cell responses by consecutive inoculations of a poly(I:C) influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:6620-6626. [PMID: 29079103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response plays a key role in host recovery from influenza virus infection and in subsequent immunity. Compared to natural infection with influenza virus, however, intranasal vaccination with adjuvant-combined inactivated vaccine elicits only moderate CTL responses. Here we demonstrate that 5 days of consecutive, intranasal vaccination with a combination of inactivated influenza vaccine and poly(I:C) elicits a strong CTL response in the lung. Antigen-captured respiratory DCs did efficiently migrate from the lung to the mediastinal lymph node (mLN) after the 5 day series of inoculations with vaccine and poly(I:C). Importantly, formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccine and poly(I:C) adjuvant have synergic effects on consecutive vaccinations to elicit a strong CTL response in the lung. Although the CTL response was less effective against heterologous influenza virus, we show for the first time that intranasal administration of inactivated influenza virus vaccine and poly(I:C) for 5 consecutive days can elicit high levels of influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Moriyama
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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20
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The Mechanisms for Within-Host Influenza Virus Control Affect Model-Based Assessment and Prediction of Antiviral Treatment. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080197. [PMID: 28933757 PMCID: PMC5580454 DOI: 10.3390/v9080197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of within-host influenza viral dynamics have contributed to an improved understanding of viral dynamics and antiviral effects over the past decade. Existing models can be classified into two broad types based on the mechanism of viral control: models utilising target cell depletion to limit the progress of infection and models which rely on timely activation of innate and adaptive immune responses to control the infection. In this paper, we compare how two exemplar models based on these different mechanisms behave and investigate how the mechanistic difference affects the assessment and prediction of antiviral treatment. We find that the assumed mechanism for viral control strongly influences the predicted outcomes of treatment. Furthermore, we observe that for the target cell-limited model the assumed drug efficacy strongly influences the predicted treatment outcomes. The area under the viral load curve is identified as the most reliable predictor of drug efficacy, and is robust to model selection. Moreover, with support from previous clinical studies, we suggest that the target cell-limited model is more suitable for modelling in vitro assays or infection in some immunocompromised/immunosuppressed patients while the immune response model is preferred for predicting the infection/antiviral effect in immunocompetent animals/patients.
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21
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Ernst JD. Antigenic Variation and Immune Escape in the MTBC. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1019:171-190. [PMID: 29116635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbes that infect other organisms encounter host immune responses, and must overcome or evade innate and adaptive immune responses to successfully establish infection. Highly successful microbial pathogens, including M. tuberculosis, are able to evade adaptive immune responses (mediated by antibodies and/or T lymphocytes) and thereby establish long-term chronic infection. One mechanism that diverse pathogens use to evade adaptive immunity is antigenic variation, in which structural variants emerge that alter recognition by established immune responses and allow those pathogens to persist and/or to infect previously-immune hosts. Despite the wide use of antigenic variation by diverse pathogens, this mechanism appears to be infrequent in M. tuberculosis, as indicated by findings that known and predicted human T cell epitopes in this organism are highly conserved, although there are exceptions. These findings have implications for diagnostic tests that are based on measuring host immune responses, and for vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Ernst
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Smilow Building, 9th floor, Rooms 901-907, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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22
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Cao P, Wang Z, Yan AWC, McVernon J, Xu J, Heffernan JM, Kedzierska K, McCaw JM. On the Role of CD8 + T Cells in Determining Recovery Time from Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:611. [PMID: 28066421 PMCID: PMC5167728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myriad experiments have identified an important role for CD8+ T cell response mechanisms in determining recovery from influenza A virus infection. Animal models of influenza infection further implicate multiple elements of the immune response in defining the dynamical characteristics of viral infection. To date, influenza virus models, while capturing particular aspects of the natural infection history, have been unable to reproduce the full gamut of observed viral kinetic behavior in a single coherent framework. Here, we introduce a mathematical model of influenza viral dynamics incorporating innate, humoral, and cellular immune components and explore its properties with a particular emphasis on the role of cellular immunity. Calibrated against a range of murine data, our model is capable of recapitulating observed viral kinetics from a multitude of experiments. Importantly, the model predicts a robust exponential relationship between the level of effector CD8+ T cells and recovery time, whereby recovery time rapidly decreases to a fixed minimum recovery time with an increasing level of effector CD8+ T cells. We find support for this relationship in recent clinical data from influenza A (H7N9) hospitalized patients. The exponential relationship implies that people with a lower level of naive CD8+ T cells may receive significantly more benefit from induction of additional effector CD8+ T cells arising from immunological memory, itself established through either previous viral infection or T cell-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ada W C Yan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Doherty Epidemiology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Modelling and Simulation, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute for Health Research, Mathematics and Statistics, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Modelling and Simulation, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Chan J, Babb R, David SC, McColl SR, Alsharifi M. Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses Prevent the Induction of Interferon Type I Responses Upon a Homotypic Live Virus Challenge. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:165-73. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chan
- Vaccine Research Group; Centre for Molecular Pathology; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - R. Babb
- Vaccine Research Group; Centre for Molecular Pathology; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - S. C. David
- Vaccine Research Group; Centre for Molecular Pathology; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - S. R. McColl
- Vaccine Research Group; Centre for Molecular Pathology; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - M. Alsharifi
- Vaccine Research Group; Centre for Molecular Pathology; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
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24
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. B Cell-Specific Biomarkers for Optimal Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination and Molecular Pathways That Reduce B Cell Function with Aging. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:523-537. [PMID: 28845758 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses, with major emphasis on T and B cells, which are significantly impaired by aging. We discuss changes in T cell production and thymic output; T cell subsets; and TCR repertoire, function, and response to latent persistent infection. We also discuss changes in B cell subsets, repertoire, and function, and how function is impaired by increased intrinsic B cell inflammation and reduced signal transduction. This review presents age-related effects on antigen-presenting cells, summarizes recent studies, including our own, aimed at the identification of biomarkers of protective vaccine responses, and provides examples of recent technical advances and insights into human vaccine responses that are helping to define the features associated with successful vaccination and that may enable a more predictive vaccinology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Meunier I, Morisseau O, Garneau É, Marois I, Cloutier A, Richter MV. Infection with a Mouse-Adapted Strain of the 2009 Pandemic Virus Causes a Highly Severe Disease Associated with an Impaired T Cell Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138055. [PMID: 26381265 PMCID: PMC4575127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a relatively low fatality rate, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus differed from other seasonal viruses in that it caused mortality and severe pneumonia in the young and middle-aged population (18–59 years old). The mechanisms underlying this increased disease severity are still poorly understood. In this study, a human isolate of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was adapted to the mouse (MAp2009). The pathogenicity of the MAp2009 virus and the host immune responses were evaluated in the mouse model and compared to the laboratory H1N1 strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8). The MAp2009 virus reached consistently higher titers in the lungs over 14 days compared to the PR8 virus, and caused severe disease associated with high morbidity and 85% mortality rate, contrasting with the 0% death rate in the PR8 group. During the early phase of infection, both viruses induced similar pathology in the lungs. However, MAp2009-induced lung inflammation was sustained until the end of the study (day 14), while there was no sign of inflammation in the PR8-infected group by day 10. Furthermore, at day 3 post-infection, MAp2009 induced up to 10- to 40-fold more cytokine and chemokine gene expression, respectively. More importantly, the numbers of CD4+ T cells and virus-specific CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in the lungs of MAp2009-infected mice compared to PR8-infected mice. Interestingly, there was no difference in the number of dendritic cells in the lung and in the draining lymph node. Moreover, mice infected with PR8 or MAp2009 had similar numbers of CCR5 and CXCR3-expressing T cells, suggesting that the impaired T cell response was not due to a lack of chemokine responsiveness or priming of T cells. This study demonstrates that a mouse-adapted virus from an isolate of the 2009 pandemic virus interferes with the adaptive immune response leading to a more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Meunier
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Morisseau
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Émilie Garneau
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marois
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cloutier
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin V. Richter
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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The Immune Adaptor ADAP Regulates Reciprocal TGF-β1-Integrin Crosstalk to Protect from Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004824. [PMID: 25909459 PMCID: PMC4409120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI, such as H5N1) infection causes severe cytokine storm and fatal respiratory immunopathogenesis in human and animal. Although TGF-β1 and the integrin CD103 in CD8+ T cells play protective roles in H5N1 virus infection, it is not fully understood which key signaling proteins control the TGF-β1-integrin crosstalk in CD8+ T cells to protect from H5N1 virus infection. This study showed that ADAP (Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adapter Protein) formed a complex with TRAF6 and TAK1 in CD8+ T cells, and activated SMAD3 to increase autocrine TGF-β1 production. Further, TGF-β1 induced CD103 expression via an ADAP-, TRAF6- and SMAD3-dependent manner. In response to influenza virus infection (i.e. H5N1 or H1N1), lung infiltrating ADAP-/- CD8+ T cells significantly reduced the expression levels of TGF-β1, CD103 and VLA-1. ADAP-/- mice as well as Rag1-/- mice receiving ADAP-/- T cells enhanced mortality with significant higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lungs. Together, we have demonstrated that ADAP regulates the positive feedback loop of TGF-β1 production and TGF-β1-induced CD103 expression in CD8+ T cells via the TβRI-TRAF6-TAK1-SMAD3 pathway and protects from influenza virus infection. It is critical to further explore whether the SNP polymorphisms located in human ADAP gene are associated with disease susceptibility in response to influenza virus infection.
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Kinjyo I, Qin J, Tan SY, Wellard CJ, Mrass P, Ritchie W, Doi A, Cavanagh LL, Tomura M, Sakaue-Sawano A, Kanagawa O, Miyawaki A, Hodgkin PD, Weninger W. Real-time tracking of cell cycle progression during CD8+ effector and memory T-cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6301. [PMID: 25709008 PMCID: PMC4346633 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise pathways of memory T-cell differentiation are incompletely understood. Here we exploit transgenic mice expressing fluorescent cell cycle indicators to longitudinally track the division dynamics of individual CD8+ T cells. During influenza virus infection in vivo, naive T cells enter a CD62Lintermediate state of fast proliferation, which continues for at least nine generations. At the peak of the anti-viral immune response, a subpopulation of these cells markedly reduces their cycling speed and acquires a CD62Lhi central memory cell phenotype. Construction of T-cell family division trees in vitro reveals two patterns of proliferation dynamics. While cells initially divide rapidly with moderate stochastic variations of cycling times after each generation, a slow-cycling subpopulation displaying a CD62Lhi memory phenotype appears after eight divisions. Phenotype and cell cycle duration are inherited by the progeny of slow cyclers. We propose that memory precursors cell-intrinsically modulate their proliferative activity to diversify differentiation pathways. CD8+ memory T cells appear during infection via a process of selection and differentiation that remains poorly understood. Using a fluorescent indicator of cell cycle progression, Kinjyo et al. show that slow-cycling memory precursors are derived from fast-cycling-activated T cells in influenza-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiko Kinjyo
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Jim Qin
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Sioh-Yang Tan
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Cameron J Wellard
- 1] Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paulus Mrass
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Atsushi Doi
- Cell Innovator Co., Ltd., Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Lois L Cavanagh
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Osami Kanagawa
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- 1] Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- 1] Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia [2] Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia [3] Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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Marois I, Cloutier A, Garneau É, Lesur O, Richter MV. The administration of oseltamivir results in reduced effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to influenza and affects protective immunity. FASEB J 2014; 29:973-87. [PMID: 25414485 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The clinical benefits of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are well established, but the effects of antiviral treatment on the immune response are poorly understood. By use of flow cytometric analyses and the mouse model, we thoroughly investigated the impact of such a treatment on the immune response and the generation of protective immunity to influenza. We demonstrated that influenza-specific CD8(+) effector T cell recruitment was reduced up to 81% in the lungs of mice treated with oseltamivir (5 or 50 mg/kg twice daily; EC50 49 nM in vitro) compared to saline controls, but cell generation was unaffected in draining lymph nodes. Importantly, we showed that oseltamivir administration significantly decreased the pools of tissue-resident and circulating effector memory (93.7%) and central memory CD8(+) T cells (45%) compared to saline controls. During heterologous secondary infection, a decreased memory CD8(+) T cell pool combined with reduced generation of secondary influenza-specific effectors in the lymph nodes resulted in 10-fold decreased CD8(+) T cell recall responses, which increased mouse morbidity and delayed viral clearance. Furthermore, antiviral administration led to a significant 5.7-fold decreased production of functional anti-influenza antibodies. Thus, our study demonstrates that antiviral treatment affects the development of the adaptive immune response and protective immunity against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Marois
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cloutier
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Émilie Garneau
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin V Richter
- *Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Québec, Canada; and Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Adaptive immune response to viral infections in the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014. [PMID: 25015488 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-0.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Adaptive immune response to viral infections in the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:225-47. [PMID: 25015488 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Kedzierski L, Linossi EM, Kolesnik TB, Day EB, Bird NL, Kile BT, Belz GT, Metcalf D, Nicola NA, Kedzierska K, Nicholson SE. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 (SOCS4) protects against severe cytokine storm and enhances viral clearance during influenza infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004134. [PMID: 24809749 PMCID: PMC4014316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. There is no described biological role for SOCS4, despite broad expression in the hematopoietic system. We demonstrate that mice lacking functional SOCS4 protein rapidly succumb to infection with a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus (PR8) and are hypersusceptible to infection with the less virulent H3N2 (X31) strain. In SOCS4-deficient animals, this led to substantially greater weight loss, dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the lungs and delayed viral clearance. This was associated with impaired trafficking of influenza-specific CD8 T cells to the site of infection and linked to defects in T cell receptor activation. These results demonstrate that SOCS4 is a critical regulator of anti-viral immunity. The suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins are key regulators of immunity. As yet there is no described biological role for SOCS4, despite its broad expression in cells of the immune system. Given the important role of other SOCS proteins in controlling the immune response, we have generated SOCS4-mutant mice and used a mouse influenza infection model to investigate the biological function of SOCS4. We demonstrate that mice lacking SOCS4 rapidly succumb to infection with a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus and are hypersusceptible to infection with the less virulent H3N2 strain. This is the first demonstration of a functional phenotype in SOCS4-deficient mice. Our study reveals that in SOCS4-deficient animals, there is a dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the lungs and delayed viral clearance. This is associated with impaired trafficking of virus-specific CD8 T cells to the site of infection and linked to defects in T cell receptor activation. These results demonstrate that SOCS4 is a critical regulator of anti-viral immunity. Understanding the regulation of the inflammatory response to influenza is particularly relevant given the current climate concerning pandemic influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LK); (SEN)
| | - Edmond M. Linossi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tatiana B. Kolesnik
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E. Bridie Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola L. Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin T. Kile
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T. Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald Metcalf
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicos A. Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LK); (SEN)
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32
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Jones RP, Goldeck D. Unexpected and unexplained increase in death due to neurological disorders in 2012 in England and Wales: is cytomegalovirus implicated? Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:25-31. [PMID: 24793640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In early 2012 deaths (all-cause mortality) in England and Wales showed an unexpected and unexplained increase which continued for 18 months before abating. The highest percentage increase in deaths was noted to be for neurological degenerations (mainly dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's). This study seeks to understand why increased deaths should focus on these conditions and if an unrecognized infectious outbreak could be implicated. Cause of death statistics for England and Wales were compared for 2012 versus 2011 as was the diagnosis for first outpatient appointment and inpatient admissions for these conditions. Deaths for dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's showed a 15% increase with associated age specificity. The increase could not be explained by changes in the coding relating to cause of death. The increase coincided with increased GP referral (as first outpatient attendance) and inpatient admission for a range of neurological conditions. These increases were also observed on previous occasions of a similar event where deaths peaked in 2003 and 2008. A cascade of debility leading to immobility and institutionalization along with specific immune impairments appears to render those suffering from neurological degenerations sensitive to infectious outbreaks and more specifically to the particular agent behind these events. These and other studies point to outbreaks of a previously uncharacterized agent with the outbreak peaking in 2003, 2008 and 2012 (and in other years prior to these dates). Cytomegalovirus is a potential candidate and the necessary research to test this hypothesis is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Jones
- Healthcare Analysis & Forecasting, Honister Walk, Camberley GU15 1RQ, UK.
| | - D Goldeck
- Tuebingen Ageing & Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tuebingen Medical School, Waldhoernlestr.22, D 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
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Sckisel GD, Tietze JK, Zamora AE, Hsiao HH, Priest SO, Wilkins DEC, Lanier LL, Blazar BR, Baumgarth N, Murphy WJ. Influenza infection results in local expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells with antigen non-specific phenotype and function. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:79-91. [PMID: 23937663 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary viral infections induce activation of CD8(+) T cells responsible for effective resistance. We sought to characterize the nature of the CD8(+) T cell expansion observed after primary viral infection with influenza. Infection of naive mice with different strains of influenza resulted in the rapid expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells exhibiting a unique bystander phenotype with significant up-regulation of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D), but not CD25, on the CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, suggesting an antigen non-specific phenotype. We further confirmed the non-specificity of this phenotype on ovalbumin-specific (OT-I) CD8(+) T cells, which are not specific to influenza. These non-specific CD8(+) T cells also displayed increased lytic capabilities and were observed primarily in the lung. Thus, influenza infection was shown to induce a rapid, antigen non-specific memory T cell expansion which is restricted to the specific site of inflammation. In contrast, CD8(+) T cells of a similar phenotype could be observed in other organs following administration of systemic agonistic anti-CD40 and interleukin-2 immunotherapy, demonstrating that bystander expansion in multiple sites is possible depending on whether the nature of activation is either acute or systemic. Finally, intranasal blockade of NKG2D resulted in a significant increase in viral replication early during the course of infection, suggesting that NKG2D is a critical mediator of anti-influenza responses prior to the initiation of adaptive immunity. These results characterize further the local bystander expansion of tissue-resident, memory CD8(+) T cells which, due to their early induction, may play an important NKG2D-mediated, antigen non-specific role during the early stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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34
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McElhaney JE. Prevention of infectious diseases in older adults through immunization: the challenge of the senescent immune response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:593-606. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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McElhaney JE, Coler RN, Baldwin SL. Immunologic correlates of protection and potential role for adjuvants to improve influenza vaccines in older adults. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:759-66. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.811193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Prabhu N, Ho AW, Wong KHS, Hutchinson PE, Chua YL, Kandasamy M, Lee DCP, Sivasankar B, Kemeny DM. Gamma interferon regulates contraction of the influenza virus-specific CD8 T cell response and limits the size of the memory population. J Virol 2013; 87:12510-22. [PMID: 24027334 PMCID: PMC3838152 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that regulate the contraction of the CD8 T cell response and the magnitude of the memory cell population against localized mucosal infections such as influenza are important for generation of efficient vaccines but are currently undefined. In this study, we used a mouse model of influenza to demonstrate that the absence of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) leads to aberrant contraction of antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses. The increased accumulation of the effector CD8 T cell population was independent of viral load. Reduced contraction was associated with an increased fraction of CD8 T cells expressing the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) at the peak of the response, resulting in enhanced numbers of memory/memory precursor cells in IFN-γ(-/-) and IFN-γR(-/-) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Blockade of IL-7 within the lungs of IFN-γ(-/-) mice restored the contraction of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells, indicating that IL-7R is important for survival and is not simply a consequence of the lack of IFN-γ signaling. Finally, enhanced CD8 T cell recall responses and accelerated viral clearance were observed in the IFN-γ(-/-) and IFN-γR(-/-) mice after rechallenge with a heterologous strain of influenza virus, confirming that higher frequencies of memory precursors are formed in the absence of IFN-γ signaling. In summary, we have identified IFN-γ as an important regulator of localized viral immunity that promotes the contraction of antigen-specific CD8 T cells and inhibits memory precursor formation, thereby limiting the size of the memory cell population after an influenza virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Prabhu
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrated Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian W. Ho
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth H. S. Wong
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Edward Hutchinson
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Infection & Immunity Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Debbie C. P. Lee
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Baalasubramanian Sivasankar
- Infection & Immunity Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - David Michael Kemeny
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrated Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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37
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Reber A, Katz J. Immunological assessment of influenza vaccines and immune correlates of protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:519-36. [PMID: 23659300 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the primary public health tool in reducing the ever-present burden of influenza and its complications. In seeking more immunogenic, more effective and more broadly cross-protective influenza vaccines, the landscape of influenza vaccines is rapidly expanding, both in near-term advances and next-generation vaccine design. Although the first influenza vaccines were licensed over 60 years ago, the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer is currently the only universally accepted immune correlate of protection against influenza. However, hemagglutination-inhibition titers appear to be less effective at predicting protection in populations at high risk for severe influenza disease; older adults, young children and those with certain medical conditions. The lack of knowledge and validated methods to measure alternate immune markers of protection against influenza remain a substantial barrier to the development of more immunogenic, broadly cross-reactive and effective influenza vaccines. Here, the authors review the knowledge of immune effectors of protection against influenza and discuss assessment methods for a broader range of immunological parameters that could be considered in the evaluation of traditional or new-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reber
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Baldwin SL, Ching LK, Pine SO, Moutaftsi M, Lucas E, Vallur A, Orr MT, Bertholet S, Reed SG, Coler RN. Protection against tuberculosis with homologous or heterologous protein/vector vaccine approaches is not dependent on CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2514-2525. [PMID: 23904160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been directed to develop Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccines to boost bacille Calmette-Guérin or for those who cannot be immunized with bacille Calmette-Guérin. We hypothesized that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses with a heterologous prime/boost vaccine approach could induce long-lived vaccine efficacy against M. tuberculosis in C57BL/6 mice. We produced an adenovirus vector expressing ID93 (Ad5-ID93) for induction of CD8 T cells to use with our candidate tuberculosis vaccine, ID93/glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA)-stable emulsion (SE), which induces potent Th1 CD4 T cells. Ad5-ID93 generates ID93-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and induces protection against M. tuberculosis. When Ad5-ID93 is administered in a prime-boost strategy with ID93/GLA-SE, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are generated and provide protection against M. tuberculosis. In a MHC class I-deficient mouse model, all groups including the Ad5-ID93 group elicited an Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell response and significantly fewer Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, but were still protected against M. tuberculosis, suggesting that CD4(+) Th1 T cells could compensate for the loss of CD8(+) T cells. Lastly, the order of the heterologous immunizations was critical. Long-lived vaccine protection was observed only when Ad5-ID93 was given as the boost following an ID93/GLA-SE prime. The homologous ID93/GLA-SE prime/boost regimen also induced long-lived protection. One of the correlates of protection between these two approaches was an increase in the total number of ID93-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells 6 mo following the last immunization. Our findings provide insight into the development of vaccines not only for tuberculosis, but other diseases requiring T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102
| | - Lance K Ching
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102
| | - Samuel O Pine
- Allergan, Inc. 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA USA 92612
| | - Magdalini Moutaftsi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102
| | - Elyse Lucas
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102
| | - Aarthy Vallur
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195.,Immune Design Corp., 1124 Columbia Street, Suite 700, Seattle, WA, USA 98104
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, USA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
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Matheu MP, Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, Greenberg ML, Marsolais D, Parker I, Rosen H, Oldstone MBA, Cahalan MD. Three phases of CD8 T cell response in the lung following H1N1 influenza infection and sphingosine 1 phosphate agonist therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58033. [PMID: 23533579 PMCID: PMC3606384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-induced lung edema and inflammation are exacerbated by a positive feedback loop of cytokine and chemokine production termed a 'cytokine storm', a hallmark of increased influenza-related morbidity and mortality. Upon infection, an immune response is rapidly initiated in the lungs and draining lymph node, leading to expansion of virus-specific effector cells. Using two-photon microscopy, we imaged the dynamics of dendritic cells (DC) and virus-specific eGFP(+)CD8(+) T cells in the lungs and draining mediastinal lymph nodes during the first two weeks following influenza infection. Three distinct phases of T cell and CD11c(+) DC behavior were revealed: 1) Priming, facilitated by the arrival of lung DCs in the lymph node and characterized by antigen recognition and expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells; asymmetric T cell division in contact with DCs was frequently observed. 2) Clearance, during which DCs re-populate the lung and T cells leave the draining lymph node and re-enter the lung tissue where enlarged, motile T cells come into contact with DCs and form long-lived interactions. 3) Maintenance, characterized by T-cell scanning of the lung tissue and dissociation from local antigen presenting cells; the T cells spend less time in association with DCs and migrate rapidly on collagen. A single dose of a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist, AAL-R, sufficient to suppress influenza-induced cytokine-storm, altered T cell and DC behavior during influenza clearance, delaying T cell division, cellular infiltration in the lung, and suppressing T-DC interactions in the lung. Our results provide a detailed description of T cell and DC choreography and dynamics in the lymph node and the lung during influenza infection. In addition, we suggest that phase lags in T cell and DC dynamics induced by targeting S1P receptors in vivo may attenuate the intensity of the immune response and can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P. Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Walsh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Milton L. Greenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David Marsolais
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University; IUCPQ Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lack of PD-L1 expression by iNKT cells improves the course of influenza A infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59599. [PMID: 23555047 PMCID: PMC3598698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence indicating that invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in defense against influenza A virus (IAV). However, the effect of inhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1), and its ligands, programmed death ligand (PD-L) 1 and 2 on iNKT cells in protection against IAV remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of these co-stimulatory molecules on iNKT cells in the response to influenza. We discovered that compare to the wild type, PD-L1 deficient mice show reduced sensitivity to IAV infection as evident by reduced weight loss, decreased pulmonary inflammation and cellular infiltration. In contrast, PD-L2 deficient mice showed augmented weight loss, pulmonary inflammation and cellular infiltration compare to the wild type mice after influenza infection. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells from wild type, PD-L1 or PD-L2 deficient mice into iNKT cell deficient mice recapitulated these findings. Interestingly, in our transfer system PD-L1−/−-derived iNKT cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma whereas PD-L2−/−-derived iNKT cells produced high amounts of interleukin-4 and 13 suggesting a role for these cytokines in sensitivity to influenza. We identified that PD-L1 negatively regulates the frequency of iNKT cell subsets in the lungs of IAV infected mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate that lack of PD-L1 expression by iNKT cells reduces the sensitivity to IAV and that the presence of PD-L2 is important for dampening the deleterious inflammatory responses after IAV infection. Our findings potentially have clinical implications for developing new therapies for influenza.
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Immune suppression by neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: similarities and differences. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3813-27. [PMID: 23423530 PMCID: PMC3781313 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential effector cells in the host defense against invading pathogens. Recently, novel neutrophil functions have emerged in addition to their classical anti-microbial role. One of these functions is the suppression of T cell responses. In this respect, neutrophils share similarities with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs). In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences between neutrophils and G-MDSCs. Various types of G-MDSCs have been described, ranging from immature to mature cells shaping the immune response by different immune suppressive mechanisms. However, all types of G-MDSCs share distinct features of neutrophils, such as surface markers and morphology. We propose that G-MDSCs are heterogeneous and represent novel phenotypes of neutrophils, capable of suppressing the immune response. In this review, we will attempt to clarify the differences and similarities between neutrophils and G-MDSCs and attempt to facilitate further research.
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Marois I, Cloutier A, Garneau É, Richter MV. Initial infectious dose dictates the innate, adaptive, and memory responses to influenza in the respiratory tract. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:107-21. [PMID: 22504848 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors from the virus and the host contribute to influenza virus pathogenicity and to the development of immunity. This study thoroughly examined the effects of an initial infectious dose of virus and unveiled new findings concerning the antiviral and inflammatory responses, innate and adaptive immunity, memory responses, and protection against secondary heterologous infection. Our results demonstrated that the initial infectious dose significantly affects the gene expression of antiviral (IFN-β) and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) cytokines and of enzymes involved in nitrosative/oxidative stress (iNOS, HO-1, NQO1) early in the response to influenza. This response correlated with significantly increased recruitment of innate immune cells into the lungs of infected mice. We showed that this response also alters the subsequent accumulation of activated IFN-γ(+) CD44(hi) CD62L(lo) influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells into the lungs of infected mice through increased T cell-recruiting chemokine gene expression (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL10). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the initial infectious dose determines the generation and the distribution of memory CD8(+) T cell subsets without affecting trafficking mechanisms. This impacted on immune protection against heterologous infection. Lastly, we showed that the effects on innate and adaptive immunity were not dependent on influenza strain or on the genetic background of the host. Collectively, our data show for the first time and in detail that the initial infectious dose of influenza determines the development of several aspects of antiviral immunity. This study provides new insights on virus-host interaction in the generation of the global immune response to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Marois
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centrede Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Québec, Canada
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Braciale TJ, Sun J, Kim TS. Regulating the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:295-305. [PMID: 22402670 PMCID: PMC3364025 DOI: 10.1038/nri3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a major portal of entry for viruses into the body. Infection of the respiratory tract can, if severe, induce life-threatening damage to the lungs. Various strategies to control virus replication and to limit immune-mediated inflammation and tissue injury have evolved in the respiratory tract. Multiple innate immune cell types, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), within the pulmonary interstitium and between airway epithelial cells are strategically poised to recognize and sample airway particulates, such as viruses. In response to respiratory virus infection, several distinct DC subsets are stimulated to migrate from the site of infection in the lungs to the draining lymph nodes. Here, these migrant DCs have a crucial role in initiating the antivirus adaptive immune response to the invading viruses. After entering the infected lungs, effector T cells that were generated in the lymph nodes undergo further modifications that are shaped by the inflammatory milieu. Co-stimulatory receptor–ligand interactions between effector T cells and various cell types presenting viral antigens in the infected lungs modulate the host adaptive immune response in situ. Effector T cells that produce pro-inflammatory mediators are also the major producers of regulatory (anti-inflammatory) cytokines, providing a fine-tuning mechanism of self-control by effector T cells responding to viruses in the inflamed tissue. The immune mechanisms that control virus replication and/or excessive inflammation in the virus-infected lungs can also predispose the individual recovering from a virus infection to bacterial superinfection. Therapeutic strategies should consider balancing the need to inhibit virus replication and excessive inflammation with the need to optimize the antibacterial functions of innate immune phagocytes, which are crucial for clearing the bacteria from the lungs.
This article reviews the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells in the response to viral infection of the lower respiratory tract and describes the fine-tuning mechanisms that control antiviral T cells in the lungs but that can also predispose an individual to subsequent pulmonary bacterial infections. Recent years have seen several advances in our understanding of immunity to virus infection of the lower respiratory tract, including to influenza virus infection. Here, we review the cellular targets of viruses and the features of the host immune response that are unique to the lungs. We describe the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells in the induction, expression and control of antiviral immunity, and discuss the impact of the infected lung milieu on moulding the response of antiviral effector T cells. Recent findings on the mechanisms that underlie the increased frequency of severe pulmonary bacterial infections following respiratory virus infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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McElhaney JE, Zhou X, Talbot HK, Soethout E, Bleackley RC, Granville DJ, Pawelec G. The unmet need in the elderly: how immunosenescence, CMV infection, co-morbidities and frailty are a challenge for the development of more effective influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:2060-7. [PMID: 22289511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza remains the single most important cause of excess disability and mortality during the winter months. In spite of widespread influenza vaccination programs leading to demonstrated cost-savings in the over 65 population, hospitalization and death rates for acute respiratory illnesses continue to rise. As a person ages, increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines are commonly recorded (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6). Termed "inflammaging", this has been linked to persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and immune senescence, while increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) are possibly associated with more healthy aging. Paradoxically, a shift with aging toward an anti-inflammatory (IL-10) response and decline in the IFN-γ:IL-10 ratio in influenza-challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with a decline in the cytolytic capacity of CD8+ T cells responsible for clearing influenza virus from infected lung tissue. Thus, it is seemingly counter intuitive that the immune phenotype of healthy aging predicts a poor cell-mediated immune response and more serious outcomes of influenza. Herein we postulate a mechanistic link between the accumulation of late-stage, potentially terminally differentiated T cells, many or most of which result from CMV infection, and the immunopathogenesis of influenza infection, mediated by granzyme B in older adults. Further, adjuvanted influenza vaccines that stimulate inflammatory cytokines and suppress the IL-10 response to influenza challenge, would be expected to enhance protection in the 65+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McElhaney
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Moltedo B, Li W, Yount JS, Moran TM. Unique type I interferon responses determine the functional fate of migratory lung dendritic cells during influenza virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002345. [PMID: 22072965 PMCID: PMC3207893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory lung dendritic cells (DCs) transport viral antigen from the lungs to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) during influenza virus infection to initiate the adaptive immune response. Two major migratory DC subsets, CD103+ DCs and CD11bhigh DCs participate in this function and it is not clear if these antigen presenting cell (APC) populations become directly infected and if so whether their activity is influenced by the infection. In these experiments we show that both subpopulations can become infected and migrate to the draining MLN but a difference in their response to type I interferon (I-IFN) signaling dictates the capacity of the virus to replicate. CD103+ DCs allow the virus to replicate to significantly higher levels than do the CD11bhigh DCs, and they release infectious virus in the MLNs and when cultured ex-vivo. Virus replication in CD11bhigh DCs is inhibited by I-IFNs, since ablation of the I-IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling permits virus to replicate vigorously and productively in this subset. Interestingly, CD103+ DCs are less sensitive to I-IFNs upregulating interferon-induced genes to a lesser extent than CD11bhigh DCs. The attenuated IFNAR signaling by CD103+ DCs correlates with their described superior antigen presentation capacity for naïve CD8+ T cells when compared to CD11bhigh DCs. Indeed ablation of IFNAR signaling equalizes the competency of the antigen presenting function for the two subpopulations. Thus, antigen presentation by lung DCs is proportional to virus replication and this is tightly constrained by I-IFN. The “interferon-resistant” CD103+ DCs may have evolved to ensure the presentation of viral antigens to T cells in I-IFN rich environments. Conversely, this trait may be exploitable by viral pathogens as a mechanism for systemic dissemination. Migratory lung dendritic cells (DCs) control the initiation of the adaptive immune responses to influenza virus by expanding virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes (MLNs) that will subsequently clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract. Here we demonstrate that both subsets of lung DCs, CD103+ DCs and CD11bhigh DCs become infected by influenza virus in vivo and migrate to the MLNs, but only CD103+ DCs support productive virus replication. Enhanced virus replication in CD103+ DCs compared to CD11bhigh DCs was responsible for their superior antigen presentation efficacy for naïve CD8+ T cells and originated from a difference in sensitivity of the two DC populations to type I interferon (I-IFN). These data show that in contrast to most other immune cell types, DCs can become productively infected with influenza virus and I-IFN operates as a master regulator controlling which DC subset will present antigen during a viral infection. A deeper understanding of basic innate and adaptive immune response mechanisms regulated by I-FN may lead to the development of cutting edge therapies and improve vaccine efficacy against influenza and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moltedo
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TMM); (BM)
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TMM); (BM)
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Weinfurter JT, Brunner K, Capuano SV, Li C, Broman KW, Kawaoka Y, Friedrich TC. Cross-reactive T cells are involved in rapid clearance of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in nonhuman primates. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002381. [PMID: 22102819 PMCID: PMC3213121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse models of influenza, T cells can confer broad protection against multiple viral subtypes when antibodies raised against a single subtype fail to do so. However, the role of T cells in protecting humans against influenza remains unclear. Here we employ a translational nonhuman primate model to show that cross-reactive T cell responses play an important role in early clearance of infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1pdm). To "prime" cellular immunity, we first infected 5 rhesus macaques with a seasonal human H1N1 isolate. These animals made detectable cellular and antibody responses against the seasonal H1N1 isolate but had no neutralizing antibodies against H1N1pdm. Four months later, we challenged the 5 "primed" animals and 7 naive controls with H1N1pdm. In naive animals, CD8+ T cells with an activated phenotype (Ki-67+ CD38+) appeared in blood and lung 5-7 days post inoculation (p.i.) with H1N1pdm and reached peak magnitude 7-10 days p.i. In contrast, activated T cells were recruited to the lung as early as 2 days p.i. in "primed" animals, and reached peak frequencies in blood and lung 4-7 days p.i. Interferon (IFN)-γ Elispot and intracellular cytokine staining assays showed that the virus-specific response peaked earlier and reached a higher magnitude in "primed" animals than in naive animals. This response involved both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, "primed" animals cleared H1N1pdm infection significantly earlier from the upper and lower respiratory tract than the naive animals did, and before the appearance of H1N1pdm-specific neutralizing antibodies. Together, our results suggest that cross-reactive T cell responses can mediate early clearance of an antigenically novel influenza virus in primates. Vaccines capable of inducing such cross-reactive T cells may help protect humans against severe disease caused by newly emerging pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Weinfurter
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio V. Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Ho AWS, Prabhu N, Betts RJ, Ge MQ, Dai X, Hutchinson PE, Lew FC, Wong KL, Hanson BJ, Macary PA, Kemeny DM. Lung CD103+ dendritic cells efficiently transport influenza virus to the lymph node and load viral antigen onto MHC class I for presentation to CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6011-21. [PMID: 22043017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The uptake, transport, and presentation of Ags by lung dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the initiation of CD8 T cell responses against respiratory viruses. Although several studies have demonstrated a critical role of CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs for the initiation of cytotoxic T cell responses against the influenza virus, the underlying mechanisms for its potent ability to prime CD8 T cells remain poorly understood. Using a novel approach of fluorescent lipophilic dye-labeled influenza virus, we demonstrate that CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs are the dominant lung DC population transporting influenza virus to the posterior mediastinal lymph node as early as 20 h postinfection. By contrast, CD11b(high)CD103(neg) DCs, although more efficient for taking up the virus within the lung, migrate poorly to the lymph node and remain in the lung to produce proinflammatory cytokines instead. CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs efficiently load viral peptide onto MHC class I complexes and therefore uniquely possess the capacity to potently induce proliferation of naive CD8 T cells. In addition, the peptide transporters TAP1 and TAP2 are constitutively expressed at higher levels in CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of a distinct regulation of the Ag-processing pathway in these cells. Collectively, these results show that CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs are functionally specialized for the transport of Ag from the lung to the lymph node and also for efficient processing and presentation of viral Ags to CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W S Ho
- Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
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Wu H, Kumar A, Miao H, Holden-Wiltse J, Mosmann TR, Livingstone AM, Belz GT, Perelson AS, Zand MS, Topham DJ. Modeling of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells during the primary response indicates that the spleen is a major source of effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4474-82. [PMID: 21948988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological parameters that determine the distribution of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells during influenza infection are not all directly measurable by experimental techniques but can be inferred through mathematical modeling. Mechanistic and semimechanistic ordinary differential equations were developed to describe the expansion, trafficking, and disappearance of activated virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in lymph nodes, spleens, and lungs of mice during primary influenza A infection. An intensive sampling of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells from these three compartments was used to inform the models. Rigorous statistical fitting of the models to the experimental data allowed estimation of important biological parameters. Although the draining lymph node is the first tissue in which Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells are detected, it was found that the spleen contributes the greatest number of effector CD8(+) T cells to the lung, with rates of expansion and migration that exceeded those of the draining lymph node. In addition, models that were based on the number and kinetics of professional APCs fit the data better than those based on viral load, suggesting that the immune response is limited by Ag presentation rather than the amount of virus. Modeling also suggests that loss of effector T cells from the lung is significant and time dependent, increasing toward the end of the acute response. Together, these efforts provide a better understanding of the primary CD8(+) T cell response to influenza infection, changing the view that the spleen plays a minor role in the primary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Brincks EL, Gurung P, Langlois RA, Hemann EA, Legge KL, Griffith TS. The magnitude of the T cell response to a clinically significant dose of influenza virus is regulated by TRAIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4581-8. [PMID: 21940678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An immune response of appropriate magnitude should be robust enough to control pathogen spread but not simultaneously lead to immunopathology. Primary infection with influenza A virus (IAV) results in a localized pulmonary infection and inflammation and elicits an IAV-specific CD8 T cell immune response necessary for viral clearance. Clearance of IAV-infected cells, and recovery from infection, is mediated by perforin/granzyme B- and Fas/FasL-mediated mechanisms. We recently reported that TRAIL is another means by which IAV-specific CD8 T cells can kill IAV-infected cells. The current study examined the role of TRAIL in the pulmonary CD8 T cell response to a clinically significant IAV [A/PR/8/34 (PR8; H1N1)] infection (i.e., leads to observable, but limited, morbidity and mortality in wild-type [WT] mice). Compared with WT mice, IAV-infected Trail(-/-) mice experienced increased morbidity and mortality despite similar rates of viral clearance from the lungs. The increased morbidity and mortality in Trail(-/-) mice correlated with increased pulmonary pathology and inflammatory chemokine production. Analysis of lung-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed increased numbers of IAV-specific CD8 T cells in infected Trail(-/-) mice, which correlated with increased pulmonary cytotoxic activity and increased pulmonary expression of MIG and MIP-1α. In addition, there was decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation of IAV-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs of Trail(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Together, these data suggest that TRAIL regulates the magnitude of the IAV-specific CD8 T cell response during a clinically significant IAV infection to decrease the chance for infection-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Major histocompatibility complex class II expression and hemagglutinin subtype influence the infectivity of type A influenza virus for respiratory dendritic cells. J Virol 2011; 85:11955-63. [PMID: 21917972 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05830-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in antiviral immunity, functioning both as innate effector cells in early phases of the immune response and subsequently as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune response. In the murine respiratory tract, there are several respiratory dendritic cell (RDC) subsets, including CD103(+) DC, CD11b(hi) DC, monocyte/macrophage DC, and plasmacytoid DC. However, little is known about the interaction between these tissue-resident RDC and viruses that are encountered during natural infection in the respiratory tract. Here, we show both in vitro and in vivo that the susceptibility of murine RDC to infection with type A influenza virus varies with the level of MHC class II expression by RDC and with the virus strain. Both CD103(+) and CD11b(hi) RDC, which express the highest basal level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, are highly susceptible to infection by type A influenza virus. However, efficient infection is restricted to type A influenza virus strains of the H2N2 subtype. Furthermore, enhanced infectivity by viruses of the H2N2 subtype is linked to expression of the I-E MHC class II locus product. These results suggest a potential novel role for MHC class II molecules in influenza virus infection and pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
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