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Jin H, Tu M, Meng Z, Jiang B, Yang Q, Li Y, Zhang Z. Identification and structural analysis of dimeric chicken complement component 3d and its binding with chicken complement receptor 2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105109. [PMID: 38061436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 3d (C3d), the final cleavage product of complement component C3, interacts with CR2 and thus plays a crucial role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. Additionally, human C3d executes various functions in its dimeric form, which is more effective than its monomeric form. In this study, we aimed to explored whether chicken C3d (chC3d) exhibits similar characteristics, namely dimerization and binding of dimeric chC3d to chicken CR2 (chCR2). We investigated the interaction and co-localization of chC3d with itself using coimmunoprecipitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Then, dimeric chC3d was detected using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting, and its equilibrium dissociation constant KD (827 nM) was determined using surface plasmon resonance. Finally, the interaction modes of dimeric chC3d were identified using molecular docking simulations, which revealed that dimeric chC3d could crosslink with chCR2 receptor. Overall, our findings will facilitate future explorations of the chicken complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Tu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoying Meng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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C3d(g), iron nanoparticles, hemin and cytochrome c may induce oxidative cytotoxicity in tumors and reduce tumor-associated myeloid cells-mediated immunosuppression. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Wahid AA, Dunphy RW, Macpherson A, Gibson BG, Kulik L, Whale K, Back C, Hallam TM, Alkhawaja B, Martin RL, Meschede I, Laabei M, Lawson ADG, Holers VM, Watts AG, Crennell SJ, Harris CL, Marchbank KJ, van den Elsen JMH. Insights Into the Structure-Function Relationships of Dimeric C3d Fragments. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714055. [PMID: 34434196 PMCID: PMC8381054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b plays a central role in the generation of complement-mediated defences. Although the thioester-mediated surface deposition of C3b has been well-studied, fluid phase dimers of C3 fragments remain largely unexplored. Here we show C3 cleavage results in the spontaneous formation of C3b dimers and present the first X-ray crystal structure of a disulphide-linked human C3d dimer. Binding studies reveal these dimers are capable of crosslinking complement receptor 2 and preliminary cell-based analyses suggest they could modulate B cell activation to influence tolerogenic pathways. Altogether, insights into the physiologically-relevant functions of C3d(g) dimers gained from our findings will pave the way to enhancing our understanding surrounding the importance of complement in the fluid phase and could inform the design of novel therapies for immune system disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla A. Wahid
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys W. Dunphy
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Macpherson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Beth G. Gibson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Catherine Back
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Hallam
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bayan Alkhawaja
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Martin
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew G. Watts
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Crennell
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Harris
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jean M. H. van den Elsen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Yang Y, Back CR, Gräwert MA, Wahid AA, Denton H, Kildani R, Paulin J, Wörner K, Kaiser W, Svergun DI, Sartbaeva A, Watts AG, Marchbank KJ, van den Elsen JMH. Utilization of Staphylococcal Immune Evasion Protein Sbi as a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3139. [PMID: 30687332 PMCID: PMC6336717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-ligation of the B cell antigen receptor with complement receptor 2 on B-cells via a C3d-opsonised antigen complex significantly lowers the threshold required for B cell activation. Consequently, fusions of antigens with C3d polymers have shown great potential in vaccine design. However, these linear arrays of C3d multimers do not mimic the natural opsonisation of antigens with C3d. Here we investigate the potential of using the unique complement activating characteristics of Staphylococcal immune-evasion protein Sbi to develop a pro-vaccine approach that spontaneously coats antigens with C3 degradation products in a natural way. We show that Sbi rapidly triggers the alternative complement pathway through recruitment of complement regulators, forming tripartite complexes that act as competitive antagonists of factor H, resulting in enhanced complement consumption. These functional results are corroborated by the structure of the complement activating Sbi-III-IV:C3d:FHR-1 complex. Finally, we demonstrate that Sbi, fused with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Ag85b, causes efficient opsonisation with C3 fragments, thereby enhancing the immune response significantly beyond that of Ag85b alone, providing proof of concept for our pro-vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine R Back
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A Gräwert
- Hamburg Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ayla A Wahid
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Denton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kildani
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Paulin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dmitri I Svergun
- Hamburg Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Asel Sartbaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Watts
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Marchbank
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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He YG, Pappworth IY, Rossbach A, Paulin J, Mavimba T, Hayes C, Kulik L, Holers VM, Knight AM, Marchbank KJ. A novel C3d-containing oligomeric vaccine provides insight into the viability of testing human C3d-based vaccines in mice. Immunobiology 2018; 223:125-134. [PMID: 29017821 PMCID: PMC5849677 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of C3d, the final degradation product of complement protein C3, as a "natural" adjuvant has been widely examined since the initial documentation of its immunogenicity-enhancing properties as a consequence of binding to complement receptor 2. Subsequently it was demonstrated that these effects are most evident when oligomeric, rather than when monomeric forms of C3d, are linked to various test protein antigens. In this study, we examined the feasibility of enhancing the adjuvant properties of human C3d further by utilizing C4b-binding protein (C4BP) to provide an oligomeric arrayed scaffold fused to the model antigen, tetanus toxin C fragment (TTCF). High molecular weight, C3d-containing oligomeric vaccines were successfully expressed, purified from mammalian cells and used to immunize groups of mice. Surprisingly, anti-TTCF antibody responses measured in these mice were poor. Subsequently we established by in vitro and in vivo analysis that, in the presence of mouse C3, human C3d does not interact with either mouse or even human complement receptor 2. These data confirm the requirement to develop murine versions of C3d based adjuvant compounds to test in mice or that mice would need to be developed that express both human C3 and human CR2 to allow the testing of human C3d based adjuvants in mouse in any capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang He
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Isabel Y Pappworth
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Joshua Paulin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Tarirai Mavimba
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christine Hayes
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, SOM, Denver, CO, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado, SOM, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Andrew M Knight
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kevin J Marchbank
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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6
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Li X, Ding Y, Zi M, Sun L, Zhang W, Chen S, Xu Y. CD19, from bench to bedside. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ferluga J, Kouser L, Murugaiah V, Sim RB, Kishore U. Potential influences of complement factor H in autoimmune inflammatory and thrombotic disorders. Mol Immunol 2017; 84:84-106. [PMID: 28216098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement system homeostasis is important for host self-protection and anti-microbial immune surveillance, and recent research indicates roles in tissue development and remodelling. Complement also appears to have several points of interaction with the blood coagulation system. Deficiency and altered function due to gene mutations and polymorphisms in complement effectors and regulators, including Factor H, have been associated with familial and sporadic autoimmune inflammatory - thrombotic disorders, in which autoantibodies play a part. These include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome, anti-phospholipid syndrome and age-related macular degeneration. Such diseases are generally complex - multigenic and heterogeneous in their symptoms and predisposition/susceptibility. They usually need to be triggered by vascular trauma, drugs or infection and non-complement genetic factors also play a part. Underlying events seem to include decline in peripheral regulatory T cells, dendritic cell, and B cell tolerance, associated with alterations in lymphoid organ microenvironment. Factor H is an abundant protein, synthesised in many cell types, and its reported binding to many different ligands, even if not of high affinity, may influence a large number of molecular interactions, together with the accepted role of Factor H within the complement system. Factor H is involved in mesenchymal stem cell mediated tolerance and also contributes to self-tolerance by augmenting iC3b production and opsonisation of apoptotic cells for their silent dendritic cell engulfment via complement receptor CR3, which mediates anti-inflammatory-tolerogenic effects in the apoptotic cell context. There may be co-operation with other phagocytic receptors, such as complement C1q receptors, and the Tim glycoprotein family, which specifically bind phosphatidylserine expressed on the apoptotic cell surface. Factor H is able to discriminate between self and nonself surfaces for self-protection and anti-microbe defence. Factor H, particularly as an abundant platelet protein, may also modulate blood coagulation, having an anti-thrombotic role. Here, we review a number of interaction pathways in coagulation and in immunity, together with associated diseases, and indicate where Factor H may be expected to exert an influence, based on reports of the diversity of ligands for Factor H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Lubna Kouser
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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8
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Welt RS, Welt JA, Kostyal D, Gangadharan YD, Raymond V, Welt S. Specificity and biologic activities of novel anti-membrane IgM antibodies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74701-74723. [PMID: 27732950 PMCID: PMC5342696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that the B-cell Receptor (BCR) initiates a driver pathway in lymphoma-leukemia has been clinically validated. Previously described unique BCR Ig-class-specific sequences (proximal domains (PDs)), are not expressed in serum Ig (sIg). As a consequence of sequence and structural differences in the membrane IgM (mIgM) µ-Constant Domain 4, additional epitopes distinguish mIgM from sIgM. mAbs generated to linear and conformational epitopes, restricted to mIgM and not reacting with sIgM, were generated despite the relative hydrophobicity of the PDm sequence. Anti-PD mAbs (mAb1, mAb2, and mAb3) internalize mIgM. Anti-mIgM mAb4, which recognizes a distinct non-ligand binding site epitope, mediates mIgM internalization, and in low-density cultures, growth inhibition, anti-clonogenic activity, and apoptosis. We show that mAb-mediated mIgM internalization generally does not interrupt BCR-directed cell growth, however, mAb4 binding to a non-ligand binding site in the mIgM PDm-μC4 domain induces both mIgM internalization and anti-tumor effects. BCR micro-clustering in many B-cell leukemia and lymphoma lines is demonstrated by SEM micrographs using these new mAb reagents. mAb4 is a clinical candidate as a mediator of inhibition of the BCR signaling pathway. As these agents do not bind to non-mIgM B-cells, nor cross-react to non-lymphatic tissues, they may spare B-cell/normal tissue destruction as mAb-drug conjugates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Raymond
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
- Biogent, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
| | - Sydney Welt
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
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Urschel S, Ryan LA, M Larsen I, Biffis K, Dijke IE, West LJ. Development of B-cell memory in early childhood and the impact on antigen-specific tolerance after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:491-9. [PMID: 26856666 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children show better survival after heart transplant compared with older individuals and can receive heart transplants safely from ABO-incompatible donors. Children develop immunologic tolerance to donor ABH antigens reflected in persistent absence of specific antibodies. We hypothesized that immature T-independent B-cell response and lack of B-cell memory play a crucial role in tolerance of ABH antigens after ABOi transplants. METHODS We determined phenotypes of splenic lymphocytes from adults and children and peripheral blood from ABO-incompatible or ABO-compatible heart transplant recipients and control subjects by flow cytometry. In vitro immune response to T-independent stimulation, erythrocytes, and ABH antigens was assessed using proliferation assays. RESULTS A predominant role for CD27(+) B cells in T-independent activation was demonstrated; these cells were significantly less frequent in infants than older subjects. Only IgM(+)CD27(+) B cells proliferated in response to non-self erythrocytes. In blood, IgM(+) and switched IgM(-) memory B cells were rare in infants, increasing to near-adult levels in children 5 years old. IgM(+)CD27(+) B cells were significantly fewer in ABO-incompatible transplant recipients than in ABO-compatible recipients. CONCLUSIONS CD27(+) cells play a key role in T-independent B-cell activation. Response to ABH antigens is mediated by IgM(+)CD27(+) B cells, and donor ABO-specific tolerance after ABO-incompatible transplantation in children is facilitated by low prevalence of these cells. The pattern of B-cell memory development is altered after ABO-incompatible transplant. Memory B cells may be quantified to assess eligibility for ABO-incompatible transplant and represent a potential therapeutic target to extend the benefits of the immature immune system to older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Urschel
- Department of Pediatrics; Alberta Transplant Institute; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.
| | - Lauren A Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics; Alberta Transplant Institute
| | | | | | - I Esme Dijke
- Department of Pediatrics; Alberta Transplant Institute
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics; Alberta Transplant Institute; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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C3d adjuvant effects are mediated through the activation of C3d-specific autoreactive T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:189-97. [PMID: 25385064 PMCID: PMC4323994 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement fragment C3d covalently attached to antigens enhances immune responses, particularly for antigens lacking T cell epitopes. Enhancement has been attributed to receptor cross-linking between complement receptor CR2 (CD21) and polysaccharide antigen to surface IgM on naïve B cells. Paradoxically, C3d has still been shown to increase immune responses in CD21 KO mice, suggesting that an auxiliary activation pathway exists. In prior studies, we demonstrated the CD21-independent C3d adjuvant effect might be due to T cell recognition of C3d T helper epitopes processed and presented by MHC class II on the B cell surface. C3d peptide sequences containing concentrated clusters of putative human C3 T cell epitopes were identified using the epitope-mapping algorithm, EpiMatrix. These peptide sequences were synthesized and shown in vitro to bind multiple HLA-DR alleles with high affinity, and induce IFNγ responses in healthy donor PBMCs. In the present studies, we establish further correlations between HLA binding and HLA-specific lymphocyte reactions with select epitope clusters. Additionally, we show that the T cell phenotype of C3d-specific reactive T cells is CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells. Finally, mutation of a single T cell epitope residing within the P28 peptide segment of C3d resulted in significantly diminished adjuvant activity in BALB/c mice. Collectively, these studies support the hypothesis that the paradoxical enhancement of immune responses by C3d in the absence of CD21 is due to internalization and processing of C3d into peptides that activate autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells in the context of HLA class II.
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11
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Cloning and expression of FimA-c3d recombinant protein. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Diepenhorst GMP, de Graaf W, Niessen HW, van Vliet AK, Hack CE, van Gulik TM. Immunoglobulin M, C-reactive protein and complement activation in rat hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur Surg Res 2014; 52:50-62. [PMID: 24642533 DOI: 10.1159/000360474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) models have shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) are involved in complement activation. Binding of CRP and IgM to damaged cell membranes initiates complement activation and aggravates I/R injury in various organs. However, the time course of CRP- and IgM-mediated complement activation and the relation to hepatocellular injury and inflammation in liver I/R are unknown. AIM To evaluate the time course of IgM- and CRP-related complement activation and the relation to hepatocellular injury and inflammation in a hepatic I/R rat model. METHODS Male Wistar rats were allocated to (1) five groups of animals exposed to 60 min of partial ischemia (70%) induced via clamping of the left segmental portal triad, followed by 0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h of reperfusion (n = 6 in each group); (2) five groups of sham-operated animals with corresponding reperfusion times (n = 5), and (3) a control group sacrificed before ischemia (n = 5). Hepatocellular injury, inflammatory response, rat plasma CRP and IgM levels and immunohistochemical depositions of CRP, IgM and C3 were assessed for each group. RESULTS Histopathological injury scores of hematoxylin and eosin sections of ischemic liver lobes demonstrated increasing values throughout the reperfusion time with a peak at 12 h. Plasma aminotransferases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) significantly increased after 3 h of reperfusion, peaking at 6 h (3,100 ± 800 U/l; p < 0.05). Hepatic neutrophil influx significantly increased from 3 to 6 h of reperfusion (p < 0.05) and demonstrated the highest value at 12 h (1.1 ± 0.2 U/mg of protein). Plasma IL-6 levels in the ischemia groups showed peak values after 6 h of reperfusion, decreasing significantly thereafter (p < 0.05). Plasma CRP values reached highest levels after 3 h of reperfusion (mean 91 ± 5% of control pool), decreasing significantly thereafter. Rat IgM concentrations in plasma did not significantly change throughout the reperfusion time. Immunohistochemical depositions of IgM, CRP and C3 in ischemic lobes demonstrated a similar pattern in time, reaching maximum values at 12 h of reperfusion. The percentages of depositions of CRP and IgM were significantly correlated [r(S) = 0.569; p < 0.001; Spearman test]. The time course of C3 and CRP depositions throughout reperfusion and C3 and IgM staining were significantly similar [r(S) = 0.797 and r(S) = 0.656, respectively; p < 0.0001; ANOVA]. CONCLUSIONS CRP and IgM depositions demonstrate a parallel time course throughout the reperfusion to hepatocellular damage, inflammatory response and activated complement deposition in this rat hepatic I/R model. Furthermore, the time course of CRP and IgM depositions was significantly similar to that of activated complement depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M P Diepenhorst
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Provenzano D, Kovác P, Wade WF. The ABCs (Antibody, B Cells, and Carbohydrate Epitopes) of Cholera Immunity: Considerations for an Improved Vaccine. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:899-927. [PMID: 17179659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholera, a diarrheal disease, is known for explosive epidemics that can quickly kill thousands. Endemic cholera is a seasonal torment that also has a significant mortality. Not all nations with extensive rural communities can achieve the required infrastructure or behavioral changes to prevent epidemic or endemic cholera. For some communities, a single-dose cholera vaccine that protects those at risk is the most efficacious means to reduce morbidity and mortality. It is clear that our understanding of what a protective cholera immune response is has not progressed at the rate our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular biology of cholera infection has. This review addresses V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based immunogens because LPS is the only immunogen proven to induce protective antibody in humans. We discuss the role of anti-LPS antibodies in protection from cholera, the importance and the potential role of B cell subsets in protection that is based on their anatomical location and the intrinsic antigen-receptor specificity of various subsets is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Provenzano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas-Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
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García-Machorro J, López-González M, Barrios-Rojas O, Fernández-Pomares C, Sandoval-Montes C, Santos-Argumedo L, Villegas-Sepúlveda N, Gutiérrez-Castañeda B, Cedillo-Barrón L. DENV-2 subunit proteins fused to CR2 receptor-binding domain (P28)-induces specific and neutralizing antibodies to the Dengue virus in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2326-35. [PMID: 23880886 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domain III (DIII) of the dengue virus (DENV) envelope (E) protein induces strong neutralizing type-specific antibodies. In addition, a region near the fusion loop in domain II (DII) induces the production of cross-reactive antibodies with neutralizing potential. Thus, this study aimed to generate DENV-2 recombinant fusion proteins (i.e., rEII*EIII and rEII*EIII/NS1*) either alone or fused to 3 copies of P28, the minimum CR2-binding domain of the complement protein C3d. The 4 recombinant proteins were generated in a Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cell system. The expression and secretion of the recombinant proteins were confirmed in vitro using immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot (WB) analyses. Human dengue immune serum samples recognized recombinant proteins. The immunogenicity of the 4 proteins in BALB/c mice was analyzed using ELISA, and the results revealed that the induced specific antibody response was higher in the groups of mice immunized with the P28 fusion proteins. Interestingly, although the 4 recombinant proteins were able to elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice; no adjuvant effect was observed in terms of neutralizing antibodies in the groups immunized with proteins containing P28. Thus, ELISA and PRNT50 assays may evaluate different epitopes and responses, where ELISA showed a wider response that did not always correlate with neutralization. Furthermore, the elicited antibodies were able to recognize the immobilized E glycoprotein of DENV. All mice vaccinated with the DENV-2 recombinant proteins showed induction of higher levels of IgG1 antibodies than of IgG2a antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín García-Machorro
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Av. IPN # 2508 Col.; San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. Mexico, Mexico
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15
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Giles BM, Boackle SA. Linking complement and anti-dsDNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Res 2013; 55:10-21. [PMID: 22941560 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a severe autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems resulting in diverse symptoms and outcomes. It is characterized by antibody production to a variety of self-antigens, but it is specifically associated with those against anti-dsDNA. Anti-dsDNA antibodies are present before the onset of clinical disease and are associated with severe manifestations of lupus such as glomerulonephritis. Their levels fluctuate with changes in disease activity and, in combination with the levels of complement proteins C3 and C4, are strong indicators of disease flare and treatment response in patients with lupus. The decreased complement levels that are noted during flares of lupus activity are believed to be secondary to increased autoantibody production and immune complex formation that results in tissue damage; however, recent data suggest that complement activation can also drive development of these pathogenic autoantibodies. This review will explore the various roles of complement in the development and pathogenesis of anti-dsDNA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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16
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Farrar CA, Asgari E, Schwaeble WJ, Sacks SH. Which pathways trigger the role of complement in ischaemia/reperfusion injury? Front Immunol 2012; 3:341. [PMID: 23181062 PMCID: PMC3500775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the role of complement in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have identified common effector mechanisms that depend on the production of C5a and C5b-9 through the cleavage of C3. These studies have also defined an important role for C3 synthesized within ischemic kidney. Less clear however is the mechanism of complement activation that leads to the cleavage of C3 in ischemic tissues and to what extent the potential trigger mechanisms are organ dependent - an important question which informs the development of therapies that are more selective in their ability to limit the injury, yet preserve the other functions of complement where possible. Here we consider recent evidence for each of the three major pathways of complement activation (classical, lectin, and alternative) as mediators of I/R injury, and in particular highlight the role of lectin molecules that increasingly seem to underpin the injury in different organ models and in addition reveal unusual routes of complement activation that contribute to organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A. Farrar
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London School of Medicine at Guy’s, King’s College and St Thomas’ HospitalsLondon, UK
| | - Elham Asgari
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London School of Medicine at Guy’s, King’s College and St Thomas’ HospitalsLondon, UK
| | - Wilhelm J. Schwaeble
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Leicester UniversityLeicester, UK
| | - Steven H. Sacks
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London School of Medicine at Guy’s, King’s College and St Thomas’ HospitalsLondon, UK
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17
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Lee JH, Noh J, Noh G, Choi WS, Lee SS. IL-10 is predominantly produced by CD19(low)CD5(+) regulatory B cell subpopulation: characterisation of CD19 (high) and CD19(low) subpopulations of CD5(+) B cells. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:851-5. [PMID: 21786452 PMCID: PMC3159945 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.5.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 production by CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells was investigated, by determining the expression levels of CD19, a classical B cell marker. Peripheral mononuclear cells were stained with fluorescence-conjugated anti-CD5, anti-CD19, anti-IL-10, and Annexin V. Interestingly, IL-10-producing B cells were found to be localised within the CD19(low)CD5(+) B cell subset. Apoptotic changes were also observed mainly in CD19(low) cells among B cells. Thus, CD5(+) B cells should be classified as CD19(high) and CD19(low) cells, and the immunological significance of CD19 for the IL-10 production by CD5(+) B cells requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joonyong Noh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geunwoong Noh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Sang Sun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Pappworth IY, Hayes C, Dimmick J, Morgan BP, Holers VM, Marchbank KJ. Mice expressing human CR1/CD35 have an enhanced humoral immune response to T-dependent antigens but fail to correct the effect of premature human CR2 expression. Immunobiology 2011; 217:147-57. [PMID: 21783272 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that mice expressing human complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) during the CD43(+)/CD25(-) late pro-B cell stage of B cell development have marked changes in their subsequent B cell ontogeny. Here, we show that the humoral immune response to the T cell dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) can be moderately enhanced with the addition of human CR1 (driven by the lambda promoter/enhancer transgene) to endogenous mCR1/CR2 expression on the B cell surface but that hCR1 expression alone (on the mouse CR1/2 deficient background) has no effect on the humoral immune response or general B cell development. Furthermore, expression of hCR1 had no recuperative effect on the markedly altered B cell phenotype noted with premature expression of hCR2 (either in the presence or absence of endogenous mCR1/2). We conclude that hCR1 alone cannot replace the role of CR2 in mice and that the effects of premature hCR2 expression during BCR development are not significantly altered by the addition of hCR1 at that developmental stage or beyond; thus hCR2 signaling in the mouse remains dominant over subsequent input from either hCR1 or endogenous receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Y Pappworth
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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19
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Human complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) transgenic mice provide an in vivo model to study immunoregulatory effects of receptor antagonists. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:883-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu S, Chen F, Zhang L, Jiang B, Chen X. Fusion to chicken C3d enhances the immunogenicity of the M2 protein of avian influenza virus. Virol J 2010; 7:89. [PMID: 20459691 PMCID: PMC2887435 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current vaccines to avian influenzae virus (AIV), a highly contagious disease of birds, need to be constantly updated due to the high level of variation in the target antigens. Therefore, a vaccine that could induce broad cross protection against AIV is required. The M2 membrane protein is structurally conserved amongst AIV subtypes but tends in induce a poor immune response, whereas C3d has been shown in many species to enhance immunogenicity. In this study, we investigated the potential of M2-avian C3d fusion proteins to provide effective immunity. RESULTS We fused chicken complement C3d to sM2 (M2 protein with the transmembrane region deleted) of AIV and expressed four fusion proteins, GST (Glutathione S-transferase tagged proteins in pGEX expression vector) -C3d-sM2, GST-C3d-L2-sM2, GST-C3d-L1-C3d-sM2 and GST-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2 were used to immunize mice. In addition, Specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with the plasmids pcDNA-sM2, pcDNA-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2, GST-sM2 and GST-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for sM2 antibody, and all the test animals were challenged with A/chicken/Bei Jing/WD9/98 (H9N2) virus. Results revealed that the anti-sM2 antibody in mice and chickens vaccinated with these proteins was higher than the nonfused forms of sM2, the GST-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2 groups have conferred the highest 30% and 20% protection ratio in mice and chickens respectively. In addition, the pcDNA-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2 also enhances the antibody responses to sM2 compared to pcDNA-sM2 in chickens, and acquired 13.3% protection ratio. CONCLUSION These results indicated that chicken C3d enhanced the humoral immunity against AIV M2 protein either fused proteins expressed by the prokaryotic system or with the DNA vaccine. Nevertheless, in view of the poor protection ratio for these animals, we speculated that this is not a worthy developing of vaccine in these constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shufang Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fuyong Chen
- College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Beiyu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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21
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Tedder TF. Innate and adaptive receptors interact to balance humoral immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2231-2. [PMID: 20164432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1090001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Box 3010, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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22
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Szekeres Z, Herbáth M, Angyal A, Szittner Z, Virág V, Balogh P, Erdei A, Prechl J. Modulation of immune response by combined targeting of complement receptors and low-affinity Fcγ receptors. Immunol Lett 2010; 130:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Urschel S, Campbell PM, Meyer SR, Larsen IM, Nuebel J, Birnbaum J, Netz H, Tinckam K, Kauke T, Derkatz K, Coe JY, Platt JL, West LJ. Absence of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies after ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in infancy: altered immunity or age? Am J Transplant 2010; 10:149-56. [PMID: 19951279 PMCID: PMC2806931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Specific B-cell tolerance toward donor blood group antigens develops in infants after ABO-incompatible heart transplantation, whereas their immune response toward protein antigens such as HLA has not been investigated. We assessed de novo HLA-antibodies in 122 patients after pediatric thoracic transplantation (28 ABO-incompatible) and 36 controls. Median age at transplantation was 1.7 years (1 day to 17.8 year) and samples were collected at median 3.48 years after transplantation. Antibodies were detected against HLA-class I in 21 patients (17.2%), class II in 18 (14.8%) and against both classes in 10 (8.2%). Using single-antigen beads, donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) were identified in six patients (all class II, one additional class I). Patients with DSAs were significantly older at time of transplantation. In patients who had undergone pretransplant cardiac surgeries, class II antibodies were more frequent, although use of homografts or mechanical heart support had no influence. DSAs were absent in ABO-incompatible recipients and class II antibodies were significantly less frequent than in children with ABO-compatible transplants. This difference was present also when comparing only children transplanted below 2 years of age. Therefore, tolerance toward the donor blood group appears to be associated with an altered response to HLA beyond age-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Urschel
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Transplant Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia M. Campbell
- Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven R. Meyer
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ingrid M. Larsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Transplant Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Nuebel
- Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Birnbaum
- Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinrich Netz
- Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathryn Tinckam
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Kauke
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kim Derkatz
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Transplant Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Y. Coe
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Transplant Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L. Platt
- Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Lori J. West
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Transplant Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Logan GJ, Wang L, Zheng M, Coppel RL, Alexander IE. Antigen fusion with C3d
3
augments or inhibits humoral immunity to AAV genetic vaccines in a transgene‐dependent manner. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:228-32. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital Westmead Australia
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Microbiology and The Victoria Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University Clayton Australia
| | - Maolin Zheng
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital Westmead Australia
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology and The Victoria Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University Clayton Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital Westmead Australia
- University of Sydney Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health Westmead Australia
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25
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Haas KM, Poe JC, Tedder TF. CD21/35 promotes protective immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae through a complement-independent but CD19-dependent pathway that regulates PD-1 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3661-71. [PMID: 19710450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity to T cell-independent type 2 Ags (TI-2 Ag) is critical for protection against encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The CD21/35 receptor is thought to promote protective humoral immunity to encapsulated bacteria by enabling complement-decorated capsular polysaccharides to coligate the CD21/35-CD19 signaling complex with the B cell Ag receptor (BCR), thereby enhancing Ag-specific B cell activation. However, Ab responses to S. pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide (PPS-3) and other strong TI-2 Ags were significantly impaired in CD21/35(-/-) but not C3(-/-) or C4(-/-) mice. B cells from CD21/35(-/-) mice expressed significantly higher levels of cell surface CD19. CD21/35(-/-) B cells exhibited enhanced BCR-induced calcium responses and significantly higher expression of the inhibitory programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor following immunization with a TI-2 Ag or BCR crosslinking. Reducing CD19 expression in CD21/35(-/-) mice normalized BCR-induced calcium responses, PD-1 induction, and PPS-3-specific IgG3 responses and restored protection during S. pneumoniae infection. PD-1 blockade also selectively rescued PPS-3-specific IgG3 responses in CD21/35(-/-) mice. Thereby, CD21/35 promotes protective humoral immunity to S. pneumoniae and other strong TI-2 Ags through a complement-independent pathway by negatively regulating CD19 expression and PD-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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26
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Ectodomain shedding and generation of two carboxy-terminal fragments of human complement receptor 2/CD21. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2630-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Ruseva M, Kolev M, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Hansen SB, Takahashi K, Ezekowitz A, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Gadjeva M. Mannan-binding lectin deficiency modulates the humoral immune response dependent on the genetic environment. Immunology 2009; 127:279-88. [PMID: 19476514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a plasma protein implicated in innate immune defence against a broad range of microorganisms, including viruses. It is also thought that MBL plays a role in the recruitment of the specific clonal immune response. This was studied by injecting soluble hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) intravenously into mice deficient in both MBL-A and MBL-C (MBL DKO mice). The MBL DKO animals on mixed genetic background (SV129EvSv x C57BL/6) produced higher antibody titres than the wild-type littermates. After primary challenge with the antigen the immunoglobulin M anti-HBsAg antibody titres were threefold higher in the MBL DKO mice than in the wild-type mice. Following the boost, the immunoglobulin G anti-HBsAg antibody titres were 10-fold higher in the MBL DKO mice, suggesting that MBL plays a role in a negative feedback regulation of adaptive immunity. However, the modulating effect of MBL was dependent on the genetic environment. The MBL DKO mice backcrossed on a C57BL/6 background showed the opposite response with the MBL DKO mice now producing fewer antibodies than the wild-type animals, whereas MBL deficiency in mice with the SV129EvSv background did not show any effect in antibody production. These findings indicate that the modifying effect of MBL on the humoral immune response is influenced by the genetic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta Ruseva
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Erdei A, Isaák A, Török K, Sándor N, Kremlitzka M, Prechl J, Bajtay Z. Expression and role of CR1 and CR2 on B and T lymphocytes under physiological and autoimmune conditions. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2767-73. [PMID: 19559484 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of complement in the development and regulation of antibody responses under both healthy and pathological conditions is known for long. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying the events however is still in progress. This review focuses on the role of complement receptors CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21) expressed on T and B cells. Alteration in the expression and function of these receptors may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of immune complex mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent data regarding complement receptor expression on T lymphocytes and on memory B cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Biological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Jacobson AC, Weis JJ, Weis JH. CD21 signaling via C3 regulates Purkinje cell protein 4 expression. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1488-93. [PMID: 19201479 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptor proteins CR2 (CD21) and CR1 (CD35) have been identified as components of the murine B cell co-receptor complex. Gene expression profiles between naïve WT, C3-/-, and CD21/35-/- B cells demonstrate enhanced expression of a Ca(2+)-modulating gene, Pcp4, in WT mice compared to the complement-deficient animals. Increased expression of Pcp4 is also coincident with B cell maturation into end stage phenotypes. Prolonged activation of B cells via cross-linking of the BCR (but not CR1/CR2 alone) leads to increased expression of Pcp4 and suppressed Ca(2+) release. In total these data demonstrate that the expression of Pcp4 in naïve resting mature B cells is dependent upon tonic stimulation from the CR1/CR2 proteins via a C3 ligand, and that antigen specific B cell activation can also elevate Pcp4 expression that is coincident with suppression of calcium-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Jacobson
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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30
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Guttormsen HK, Stuart LM, Shi L, Carroll MC, Chen J, Kasper DL, Ezekowitz RAB, Takahashi K. Deficiency of mannose-binding lectin greatly increases antibody response in a mouse model of vaccination. Clin Immunol 2008; 130:264-71. [PMID: 18996748 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognition innate immune molecule, selectively binds distinct chemical patterns, including carbohydrates expressed on Group B streptococcus (GBS). MBL interacts with IgM, resulting in the activation of MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs), thus is initiating a lectin complement pathway. Complement proteins and IgM modulate production of antigen specific antibody. In this study, we investigated the relative effect of MBL in antibody response against tetanus toxoid-conjugated GBS polysaccharide vaccines (GBS PS-TT) by comparing wild type and null mice for MBL, complement 3 (C3), IgM, MBL/C3, and MBL/IgM. We found that GBS PS specific IgG response was upregulated in MBL deficient mice following immunization with GBS PS-TT but not GBS PS. B1 cells were expanded in peritonium but not in spleen of MBL null mice. The mechanisms of heightened IgG response in MBL null mice were related to C3, and share the same pathway with IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde-Kari Guttormsen
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Jacobson AC, Weis JH. Comparative functional evolution of human and mouse CR1 and CR2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2953-9. [PMID: 18713965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Jacobson
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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32
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Wasowska BA, Lee CY, Halushka MK, Baldwin WM. New concepts of complement in allorecognition and graft rejection. Cell Immunol 2007; 248:18-30. [PMID: 17950717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In transplantation, activation of complement has largely been equated to antibody-mediated rejection, but complement is also important in recognition of apoptotic and necrotic cells as well as in modifying antigen presentation to T cells and B cells. As a part of the innate immune system, complement is one of the first responses to injury, and it can determine the direction and magnitude of the subsequent responses. Consequently, the effects of complement in allorecognition and graft rejection are increased when organs are procured from cadaver donors because these organs sustain a series of stresses from brain death, prolonged life support, ischemia and finally reperfusion that initiate proinflammatory processes and tissue injury. In addition, these organs are transplanted to patients, who frequently have been sensitized to histocompatibility antigens as the result of transfusions, pregnancies or transplants. Complement activation generates a series of biologically active effector molecules that can modulate graft rejection by directly binding to the graft or by modifying the response of macrophages, T and B cells of the recipient. However, complement is regulated and the process of regulation produces split products that can decrease as well as increase immune responses. Small animal models have been developed to test these variables. The guide for evaluating results from these models remains clinical findings because there are significant differences between the rodent and human complement systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Wasowska
- The Department of Pathology, Ross Research Building, Room 659, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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Fan H, Tong T, Chen H, Guo A. Immunization of DNA vaccine encoding C3d-VP1 fusion enhanced protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Genes 2007; 35:347-57. [PMID: 17497212 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Because foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains a great problem to many livestock of agricultural importance, safe, effective vaccines are in great need. DNA vaccine would be a promising candidate but the design remains to be optimized. VP1 gene of FMDV strain O/ES/2001 was linked to three copies of either porcine or murine C3d or four copies of a 28-aa fragment of murine C3d containing the CR2 receptor binding domain (M28). The resultant plasmids encoding C3d/M28-VP1 fusion or only VP1 as control were immunized guinea pigs. Both cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated and protection was observed after virus challenge. As a result, although the plasmid encoding only VP1 could elicit virus-binding antibody detected by ELISA, splenocyte proliferation, IL-4 and IFN-gamma production, the levels were significantly less than C3d/M28-VP1 fusion. Furthermore, VP1 failed to induce neutralization antibody and protect animals against virus challenge, while murine C3d-VP1 fusion efficiently induced neutralization antibody response and provided 87.50% of the animals with complete protection and 12.50% with partial protection. Among murine C3d, M28, and porcine C3d, the adjuvant effect of murine C3d is strongest, followed by porcine C3d, and last murine M28. In conclusion, the fact that C3d genes, when coupled to VP1 gene, are able to greatly enhance the protective immune response of VP1 DNA in guinea pigs suggests that C3d-VP1 DNA chimera has a significant potential for use as a novel DNA vaccine against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Guan QD, Wang Y, Chu YW, Wang LX, Ni J, Guo Q, Xiong SD. The distinct effects of three tandem repeats of C3d in the immune responses against tumor-associated antigen hCGbeta by DNA immunization. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:875-84. [PMID: 17086422 PMCID: PMC11029905 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several examples have shown that C3d3, when fused to a corresponding antigen, had a strong adjuvant effect on certain specific antibody production. In a previous study, we attempted to prove that this was the case of the human chorionic gonadotrophin beta chain (hCGbeta)-induced immunity following DNA vaccination. However, we found that C3d3 when fused to hCGbeta inhibited rather than enhanced the antigen-specific immune response. In the present study, using hCGbeta DNA vaccine preparations, we demonstrated that C3d3 inhibited the antigen-specific humoral antibody response and several other immune responses, such as the hCGbeta specific lymphoproliferation. Such inhibitory effects of C3d3 were not related to the expression level of the target protein, the gender of the test mice, or the vector used. Contrastingly, C3d3 fused with the envelope protein of hepatitis B virus (PreS2/S) used as a control system resulted in the enhancement of both humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses against HBV-preS2/S, which was consistent with other groups' adjuvant-effect findings. We further showed that the mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of C3d3 might be possible due to impairing the function of antigen presenting B lymphocytes and reducing the expression of transcription factors (T-bet and GATA-3) and cytokine IL-4. Collectively, unlike its usual expected adjuvant function, the fusion of C3d3 with the tumor-associated antigen hCGbeta was found to inhibit both humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses. These findings indicate that research concerning tumor immune escapes and vaccine designs require further extensive attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong Guan
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yi Wei Chu
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Li Xin Wang
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jing Ni
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Si Dong Xiong
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Center for Gene Immunization and Vaccine Research, Shanghai, 200032 China
- E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, Immunology Division, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Jégou JF, Chan P, Schouft MT, Gasque P, Vaudry H, Fontaine M. Protective DNA vaccination against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is overcome by C3d in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3691-701. [PMID: 17521729 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Complement receptor 2 (CR2) and its physiological ligand, C3d, known for its molecular adjuvant property on the immune response, exhibit opposite effects with regard to autoimmunity. Although CR2 has been implicated in maintaining self-tolerance, recent studies reported a role for C3d signaling to CR2 in tolerance breakdown to self-antigens and the initiation of inflammatory autoimmune pathologies. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of C3d in a model of tolerogenic DNA vaccination encoding the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-DNA) which protected mice from the induction of an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that fusing two or three copies of C3d to MOG overcomes the protective effect of DNA vaccination. Multimeric C3d was able to revert the unresponsiveness state of specific T cells induced by MOG-DNA, independently of a modification in the Th1/Th2 cytokine pattern. Interestingly, the adjuvant effect of C3d was not sufficient to boost the anti-MOG antibody response after DNA vaccination. These findings suggest that C3d might be involved in self-tolerance breakdown and could contribute to the pathogenesis of central nervous system autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Jégou
- INSERM U413, IFRMP 23, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France.
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36
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Twohig J, Kulik L, Haluszczak C, Reuter J, Rossbach A, Bull M, Holers VM, Marchbank KJ. Defective B cell ontogeny and immune response in human complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) transgenic mice is partially recovered in the absence of C3. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3434-44. [PMID: 17379312 PMCID: PMC1948027 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mice prematurely expressing human CR2 (hCR2) in the B cell lineage have a defective B cell ontogeny and immune response. Our recent analysis of this phenotype suggested that signaling through hCR2 and presumably mouse CD19 on the B cell surface, during bone marrow development, could result in the observed changes in B cell function in these mice. To test this hypothesis, we back crossed hCR2(high) transgenic mice onto the CD19(-/-) background. CD19(-/-)hCR2(high) mice were found to possess even fewer mature B cells than their CD19(+/+)hCR2(high) littermates, demonstrating that loss of CD19 exacerbated the effects elicited through hCR2. This data suggests that CD19 provides a survival signal during B cell development in this model. Next, we examined if the removal of the main ligand for CR2, namely C3d, through back-crossing onto the C3(-/-) background could restore normal B cell development. However, we found only minor recovery in peripheral B cell numbers and no obvious change in function. This was despite a three-fold increase in the level of hCR2 expression on B cells isolated from the spleen or bone marrow of C3(-/-)hCR2(high) mice when compared with C3 sufficient littermates. These data demonstrate that hCR2 is integrated in mouse B cell signaling and that the downstream effects of hCR2 expression during early B cell development are partially but not completely due to interaction with C3 fragments and signaling through CD19 in the bone marrow environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Twohig
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Immunology, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, UK
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37
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Whipple EC, Ditto AH, Shanahan RS, Gatesman JJ, Little SF, Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Low doses of antigen coupled to anti-CR2 mAbs induce rapid and enduring IgG immune responses in mice and in cynomolgus monkeys. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:377-88. [PMID: 16631928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement system and B cell complement receptor 2 (CR2), specific for C component C3dg, play important roles in both the innate and adaptive immune response. We used hapten and protein conjugates of anti-CR2 mAbs as models for C3dg-opsonized antigens and immune complexes to examine the handling of and immune response to these reagents in mice and in non-human primates (NHP). Mice immunized and boosted i.v. with only 100 ng of Alexa 488 rat anti-mouse CR1/2 mAb 7G6 had strong IgG immune responses to the Alexa 488 hapten and to rat IgG, compared to very weak immune responses in mice treated with a comparable isotype control; larger doses of Alexa 488 mAb 7G6 did not increase the immune response. A vaccine constructed by cross-linking anthrax protective antigen to mAb 7G6 proved to be effective at low doses in generating sufficiently high titer serum IgG antibodies to neutralize anthrax lethal toxin in vitro and to protect mice from i.v. challenge with anthrax lethal toxin. When biotinylated HB135, a mouse mAb specific for human CR2, was injected i.v. into NHP, the probe manifested the same initial marginal zone B cell binding and subsequent localization to follicular dendritic cells as we have previously reported for comparable experiments in mice. Moreover, i.v. immunization of NHP with 1 microg/kg of Alexa 488 mAb HB135 promoted an IgG immune response to the Alexa 488 hapten and to mouse IgG. Taken together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of using anti-CR2 mAbs as antigen carriers for i.v. immunization with small amounts of antigens without adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Whipple
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
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38
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Rossbacher J, Haberman AM, Neschen S, Khalil A, Shlomchik MJ. Antibody-independent B cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles for CD21/35. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2384-93. [PMID: 16906534 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking C3, C4 or complement receptor 1/2 (Cr) have defective germinal centers (GC). The requirement for C4 implicates complement fixation by immune complexes (IC) via the classical pathway. Yet, transgenic (Tg) mice that lack circulating antibody but still express membrane IgM (mIgM) have normal GC responses. We showed previously that cross-linking mIgM leads to the deposition of C3 on the B cell surface and that disruption of this pathway diminishes GC responses. Here, we investigate the role of Cr in this process by generating mIgM-Tg mice that lack Cr and serum Ig. These mIgM/Cr-/- mice have smaller, transient GC, with incomplete B cell receptor down-regulation and peanut agglutinin up-regulation, compared to mIgM/Crwt counterparts. BM chimera experiments showed that Cr on B cells is required for normal GC responses. These results establish that Cr ligands generated at the B cell surface are sufficient for normal GC responses and function by signaling Cr on B cells. Unexpectedly, chimera experiments also showed a critical role for Cr on follicular dendritic cells (FDC), even in the absence of IC, indicating novel functions for FDC-expressed Cr beyond the capture of C3-coated IC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Complement Activation/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Complement 3b/deficiency
- Receptors, Complement 3b/immunology
- Receptors, Complement 3b/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3d/deficiency
- Receptors, Complement 3d/immunology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Rossbacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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39
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Abstract
Complement activation is one of the most powerful mechanisms taking place during inflammation and immune responses. Over the last 30 years increasing evidence has proven the role of C3 and receptors for its activation fragments in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Since complement also has a basic importance in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, abnormalities affecting complement proteins and their receptors may lead to pathological conditions. Autoimmune conditions develop as a result of a range of genetic and environmental factors. Findings obtained from animal models support the notion that malfunctioning of complement receptors, particularly CR2, might be involved in the breakdown of tolerance and excessive antibody production by auto reactive B-cell clones. In addition to B cells, activated, CR2-bearing T cells may also contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity as they can receive activating/survival signals in the inflamed tissue. Results obtained from mouse experiments however, should be extended to the human system with great care, since there are basic differences between the structure and function of human and murine CR1 and CR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Isaák
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P.s.1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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40
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Tong T, Fan H, Tan Y, Xiao S, Ling J, Chen H, Guo A. C3d enhanced DNA vaccination induced humoral immune response to glycoprotein C of pseudorabies virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:845-51. [PMID: 16857165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Murine C3d were utilized to enhance immunogenicity of pseudorabies virus (PrV) gC DNA vaccination. Three copies of C3d and four copies of CR2-binding domain M28(4) were fused, respectively, to truncated gC gene encoding soluble glycoprotein C (sgC) in pcDNA3.1. BALB/c mice were, respectively, immunized with recombinant plasmids, blank vector, and inactivated vaccine. The antibody ELISA titer for sgC-C3d3 DNA was 49-fold more than that for sgC DNA, and the neutralizing antibody obtained 8-fold rise. Protection of mice from death after lethal PrV (316 LD50) challenge was augmented from 25% to 100%. Furthermore, C3d fusion increased Th2-biased immune response by inducing IL-4 production. The IL-4 level for sgC-C3d3 DNA immunization approached that for the inactivated vaccine. Compared to C3d, M28 enhanced sgC DNA immunogenicity to a lesser extent. In conclusion, we demonstrated that murine C3d fusion significantly enhanced gC DNA immunity by directing Th1-biased to a balanced and more effective Th1/Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezhu Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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