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Kortekaas Krohn I, Badloe FMS, Herrmann N, Maintz L, De Vriese S, Ring J, Bieber T, Gutermuth J. Immunoglobulin E autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis associate with Type-2 comorbidities and the atopic march. Allergy 2023; 78:3178-3192. [PMID: 37489049 DOI: 10.1111/all.15822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoreactive immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to self-peptides within the epidermis have been identified in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Prevalence, concomitant diseases, patient characteristics, and risk factors of IgE autoantibody development remain elusive. We aimed to determine IgE autoantibodies in serum samples (n = 672) from well-characterized patients with AD and controls (1.2-88.9 years). METHODS Atopic dermatitis patients were sub-grouped in AD with comorbid Type-2 diseases ("AD + Type 2"; asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, n = 431) or "solely AD" (n = 115). Also, subjects without AD but with Type-2 diseases ("atopic controls," n = 52) and non-atopic "healthy controls" (n = 74) were included. Total proteins from primary human keratinocytes were used for the immunoassay to detect IgE autoantibodies. Values were compared to already known positive and negative serum samples. RESULTS Immunoglobulin E autoantibodies were found in 15.0% (82/546) of all analyzed AD-patients. "AD + Type 2" showed a higher prevalence (16.4%) than "solely AD" (9.6%). "Atopic controls" (9.6%) were comparable with "solely AD" patients, while 2.7% of healthy controls showed IgE autoantibodies. Of those with high levels of IgE autoantibodies, 15 out of 16 were patients with "AD + Type 2". AD patients with IgE autoantibodies were younger than those without. Patients with IgE autoreactivity also displayed higher total serum IgE levels. Factors that affected IgE autoantibody development were as follows: birth between January and June, cesarean-section and diversity of domestic pets. CONCLUSIONS Immunoglobulin E autoantibodies in AD seem to associate with the presence of atopic comorbidities and environmental factors. The potential value of IgE autoantibodies as a predictive biomarker for the course of AD, including the atopic march, needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fariza Mishaal Saiema Badloe
- Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadine Herrmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Laura Maintz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Shauni De Vriese
- Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Davos Biosciences, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Charles N, Kortekaas-Krohn I, Kocaturk E, Scheffel J, Altrichter S, Steinert C, Xiang YK, Gutermuth J, Reber LL, Maurer M. Autoreactive IgE: Pathogenic role and therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. Allergy 2023; 78:3118-3135. [PMID: 37555488 DOI: 10.1111/all.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is the break of tolerance to self-antigens that leads to organ-specific or systemic diseases often characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoreactive antibodies (AAb) produced by plasmablast and/or plasma cells. AAb are prevalent in the general population and not systematically associated with clinical symptoms. In contrast, in some individuals, these AAb are pathogenic and drive the development of signs and symptoms of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases (AbAID). AAb production, isotype profiles, and glycosylations are promoted by pro-inflammatory triggers linked to genetic, environmental, and hormonal parameters. Recent evidence supports a role for pathogenic AAb of the IgE isotype in a number of AbAID. Autoreactive IgE can drive the activation of mast cells, basophils, and other types of FcεRI-bearing cells and may play a role in promoting autoantibody production and other pro-inflammatory pathways. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the pathogenicity of autoreactive IgE in AbAID and their status as therapeutic targets. We also highlight unresolved issues including the need for assays that reproducibly quantify IgE AAbs, to validate their diagnostic and prognostic value, and to further study their pathophysiological contributions to AbAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Charles
- Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Inge Kortekaas-Krohn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emek Kocaturk
- Department of Dermatology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Altrichter
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Departement of Dermatology and Venerology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Carolin Steinert
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi-Kui Xiang
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), UMR 1291, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Liu Z, Trifonova D, Tulaeva I, Riabova K, Karsonova A, Kozlov E, Elisyutina O, Khaitov M, Focke-Tejkl M, Chen TH, Karaulov A, Valenta R. Albumins represent highly cross-reactive animal allergens. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241518. [PMID: 37928538 PMCID: PMC10623431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Albumins from animals are highly cross-reactive allergens for patients suffering from immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy. Approximately 20-30% of cat and dog allergic patients show IgE reactivity and mount IgE-mediated allergic reactions to cat and dog albumin. It is astonishing that allergic patients can develop specific IgE responses against animal albumins because these proteins exhibit a more than 70% sequence identity to human serum albumin (HSA) which is the most abundant protein in the blood of the human body. The sequence identity of cat albumin (Fel d 2) and dog albumin (Can f 3) and HSA are 82% and 80%, respectively. Given the high degree of sequence identity between the latter two allergens and HSA one would expect that immunological tolerance would prohibit IgE sensitization to Fel d 2 and Can f 3. Here we discuss two possibilities for how IgE sensitization to Fel d 2 and Can f 3 may develop. One possibility is the failed development of immune tolerance in albumin-allergic patients whereas the other possibility is highly selective immune tolerance to HSA but not to Fel d 2 and Can f 3. If the first assumption is correct it should be possible to detect HSA-specific T cell responses and HSA-containing immune complexes in sensitized patients. In the latter scenario few differences in the sequences of Fel d 2 and Can f 3 as compared to HSA would be responsible for the development of selective T cell and B cell responses towards Fel d 2 as well as Can f 3. However, the immunological mechanisms of albumin sensitization have not yet been investigated in detail although this will be important for the development of allergen-specific prevention and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) strategies for allergy to albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Liu
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daria Trifonova
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna Tulaeva
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenja Riabova
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina Karsonova
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kozlov
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Elisyutina
- National Research Center, NRCI Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- National Research Center, NRCI Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Healthcare, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center, NRCI Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Healthcare, Krems, Austria
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4
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Garbincius JF, Elrod JW. Mitochondrial calcium exchange in physiology and disease. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:893-992. [PMID: 34698550 PMCID: PMC8816638 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of calcium into and extrusion of calcium from the mitochondrial matrix is a fundamental biological process that has critical effects on cellular metabolism, signaling, and survival. Disruption of mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) cycling is implicated in numerous acquired diseases such as heart failure, stroke, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer and is genetically linked to several inherited neuromuscular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for mCa2+ exchange therefore holds great promise for the treatment of these diseases. The past decade has seen the genetic identification of many of the key proteins that mediate mitochondrial calcium uptake and efflux. Here, we present an overview of the phenomenon of mCa2+ transport and a comprehensive examination of the molecular machinery that mediates calcium flux across the inner mitochondrial membrane: the mitochondrial uniporter complex (consisting of MCU, EMRE, MICU1, MICU2, MICU3, MCUB, and MCUR1), NCLX, LETM1, the mitochondrial ryanodine receptor, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We then consider the physiological implications of mCa2+ flux and evaluate how alterations in mCa2+ homeostasis contribute to human disease. This review concludes by highlighting opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention in pathologies characterized by aberrant mCa2+ handling and by summarizing critical unanswered questions regarding the biology of mCa2+ flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Fania L, Moretta G, Antonelli F, Scala E, Abeni D, Albanesi C, Madonna S. Multiple Roles for Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathogenic Mediators to Endotype-Specific Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052684. [PMID: 35269828 PMCID: PMC8910412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, which generally presents with intense itching and recurrent eczematous lesions. AD affects up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in high-income countries. The prevalence and incidence of AD have increased in recent years. The onset of AD mostly occurs in childhood, although in some cases AD may persist in adult life or even manifest in middle age (adult-onset AD). AD pathophysiology is made of a complex net, in which genetic background, skin barrier dysfunction, innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as itch contribute to disease development, progression, and chronicization. One of the most important features of AD is skin dehydration, which is mainly caused by filaggrin mutations that determine trans-epidermal water loss, pH alterations, and antigen penetration. In accordance with the “outside-inside” theory of AD pathogenesis, in a context of an altered epidermal barrier, antigens encounter epidermal antigen presentation cells (APCs), such as epidermal Langerhans cells and inflammatory epidermal dendritic cells, leading to their maturation and Th-2 cell-mediated inflammation. APCs also bear trimeric high-affinity receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE), which induce IgE-mediated sensitizations as part of pathogenic mechanisms leading to AD. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of AD, considering patients with various clinical AD phenotypes. Moreover, we describe the cytokine patterns in patients with AD at different phases of the disease evolution, as well as in relation to different phenotypes/endotypes, including age, race, and intrinsic/extrinsic subtypes. We also discuss the outcomes of current biologics for AD, which corroborate the presence of multiple cytokine axes involved in the background of AD. A deep insight into the correlation between cytokine patterns and the related clinical forms of AD is a crucial step towards increasingly personalized, and therefore more efficient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fania
- Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Gaia Moretta
- Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Flaminia Antonelli
- Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Enrico Scala
- Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Damiano Abeni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania Madonna
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
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De Bruyn Carlier T, Badloe FMS, Ring J, Gutermuth J, Kortekaas Krohn I. Autoreactive T cells and their role in atopic dermatitis. J Autoimmun 2021; 120:102634. [PMID: 33892348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an itchy, non-contagious relapsing and chronic inflammatory skin disease that usually develops in early childhood. This pathology is associated with food allergy, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and anaphylaxis which may persist in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms of AD (endotypes) are just beginning to be discovered and show a complex interaction of various pathways including skin barrier function and immune deviation. Immune reactions to self-proteins (autoantigens) of the skin have been identified in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, such as chronic spontaneous urticaria, connective tissue disease, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. IgE antibodies and T cells directed against epitopes of the skin were observed in adult patients with severe and chronic AD as well. This was associated with disease severity and suggests a progression from allergic inflammation to severe autoimmune processes against the skin. IgE-mediated autoimmunity and self-reactive T cells might accelerate the ongoing skin inflammation or might contribute to the relapsing course of the disease. However, to date, the exact mechanisms of IgE-mediated autoimmunity and self-reactive T cells in the pathophysiology of AD are still unclear. The aim of this review is to evaluate the development of (autoreactive) T cells and their response to (auto)antigens, as well as the role of the peripheral tolerance in autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of AD, including the unmet needs and gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina De Bruyn Carlier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Fariza Mishaal Saiema Badloe
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein, Technical University Munich, München, Germany.
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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7
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Feno S, Rizzuto R, Raffaello A, Vecellio Reane D. The molecular complexity of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter. Cell Calcium 2020; 93:102322. [PMID: 33264708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in regulating cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for the understanding of different cellular functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Nevertheless, the study of this aspect was severely limited by the lack of the molecular identity of the proteins responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In 2011, the discovery of the gene encoding for the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU), the selective channel responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, gave rise to an explosion of studies aimed to characterize the composition, the regulation of the channel and its pathophysiological roles. Here, we summarize the recent discoveries on the molecular structure and composition of the MCU complex by providing new insights into the mechanisms that regulate MCU channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Feno
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy; Myology Center, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Denis Vecellio Reane
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy.
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8
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Pellefigues C. IgE Autoreactivity in Atopic Dermatitis: Paving the Road for Autoimmune Diseases? Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E47. [PMID: 32911788 PMCID: PMC7551081 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease affecting 20% of the population beginning usually before one year of age. It is associated with the emergence of allergen-specific IgE, but also with autoreactive IgE, whose function remain elusive. This review discusses current knowledge relevant to the mechanisms, which leads to the secretion of autoreactive IgE and to the potential function of these antibodies in AD. Multiple autoantigens have been described to elicit an IgE-dependent response in this context. This IgE autoimmunity starts in infancy and is associated with disease severity. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of autoreactive IgE to multiple auto-antigens is high in AD patients. IgE-antigen complexes can promote a facilitated antigen presentation, a skewing of the adaptive response toward type 2 immunity, and a chronic skin barrier dysfunction and inflammation in patients or AD models. In AD, skin barrier defects and the atopic immune environment facilitate allergen sensitization and the development of other IgE-mediated allergic diseases in a process called the atopic march. AD is also associated epidemiologically with several autoimmune diseases showing autoreactive IgE secretion. Thus, a potential outcome of IgE autoreactivity in AD could be the development of further autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pellefigues
- INSERM UMRS1149-CNRS ERL8252, Team «Basophils and Mast cells in Immunopathology», Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation (CRI), Inflamex, DHU Fire, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
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9
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Badloe FMS, De Vriese S, Coolens K, Schmidt-Weber CB, Ring J, Gutermuth J, Kortekaas Krohn I. IgE autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells and their role in children and adults with atopic dermatitis. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 32774842 PMCID: PMC7398196 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is highly complex and understanding of disease endotypes may improve disease management. Immunoglobulins E (IgE) against human skin epitopes (IgE autoantibodies) are thought to play a role in disease progression and prolongation. These antibodies have been described in patients with severe and chronic AD, suggesting a progression from allergic inflammation to severe autoimmune processes against the skin. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge and gaps on IgE autoreactivity and self-reactive T cells in children and adults with AD based on a systematic search. Currently, the clinical relevance and the pathomechanism of IgE autoantibodies in AD needs to be further investigated. Additionally, it is unknown whether the presence of IgE autoantibodies in patients with AD is an epiphenomenon or a disease endotype. However, increased knowledge on the clinical relevance and the pathophysiologic role of IgE autoantibodies and self-reactive T cells in AD can have consequences for diagnosis and treatment. Responses to the current available treatments can be used for better understanding of the pathways and may shed new lights on the treatment options for patients with AD and autoreactivity against skin epitopes. To conclude, IgE autoantibodies and self-reactive T cells can contribute to the pathophysiology of AD based on the body of evidence in literature. However, many questions remain open. Future studies on autoreactivity in AD should especially focus on the clinical relevance, the contribution to the disease progression and chronicity on cellular level, the onset and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariza Mishaal Saiema Badloe
- Department of Dermatology, SKIN Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 103, Building D, Room D148, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shauni De Vriese
- Department of Dermatology, SKIN Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 103, Building D, Room D148, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katarina Coolens
- Department of Dermatology, SKIN Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 103, Building D, Room D148, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL) and the Helmholtz Initiative for Inflammation and Immunology (I&I), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology, SKIN Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 103, Building D, Room D148, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Department of Dermatology, SKIN Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 103, Building D, Room D148, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Department of Dermatology, SKIN Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 103, Building D, Room D148, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Garbincius JF, Luongo TS, Elrod JW. The debate continues - What is the role of MCU and mitochondrial calcium uptake in the heart? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 143:163-174. [PMID: 32353353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in 2011, several studies utilizing genetic models have attempted to decipher the role of mitochondrial calcium uptake in cardiac physiology. Confounding results in various mutant mouse models have led to an ongoing debate regarding the function of MCU in the heart. In this review, we evaluate and discuss the totality of evidence for mitochondrial calcium uptake in the cardiac stress response and highlight recent reports that implicate MCU in the control of homeostatic cardiac metabolism and function. This review concludes with a discussion of current gaps in knowledge and remaining experiments to define how MCU contributes to contractile function, cell death, metabolic regulation, and heart failure progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Timothy S Luongo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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11
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Gong JJ, Margolis DJ, Monos DS. Predictive in silico binding algorithms reveal HLA specificities and autoallergen peptides associated with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 312:647-656. [PMID: 32152724 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disease that results from a combination of skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. The immune dysregulation is often associated with IgE sensitivity. There is also evidence that autoallergens Hom s 1, 2, 3, and 4 play a role in AD; it is possible that patients with specific HLA subtypes are predisposed to autoreactivity due to increased presentation of autoallergen peptides. The goal of our study was to use in silico epitope prediction platforms as an approach to identify HLA subtypes that may preferentially bind autoallergen peptides and are thus candidates for further study. Considering the previously described association of DRB1 alleles with AD and progression of disease, emphasis was placed on DRB1. Certain DRB1 alleles (08:04, 11:01, and 11:04) were identified by both algorithms to bind a significant percent of the generated autoallergen peptides. Conversely, autoallergen core peptide sequences FRQLSHRFH and IRAKLRLQA (Hom s 1), IRKSKNILF (Hom s 2), FKWVPVTDS and MAAIEKVRK (Hom s 3), and FRYFATLKV (Hom s 4) were predicted to bind many DRB1 alleles and, thus, may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Our findings provide candidate DRB1 alleles and autoallergen epitopes that will guide future studies exploring the relationship between DRB1 subtype and autoreactivity in AD. A similar approach can be used for any antigen that has been associated with an IgE response and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Gong
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Margolis
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Dimitrios S Monos
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Su H, Luo Y, Sun J, Liu X, Ling S, Xu B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li W, Wang B, Yao X. Transglutaminase 3 Promotes Skin Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis by Activating Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells via DC-SIGN. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:370-379.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Roesner LM, Werfel T. Autoimmunity (or Not) in Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2128. [PMID: 31552053 PMCID: PMC6746887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), one of the most frequent inflammatory skin diseases worldwide, is believed to result from a disturbed skin barrier as well as aberrant immune reactions against per se harmless allergens. Starting mostly during childhood with a chronic, remitting relapsing course, the disease can persist into adulthood in about one fifth of patients. Immune reactions to self-proteins have been observed in AD patients already in the beginning of the Twentieth century, when human cellular extracts were shown to provoke skin lesions. However, the term “autoimmunity” has never been claimed, since AD is first and foremost an atopic disease. In contrast, this IgE-hallmarked autoreactivity was termed “autoallergy” and is ongoing discussed regarding its impact on the disease. Since severely affected patients tend to develop IgE-hypersensitivity reactions to numerous environmental allergens, the impact of immune responses to self-proteins is difficult to determine. On the other hand: any autoreactivity, irrespective of the magnitude, implicates the potential of driving the chronification of the disease while shaping the immune response. This review article revisits the observations made on autoallergy from an actual point of view and tries to approach the question whether these still point to a contribution to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart M Roesner
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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14
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Molecular clustering of genes related to the atopic syndrome: Towards a more tailored approach and personalized medicine? Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:34. [PMID: 31333817 PMCID: PMC6617681 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The atopic syndrome consists of heterogeneous manifestations, in which multiple associated genetic loci have recently been identified. It is hypothesized that immune dysregulation plays a role in the pathogenesis. In primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs), which are often monogenic immunodysregulation disorders, the atopic syndrome is a frequently occurring comorbidity. Based on the genetic defects in PIDs, novel gene/pathway-targeted therapies have been evaluated, which could be relevant in the atopic syndrome as well. Therefore, we aimed to define subclasses within the atopic syndrome based on the expression profiles of immune cell lineages of healthy mice. Methods Overlap between known atopy-related genes as described in the Human Gene Mutation Database and disease-causing genes of monogenic PIDs was evaluated. Clusters of atopy-related genes were based on the overlap in their co-expressed genes using the gene expression profiles of immune cell lineages of healthy mice from the Immunological Genome Project. We analyzed pathways involved in the atopic syndrome using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results Twenty-two (5.3%) genes were overlapping between the atopy-related genes (n = 160) and PID-related genes (n = 278). We identified seven distinct clusters of atopy-related genes. Functional pathway analysis of all atopy-related genes showed relevance of T helper cell-mediated pathways. Conclusions This study shows a model to define clusters within the atopic syndrome based on gene expression profiles of immune cell lineages. Our results support the hypothesis that both genetic mechanisms and immune dysregulation play a role in the pathogenesis. It also opens up the possibility for novel therapeutic targets and a more tailored approach towards personalized medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13601-019-0273-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Holmes J, Fairclough LC, Todd I. Atopic dermatitis and autoimmunity: the occurrence of autoantibodies and their association with disease severity. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:141-162. [PMID: 30798353 PMCID: PMC7192884 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a widespread condition that appears to be increasing in prevalence and severity worldwide, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Recent research has identified various similarities between AD and autoimmune conditions, as well as indicating that there may be an association between AD and autoimmunity. This systematic review evaluates the association between AD and autoimmunity, as well as between severity of disease in AD and autoimmunity, with an emphasis on the associations with autoantibodies. MEDLINE (1946 to December 2017) and Embase (1974 to December 2017) databases were searched. Further relevant articles were retrieved from reference lists. Only studies measuring direct indicators of autoimmunity, in humans, were included. Qualitative analysis was carried out for all studies. In addition, quantitative analysis was used to evaluate prevalence of IgE autoantibodies and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) in AD patients and control subjects. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used with a random-effects model. 28 studies assessed the occurrence of autoantibodies in AD patients and 16 studies were used to evaluate association between disease severity and autoantibodies. Pooled analysis from 14 studies, involving 986 AD patients and 441 control subjects, showed that IgE autoantibodies were significantly more prevalent in patients with AD (P < 0.00001) than control subjects. Similar analysis was carried out for ANAs, with eight studies that involved 1045 AD patients and 1273 control subjects. ANAs were significantly more prevalent in patients with AD (P = 0.003). This quantitative analysis supported an association between AD and IgE autoantibodies, as well as between AD and ANAs. There was insufficient data to make similar conclusions for other indicators of autoimmunity. The weight of evidence also suggests an association between IgE autoantibodies and disease severity. There was insufficient evidence to make this link for other indicators of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holmes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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16
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Exploring the Diagnostic Potential of Immune Biomarker Co-expression in Gulf War Illness. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1781:101-120. [PMID: 29705845 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7828-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex disorders like Gulf War illness (GWI) often defy diagnosis on the basis of a single biomarker and may only be distinguishable by considering the co-expression of multiple markers measured in response to a challenge. We demonstrate the practical application of such an approach using an example where blood was collected from 26 GWI, 13 healthy control subjects, and 9 unhealthy controls with chronic fatigue at three points during a graded exercise challenge. A 3-way multivariate projection model based on 12 markers of endocrine and immune function was constructed using a training set of n = 10 GWI and n = 11 healthy controls. These groups were separated almost completely on the basis of two co-expression patterns. In a separate test set these same features allowed for discrimination of new GWI subjects (n = 16) from unhealthy (n = 9) and healthy control subjects with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 90%.
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17
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Ettinger R, Karnell JL, Henault J, Panda SK, Riggs JM, Kolbeck R, Sanjuan MA. Pathogenic mechanisms of IgE-mediated inflammation in self-destructive autoimmune responses. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:25-36. [PMID: 28166684 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1280670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies of the IgG subclass are pathogenic in a number of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythomatosus. The presence of circulating IgE autoantibodies in autoimmune patients has also been known for almost 40 years. Despite their role in allergies, IgE autoantibodies are not associated with a higher rate of atopy in these patients. However, recently they have been recognized as active drivers of autoimmunity through mechanisms involving the secretion of Type I interferons by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), the recruitment of basophils to lymph nodes, and the activation of adaptive immune responses through B and T cells. Here, we will review the formation, prevalence, affinity, and roles of the IgE autoantibodies that have been described in autoimmunity. We also present novel evidence supporting that triggering of IgE receptors in pDC induces LC3-associated phagocytosis, a cellular process also known as LAP that is associated with interferon responses. The activation of pDC with immune complexes formed by DNA-specific IgE antibodies also induce potent B-cell differentiation and plasma cell formation, which further define IgE's role in autoimmune humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ettinger
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jodi L Karnell
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jill Henault
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Santosh K Panda
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jeffrey M Riggs
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Miguel A Sanjuan
- a Department of Respiratory , Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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18
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Malli R, Graier WF. The Role of Mitochondria in the Activation/Maintenance of SOCE: The Contribution of Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Uptake, Mitochondrial Motility, and Location to Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:297-319. [PMID: 28900921 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most cell types, the depletion of internal Ca2+ stores triggers the activation of Ca2+ entry. This crucial phenomenon is known since the 1980s and referred to as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). With the discoveries of the stromal-interacting molecules (STIMs) and the Ca2+-permeable Orai channels as the long-awaited molecular constituents of SOCE, the role of mitochondria in controlling the activity of this particular Ca2+ entry pathway is kind of buried in oblivion. However, the capability of mitochondria to locally sequester Ca2+ at sites of Ca2+ release and entry was initially supposed to rule SOCE by facilitating the Ca2+ depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum and removing entering Ca2+ from the Ca2+-inhibitable channels, respectively. Moreover, the central role of these organelles in controlling the cellular energy metabolism has been linked to the activity of SOCE. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms by which mitochondria actually determine SOCE are still pretty obscure. In this essay we describe the complexity of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake machinery and its regulation, molecular components, and properties, which open new ways for scrutinizing the contribution of mitochondria to SOCE. Moreover, data concerning the variability of the morphology and cellular distribution of mitochondria as putative determinants of SOCE activation, maintenance, and termination are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Malli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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19
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MICU1 may be a promising intervention target for gut-derived sepsis induced by intra-abdominal hypertension. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16080. [PMID: 27924224 PMCID: PMC5124947 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a common and serious complication in critically ill patients, for which there is no targeted therapy. IAH-induced dysfunction of intestinal barriers is closely associated with oxidative imbalances, which are considered to provide a pathophysiological basis for subsequent gut-derived sepsis. However, the upstream mechanism that produces oxidative damage during IAH remains unknown. It is not clear whether ‘mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake 1’ (MICU1, the key protein regulating the oxidative process) is involved in preventing Ca2+m (mitochondrial Ca2+) overload. Here, we detected changes in the expression of MICU1 during the development of increased intestinal permeability in rats with IAH, and we explored the related mechanism regulating epithelial-barrier functions by knocking-down micu1 in Caco-2 cells. Our results demonstrated that, to combat IAH-induced dysfunction of intestinal barriers, MICU1 undergoes a compensatory increase in expression, whereas ‘mitochondrial calcium uniporter’ (MCU) – a conserved Ca2+ transporter – becomes transcriptionally suppressed. Silencing the expression of MICU1 destroyed Caco-2 cell barrier integrity, promoted paracellular permeability, and impaired the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1, and claudin 1). Meanwhile, oxidative imbalances were induced; malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of oxidation, was increased and antioxidant products (GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD) were decreased. In MICU1-deficient Caco-2 cells, proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was promoted. Collectively, our results indicate that MICU1-related oxidation/antioxidation disequilibrium is strongly involved in IAH-induced damage to intestinal barriers. MICU1-targeted treatment may hold promise for preventing the progression of IAH to gut-derived sepsis.
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20
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Navarrete-Dechent C, Pérez-Mateluna G, Silva-Valenzuela S, Vera-Kellet C, Borzutzky A. Humoral and Cellular Autoreactivity to Epidermal Proteins in Atopic Dermatitis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:435-442. [PMID: 27147107 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the skin, is an important public health concern affecting 10-20 % of children worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD involve the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including abnormalities in skin integrity and a skewed immune system usually driven by a Th2 phenotype in childhood with a switch to Th1 in the chronic phase of disease. Children and adults with AD commonly have elevated IgE levels directed to multiple different antigens, including aeroallergens, food allergens, and microbial proteins. IgE targeting self-antigens from epidermal proteins have been detected in up to 91 % of patients, particularly in severe persistent AD. It has been suggested that the occurrence of autoreactivity develops in early childhood. However, it is not clear yet if autoreactive IgEs in patients with AD are pathogenic or just an epiphenomenon. The fact that these autoantibodies are associated with severity and are not present in other allergic or skin diseases favors the pathogenicity of IgE-mediated autoreactivity in AD. In this review, we evaluate the pathogenesis of AD and the emerging role of autoreactivity to various keratinocyte antigens involving both the humoral and cellular components of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Navarrete-Dechent
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Mateluna
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 61, Santiago, 8330034, Chile
| | - Sergio Silva-Valenzuela
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Vera-Kellet
- Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arturo Borzutzky
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 61, Santiago, 8330034, Chile. .,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Sanjuan MA, Sagar D, Kolbeck R. Role of IgE in autoimmunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1651-1661. [PMID: 27264000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence to suggest that IgE plays a significant role in autoimmunity. The presence of circulating self-reactive IgE in patients with autoimmune disorders has been long known but, at the same time, largely understudied. However, studies have shown that the increased IgE concentration is not associated with higher prevalence for atopy and allergy in patients with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. IgE-mediated mechanisms are conventionally known to facilitate degranulation of mast cells and basophils and promote TH2 immunity, mechanisms that are not only central to mounting an appropriate defense against parasitic worms, noxious substances, toxins, venoms, and environmental irritants but that also trigger exuberant allergic reactions in patients with allergies. More recently, IgE autoantibodies have been recognized to participate in the self-inflicted damaging immune responses that characterize autoimmunity. Such autoimmune responses include direct damage on tissue-containing autoantigens, activation and migration of basophils to lymph nodes, and, as observed most recently, induction of type 1 interferon responses from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The importance of IgE as a central pathogenic mechanism in autoimmunity has now been clinically validated by the approval of omalizumab, an anti-IgE mAb, for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and for the clinical benefit of patients with bullous pemphigoid. In this review we summarize recent reports describing the prevalence of self-reactive IgE and discuss novel findings that incriminate IgE as central in the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sanjuan
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity Department, Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md.
| | - Divya Sagar
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity Department, Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity Department, Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md
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22
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Valenta R, Wollmann E. Bedeutung rekombinanter Allergene und Allergenderivate. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Hradetzky S, Werfel T, Rösner LM. Autoallergy in atopic dermatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:16-22. [PMID: 26120543 PMCID: PMC4479480 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term autoallergy denotes autoimmunity accompanying an atopic disease, with antigen-specific IgE as a hallmark. This phenomenon is discussed to contribute to a chronification of the disease and to shape the immune response in chronic atopic dermatitis (AD). In this review, we highlight recent insights into the autoallergic inflammation in AD. Different mechanisms underlying the allergenicity of autoallergens are discussed at the moment: intrinsic functions modulating the immune system as well as molecular mimicry may influence the allergenic potential of these proteins. Finally, the role of specific T cells is discussed. Cite this as: Hradetzky S, Werfel T, Roesner LM. Autoallergy in atopic dermatitis. Allergo J Int 2015; 24:16–22 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0037-5
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hradetzky
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lennart M Rösner
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ; Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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25
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Autoallergie bei atopischer Dermatitis. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Hradetzky S, Roesner LM, Balaji H, Heratizadeh A, Mittermann I, Valenta R, Werfel T. Cytokine effects induced by the human autoallergen α-NAC. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1570-1578. [PMID: 24441101 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoallergy is a phenomenon found in a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). These patients exhibit serum IgE reactivity toward autoantigens like the alpha-chain of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (α-NAC; Hom s 2). α-NAC has been shown before to induce T-cell proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ. To elucidate the immune modulating functions α-NAC may exert, we analyzed its effects on cytokine transcription and secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes, and CD4+ T cells. Transcription and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 were increased in α-NAC-stimulated PBMCs. As IL-17 was significantly upregulated by α-NAC, we assessed signal transduction in PBMCs and found signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in α-NAC-stimulated cells. Furthermore, we could show the importance of monocyte activation by α-NAC, as isolated T cells reacted only weakly toward the stimulation. Inhibition of IL-23 p19 led to lower amounts of IL-17 in the PBMC supernatants after α-NAC stimulation. α-NAC stimulation of PBMCs from non-allergic donors resulted in secretion of IL-10, which was greatly reduced in PBMCs from α-NAC-sensitized AD patients. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of autoallergy, investigating the interplay of immune cells, signaling events, and cytokines, which are known to be relevant in atopic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hradetzky
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lennart M Roesner
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hari Balaji
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annice Heratizadeh
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Cipriani F, Ricci G, Leoni MC, Capra L, Baviera G, Longo G, Maiello N, Galli E. Autoimmunity in atopic dermatitis: Biomarker or simply epiphenomenon? J Dermatol 2014; 41:569-76. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cipriani
- Pediatric Unit; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Pediatric Unit; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Leoni
- Pediatric Unit; Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Lucetta Capra
- Department of Reproduction and Pediatrics; University Hospital S. Anna; Ferrara Italy
| | | | | | - Nunzia Maiello
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Elena Galli
- Pediatric Allergy Unit; Research Center; San Pietro Hospital - Fatebenefratelli; Rome Italy
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Wang L, Yang X, Li S, Wang Z, Liu Y, Feng J, Zhu Y, Shen Y. Structural and mechanistic insights into MICU1 regulation of mitochondrial calcium uptake. EMBO J 2014; 33:594-604. [PMID: 24514027 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium uptake is a critical event in various cellular activities. Two recently identified proteins, the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU), which is the pore-forming subunit of a Ca(2+) channel, and mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1), which is the regulator of MCU, are essential in this event. However, the molecular mechanism by which MICU1 regulates MCU remains elusive. In this study, we report the crystal structures of Ca(2+)-free and Ca(2+)-bound human MICU1. Our studies reveal that Ca(2+)-free MICU1 forms a hexamer that binds and inhibits MCU. Upon Ca(2+) binding, MICU1 undergoes large conformational changes, resulting in the formation of multiple oligomers to activate MCU. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the affinity of MICU1 for Ca(2+) is approximately 15-20 μM. Collectively, our results provide valuable details to decipher the molecular mechanism of MICU1 regulation of mitochondrial calcium uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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29
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Borzutzky A, Camargo CA. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:751-60. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.816493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hoffman NE, Chandramoorthy HC, Shamugapriya S, Zhang X, Rajan S, Mallilankaraman K, Gandhirajan RK, Vagnozzi RJ, Ferrer LM, Sreekrishnanilayam K, Natarajaseenivasan K, Vallem S, Force T, Choi ET, Cheung JY, Madesh M. MICU1 motifs define mitochondrial calcium uniporter binding and activity. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1576-1588. [PMID: 24332854 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting mitochondrial matrix Ca(2+) is maintained through a mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1)-established threshold inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) activity. It is not known how MICU1 interacts with MCU to establish this Ca(2+) threshold for mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and MCU activity. Here, we show that MICU1 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and MICU1/MCU binding is determined by a MICU1 N-terminal polybasic domain and two interacting coiled-coil domains of MCU. Further investigation reveals that MICU1 forms homo-oligomers, and this oligomerization is independent of the polybasic region. However, the polybasic region confers MICU1 oligomeric binding to MCU and controls mitochondrial Ca(2+) current (IMCU). Moreover, MICU1 EF hands regulate MCU channel activity, but do not determine MCU binding. Loss of MICU1 promotes MCU activation leading to oxidative burden and a halt to cell migration. These studies establish a molecular mechanism for MICU1 control of MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, and dysregulation of this mechanism probably enhances vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Harish C Chandramoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
- Stem Cell Unit & Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. 641, K S A
| | - Santhanam Shamugapriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Sudarsan Rajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Gandhirajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Lukas M Ferrer
- Department of Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Krishnalatha Sreekrishnanilayam
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Sandhya Vallem
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Thomas Force
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
- Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Department of Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
- Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
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Sahraian MA, Jafarian S, Sheikhbahaei S, Safavi F. Respiratory tract rather than cutaneous atopic allergy inversely associate with multiple sclerosis: A case–control study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:2099-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kawakami T, Kashiwakura JI, Kawakami Y. Histamine-releasing factor and immunoglobulins in asthma and allergy. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 6:6-12. [PMID: 24404387 PMCID: PMC3881402 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Factors that can induce the release of histamine from basophils have been studied for more than 30 years. A protein termed histamine-releasing factor (HRF) was purified and molecularly cloned in 1995. HRF can stimulate histamine release and IL-4 and IL-13 production from IgE-sensitized basophils and mast cells. HRF-like activities were found in bodily fluids during the late phase of allergic reactions, implicating HRF in allergic diseases. However, definitive evidence for the role of HRF in allergic diseases has remained elusive. On the other hand, we found effects of monomeric IgE on the survival and activation of mast cells without the involvement of a specific antigen, as well as heterogeneity of IgEs in their ability to cause such effects. The latter property of IgE molecules seemed to be similar to the heterogeneity of IgEs in their ability to prime basophils in response to HRF. This similarity led to our recent finding that ~30% of IgE molecules can bind to HRF via their Fab interactions with two binding sites within the HRF molecule. The use of peptide inhibitors that block HRF-IgE interactions revealed an essential role of HRF to promote skin hypersensitivity and airway inflammation. This review summarizes this and more recent findings and provides a perspective on how they impact our understanding of allergy pathogenesis and potentially change the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA. ; Laboratory of Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Laboratory of Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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Chen K, Hsu LT, Wu CY, Chang SY, Huang HT, Chen W. CBARA1 plays a role in stemness and proliferation of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63653. [PMID: 23667653 PMCID: PMC3648555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are capable of unlimited self-renewal and can generate almost all of the cells in the body. Although some pluripotency factors have been identified, much remains unclear regarding the molecules and mechanisms that regulate hESC self-renewal and pluripotency. In this study, we identified a mitochondrial gene, CBARA1, that is expressed in undifferentiated hESCs and that is down-regulated rapidly after cellular differentiation. To study its role in hESCs, endogenous CBARA1 expression was knocked down using shRNA. CBARA1 knockdown in hESCs resulted in down-regulation of Oct4 and Nanog expression, attenuated cell growth, and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest; however, knockdown did not noticeably affect apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that CBARA1 is a marker for undifferentiated hESCs that plays a role in maintaining stemness, cell cycle progression, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Department of Tissue Regeneration Product Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Technology and Device Research, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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34
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Bieber T, Jagobi C. Atopic and contact dermatitis. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Kim MA, Park HS. Highly Cytokinergic IgE Antibodies and Autoimmune Mechanisms. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:311-2. [PMID: 23115726 PMCID: PMC3479223 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.6.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ae Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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36
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Kashiwakura JI, Okayama Y, Furue M, Kabashima K, Shimada S, Ra C, Siraganian RP, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T. Most Highly Cytokinergic IgEs Have Polyreactivity to Autoantigens. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:332-40. [PMID: 23115729 PMCID: PMC3479226 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.6.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Monomeric IgE molecules, when bound to the high-affinity receptor, exhibit a vast heterogeneity in their ability to induce survival promotion and cytokine production in mast cells. At one end of this spectrum, highly cytokinergic (HC) IgEs can induce potent survival promotion, degranulation, cytokine production, migration, etc., whereas at the other end, poorly cytokinergic (PC) IgEs can do so inefficiently. In this study, we investigated whether IgEs recognize autoantigens and whether IgEs' binding of autoantigens correlates with difference s in HC versus PC properties. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to test whether IgEs bind antigens. Histamine-releasing factor in human sera was quantified by western blotting. Cultured mast cells derived from human cord blood were used to test the effects of human sera on cytokine production. Results Most (7/8) of mouse monoclonal HC IgEs exhibited polyreactivity to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), β-galactosidase, thyroglobulin and/or histamine-releasing factor. By contrast, mouse PC IgEs failed to react with these antigens. A human monoclonal HC IgE also showed polyreactivity to histamine-releasing factor, dsDNA and ssDNA. Interestingly, sera from atopic dermatitis patients showed increased reactivity to ssDNA and β-galactosidase and increased levels of histamine-releasing factor. Some atopic dermatitis patients, but not healthy individuals, had substantial serum levels of HRF-reactive IgE. Sera from atopic dermatitis patients with high titers of DNA-reactive IgE could induce several fold more IL-8 secretion in human mast cells than sera from healthy individuals. Conclusions The results show that most HC, but not PC, IgEs exhibit polyreactivity to autoantigens, supporting the autoimmune mechanism in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA. ; Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Mancia A, Ryan JC, Chapman RW, Wu Q, Warr GW, Gulland FMD, Van Dolah FM. Health status, infection and disease in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) studied using a canine microarray platform and machine-learning approaches. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:629-637. [PMID: 22067742 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conservation biologists face many challenges in assessing health, immune status and infectious diseases in protected species. These challenges include unpredictable sample populations, diverse genetic and environmental backgrounds of the animals, as well as the practical, legal and ethical issues involved in experimentation. The use of whole genome scale transcriptomics with animal samples obtained in a minimally invasive manner is an approach that shows promise for health assessment. In this study we assessed the utility of a microarray to identify changes in gene expression predictive of health status by interrogating blood samples from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in rehabilitation. A custom microarray was developed from the commercially available dog microarray (Canis familiaris) by selecting probes that demonstrated reliable cross-hybridization with RNA in sea lion blood. This custom microarray was used for the analysis of RNA from 73 sea lion blood samples, from animals with a broad spectrum of health changes. Both traditional classifying techniques and newer artificial neural network approaches correctly classified sea lions with respect to health status, primarily distinguishing between leptospirosis infection and domoic acid exposure. Real time PCR validation for a small set of genes, followed by sequencing, showed good correlation with array results and high identity (96-98%) between the dog and sea lion sequences. This approach to health status classification shows promise for disease identification in a clinical setting, and assessment of health status of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Mancia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Does "autoreactivity" play a role in atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1209-1215.e2. [PMID: 22409986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of autoimmunity in atopic dermatitis (AD) is unclear. We sought to critically examine the occurrence, correlation with severity, and possible causative role of autoreactivity in patients with AD. Our systematic review of studies identified from MEDLINE included 31 experiments that described autoreactivity in patients with AD. We defined autoreactivity as in vitro or in vivo evidence of immune response to autologous human, generic human, or recombinant human proteins or other tissue/cellular components. Autoreactivity prevalence in patients with AD ranged from 23% to 91% in 14 studies involving 2644 participants, although it did not appear to vary with age, sex, or disease duration. In contrast to studies of AD, IgE autoreactivity was not found in healthy subjects or in those with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or other inflammatory diseases (8 studies of 816 participants). Two reports found a positive correlation between autoreactivity and AD severity. We suggest that autoreactivity might be playing a causative role in AD based on the magnitude and specificity of the associations found; plausible mechanisms through IgE autoantibodies, IgG autoantibodies, and T(H)1 autoreactivity; and experimental elicitation of eczematous lesions after provocation. Whether autoantibodies contribute to AD chronicity now needs to be examined in longitudinal studies.
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Broderick G, Fletcher MA, Gallagher M, Barnes Z, Vernon SD, Klimas NG. Exploring the diagnostic potential of immune biomarker coexpression in Gulf War Illness. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 934:145-64. [PMID: 22933145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex disorders like Gulf War Illness (GWI) often defy diagnosis on the basis of a single biomarker and may only be distinguishable by considering the coexpression of multiple markers measured in response to a challenge. We demonstrate the practical application of such an approach using an example where blood was collected from 26 GWI, 13 healthy control subjects, and 9 unhealthy controls with Chronic Fatigue at three points during a graded exercise challenge. A 3-way multivariate projection model based on 12 markers of endocrine and immune function was constructed using a training set of n = 10 GWI and n = 11 healthy controls. These groups were separated almost completely on the basis of two coexpression patterns. In a separate test set these same features allowed for discrimination of new GWI subjects (n = 16) from unhealthy (n = 9) and healthy control subjects with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Broderick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Crameri R. Immunoglobulin E-binding autoantigens: biochemical characterization and clinical relevance. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:343-51. [PMID: 22092496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although immediate-Type I skin reactions to human dander have been described six decades ago, only the recent application of molecular biology to allergology research allowed fast and detailed characterization of IgE-binding autoantigens. These can be functionally subdivided into three classes: (1) self-antigens with sequence homology to environmental allergens belonging to the class of phylogenetically conserved proteins, (2) self-antigens without sequence homology to known environmental allergens, and (3) chemically modified self-antigens deriving from workplace exposure. As environmental allergens, also IgE-binding autoantigens belong to different protein families without common structural features that would explain their IgE-binding capability. Many of the self-antigens showing sequence homology to environmental allergens, are phylogenetically conserved proteins like manganese dependent superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin or cyclopilin. Their IgE-binding capability can be explained by molecular mimicry resulting from shared B-cell epitopes. A common factor of IgE-binding self-antigens without sequence homology to known environmental allergens is that they elicit IgE responses only in individuals suffering from long-lasting atopic diseases. In contrast, IgE-mediated reactions to modified self-antigens might be explained with the generation of novel B-cell epitopes. Chemically modified self-antigens are likely to be recognized as non-self by the immune system. The clinical relevance of IgE responses to self-antigens remains largely unclear. Well documented is their ability to induce immediate Type I skin reactions in vivo, and to induce mediator release from effector cells of sensitized individuals in vitro. Based on these observations it is reasonable to assume that IgE-mediated cross-linking of FcRIε receptors on effector cells can elicit the same symptoms as those induced by environmental allergens, and this could explain exacerbations of chronic allergic diseases in the absence of external exposure. However, because most of the described IgE-binding self-antigens are intracellular proteins normally not accessible for antigen-antibody interactions, local release of the antigens is required to explain the induction of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crameri
- Department Molecular Allergology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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Järvinen KM, Geller L, Bencharitiwong R, Sampson HA. Presence of functional, autoreactive human milk-specific IgE in infants with cow's milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:238-47. [PMID: 22092935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occasionally, exclusively breastfed infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA) remain symptomatic despite strict maternal milk avoidance. OBJECTIVE To determine whether or not persistence of symptoms could be due to sensitization against endogenous human milk proteins with a high degree of similarity to bovine allergens. METHODS Ten peptides representing known bovine milk IgE-binding epitopes [α-lactalbumin (ALA), β- and κ-casein] and the corresponding, highly homologous human milk peptides were labelled with sera from 15 breastfed infants with CMA, aged 3 weeks to 12 months, and peptide (epitope)-specific IgE antibodies were assessed. Nine of the 15 breastfed infants became asymptomatic during strict maternal avoidance of milk and other major food allergens; six infants remained symptomatic until weaned. Ten older children, aged 5-15 years, with CMA were also assessed. The functional capacity of specific IgE antibodies was assessed by measuring β-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukaemia cells passively sensitized and stimulated with human and bovine ALA. RESULTS A minimum of one human milk peptide was recognized by IgE antibodies from 9 of 15 (60%) milk-allergic infants, and the majority of older children with CMA. Genuine sensitization to human milk peptides in the absence of IgE to bovine milk was occasionally seen. There was a trend towards specific IgE being detected to more human milk peptides in those infants who did not respond to the maternal milk elimination diet than in those who did (P = 0.099). Functional IgE antibody to human ALA was only detected in infants not responding to the maternal diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Endogenous human milk epitopes are recognized by specific IgE from the majority of infants and children with CMA. Such autoreactive, human milk-specific IgE antibodies appear to have functional properties in vitro. Their role in provoking allergic symptoms in infants exclusively breastfed by mothers strictly avoiding dietary milk remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Järvinen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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Heratizadeh A, Mittermann I, Balaji H, Wichmann K, Niebuhr M, Valenta R, Werfel T. The role of T-cell reactivity towards the autoantigen α-NAC in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:316-24. [PMID: 20973764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) produces IgE autoantibodies to human proteins which may be present in inflamed skin and perpetuate cutaneous inflammation. OBJECTIVES In order to investigate mechanisms of 'autoallergy' for AD we studied T-cell responses to the autoallergen Hom s 2, the human transcriptional coactivator α-nascent polypeptide-associated complex (α-NAC). METHODS Specific proliferation of blood lymphocytes from 30 patients and 12 healthy control individuals was investigated by flow cytometry. The proliferation of skin- and blood-derived T cells was assessed in limiting-dilution assays. T-cell clones (TCC) were generated from peripheral blood and from biopsies of lesional skin of patients with AD and the phenotype and cytokine patterns were determined. RESULTS α-NAC-specific T-cell responses were detected in patients and control individuals. α-NAC induced a significantly higher proliferation of CCR4+ (compared with CCR4-) and CLA+ (compared with CLA-) T cells from the circulation. Limiting-dilution assays revealed a high proliferation of blood and skin-infiltrating lymphocytes in the presence of α-NAC compared with control cultures. α-NAC-specific TCC generated from lesional skin of AD predominantly produced interferon-γ and some TCC also produced interleukin-17. The cytokine pattern of α-NAC TCC may contribute to keratinocyte apoptosis and eczema formation in AD. CONCLUSIONS α-NAC-specific TCC can be generated from blood and lesional skin of patients with AD. These TCC produce not only Th2 but also Th1 cytokines which may explain the Th1 phenotype of inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heratizadeh
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, 30449 Hannover, Germany.
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Watanabe K, Muro Y, Sugiura K, Tomita Y. IgE and IgG4autoantibodies against DFS70/LEDGF in atopic dermatitis. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:511-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.549157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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MICU1 encodes a mitochondrial EF hand protein required for Ca(2+) uptake. Nature 2010; 467:291-6. [PMID: 20693986 PMCID: PMC2977980 DOI: 10.1038/nature09358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium uptake plays a central role in cell physiology by stimulating ATP production, shaping cytosolic calcium transients, and regulating cell death. The biophysical properties of mitochondrial calcium uptake have been studied in detail, but the underlying proteins remain elusive. Here, we utilize an integrative strategy to predict human genes involved in mitochondrial calcium entry based on clues from comparative physiology, evolutionary genomics, and organelle proteomics. RNA interference against 13 top candidates highlighted one gene that we now call mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1). Silencing MICU1 does not disrupt mitochondrial respiration or membrane potential but abolishes mitochondrial calcium entry in intact and permeabilized cells, and attenuates the metabolic coupling between cytosolic calcium transients and activation of matrix dehydrogenases. MICU1 is associated with the organelle’s inner membrane and has two canonical EF hands that are essential for its activity, suggesting a role in calcium sensing. MICU1 represents the founding member of a set of proteins required for high capacity mitochondrial calcium entry. Its discovery may lead to the complete molecular characterization of mitochondrial calcium uptake pathways, and offers genetic strategies for understanding their contribution to normal physiology and disease.
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Terui T. Analysis of the mechanism for the development of allergic skin inflammation and the application for its treatment: overview of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:232-6. [PMID: 19609059 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r02fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that atopic dermatitis (AD) involves allergen-driven Th2 cell polarization. In patients with AD, cytokines induce allergic inflammatory responses and subsequently enhance IgE production. Recent reports revealed that a reduced barrier function as well as altered immunity are fundamental to the development of AD because barrier disruption due to aberrant filaggrin expression is a pathological factor. However, although recent studies have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, the overall pathophysiology remains elusive. I herein discuss it based on the natural history of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Terui
- Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Linking allergy to autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:109-16. [PMID: 19231288 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I allergy is a classical Th2-driven hypersensitivity disease based on IgE recognition of environmental allergens. Exposure of allergic individuals to exogenous allergens leads to immediate type inflammation caused by degranulation of mast cells via IgE-allergen immune complexes and the release of inflammatory mediators, proteases and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, allergic inflammation can occur and persist in the absence of exposure to exogenous allergens and might paradoxically resemble a Th1-mediated chronic inflammatory reaction. We summarize evidence supporting the view that autoimmune mechanisms might contribute to these processes. IgE recognition of autoantigens might augment allergic inflammation in the absence of exogenous allergen exposure. Moreover, autoantigens that activate Th1-immune responses could contribute to chronic inflammation in allergy, thus linking allergy to autoimmunity.
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Abstract
Rapidly increasing knowledge on the complex background of atopic dermatitis (AD) on the genetic, immunological and environmental level in combination with the continuous improvement in our diagnostic options has initiated an ongoing discussion on factors, which primarily promote the disease on one hand and mechanisms which emerge rather secondarily as a consequence of disease-specific modifications, on the other hand. Beside a sustained search for reliable and meaningful diagnostic tools for elicitors of the disease, novel therapeutic approaches are required, as most of the treatments of AD are limited to symptomatic therapies. In contrast, therapeutic approaches selectively regulating aberrant pathophysiological mechanisms in AD itself would be much more effective and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Serum IgE autoantibodies target keratinocytes in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2232-9. [PMID: 18480840 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that sera of patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) contain IgE specific for self-proteins, supporting the hypothesis of autoreactivity as a pathogenic factor in AD. In this study, we screened a large panel of AD patients (n=192) by western blotting (WB) for IgE reactivity not only against the human epithelial cell line A431 but also against primary keratinocytes (KCs). To investigate autoantigenic cell structures in detail, normal human skin and primary KCs were incubated with sera from both WB-reactive patients and, for control purposes, healthy individuals, and analyzed by immunohistology, confocal laser microscopy, and flow cytometry. Our analysis revealed that 28% of AD patients, but not healthy individuals, display serum IgE autoreactivity by WB analysis. The individual IgE reaction patterns of the sera pointed to the existence of unique as well as common specificities against epidermal or A431-derived proteins. Immunostainings identified cytoplasmic and, occasionally, also cell membrane-associated moieties as targets for autoreactive IgE antibodies. Interestingly, in certain autoreactive patients, the surface-staining pattern was accentuated at cellular contact sites. We conclude that IgE autoreactivity is common, particularly among severe AD patients, and that non-transformed primary cells are needed for characterization of the entire spectrum of IgE-defined autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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