1
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Stemmer E, Zahavi T, Kellerman M, Sinberger LA, Shrem G, Salmon‐Divon M. Exploring potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease: insights from a mega-analysis approach. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353402. [PMID: 38510241 PMCID: PMC10951083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets that are more specific and effective. Our aim was to explore the molecular pathways and genes involved in IBD pathogenesis and to identify new therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers that can aid in the diagnosis of the disease. Methods To obtain the largest possible number of samples and analyze them comprehensively, we used a mega-analysis approach. This involved reprocessing raw data from multiple studies and analyzing them using bioinformatic and machine learning techniques. Results We analyzed a total of 697 intestinal biopsies of Ulcerative Colitis (n = 386), Crohn's disease (n = 183) and non-IBD controls (n = 128). A machine learning analysis detected 34 genes whose collective expression effectively distinguishes inflamed biopsies of IBD patients from non-IBD control samples. Most of these genes were upregulated in IBD. Notably, among these genes, three novel lncRNAs have emerged as potential contributors to IBD development: ENSG00000285744, ENSG00000287626, and MIR4435-2HG. Furthermore, by examining the expression of 29 genes, among the 34, in blood samples from IBD patients, we detected a significant upregulation of 12 genes (p-value < 0.01), underscoring their potential utility as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, by utilizing the CMap library, we discovered potential compounds that should be explored in future studies for their therapeutic efficacy in IBD treatment. Conclusion Our findings contribute to the understanding of IBD pathogenesis, suggest novel biomarkers for IBD diagnosis and offer new prospects for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edia Stemmer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tamar Zahavi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Maoz Kellerman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Kaleidoo, Bar Lev High Tech Park, Misgav, Israel
| | | | - Guy Shrem
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility (OB&GYN) Department Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon‐Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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2
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Brubaker DK, Kumar MP, Chiswick EL, Gregg C, Starchenko A, Vega PN, Southard-Smith AN, Simmons AJ, Scoville EA, Coburn LA, Wilson KT, Lau KS, Lauffenburger DA. An interspecies translation model implicates integrin signaling in infliximab-resistant inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/643/eaay3258. [PMID: 32753478 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy resistance is a major clinical challenge in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), due, in part, to insufficient understanding of disease-site, protein-level mechanisms. Although proteomics data from IBD mouse models exist, data and phenotype discrepancies contribute to confounding translation from preclinical animal models of disease to clinical cohorts. We developed an approach called translatable components regression (TransComp-R) to overcome interspecies and trans-omic discrepancies between mouse models and human subjects. TransComp-R combines mouse proteomic data with patient pretreatment transcriptomic data to identify molecular features discernable in the mouse data that are predictive of patient response to therapy. Interrogating the TransComp-R models revealed activated integrin pathway signaling in patients with anti-TNF-resistant colonic Crohn's disease (cCD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). As a step toward validation, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on biopsies from a patient with cCD and analyzed publicly available immune cell proteomics data to characterize the immune and intestinal cell types contributing to anti-TNF resistance. We found that ITGA1 was expressed in T cells and that interactions between these cells and intestinal cell types were associated with resistance to anti-TNF therapy. We experimentally showed that the α1 integrin subunit mediated the effectiveness of anti-TNF therapy in human immune cells. Thus, TransComp-R identified an integrin signaling mechanism with potential therapeutic implications for overcoming anti-TNF therapy resistance. We suggest that TransComp-R is a generalizable framework for addressing species, molecular, and phenotypic discrepancies between model systems and patients to translationally deliver relevant biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K Brubaker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.,Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Manu P Kumar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan L Chiswick
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cecil Gregg
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paige N Vega
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Austin N Southard-Smith
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Scoville
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lori A Coburn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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3
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Jiang H, Dong L, Gong F, Gu Y, Zhang H, Fan D, Sun Z. Inflammatory genes are novel prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:368-380. [PMID: 29693170 PMCID: PMC5979867 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory genes serve a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated tumors. However, as recent studies have mainly focused on the effects of single inflammatory genes on colorectal cancer (CRC), but not on the global interactions between genes, the underlying mechanisms between inflammatory genes and CRC remain unclear. In the current study, two inflammation-associated networks were constructed based on inflammatory genes, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CRC vs. normal samples, and protein-protein interactions (PPIs). These networks included an inflammation-related neighbor network (IRNN) and an inflammation-related DEG network (IRDN). Notably, the results indicated that the inflammatory genes served as important CRC-associated genes in the IRNN. Certain inflammatory genes were more likely to be network hubs and exhibited higher betweenness centralities, indicating that these inflammatory hub genes had central roles in the communication between genes in the IRNN. By contrast, in the IRDN, functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes were enriched in numerous cancer-associated functions and pathways. Subsequently, 14 genes in a module were identified in the IRDN as the potential biomarkers associated with disease-free survival (DFS) in CRC patients in the GSE24550 dataset, the prognosis of which was further validated using three independent datasets (GSE24549, GSE34551 and GSE103479). All 14 genes (including BCAR1, CRK, FYN, GRB2, LCP2, PIK3R1, PLCG1, PTK2, PTPN11, PTPN6, SHC1, SOS1, SRC and SYK) in this module were inflammatory genes, emphasizing the critical role of inflammation in CRC. In conclusion, these findings based on integrated inflammation-associated networks provided a novel insight that may help elucidate the inflammation-mediated mechanisms involved in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Li Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Fangyan Gong
- Clinical Laboratory, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Henghun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Dong Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
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4
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Sankowski R, Herring A, Keyvani K, Frenzel K, Wu J, Röskam S, Noelker C, Bacher M, Al-Abed Y. The multi-target effects of CNI-1493: convergence of anti-amylodogenic and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med 2016; 22:776-788. [PMID: 27847962 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research and failed clinical trials, one can speculate that targeting a single pathway is not sufficient. However, a cocktail of novel therapeutics will constitute a challenging clinical trial. A more plausible approach will capitalize on a drug that has relevant and synergistic multiple-target effects in AD. We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of CNI-1493 in the CRND8 transgenic AD mouse model. Similar to many anti-inflammatory drugs that were tested in preclinical model of AD, it was speculated that the significant effect of CNI-1493 is due to its established anti-inflammatory properties in rodents and humans. In the present study, we set out to elucidate the protective mechanism of CNI-1493 as a drug simultaneously targeting several aspects of AD pathology. Using C1213, a highly similar analogue of CNI-1493 that lacks anti-inflammatory properties, we show that both compounds directly interact with soluble and insoluble Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates and attenuate Aβ cytotoxicity in vitro. Additionally, CNI-1493 and C1213 ameliorated Aβ-induced behavioral deficits in nematodes. Finally, C1213 reduced Aβ plaque burden and cognitive deficits in transgenic CRND8 mice to a similar extent as previously shown with CNI-1493. Taken together, our findings suggest anti-amyloidogenic activity as a relevant component for the in-vivo efficacy of CNI-1493 and its analogue C1213. Thus, CNI-1493, a drug with proven safety in humans, is a viable candidate for novel multi-target therapeutic approaches to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sankowski
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Arne Herring
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Frenzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, D-79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Stephan Röskam
- Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Noelker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
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5
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Heinzl GA, Huang W, Yu W, Giardina BJ, Zhou Y, MacKerell AD, Wilks A, Xue F. Iminoguanidines as Allosteric Inhibitors of the Iron-Regulated Heme Oxygenase (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6929-42. [PMID: 27353344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic targets are required to combat multidrug resistant infections, such as the iron-regulated heme oxygenase (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due to links between iron and virulence and dependence on heme as an iron source during infection. Herein we report the synthesis and activity of a series of iminoguanidine-based inhibitors of HemO. Compound 23 showed a binding affinity of 5.7 μM and an MIC50 of 52.3 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa PAO1. An in cellulo activity assay was developed by coupling HemO activity to a biliverdin-IXα-dependent infrared fluorescent protein, in which compound 23 showed an EC50 of 11.3 μM. The compounds showed increased activity against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, further confirming the target pathway. This class of inhibitors acts by binding to an allosteric site; the novel binding site is proposed in silico and supported by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR as well as by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Heinzl
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Weiliang Huang
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Wenbo Yu
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bennett J Giardina
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Yue Zhou
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Angela Wilks
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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6
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Wang J, Grishin AV, Ford HR. Experimental Anti-Inflammatory Drug Semapimod Inhibits TLR Signaling by Targeting the TLR Chaperone gp96. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5130-7. [PMID: 27194788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Semapimod, a tetravalent guanylhydrazone, suppresses inflammatory cytokine production and has potential in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The mechanism of action of Semapimod is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelioid cells, Semapimod inhibits activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB and induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by TLR ligands, but not by IL-1β or stresses. Semapimod inhibits TLR4 signaling (IC50 ≈0.3 μmol) and acts by desensitizing cells to LPS; it fails to block responses to LPS concentrations of ≥5 μg/ml. Inhibition of TLR signaling by Semapimod is almost instantaneous: the drug is effective when applied simultaneously with LPS. Semapimod blocks cell-surface recruitment of the MyD88 adapter, one of the earliest events in TLR signaling. gp96, the endoplasmic reticulum-localized chaperone of the HSP90 family critically involved in the biogenesis of TLRs, was identified as a target of Semapimod using ATP-desthiobiotin pulldown and mass spectroscopy. Semapimod inhibits ATP-binding and ATPase activities of gp96 in vitro (IC50 ≈0.2-0.4 μmol). On prolonged exposure, Semapimod causes accumulation of TLR4 and TLR9 in perinuclear space, consistent with endoplasmic reticulum retention, an anticipated consequence of impaired gp96 chaperone function. Our data indicate that Semapimod desensitizes TLR signaling via its effect on the TLR chaperone gp96. Fast inhibition by Semapimod is consistent with gp96 participating in high-affinity sensing of TLR ligands in addition to its role as a TLR chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and
| | - Anatoly V Grishin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Henri R Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
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7
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Hesketh AJ, Maloney C, Behr CA, Edelman MC, Glick RD, Al-Abed Y, Symons M, Soffer SZ, Steinberg BM. The Macrophage Inhibitor CNI-1493 Blocks Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Ewing Sarcoma through Inhibition of Extravasation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145197. [PMID: 26709919 PMCID: PMC4692435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic Ewing Sarcoma carries a poor prognosis, and novel therapeutics to prevent and treat metastatic disease are greatly needed. Recent evidence demonstrates that tumor-associated macrophages in Ewing Sarcoma are associated with more advanced disease. While some macrophage phenotypes (M1) exhibit anti-tumor activity, distinct phenotypes (M2) may contribute to malignant progression and metastasis. In this study, we show that M2 macrophages promote Ewing Sarcoma invasion and extravasation, pointing to a potential target of anti-metastatic therapy. CNI-1493 is a selective inhibitor of macrophage function and has shown to be safe in clinical trials as an anti-inflammatory agent. In a xenograft mouse model of metastatic Ewing Sarcoma, CNI-1493 treatment dramatically reduces metastatic tumor burden. Furthermore, metastases in treated animals have a less invasive morphology. We show in vitro that CNI-1493 decreases M2-stimulated Ewing Sarcoma tumor cell invasion and extravasation, offering a functional mechanism through which CNI-1493 attenuates metastasis. These data indicate that CNI-1493 may be a safe and effective adjuvant agent for the prevention and treatment of metastatic Ewing Sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hesketh
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Caroline Maloney
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Behr
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Morris C. Edelman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Glick
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc Symons
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Samuel Z. Soffer
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Bettie M. Steinberg
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Parikh K, Zhou L, Somasundaram R, Fuhler GM, Deuring JJ, Blokzijl T, Regeling A, Kuipers EJ, Weersma RK, Nuij VJ, Alves M, Vogelaar L, Visser L, de Haar C, Krishnadath KK, van der Woude CJ, Dijkstra G, Faber KN, Peppelenbosch MP. Suppression of p21Rac signaling and increased innate immunity mediate remission in Crohn's disease. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:233ra53. [PMID: 24760188 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), large areas of apparently healthy mucosa lie adjacent to ulcerated intestine. Knowledge of the mechanisms that maintain remission in an otherwise inflamed intestine could provide important clues to the pathogenesis of this disease and provide rationale for clinical treatment strategies. We used kinome profiling to generate comprehensive descriptions of signal transduction pathways in inflamed and noninflamed colonic mucosa in a cohort of IBD patients, and compared the results to non-IBD controls. We observed that p21Rac1 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) signaling was strongly suppressed in noninflamed colonic mucosa in IBD. This suppression was due to both reduced guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity and increased intrinsic GTPase activity. Pharmacological p21Rac1 inhibition correlated with clinical improvement in IBD, and mechanistically unrelated pharmacological p21Rac1 inhibitors increased innate immune functions such as phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and interleukin-8 production in healthy controls and patients. Thus, suppression of p21Rac activity assists innate immunity in bactericidal activity and may induce remission in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Parikh
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
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9
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Messoussi A, Feneyrolles C, Bros A, Deroide A, Daydé-Cazals B, Chevé G, Van Hijfte N, Fauvel B, Bougrin K, Yasri A. Recent progress in the design, study, and development of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1433-43. [PMID: 25442375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family, with its three members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Involved in many aspects of cellular processes, JNK has been also associated with pathological states such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. In oncology, each isoform plays a distinct role depending on the context of the targeted tissue/organ, the tumor stage, and, most likely, the signaling pathway activated upstream. Consequently, the current challenge in finding new successful anti-JNK therapies is to design isoform-selective inhibitors of the JNKs. In this review, a particular focus is given to the JNK inhibitors that have been developed thus far when examining 3D structures of various JNK-inhibitor complexes. Using current data regarding structure-activity relationships and medicinal chemistry approaches, our objective is to provide a better understanding of the design and development of selective JNK inhibitors in the present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Messoussi
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Aurélie Bros
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Deroide
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gwénaël Chevé
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Fauvel
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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10
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Miller IS, Didier S, Murray DW, Turner TH, Issaivanan M, Ruggieri R, Al-Abed Y, Symons M. Semapimod sensitizes glioblastoma tumors to ionizing radiation by targeting microglia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95885. [PMID: 24816734 PMCID: PMC4015930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant and lethal form of astrocytoma, with patients having a median survival time of approximately 15 months with current therapeutic modalities. It is therefore important to identify novel therapeutics. There is mounting evidence that microglia (specialized brain-resident macrophages) play a significant role in the development and progression of glioblastoma tumors. In this paper we show that microglia, in addition to stimulating glioblastoma cell invasion, also promote glioblastoma cell proliferation and resistance to ionizing radiation in vitro. We found that semapimod, a drug that selectively interferes with the function of macrophages and microglia, potently inhibits microglia-stimulated GL261 invasion, without affecting serum-stimulated glioblastoma cell invasion. Semapimod also inhibits microglia-stimulated resistance of glioblastoma cells to radiation, but has no significant effect on microglia-stimulated glioblastoma cell proliferation. We also found that intracranially administered semapimod strongly increases the survival of GL261 tumor-bearing animals in combination with radiation, but has no significant benefit in the absence of radiation. In conclusion, our observations indicate that semapimod sensitizes glioblastoma tumors to ionizing radiation by targeting microglia and/or infiltrating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Miller
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Didier
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Murray
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Tia H. Turner
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Magimairajan Issaivanan
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosamaria Ruggieri
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc Symons
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The novel guanylhydrazone CPSI-2364 ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury after experimental small bowel transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 95:1315-23. [PMID: 23598944 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31828e72fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resident macrophages within the tunica muscularis are known to play a crucial role in initiating severe inflammation in response to ischemia reperfusion injury after intestinal transplantation contributing to graft dysmotility, bacterial translocation, and possibly, acute rejection. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is a key player in the signaling of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the effects of CPSI-2364, an apparent macrophage-specific inhibitor of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in an isogenic intestinal rat transplantation model. METHODS Recipient and donor animals were treated perioperatively with CPSI-2364 (1 mg/kg, intravenously) or vehicle solution. Nontransplanted animals served as control. Animals were killed 30 min, 3 hr, and 18 hr after reperfusion. RESULTS CPSI-2364 treatment resulted in significantly less leukocyte infiltration and significantly improved graft motor function (18 hr). Messenger RNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6) and kinetic active mediators (NO) was reduced by CPSI-2364 in the early phase after transplantation. Histologic evaluation revealed the protective effects of CPSI-2364 treatment by a significantly less destruction of mucosal integrity at all time points. Perioperative treatment with CPSI-2364 improves graft motor function through impaired inflammatory responses to ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and suppression of nitric oxide production in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS CPSI-2364 presents as a promising complementary pharmacological approach preventing postoperative dysmotility for clinical intestinal transplantation.
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12
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The novel orally active guanylhydrazone CPSI-2364 prevents postoperative ileus in mice independently of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve signaling. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397:1139-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-0989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Peppelenbosch MP. Kinome profiling. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:306798. [PMID: 24278683 PMCID: PMC3820527 DOI: 10.6064/2012/306798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of arrays in genomics has led to a fast and reliable way to screen the transcriptome of an organism. It can be automated and analysis tools have become available and hence the technique has become widely used within the past few years. Signal-transduction routes rely mainly on the phosphorylation status of already available proteins; therefore kinases are central players in signal-transduction routes. The array technology can now also be used for the analysis of the kinome. To enable array analysis, consensus peptides for kinases are spot on a solid support. After incubation with cell lysates and in the presence of radioactive ATP, radioactive peptides can be visualized and the kinases that are active in the cells can be determined. The present paper reviews comprehensively the different kinome array platforms available and results obtained hitherto using such platforms. It will appear that this technology does not disappoint its high expectations and is especially powerful because of its species independence. Nevertheless, improvements are still possible and I shall also sketch future possible directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel P. Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, L-459, P.O. Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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The F, Cailotto C, van der Vliet J, de Jonge WJ, Bennink RJ, Buijs RM, Boeckxstaens GE. Central activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway reduces surgical inflammation in experimental post-operative ileus. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1007-16. [PMID: 21371006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces intestinal inflammation following mechanical handling, thereby shortening post-operative ileus in mice. Previous studies in a sepsis model showed that this cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be activated pharmacologically by central administration of semapimod, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. We therefore evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) semapimod on intestinal inflammation and post-operative ileus in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice underwent a laparotomy or intestinal manipulation 1 h after i.c.v. pre-treatment with semapimod (1 µg·kg(-1) ) or saline. Drugs were administered through a cannula placed in the left lateral ventricle 1 week prior to experimentation. Twenty-four hours after surgery, gastric emptying was measured using scintigraphy, and the degree of intestinal inflammation was assessed. Finally, activation of brain regions was assessed using quantitative immunohistochemistry for c-fos. KEY RESULTS Intestinal manipulation induced inflammation of the manipulated intestine and significantly delayed gastric emptying, 24 h after surgery in saline-treated animals. Semapimod significantly reduced this inflammation and improved gastric emptying. Vagotomy enhanced the inflammatory response induced by intestinal manipulation and abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of semapimod. Semapimod but not saline induced a significant increase in c-fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings show that i.c.v. semapimod reduces manipulation-induced intestinal inflammation and prevented post-operative ileus. This anti-inflammatory effect depends on central activation of the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fo The
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Coskun M, Olsen J, Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH. MAP kinases in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:513-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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van Westerloo DJ, Choi G, Löwenberg EC, Truijen J, de Vos AF, Endert E, Meijers JCM, Zhou L, Pereira MPFL, Queiroz KCS, Diks SH, Levi M, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Poll T. Acute stress elicited by bungee jumping suppresses human innate immunity. Mol Med 2010; 17:180-8. [PMID: 21203694 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a relation between diminished human immunity and stress is well recognized both within the general public and the scientific literature, the molecular mechanisms by which stress alters immunity remain poorly understood. We explored a novel model for acute human stress involving volunteers performing a first-time bungee jump from an altitude of 60 m and exploited this model to characterize the effects of acute stress in the peripheral blood compartment. Twenty volunteers were included in the study; half of this group was pretreated for 3 d with the β-receptor blocking agent propranolol. Blood was drawn 2 h before, right before, immediately after and 2 h after the jump. Plasma catecholamine and cortisol levels increased significantly during jumping, which was accompanied by significantly reduced ex vivo inducibility of proinflammatory cytokines as well as activation of coagulation and vascular endothelium. Kinome profiles obtained from the peripheral blood leukocyte fraction contained a strong noncanonical glucocorticoid receptor signal transduction signature after jumping. In apparent agreement, jumping down-regulated Lck/Fyn and cellular innate immune effector function (phagocytosis). Pretreatment of volunteers with propranolol abolished the effects of jumping on coagulation and endothelial activation but left the inhibitory effects on innate immune function intact. Taken together, these results indicate that bungee jumping leads to a catecholamine-independent immune suppressive phenotype and implicate noncanonical glucocorticoid receptor signal transduction as a major pathway linking human stress to impaired functioning of the human innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J van Westerloo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Sielaff F, Than ME, Bevec D, Lindberg I, Steinmetzer T. New furin inhibitors based on weakly basic amidinohydrazones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:836-40. [PMID: 21168329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of amidinohydrazone-derived furin inhibitors was prepared; the most potent compounds 17 and 21 inhibit furin with K(i) values of 0.46 and 0.59μM, respectively. In contrast to inhibitor 17, which still contains a guanidino residue, compound 21 possesses only weakly basic amidinohydrazone groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sielaff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Gut inflammation is characterized by mucosal recruitment of activated cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In addition to immune cells, inflammation in the gut is associated with an alteration in enteric endocrine cells and various biologically active compounds produced by these cells. Although the change in enteric endocrine cells or their products is considered to be important in regulating gut physiology (motility and secretion), it is not clear whether the change plays any role in immune activation and in the regulation of gut inflammation. Due to the strategic location of enteric endocrine cells in gut mucosa, these gut hormones may play an important role in immune activation and promotion of inflammation in the gut. This review addresses the research on the interface between immune and endocrine systems in gastrointestinal (GI) pathophysiology, specifically in the context of two major products of enteric endocrine systems, namely serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) and chromogranins (Cgs), in relation to immune activation and generation of inflammation. The studies reviewed in this paper demonstrate that 5-HT activates the immune cells to produce proinflammatory mediators and by manipulating the 5-HT system it is possible to modulate gut inflammation. In the case of Cgs the scenario is more complex, as this hormone has been shown to play both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. It is also possible that interaction between 5-HT and Cgs may play a role in the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In addition to enhancing our understanding of immunoendocrine interaction in the gut, the data generated from the these studies may have implications in understanding the role of gut hormone in the pathogenesis of both GI and non-GI inflammatory diseases which may lead ultimately to improved therapeutic strategies in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada.
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19
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Hayakawa Y, Hirata Y, Nakagawa H, Sakamoto K, Hikiba Y, Otsuka M, Ijichi H, Ikenoue T, Tateishi K, Akanuma M, Ogura K, Yoshida H, Ichijo H, Omata M, Maeda S. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 regulates colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis by the innate immune responses. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1055-67.e1-4. [PMID: 19931259 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways regulate multiple cellular functions and are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a MAPK kinase kinase; little is known about the role of ASK1 in colonic disease. We assessed the involvement of ASK1 in the development of intestinal inflammation and CAC. METHODS Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) or Citrobacter rodentium was used to induce colitis in wild-type (WT) and ASK1 knock-out (ASK1(-/-)) mice; CAC was induced by azoxymethane injection followed by repeated intake of DSS by the mice. Primary macrophages were isolated from WT and ASK1(-/-) mice and used to investigate the involvement of ASK1 in innate immune responses. Bone marrow chimeric mice were used to study the contribution of myeloid cells to colitis activity. RESULTS ASK1 deficiency increased susceptibility to colonic inflammation in both models of colitis. In vitro, ASK1(-/-) macrophages were impaired in their ability to kill bacteria and had increased susceptibility to bacterial-induced apoptosis, because p38 was inactivated. Expression of antiapoptotic genes was greatly reduced in ASK1(-/-) macrophages. WT mice given transplants of ASK1(-/-) mouse-derived bone marrow cells developed more severe DSS-induced colitis than mice with WT-derived bone marrow cells. In the CAC model, ASK1(-/-) mice developed more numerous and larger tumors than WT mice through increased colonic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS ASK1 controls the development of intestinal inflammation and CAC through the regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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20
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Sina C, Gavrilova O, Förster M, Till A, Derer S, Hildebrand F, Raabe B, Chalaris A, Scheller J, Rehmann A, Franke A, Ott S, Häsler R, Nikolaus S, Fölsch UR, Rose-John S, Jiang HP, Li J, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. G protein-coupled receptor 43 is essential for neutrophil recruitment during intestinal inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7514-22. [PMID: 19917676 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular danger signals attract neutrophilic granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)) to sites of infection. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 recognizes propionate and butyrate and is abundantly expressed on PMNs. The functional role of GPR43 activation for in vivo orchestration of immune response is unclear. We examined dextrane sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute and chronic intestinal inflammatory response in wild-type and Gpr43-deficient mice. The severity of colonic inflammation was assessed by clinical signs, histological scoring, and cytokine production. Chemotaxis of wild-type and Gpr43-deficient PMNs was assessed through transwell cell chemotactic assay. A reduced invasion of PMNs and increased mortality due to septic complications were observed in acute DSS colitis. In chronic DSS colitis, Gpr43(-/-) animals showed diminished PMN intestinal migration, but protection against inflammatory tissue destruction. No significant difference in PMN migration and cytokine secretion was detected in a sterile inflammatory model. Ex vivo experiments show that GPR43-induced migration is dependent on activation of the protein kinase p38alpha, and that this signal acts in cooperation with the chemotactic cytokine keratinocyte chemoattractant. Interestingly, shedding of L-selectin in response to propionate and butyrate was compromised in Gpr43(-/-) mice. These results indicate a critical role for GPR43-mediated recruitment of PMNs in containing intestinal bacterial translocation, yet also emphasize the bipotential role of PMNs in mediating tissue destruction in chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sina
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Wilms H, Rosenstiel P, Romero-Ramos M, Arlt A, Schäfer H, Seegert D, Kahle P, Odoy S, Claasen J, Holzknecht C, Brandenburg L, Deuschl G, Schreiber S, Kirik D, Lucius R. Suppression of Map Kinases Inhibits Microglial Activation and Attenuates Neuronal Cell Death Induced by α-Synuclein Protofibrils. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:897-909. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) accounts, as a major component of Lewy bodies (LB), for the filamentous deposits in many cases of neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of neuronal loss in these diseases. The correlation between α-Syn oligomerization/aggregation and pathologies raises the key question of which molecular form of α-Syn (i.e. monomeric α-Syn, protofibrils or mature fibrils) represents the damage-inducing culprit in the scenario of synucleinopathies. We show that human α-Syn protofibrils (PFs) are potent activators of parallel proinflammatory signalling pathways (p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases and NF-κB) in microglial cells in vitro. Furthermore, stereotactic injection of α-Syn PFs into the substantia nigra of adult rats leads to a profound activation of microglia and adjacent neuronal cell loss, which can be attenuated by the MAP kinase inhibitor semapimod. We propose that the neurodegenerative process of α-synucleinopathies involves microglial activation through α-Syn released or extruded from cells with pathogenic α-Syn metabolism. Compounds that inhibit the MAPK/NF-κB pathways might be a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of the inflammatory component of synucleinopathies including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Sweden
| | | | - A. Arlt
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - H. Schäfer
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | | | - P.J. Kahle
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, LMU München
- present address: Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, University Clinics Tübingen
| | - S. Odoy
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, LMU München
| | - J.H. Claasen
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - C. Holzknecht
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - L.O. Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - G. Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | | | - D. Kirik
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Sweden
| | - R. Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Campus Kiel, Germany
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Broom OJ, Widjaya B, Troelsen J, Olsen J, Nielsen OH. Mitogen activated protein kinases: a role in inflammatory bowel disease? Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:272-80. [PMID: 19793335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery more than 15 years ago, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been implicated in an ever-increasingly diverse array of pathways, including inflammatory signalling cascades. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are characterized by the perpetual production of inflammatory mediators. Research into the transduction pathway behind this over-production has highlighted the potential mediating role for the MAPKs and their related signalling components. This review highlights some of the research into the role for the MAPKs and their related signalling proteins in influencing the progression of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Broom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Parikh K, Diks SH, Tuynman JHB, Verhaar A, Löwenberg M, Hommes DW, Joore J, Pandey A, Peppelenbosch MP. Comparison of peptide array substrate phosphorylation of c-Raf and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6440. [PMID: 19649278 PMCID: PMC2713828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinases are pivotal regulators of cellular physiology. The human genome contains more than 500 putative kinases, which exert their action via the phosphorylation of specific substrates. The determinants of this specificity are still only partly understood and as a consequence it is difficult to predict kinase substrate preferences from the primary structure, hampering the understanding of kinase function in physiology and prompting the development of technologies that allow easy assessment of kinase substrate consensus sequences. Hence, we decided to explore the usefulness of phosphorylation of peptide arrays comprising of 1176 different peptide substrates with recombinant kinases for determining kinase substrate preferences, based on the contribution of individual amino acids to total array phosphorylation. Employing this technology, we were able to determine the consensus peptide sequences for substrates of both c-Raf and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 8, two highly homologous kinases with distinct signalling roles in cellular physiology. The results show that although consensus sequences for these two kinases identified through our analysis share important chemical similarities, there is still some sequence specificity that could explain the different biological action of the two enzymes. Thus peptide arrays are a useful instrument for deducing substrate consensus sequences and highly homologous kinases can differ in their requirement for phosphorylation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Parikh
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wehner S, Straesser S, Vilz TO, Pantelis D, Sielecki T, de la Cruz VF, Hirner A, Kalff JC. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as prophylaxis of postoperative ileus in mice. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:619-29. [PMID: 19014943 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Postoperative ileus, an iatrogenic complication of abdominal surgery, is mediated by severe inflammation of the tunica muscularis. Macrophages that reside in the muscularis have important roles in initiating the inflammation. We investigated whether activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and stress-activated protein kinase is involved in the genesis of postoperative ileus, and whether p38-MAPK inhibition by the macrophage-specific inhibitor semapimod prevents intestinal dysmotility. METHODS Postoperative ileus was induced by intestinal manipulation of the small bowel in mice. Protein kinase phosphorylation was assessed by immunoblotting of muscularis externa preparations. Proinflammatory gene expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Myeloperoxidase histochemistry for neutrophils was performed in jejunal segments. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction in smooth-muscle organ culture supernatants. Jejunal contractility was assessed within an organ bath setup. Intestinal motility was analyzed by gastrointestinal and colonic transit measurements. RESULTS High levels of p38-MAPK and stress-activated protein kinase phosphorylation were observed immediately after intestinal manipulation. Semapimod treatment led to a significant decrease of p38-MAPK phosphorylation in macrophages; proinflammatory gene expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1; and neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, semapimod completely abrogated nitric oxide production within the tunica muscularis. Subsequently, semapimod prevented the suppression of smooth muscle contractility and small intestinal and colonic motility after intestinal manipulation. CONCLUSION A single preoperative semapimod administration prevents intestinal macrophage activation and subsequent gastrointestinal dysmotility induced by abdominal surgery. Semapimod inhibits p38-MAPK and nitric oxide production in macrophages, making it a promising strategy for prophylaxis of postoperative ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Pre-ERCP infusion of semapimod, a mitogen-activated protein kinases inhibitor, lowers post-ERCP hyperamylasemia but not pancreatitis incidence. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68:246-54. [PMID: 18455169 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia are frequent complications of an ERCP. Semapimod is a synthetic guanylhydrazone that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, macrophage activation, and the production of several inflammatory cytokines. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated whether intravenous (IV) administration of semapimod given before an ERCP reduces the incidence of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis. DESIGN A single-center, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. SETTING An academic medical center. PATIENTS Between 2001 and 2005, 242 patients who were undergoing a therapeutic ERCP at our institution were included. INTERVENTION Patients received a single IV dose of semapimod or a placebo before an ERCP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The occurrence of post-ERCP pancreatitis, as well as post-ERCP hyperamylasemia. RESULTS The incidence of hyperamylasemia was significantly reduced (29.8% vs 18.4%; P = .031). Moreover, semapimod administration significantly lowered the levels of amylase during the first 24 hours after the ERCP. The incidence of clinical pancreatitis was reduced by 40%, without reaching statistical significance (14.9 vs 9.1%; P = .117). LIMITATIONS A relatively small single-center study. One dose of semapimod was used. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of IV semapimod 1 hour before an ERCP is safe and exerts a biological effect, demonstrated by a statistically significant reduction of the incidence of hyperamylasemia and the levels of post-ERCP amylase. A protective effect for the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis could not be convincingly demonstrated.
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Abstract
Although the precise etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) still remains unclear, considerable progress has been made in the identification of cytokine-mediated signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory process. Recent data have clearly shown that these pathways induce augmented intestinal T-cell activation and thus resistance to apoptosis, which is a central process in disease pathogenesis, as it impairs mucosal homeostasis. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies aim at restoring activated effector T-cell susceptibility to apoptosis in the gut, based on a pathophysiological rationale. This development is best exemplified by the emergence of agents that target the TNF pathway, IL-6 trans-signaling, and the IL-12/IL-23 pathway. These compounds give hope for the development of new strategies aiming at more effective and less toxic therapies for IBD.
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Specht S, Sarite SR, Hauber I, Hauber J, Görbig UF, Meier C, Bevec D, Hoerauf A, Kaiser A. The guanylhydrazone CNI-1493: an inhibitor with dual activity against malaria-inhibition of host cell pro-inflammatory cytokine release and parasitic deoxyhypusine synthase. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1177-84. [PMID: 18256853 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is still a major cause of death in the tropics. There is an urgent need for new anti-malarial drugs because drug-resistant plasmodia frequently occur. Over recent years, we elucidated the biosynthesis of hypusine, a novel amino acid contained in eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) in Plasmodium. Hypusine biosynthesis involves catalysis of deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) in the first step of post-translational modification. In a screen for new inhibitors of purified plasmodium DHS, CNI-1493, a novel selective pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitor used in clinical phase II for the treatment of Crohn's disease, inhibited the enzyme of the parasite 3-fold at a concentration of 2 microM. In vitro experiments with 200 microM CNI-1493 in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes, which lack nuclei and DHS protein, showed a parasite clearance within 2 days. This can presumably be attributed to an anti-proliferating effect because of the inhibition of DHS by the parasite. The determined IC50 of CNI-1493 was 135.79 microM after 72 h. In vivo application of this substance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6 mice significantly reduced parasitemia after dosage of 1 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg/body weight and prevented death of mice with cerebral malaria. This effect was paralleled by a decrease in serum TNF levels of the mice. We suggest that the new mechanism of CNI-1493 is caused by a decrease in modified eIF-5A biosynthesis with a downstream effect on the TNF synthesis of the host. From the current data, we consider CNI-1493 to be a promising drug for anti-malarial therapy because of its combined action, i.e., the decrease in eIF-5A biosynthesis of the parasite and host cell TNF biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiolgy, Immunology and Parasitology, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Dahan S, Roda G, Pinn D, Roth-Walter F, Kamalu O, Martin AP, Mayer L. Epithelial: lamina propria lymphocyte interactions promote epithelial cell differentiation. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:192-203. [PMID: 18045591 PMCID: PMC2975902 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal lymphoepithelial interactions occur in the epithelium and the subepithelial space. We asked whether normal, Crohn's disease (CD), or ulcerative colitis (UC) lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) could promote intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) growth and differentiation. METHODS T84 cells were cocultured with isolated LPL. IECs were then lysed and subjected to measurement of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity; Western blot analysis for MAPK and Akt activation; and real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess caudal-related homeoprotein 2 (CDX2) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Tissue sections were immunostained for evidence of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, CDX2, and IAP; and CDX2 mRNA expression was assessed in human colonic biopsy specimens. RESULTS IAP activity was increased in T84 cells cocultured for 8 days with normal LPL (P < .05) and even greater with CD LPL (P < .001). Crypt IECs in active CD mucosa expressed IAP ex vivo. Phospho-MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase) and phospho-Akt were seen as early as 30 minutes after coculture. MAPK activation was greatest in T84 cells cocultured with CD LPL. There was a specific increase in Phospho-p38 MAPK and Phospho-Akt staining in the nuclei of crypt IECs in active vs inactive CD, normal mucosa, and UC mucosa. CDX2 mRNA expression was increased in CD LPL cocultured T84 cells, which did not correlate with CDX2 protein localization ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS There is cross talk between LPL and IECs, which leads to IEC differentiation. The differentiation is accelerated in CD mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dahan
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Giulia Roda
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Pinn
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Okebugwu Kamalu
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andrea P. Martin
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Address correspondence to: Immunobiology Center; Mount Sinai School of Medicine 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1089; NYC, NY 10029 Tel: 212-659-9266; Fax: 212-987-5593
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van der Woude CJ, Hommes DW. Biologics in Crohn's disease: searching indicators for outcome. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1233-43. [PMID: 17696821 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.8.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New insights into the underlying mechanism of Crohn's disease is enabling the development of new therapies. Even though the mechanisms of these drugs have been studied extensively, reliable indicators for implementation of new biologic drugs are still needed. This review presents biologics in Crohn's disease focusing on efficacy, steroid sparing, mucosal healing and safety, including immunogenicity.
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Usluoglu N, Pavlovic J, Moelling K, Radziwill G. RIP2 mediates LPS-induced p38 and IkappaBalpha signaling including IL-12 p40 expression in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2317-25. [PMID: 17578844 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-12, the critical factor for the generation of the Th1 type immune response, is produced by dendritic cells (DC) upon stimulation with LPS. Different signal pathways mediate LPS-induced expression of IL-12 and involve PI3K, MAPK and the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Here, we show that the kinase Raf is involved in the expression of IL-12 in human DC stimulated by LPS. We demonstrate that Raf regulates the expression of the IL-12 subunit p40 not via the kinase MEK, the major effector of Raf in growth factor-dependent signaling, but via the receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) using specific inhibitors for MAPK pathways. RIP2 is a kinase participating in LPS/Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Knockdown of RIP2 by siRNA inhibited LPS-dependent expression of IL-12 p40. In addition, knockdown of RIP2 reduced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK and IkappaBalpha, which are known upstream regulators of IL-12 production. Thus, in human DC LPS stimulates a signal cascade that involves the Raf-dependent activation of RIP2 leading to expression of IL-12 p40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurguel Usluoglu
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Dewil M, dela Cruz VF, Van Den Bosch L, Robberecht W. Inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase activation and mutant SOD1G93A-induced motor neuron death. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 26:332-41. [PMID: 17346981 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons. Stress activated protein kinases (SAPK) have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS. We studied the relevance of p38 MAPK for motor neuron degeneration in the mutant SOD1 mouse. Increased levels of phospho-p38 MAPK were present in the motor neurons and microglia of the ventral spinal cord. The p38 MAPK-inhibitor, SB203580, completely inhibited mutant SOD1-induced apoptosis of motor neurons and blocked LPS-induced activation of microglia. Semapimod, a p38 MAPK inhibitor suitable for clinical use, prolonged survival of mutant SOD1 mice to a limited extent, but largely protected motor neurons and proximal axons from mutant SOD1-induced degeneration. Our data confirm the abnormal activation of p38 MAPK in mutant SOD1 mice and the involvement of p38 MAPK in mutant SOD1-induced motor neuron death. We demonstrate the effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on survival of mutant SOD1 mice and reveal a dissociation between the effect on survival of motor neurons and that on survival of the animal, the latter likely depending on the integrity of the entire motor axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Dewil
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with a high cancer risk. At the molecular level, free radicals and aldehydes, produced during chronic inflammation, can induce deleterious gene mutation and posttranslational modifications of key cancer-related proteins. Other products of inflammation, including cytokines, growth factors, and transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappaB, control the expression of cancer genes (e.g., suppressor genes and oncogenes) and key inflammatory enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. These enzymes in turn directly influence reactive oxygen species and eicosanoid levels. The procancerous outcome of chronic inflammation is increased DNA damage, increased DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, disruption of DNA repair pathways and cellular milieu, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of angiogenesis and invasion. Chronic inflammation is also associated with immunosuppression, which is a risk factor for cancer. Current treatment strategies for reactive species overload diseases are frequently aimed at treating or preventing the cause of inflammation. Although these strategies have led to some progress in combating reactive species overload diseases and associated cancers, exposure often occurs again after eradication, treatment to eradicate the cause fails, or the treatment has long-term side effects. Therefore, the identification of molecules and pathways involved in chronic inflammation and cancer is critical to the design of agents that may help in preventing the progression of reactive species overload disease and cancer associated with disease progression. Here, we use ginseng as an example of an antiinflammatory molecule that targets many of the key players in the inflammation-to-cancer sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, SC, USA.
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Löwenberg M, Peppelenbosch M, Hommes D. Biological therapy in the management of recent-onset Crohn's disease: why, when and how? Drugs 2006; 66:1431-9. [PMID: 16906776 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200666110-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that may involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapy consists of corticosteroids, azathioprine or methotrexate, but the clinical management of Crohn's disease is significantly hampered by adverse effects. With the introduction of biological agents (such as infliximab), the goals of therapy have advanced, including induction of remission with bowel healing as well as reduction in the rate of complications, surgeries and mortality. Current therapy for moderate to severe Crohn's disease is based on 'step-up' algorithms, which initiate treatment with corticosteroids followed by immunomodulatory agents, and defer therapy with biological agents until patients become refractory to conventional therapeutics. Recently, it has been shown that induction therapy with infliximab and azathioprine in recent-onset Crohn's disease (i.e. 'top-down' approach) is superior to current step-up algorithms to induce clinical remission. The underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these differences in clinical outcome remain to be defined. Experimental studies have demonstrated that corticosteroids are able to induce impaired apoptosis of immune cells, including T cells and dendritic cells, resulting in loss of tolerance and subsequent autoimmunity. Further research will have to determine whether corticosteroid therapy augments the mechanism of loss of tolerance in Crohn's disease, which could complicate future clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Löwenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kucharzik T, Maaser C, Lügering A, Kagnoff M, Mayer L, Targan S, Domschke W. Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: implications for future therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:1068-83. [PMID: 17075348 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000235827.21778.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are comprised of two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Research over the last couple of years has led to great advances in understanding the inflammatory bowel diseases and their underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. From the current understanding, it is likely that chronic inflammation in IBD is due to aggressive cellular immune responses to a subset of luminal bacteria. Susceptibility to disease is thereby determined by genes encoding immune responses which are triggered by environmental stimuli. Based on extensive research over the last decade, there are several new and novel pathways and specific targets on which to focus new therapeutics. The following review summarizes the current view on the four basic tenets of the pathophysiological basis of IBD and its implications for therapies of IBD: genetics, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction and the role of the microbial flora.
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