1
|
Carty SA, Murga-Zamalloa CA, Wilcox RA. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | New Pathways and New Targets in PTCL: Staying on Target. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:561-574. [PMID: 37142534 PMCID: PMC10565700 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) remain a therapeutic challenge, and increasingly account for a disproportionate number of lymphoma-related deaths, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and classification, and the development of novel therapeutic agents over the past decade, all provide reasons for a more optimistic outlook in the next. Despite their genetic and molecular heterogeneity, many PTCL are dependent upon signaling input provided by antigen, costimulatory, and cytokine receptors. While gain-of-function alterations effecting these pathways are recurrently observed in many PTCL, more often than not, signaling remains ligand-and tumor microenvironment (TME)-dependent. Consequently, the TME and its constituents are increasingly recognized as "on target". Utilizing a "3 signal" model, we will review new-and old-therapeutic targets that are relevant for the more common nodal PTCL subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Carty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hierarchy of signaling thresholds downstream of the T cell receptor and the Tec kinase ITK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025825118. [PMID: 34452995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025825118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of peptide:MHC interactions with the T cell receptor (TCR) is correlated with the time to first cell division, the relative scale of the effector cell response, and the graded expression of activation-associated proteins like IRF4. To regulate T cell activation programming, the TCR and the TCR proximal interleukin-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) simultaneously trigger many biochemically separate signaling cascades. T cells lacking ITK exhibit selective impairments in effector T cell responses after activation, but under the strongest signaling conditions, ITK activity is dispensable. To gain insight into whether TCR signal strength and ITK activity tune observed graded gene expression through the unequal activation of distinct signaling pathways, we examined Erk1/2 phosphorylation or nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB translocation in naïve OT-I CD8+ cell nuclei. We observed the consistent digital activation of NFAT1 and Erk1/2, but NF-κB displayed dynamic, graded activation in response to variation in TCR signal strength, tunable by treatment with an ITK inhibitor. Inhibitor-treated cells showed the dampened induction of AP-1 factors Fos and Fosb, NF-κB response gene transcripts, and survival factor Il2 transcripts. ATAC sequencing analysis also revealed that genomic regions most sensitive to ITK inhibition were enriched for NF-κB and AP-1 motifs. Specific inhibition of NF-κB during peptide stimulation tuned the expression of early gene products like c-Fos. Together, these data indicate a key role for ITK in orchestrating the optimal activation of separate TCR downstream pathways, specifically aiding NF-κB activation. More broadly, we revealed a mechanism by which variations in TCR signal strength can produce patterns of graded gene expression in activated T cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hanna BS, Yazdanparast H, Demerdash Y, Roessner PM, Schulz R, Lichter P, Stilgenbauer S, Seiffert M. Combining ibrutinib and checkpoint blockade improves CD8+ T-cell function and control of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Em-TCL1 mice. Haematologica 2021; 106:968-977. [PMID: 32139435 PMCID: PMC8017821 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.238154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib is a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor approved for the treatment of multiple B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In addition to blocking B-cell receptor signaling and chemokine receptor-mediated pathways in CLL cells, that are known drivers of disease, ibrutinib also affects the microenvironment in CLL via targeting BTK in myeloid cells and IL-2–inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) in T cells. These non-BTK effects were suggested to contribute to the success of ibrutinib in CLL. By using the Eμ-TCL1 adoptive transfer mouse model of CLL, we observed that ibrutinib effectively controls leukemia development, but also results in significantly lower numbers of CD8+ effector T cells, with lower expression of activation markers, as well as impaired proliferation and effector function. Using CD8+ T cells from a T-cell receptor (TCR) reporter mouse, we verified that this is due to a direct effect of ibrutinib on TCR activity, and demonstrate that co-stimulation via CD28 overcomes these effects. Most interestingly, combination of ibrutinib with blocking antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis in vivo improved CD8+ T-cell effector function and control of CLL. In summary, these data emphasize the strong immunomodulatory effects of ibrutinib and the therapeutic potential of its combination with immune checkpoint blockade in CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bola S Hanna
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yasmin Demerdash
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Roessner
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Schulz
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martina Seiffert
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Inhibitory Effects of Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus on Cell Survival and Immune Function in Spleen of Commercial Layer Chicks. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091003. [PMID: 32859030 PMCID: PMC7565929 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major infectious disease in chickens, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, especially in developing countries where there is limited access to effective vaccination. Therefore, enhancing resistance to the virus in commercial chickens through breeding is a promising way to promote poultry production. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes at 2 and 6 days post inoculation (dpi) at day 21 with a lentogenic NDV in a commercial egg-laying chicken hybrid using RNA sequencing analysis. By comparing NDV-challenged and non-challenged groups, 526 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) were identified at 2 dpi, and only 36 at 6 dpi. For the DEGs at 2 dpi, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted inhibition of multiple signaling pathways in response to NDV that regulate immune cell development and activity, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. Up-regulation of interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5) in response to NDV was consistent between the current and most previous studies. Sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 1 (SPRY1), a DEG in the current study, is in a significant quantitative trait locus associated with virus load at 6 dpi in the same population. These identified pathways and DEGs provide potential targets to further study breeding strategy to enhance NDV resistance in chickens.
Collapse
|
5
|
Conley JM, Gallagher MP, Rao A, Berg LJ. Activation of the Tec Kinase ITK Controls Graded IRF4 Expression in Response to Variations in TCR Signal Strength. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:335-345. [PMID: 32493815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TCR signal strength is critical for CD8+ T cell clonal expansion after Ag stimulation. Levels of the transcription factor IRF4 control the magnitude of this process through the induction of genes involved in proliferation and glycolytic metabolism. The signaling mechanism connecting graded TCR signaling to the generation of varying amounts of IRF4 is not well understood. In this study, we show that Ag potency regulates the kinetics but not the magnitude of NFAT1 activation in single mouse CD8+ T cells. Consequently, T cells that transduce weaker TCR signals exhibit a marked delay in Irf4 mRNA induction, resulting in decreased overall IRF4 expression in individual cells and increased heterogeneity within the clonal population. We further show that the activity of the tyrosine kinase ITK acts as a signaling catalyst that accelerates the rate of the cellular response to TCR stimulation, controlling the time to onset of Irf4 gene transcription. These findings provide insight into the function of ITK in TCR signal transduction that ultimately regulates IRF4 expression levels in response to variations in TCR signal strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Conley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael P Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA 92037; and.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acalabrutinib monotherapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who are intolerant to ibrutinib. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1553-1562. [PMID: 31088809 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib improves patient outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); however, some patients experience adverse events (AEs) leading to discontinuation. Acalabrutinib is a potent, covalent BTK inhibitor with greater selectivity than ibrutinib. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of 100 mg of acalabrutinib twice daily or 200 mg once daily in patients with CLL who discontinued ibrutinib because of intolerance as determined by the investigators. Among 33 treated patients (61% men; median age, 64 years; range, 50-82 years), median duration of prior ibrutinib treatment was 11.6 months (range, 1-62 months); median time from ibrutinib discontinuation to acalabrutinib start was 47 days (range, 3-331 days). After a median of 19.0 months (range, 0.2-30.6 months), 23 patients remained on acalabrutinib; 10 had discontinued (progressive disease, n = 4; AEs, n = 3). No acalabrutinib dose reductions occurred. During acalabrutinib treatment, the most frequent AEs included diarrhea (58%), headache (39%), and cough (33%). Grade 3/4 AEs occurred in 58%, most commonly neutropenia (12%) and thrombocytopenia (9%). Of 61 ibrutinib-related AEs associated with intolerance, 72% did not recur and 13% recurred at a lower grade with acalabrutinib. Overall response rate was 76%, including 1 complete and 19 partial responses and 5 partial responses with lymphocytosis. Among 25 responders, median duration of response was not reached. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was not reached; 1-year PFS was 83.4% (95% confidence interval, 64.5%-92.7%). Acalabrutinib was well tolerated with a high response rate in patients who were previously intolerant to ibrutinib. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02029443.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tong DL, Kempsell KE, Szakmany T, Ball G. Development of a Bioinformatics Framework for Identification and Validation of Genomic Biomarkers and Key Immunopathology Processes and Controllers in Infectious and Non-infectious Severe Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:380. [PMID: 32318053 PMCID: PMC7147506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as dysregulated host response caused by systemic infection, leading to organ failure. It is a life-threatening condition, often requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). The causative agents and processes involved are multifactorial but are characterized by an overarching inflammatory response, sharing elements in common with severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of non-infectious origin. Sepsis presents with a range of pathophysiological and genetic features which make clinical differentiation from SIRS very challenging. This may reflect a poor understanding of the key gene inter-activities and/or pathway associations underlying these disease processes. Improved understanding is critical for early differential recognition of sepsis and SIRS and to improve patient management and clinical outcomes. Judicious selection of gene biomarkers suitable for development of diagnostic tests/testing could make differentiation of sepsis and SIRS feasible. Here we describe a methodologic framework for the identification and validation of biomarkers in SIRS, sepsis and septic shock patients, using a 2-tier gene screening, artificial neural network (ANN) data mining technique, using previously published gene expression datasets. Eight key hub markers have been identified which may delineate distinct, core disease processes and which show potential for informing underlying immunological and pathological processes and thus patient stratification and treatment. These do not show sufficient fold change differences between the different disease states to be useful as primary diagnostic biomarkers, but are instrumental in identifying candidate pathways and other associated biomarkers for further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ling Tong
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, First City University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Kempsell
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Department of Anaesthesia Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei J, Long L, Zheng W, Dhungana Y, Lim SA, Guy C, Wang Y, Wang YD, Qian C, Xu B, Kc A, Saravia J, Huang H, Yu J, Doench JG, Geiger TL, Chi H. Targeting REGNASE-1 programs long-lived effector T cells for cancer therapy. Nature 2019; 576:471-476. [PMID: 31827283 PMCID: PMC6937596 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy represents a new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy but can be limited by poor persistence and function of transferred T cells1. Here, through an in vivo pooled CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis screening, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells are reprogrammed to long-lived effector cells with extensive accumulation, better persistence and robust effector function in tumors by targeting Regnase-1. Regnase-1-deficient CD8+ T cells show markedly improved therapeutic efficacy against mouse melanoma and leukemia. Through a secondary genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identify BATF as the key target of Regnase-1 and a rheostat in shaping antitumor responses. Loss of BATF suppresses the elevated accumulation and mitochondrial fitness of Regnase-1-deficient CD8+ T cells. Conversely, we reveal that targeting additional signaling factors including PTPN2 and SOCS1 improves the therapeutic efficacy of Regnase-1-deficient CD8+ T cells. Our findings suggest that T-cell persistence and effector function can be coordinated in tumor immunity and point to new avenues to improve the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lingyun Long
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wenting Zheng
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chenxi Qian
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anil Kc
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongling Huang
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yablonski D. Bridging the Gap: Modulatory Roles of the Grb2-Family Adaptor, Gads, in Cellular and Allergic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 31402911 PMCID: PMC6669380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling pathways are organized by adaptor proteins. Three adaptors, LAT, Gads, and SLP-76, form a heterotrimeric complex that mediates signaling by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and by the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). In both pathways, antigen recognition triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and SLP-76. The recruitment of SLP-76 to phospho-LAT is bridged by Gads, a Grb2 family adaptor composed of two SH3 domains flanking a central SH2 domain and an unstructured linker region. The LAT-Gads-SLP-76 complex is further incorporated into larger microclusters that mediate antigen receptor signaling. Gads is positively regulated by dimerization, which promotes its cooperative binding to LAT. Negative regulation occurs via phosphorylation or caspase-mediated cleavage of the linker region of Gads. FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation is profoundly impaired in LAT- Gads- or SLP-76-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the thymic developmental phenotype of Gads-deficient mice is much milder than the phenotype of LAT- or SLP-76-deficient mice. This distinction suggests that Gads is not absolutely required for TCR signaling, but may modulate its sensitivity, or regulate a particular branch of the TCR signaling pathway; indeed, the phenotypic similarity of Gads- and Itk-deficient mice suggests a functional connection between Gads and Itk. Additional Gads binding partners include costimulatory proteins such as CD28 and CD6, adaptors such as Shc, ubiquitin regulatory proteins such as USP8 and AMSH, and kinases such as HPK1 and BCR-ABL, but the functional implications of these interactions are not yet fully understood. No interacting proteins or function have been ascribed to the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal SH3 of Gads. Here we explore the biochemical and functional properties of Gads, and its role in regulating allergy, T cell development and T-cell mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Yablonski
- The Immune Cell Signaling Lab, Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yablonski D. Bridging the Gap: Modulatory Roles of the Grb2-Family Adaptor, Gads, in Cellular and Allergic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 31402911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01704/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling pathways are organized by adaptor proteins. Three adaptors, LAT, Gads, and SLP-76, form a heterotrimeric complex that mediates signaling by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and by the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). In both pathways, antigen recognition triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and SLP-76. The recruitment of SLP-76 to phospho-LAT is bridged by Gads, a Grb2 family adaptor composed of two SH3 domains flanking a central SH2 domain and an unstructured linker region. The LAT-Gads-SLP-76 complex is further incorporated into larger microclusters that mediate antigen receptor signaling. Gads is positively regulated by dimerization, which promotes its cooperative binding to LAT. Negative regulation occurs via phosphorylation or caspase-mediated cleavage of the linker region of Gads. FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation is profoundly impaired in LAT- Gads- or SLP-76-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the thymic developmental phenotype of Gads-deficient mice is much milder than the phenotype of LAT- or SLP-76-deficient mice. This distinction suggests that Gads is not absolutely required for TCR signaling, but may modulate its sensitivity, or regulate a particular branch of the TCR signaling pathway; indeed, the phenotypic similarity of Gads- and Itk-deficient mice suggests a functional connection between Gads and Itk. Additional Gads binding partners include costimulatory proteins such as CD28 and CD6, adaptors such as Shc, ubiquitin regulatory proteins such as USP8 and AMSH, and kinases such as HPK1 and BCR-ABL, but the functional implications of these interactions are not yet fully understood. No interacting proteins or function have been ascribed to the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal SH3 of Gads. Here we explore the biochemical and functional properties of Gads, and its role in regulating allergy, T cell development and T-cell mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Yablonski
- The Immune Cell Signaling Lab, Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maurice D, Costello P, Sargent M, Treisman R. ERK Signaling Controls Innate-like CD8 + T Cell Differentiation via the ELK4 (SAP-1) and ELK1 Transcription Factors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:1681-1691. [PMID: 30068599 PMCID: PMC6121213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mouse thymocyte development, signaling by the TCR through the ERK pathway is required for positive selection of conventional naive T cells. The Ets transcription factor ELK4 (SAP-1), an ERK-regulated cofactor of the SRF transcription factor, plays an important role in positive selection by activating immediate-early genes such as the Egr transcription factor family. The role of ELK4-SRF signaling in development of other T cell types dependent on ERK signaling has been unclear. In this article, we show that ELK4, and its close relative ELK1, act cell autonomously in the thymus to control the generation of innate-like αβ CD8+ T cells with memory-like characteristics. Mice lacking ELK4 and ELK1 develop increased numbers of innate-like αβ CD8+ T cells, which populate the periphery. These cells develop cell autonomously rather than through expansion of PLZF+ thymocytes and concomitantly increased IL-4 signaling. Their development is associated with reduced TCR-mediated activation of ELK4-SRF target genes and can be partially suppressed by overexpression of the ELK4-SRF target gene EGR2. Consistent with this, partial inhibition of ERK signaling in peripheral CD8+T cells promotes the generation of cells with innate-like characteristics. These data establish that low-level ERK signaling through ELK4 (and ELK1) promotes innate-like αβ CD8+ T cell differentiation, tuning conventional versus innate-like development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Maurice
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Costello
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Sargent
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Treisman
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghosh S, Drexler I, Bhatia S, Adler H, Gennery AR, Borkhardt A. Interleukin-2-Inducible T-Cell Kinase Deficiency-New Patients, New Insight? Front Immunol 2018; 9:979. [PMID: 29867957 PMCID: PMC5951928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary immunodeficiency can be prone to severe Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated immune dysregulation. Individuals with mutations in the interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) gene experience Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, EBV lymphoproliferative disease, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and dysgammaglobulinemia. In this review, we give an update on further reported patients. We believe that current clinical data advocate early definitive treatment by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as transplant outcome in primary immunodeficiency disorders in general has gradually improved in recent years. Furthermore, we summarize experimental data in the murine model to provide further insight of pathophysiology in ITK deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujal Ghosh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München—Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Munich, Germany,University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Paediatric Immunology and HSCT, Newcastle University and Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang W, Solouki S, Koylass N, Zheng SG, August A. ITK signalling via the Ras/IRF4 pathway regulates the development and function of Tr1 cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15871. [PMID: 28635957 PMCID: PMC5482062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells differentiate in response to signals engaging the T cell receptor (TCR), express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, but not Foxp3, and can suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. Here we show that ITK, an important modulator of TCR signalling, is required for the TCR-induced development of Tr1 cells in various organs, and in the mucosal system during parasitic and viral infections. ITK kinase activity is required for mouse and human Tr1 cell differentiation. Tr1 cell development and suppressive function of Itk deficient cells can be restored by the expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Downstream of ITK, Ras activity is responsible for Tr1 cell induction, as expression of constitutively active HRas rescues IRF4 expression and Tr1 cell differentiation in Itk-/- cells. We conclude that TCR/ITK signalling through the Ras/IRF4 pathway is required for functional development of Tr1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas Koylass
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Andrada E, Liébana R, Merida I. Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Limits Cytokine-dependent Expansion of CD8 + T Cells with Broad Antitumor Capacity. EBioMedicine 2017; 19:39-48. [PMID: 28438506 PMCID: PMC5440620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 and -15 drive expansion/differentiation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that eliminate targets via antigen-independent killing. This property is clinically relevant for the improvement of T cell-based antitumor therapies. Diacylglycerol kinase α and ζ (DGKα/ζ) metabolize the diacylglycerol generated following antigen recognition by T lymphocytes. Enhanced expression of these two lipid kinases in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells promotes a hyporesponsive state that contributes to tumor immune escape. Inhibition of these two enzymes might thus be of interest for potentiating conventional antigen-directed tumor elimination. In this study, we sought to characterize the contribution of DGKα and ζ to antigen-independent cytotoxic functions of CD8+ T cells. Analysis of DGKζ-deficient mice showed an increase in bystander memory-like CD8+ T cell populations not observed in DGKα-deficient mice. We demonstrate that DGKζ limits cytokine responses in an antigen-independent manner. Cytokine-specific expansion of DGKζ-deficient CD8+ T cells promoted enhanced differentiation of innate-like cytotoxic cells in vitro, and correlated with the more potent in vivo anti-tumor responses of DGKζ-deficient mice engrafted with the murine A20 lymphoma. Our studies reveal a isoform-specific function for DGKζ downstream of IL-2/IL-15-mediated expansion of innate-like cytotoxic T cells, Pharmacological manipulation of DGKζ activity is of therapeutic interest for cytokine-directed anti-tumor treatments. DGKζ, a well-characterized negative regulator of TCR signals, also limits IL-2/15 function. DGKζ impairs cytokine-induced differentiation of cytotoxic T cell populations with innate-like ability to kill targets. As a result, DGKζ-deficient mice demonstrate enhanced rejection of implanted B cell lymphoma compared to wild type mice. Targeting DGKζ activity might be of interest to enhance cytokine-mediated antitumor therapies.
The immune system defends the body from foreign invaders. In cancer, tumors disguise as self-body cells and evade immune attack. For this reason it is important to identify the mechanism that stop T lymphocytes from recognize and destroy tumors. In this study we investigate the role of Diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKζ) as an inhibitor of antitumor T cell functions. We demonstrate that lymphoma cells injected in mice genetically modified to lack DGKζ expression develop smaller tumors that resolve more rapidly than those grown in normal mice. Our studies suggest that inhibition of DGKζ could help to reinforce the antitumor capacity of immune T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Andrada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Liébana
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kapnick SM, Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM, Schwartzberg PL. Inducible T Cell Kinase Regulates the Acquisition of Cytolytic Capacity and Degranulation in CD8 + CTLs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2699-2711. [PMID: 28213500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mutations in inducible T cell kinase (ITK) are susceptible to viral infections, particularly EBV, suggesting that these patients have defective function of CD8+ CTLs. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ITK deficiency on cytolysis in murine CTLs deficient in ITK, and both human and murine cells treated with an ITK inhibitor. We find that ITK deficiency leads to a global defect in the cytolysis of multiple targets. The absence of ITK both affected CTL expansion and delayed the expression of cytolytic effectors during activation. Furthermore, absence of ITK led to a previously unappreciated intrinsic defect in degranulation. Nonetheless, these defects could be overcome by early or prolonged exposure to IL-2, or by addition of IL-12 to cultures, revealing that cytokine signaling could restore the acquisition of effector function in ITK-deficient CD8+ T cells. Our results provide new insight into the effect of ITK and suboptimal TCR signaling on CD8+ T cell function, and how these may contribute to phenotypes associated with ITK deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hayakawa M, Hayakawa H, Petrova T, Ritprajak P, Sutavani RV, Jiménez-Andrade GY, Sano Y, Choo MK, Seavitt J, Venigalla RKC, Otsu K, Georgopoulos K, Arthur JSC, Park JM. Loss of Functionally Redundant p38 Isoforms in T Cells Enhances Regulatory T Cell Induction. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1762-1772. [PMID: 28011639 PMCID: PMC5290950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved protein kinase p38 mediates innate resistance to environmental stress and microbial infection. Four p38 isoforms exist in mammals and may have been co-opted for new roles in adaptive immunity. Murine T cells deficient in p38α, the ubiquitously expressed p38 isoform, showed no readily apparent cell-autonomous defects while expressing elevated amounts of another isoform, p38β. Mice with T cells simultaneously lacking p38α and p38β displayed lymphoid atrophy and elevated Foxp3+ regulatory T cell frequencies. Double deficiency of p38α and p38β in naïve CD4+ T cells resulted in an attenuation of MAPK-activated protein kinase (MK)-dependent mTOR signaling after T cell receptor engagement, and enhanced their differentiation into regulatory T cells under appropriate inducing conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of the p38-MK-mTOR signaling module produced similar effects, revealing potential for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morisada Hayakawa
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; the Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hayakawa
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; the Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsvetana Petrova
- the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Research Unit of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ruhcha V Sutavani
- the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermina Yanek Jiménez-Andrade
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Yasuyo Sano
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - John Seavitt
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ram K C Venigalla
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kinya Otsu
- the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Georgopoulos
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Mo Park
- From the Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Izawa K, Martin E, Soudais C, Bruneau J, Boutboul D, Rodriguez R, Lenoir C, Hislop AD, Besson C, Touzot F, Picard C, Callebaut I, de Villartay JP, Moshous D, Fischer A, Latour S. Inherited CD70 deficiency in humans reveals a critical role for the CD70-CD27 pathway in immunity to Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Exp Med 2016; 214:73-89. [PMID: 28011863 PMCID: PMC5206497 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Izawa et al. identify the first patient with CD70 deficiency suffering from recurrent EBV-induced B cell proliferations including Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Expression of CD70 on B cells is necessary to induce proliferation of EBV-specific T cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans is a major trigger of malignant and nonmalignant B cell proliferations. CD27 is a co-stimulatory molecule of T cells, and inherited CD27 deficiency is characterized by high susceptibility to EBV infection, though the underlying pathological mechanisms have not yet been identified. In this study, we report a patient suffering from recurrent EBV-induced B cell proliferations including Hodgkin’s lymphoma because of a deficiency in CD70, the ligand of CD27. We show that EBV-specific T lymphocytes did not expand properly when stimulated with CD70-deficient EBV-infected B cells, whereas expression of CD70 in B cells restored expansion, indicating that CD70 on B cells but not on T cells is required for efficient proliferation of T cells. CD70 was found to be up-regulated on B cells when activated and during EBV infection. The proliferation of T cells triggered by CD70-expressing B cells was dependent on CD27 and CD3 on T cells. Importantly, CD27-deficient T cells failed to proliferate when stimulated with CD70-expressing B cells. Thus, the CD70–CD27 pathway appears to be a crucial component of EBV-specific T cell immunity and more generally for the immune surveillance of B cells and may be a target for immunotherapy of B cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Izawa
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julie Bruneau
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rémy Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Lenoir
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
| | - Caroline Besson
- Department of Biological Hematology and Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fabien Touzot
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Biotherapy, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France.,Centre d'Etude des Déficits Immunitaires, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology, and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6-MNHN-IRD-IUC, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Laboratory of Dynamic of Genome and Immune System, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Despina Moshous
- Laboratory of Dynamic of Genome and Immune System, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology, and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology, and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France .,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Conley JM, Gallagher MP, Berg LJ. T Cells and Gene Regulation: The Switching On and Turning Up of Genes after T Cell Receptor Stimulation in CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 26973653 PMCID: PMC4770016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) is directly regulated by the dose and affinity of peptide antigen. The strength of TCR signaling drives a multitude of T cell functions from development to differentiation. CD8 T cells differentiate into a diverse pool of effector and memory cells after activation, a process that is critical for pathogen clearance and is highly regulated by TCR signal strength. T cells rapidly alter their gene expression upon activation. Multiple signaling pathways downstream of the TCR activate transcription factors, which are critical for this process. The dynamics between proximal TCR signaling, transcription factor activation and CD8 T cell function are discussed here. We propose that inducible T cell kinase (ITK) acts as a rheostat for gene expression. This unique regulation of TCR signaling by ITK provides a possible signaling mechanism for the promotion of a diverse T cell repertoire in response to pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Michael P Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kannan A, Lee Y, Qi Q, Huang W, Jeong AR, Ohnigian S, August A. Allele-sensitive mutant, Itkas, reveals that Itk kinase activity is required for Th1, Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2276-85. [PMID: 25989458 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Itk(-/-) mice exhibit defects in the activation, development, and function of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and iNKT cells. These and other defects in these mice make it difficult to uncouple the developmental versus functional requirement of Itk signaling. Here, we report an allele-sensitive mutant of Itk (Itkas) whose catalytic activity can be selectively inhibited by analogs of the PP1 kinase inhibitor. We show that Itkas behaves like WT Itk in the absence of the inhibitor and can rescue the development of Itk(-/-) T cells in mice. Using mice carrying Itkas, we show using its inhibitor that Itk activity is required not only for Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production, but also surprisingly, for Th1 cytokine production. This work has important implications for understanding the role of Itk signaling in the development versus function of iNKT cells, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kannan
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - YongChan Lee
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ohnigian
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avery August
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang W, August A. The signaling symphony: T cell receptor tunes cytokine-mediated T cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:477-85. [PMID: 25525115 PMCID: PMC4338847 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ri0614-293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development, differentiation, and maintenance are orchestrated by 2 key signaling axes: the antigen-specific TCR and cytokine-mediated signals. The TCR signals the recognition of self- and foreign antigens to control T cell homeostasis for immune tolerance and immunity, which is regulated by a variety of cytokines to determine T cell subset homeostasis and differentiation. TCR signaling can synergize with or antagonize cytokine-mediated signaling to fine tune T cell fate; however, the latter is less investigated. Murine models with attenuated TCR signaling strength have revealed that TCR signaling can function as regulatory feedback machinery for T cell homeostasis and differentiation in differential cytokine milieus, such as IL-2-mediated Treg development; IL-7-mediated, naïve CD8(+) T cell homeostasis; and IL-4-induced innate memory CD8(+) T cell development. In this review, we discuss the symphonic cross-talk between TCR and cytokine-mediated responses that differentially control T cell behavior, with a focus on the negative tuning by TCR activation on the cytokine effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hillen KM, Gather R, Enders A, Pircher H, Aichele P, Fisch P, Blumenthal B, Schamel WW, Straub T, Goodnow CC, Ehl S. T cell expansion is the limiting factor of virus control in mice with attenuated TCR signaling: implications for human immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2725-34. [PMID: 25672755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Defining the minimal thresholds for effective antiviral T cell immunity is important for clinical decisions in immunodeficient patients. TCR signaling is critical for T cell development, activation, and effector functions. In this article, we analyzed which of these TCR-mediated processes is limiting for antiviral immunity in a mouse strain with reduced expression of SLP-76 (twp mice). Despite severe T cell activation defects in vitro, twp mice generated a normal proportion of antiviral effector T cells postinfection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Twp CD8(+) T cells showed impaired polyfunctional cytokine production, whereas cytotoxicity as the crucial antiviral effector function for LCMV control was normal. The main limiting factor in the antiviral response of twp mice was impaired T cell proliferation and survival, leading to a 5- to 10-fold reduction of antiviral T cells at the peak of the immune response. This was still sufficient to control infection with the LCMV Armstrong strain, but the more rapidly replicating LCMV-WE induced T cell exhaustion and viral persistence. Thus, under conditions of impaired TCR signaling, reduced T cell expansion was the limiting factor in antiviral immunity. These findings have implications for understanding antiviral immunity in patients with T cell deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Hillen
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Gather
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anselm Enders
- Ramaciotti Immunization Genomics Laboratory, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Aichele
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Fisch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Britta Blumenthal
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The tyrosine kinase Itk suppresses CD8+ memory T cell development in response to bacterial infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7688. [PMID: 25567129 PMCID: PMC4286740 DOI: 10.1038/srep07688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy depends on strong long-term development of immune memory and the formation of memory CD8+ T cells is critical for recall responses to infection. Upon antigen recognition by naïve T cells, the strength of the TcR signal influences the subsequent effector and memory cells differentiation. Here, we have examined the role of Itk, a tyrosine kinase critical for TcR signaling, in CD8+ effector and memory T cell differentiation during Listeria monocytogenes infection. We found that the reduced TcR signal strength in Itk deficient naïve CD8+ T cells enhances the generation of memory T cells during infection. This is accompanied by increased early Eomesodermin, IL-7Rα expression and memory precursor effector cells. Furthermore, Itk is required for optimal cytokine production in responding primary effector cells, but not secondary memory responses. Our data suggests that Itk-mediated signals control the expression of Eomesodermin and IL-7Rα, thus regulating the development of memory CD8+ T cells, but not subsequent response of memory cells.
Collapse
|
23
|
Prince AL, Watkin LB, Yin CC, Selin LK, Kang J, Schwartzberg PL, Berg LJ. Innate PLZF+CD4+ αβ T cells develop and expand in the absence of Itk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:673-87. [PMID: 24928994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus produces multiple lineages of cells, including innate T cells. Studies in mice harboring alterations in TCR signaling proteins or transcriptional regulators have revealed an expanded population of CD4(+) innate T cells in the thymus that produce IL-4 and express the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF). In these mice, IL-4 produced by the CD4(+)PLZF(+) T cell population leads to the conversion of conventional CD8(+) thymocytes into innate CD8(+) T cells resembling memory T cells expressing eomesodermin. The expression of PLZF, the signature invariant NKT cell transcription factor, in these innate CD4(+) T cells suggests that they might be a subset of αβ or γδ TCR(+) NKT cells or mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. To address these possibilities, we characterized the CD4(+)PLZF(+) innate T cells in itk(-/-) mice. We show that itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells are not CD1d-dependent NKT cells, MR1-dependent MAIT cells, or γδ T cells. Furthermore, although the itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells express αβ TCRs, neither β2-microglobulin-dependent MHC class I nor any MHC class II molecules are required for their development. In contrast to invariant NKT cells and MAIT cells, this population has a highly diverse TCRα-chain repertoire. Analysis of peripheral tissues indicates that itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells preferentially home to spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes owing to increased expression of gut-homing receptors, and that their expansion is regulated by commensal gut flora. These data support the conclusion that itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells are a novel subset of innate T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Catherine C Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies with nonfunctional T cells comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by altered function of T lymphocytes in spite of largely preserved T cell development. Some of these forms are due to hypomorphic mutations in genes causing severe combined immunodeficiency. More recently, advances in human genome sequencing have facilitated the identification of novel genetic defects that do not affect T cell development, but alter T cell function and homeostasis. Along with increased susceptibility to infections, these conditions are characterized by autoimmunity and higher risk of malignancies. The study of these diseases, and of corresponding animal models, has provided fundamental insights on the mechanisms that govern immune homeostasis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Harling JD, Deakin AM, Campos S, Grimley R, Chaudry L, Nye C, Polyakova O, Bessant CM, Barton N, Somers D, Barrett J, Graves RH, Hanns L, Kerr WJ, Solari R. Discovery of novel irreversible inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-2-inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk) by targeting cysteine 442 in the ATP pocket. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28195-206. [PMID: 23935099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk) plays a key role in antigen receptor signaling in T cells and is considered an important target for anti-inflammatory drug discovery. In order to generate inhibitors with the necessary potency and selectivity, a compound that targeted cysteine 442 in the ATP binding pocket and with an envisaged irreversible mode of action was designed. We incorporated a high degree of molecular recognition and specific design features making the compound suitable for inhaled delivery. This study confirms the irreversible covalent binding of the inhibitor to the kinase by x-ray crystallography and enzymology while demonstrating potency, selectivity, and prolonged duration of action in in vitro biological assays. The biosynthetic turnover of the kinase was also examined as a critical factor when designing irreversible inhibitors for extended duration of action. The exemplified Itk inhibitor demonstrated inhibition of both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, was additive with fluticasone propionate, and inhibited cytokine release from human lung fragments. Finally, we describe an in vivo pharmacodynamic assay that allows rapid preclinical development without animal efficacy models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Harling
- From the Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ibrutinib is an irreversible molecular inhibitor of ITK driving a Th1-selective pressure in T lymphocytes. Blood 2013; 122:2539-49. [PMID: 23886836 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-06-507947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its critical role in T-cell signaling, interleukin-2-inducible kinase (ITK) is an appealing therapeutic target that can contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Ablation of ITK subverts Th2 immunity, thereby potentiating Th1-based immune responses. While small-molecule ITK inhibitors have been identified, none have demonstrated clinical utility. Ibrutinib is a confirmed irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with outstanding clinical activity and tolerability in B-cell malignancies. Significant homology between BTK and ITK alongside in silico docking studies support ibrutinib as an immunomodulatory inhibitor of both ITK and BTK. Our comprehensive molecular and phenotypic analysis confirms ITK as an irreversible T-cell target of ibrutinib. Using ibrutinib clinical trial samples along with well-characterized neoplastic (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), parasitic infection (Leishmania major), and infectious disease (Listeria monocytogenes) models, we establish ibrutinib as a clinically relevant and physiologically potent ITK inhibitor with broad therapeutic utility. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01105247 and #NCT01217749.
Collapse
|
27
|
Notarangelo LD. Partial defects of T-cell development associated with poor T-cell function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1297-305. [PMID: 23465662 PMCID: PMC3640792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
For many years, severe combined immune deficiency diseases, which are characterized by virtual lack of circulating T cells and severe predisposition to infections since early in life, have been considered the prototypic forms of genetic defects of T-cell development. More recently, advances in genome sequencing have allowed identification of a growing number of gene defects that cause severe but incomplete defects in T-cell development, function, or both. Along with recurrent and severe infections, especially cutaneous viral infections, the clinical phenotype of these conditions is characterized by prominent immune dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sosinowski T, White JT, Cross EW, Haluszczak C, Marrack P, Gapin L, Kedl RM. CD8α+ dendritic cell trans presentation of IL-15 to naive CD8+ T cells produces antigen-inexperienced T cells in the periphery with memory phenotype and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1936-47. [PMID: 23355737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various populations of memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells have been described over the last 15-20 y, all of which possess elevated effector functions relative to naive phenotype cells. Using a technique for isolating Ag-specific cells from unprimed hosts, we recently identified a new subset of cells, specific for nominal Ag, but phenotypically and functionally similar to memory cells arising as a result of homeostatic proliferation. We show in this study that these virtual memory (VM) cells are independent of previously identified innate memory cells, arising as a result of their response to IL-15 trans presentation by lymphoid tissue-resident CD8α(+) dendritic cells in the periphery. The absence of IL-15, CD8(+) T cell expression of either CD122 or eomesodermin or of CD8a(+) dendritic cells all lead to the loss of VM cells in the host. Our results show that CD8(+) T cell homeostatic expansion is an active process within the nonlymphopenic environment, is mediated by IL-15, and produces Ag-inexperienced memory cells that retain the capacity to respond to nominal Ag with memory-like function. Preferential engagement of these VM T cells into a vaccine response could dramatically enhance the rate by which immune protection develops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sosinowski
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) comprises a group of disorders that are fatal owing to genetic defects that abrogate T cell development. Numerous related defects have recently been identified that allow T cell development but that compromise T cell function by affecting proximal or distal steps in intracellular signaling. These functional T cell immunodeficiencies are characterized by immune dysregulation and increased risk of malignancies, in addition to infections. The study of patients with these rare conditions, and of corresponding animal models, illustrates the importance of intracellular signaling to maintain T cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
31
|
Marsh RA, Filipovich AH. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1238:106-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
32
|
Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections and malignancies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1329-41.e2; quiz 1342-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
33
|
T-cell receptor signals direct the composition and function of the memory CD8+ T-cell pool. Blood 2010; 116:5548-59. [PMID: 20847203 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-292748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) nucleates a signaling complex critical for T-cell receptor (TCR) signal propagation. Mutations in the tyrosines of SLP-76 result in graded defects in TCR-induced signals depending on the tyrosine(s) affected. Here we use 2 strains of genomic knock-in mice expressing tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations to examine the role of TCR signals in the differentiation of effector and memory CD8(+) T cells in response to infection in vivo. Our data support a model in which altered TCR signals can determine the rate of memory versus effector cell differentiation independent of initial T-cell expansion. Furthermore, we show that TCR signals sufficient to promote CD8(+) T-cell differentiation are different from those required to elicit inflammatory cytokine production.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang LX, Li Y, Yang G, Pang PY, Haley D, Walker EB, Urba WJ, Hu HM. CD122+CD8+ Treg suppress vaccine-induced antitumor immune responses in lymphodepleted mice. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1375-85. [PMID: 20186876 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphodeleption prior to adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells greatly improves the clinical efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy for patients with advanced melanoma, and increases the therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines in animal models. Lymphodepletion reduces competition between lymphocytes, and thus creates "space" for enhanced expansion and survival of tumor-specific T cells. Within the lymphodepleted host, Ag-specific T cells still need to compete with other lymphocytes that undergo lymphopenia-driven proliferation. Herein, we describe the relative capacity of naïve T cells, Treg, and NK cells to undergo lymphopenia-driven proliferation. We found that the major population that underwent lymphopenia-driven proliferation was the CD122+ memory-like T-cell population (CD122+CD8+ Treg), and these cells competed with Ag-driven proliferation of melanoma-specific T cells. Removal of CD122+CD8+ Treg resulted in a greater expansion of tumor-specific T cells and tumor infiltration of functional effector/memory T cells. Our results demonstrate the lymphopenia-driven proliferation of CD122+CD8+ Treg in reconstituted lymphodepleted mice limited the antitumor efficacy of DC vaccination in conjunction with adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Andreotti AH, Schwartzberg PL, Joseph RE, Berg LJ. T-cell signaling regulated by the Tec family kinase, Itk. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a002287. [PMID: 20519342 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinases regulate lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. In T cells, the predominant Tec kinase is Itk, which functions downstream of the T-cell receptor to regulate phospholipase C-gamma. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of Itk kinase structure and enzymatic regulation, focusing on Itk protein domain interactions and mechanisms of substrate recognition. We also discuss the role of Itk in the development of conventional versus innate T-cell lineages, including both alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell subsets. Finally, we describe the complex role of Itk signaling in effector T-cell differentiation and the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Together, these data implicate Itk as an important modulator of T-cell signaling and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Andreotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Readinger JA, Mueller KL, Venegas AM, Horai R, Schwartzberg PL. Tec kinases regulate T-lymphocyte development and function: new insights into the roles of Itk and Rlk/Txk. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:93-114. [PMID: 19290923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Tec (tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases consists of five members: Tec, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk/Txk), and bone marrow-expressed kinase (Bmx/Etk). Although their functions are probably best understood in antigen receptor signaling, where they participate in the phosphorylation and regulation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), it is now appreciated that these kinases contribute to signaling from many receptors and that they participate in multiple downstream pathways, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In T cells, three Tec kinases are expressed, Itk, Rlk/Txk, and Tec. Itk is expressed at highest amounts and plays the major role in regulating signaling from the T-cell receptor. Recent studies provide evidence that these kinases contribute to multiple aspects of T-cell biology and have unique roles in T-cell development that have revealed new insight into the regulation of conventional and innate T-cell development. We review new findings on the Tec kinases with a focus on their roles in T-cell development and mature T-cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Readinger
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Prince AL, Yin CC, Enos ME, Felices M, Berg LJ. The Tec kinases Itk and Rlk regulate conventional versus innate T-cell development. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:115-31. [PMID: 19290924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tec family kinases are important components of antigen receptor signaling pathways in B cells, T cells, and mast cells. In T cells, three members of this family, inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk), and Tec, are expressed. In the absence of Itk and Rlk, T-cell receptor signaling is impaired, with defects in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, Ca(2+) mobilization, and actin polymerization. During T-cell development in the thymus, no role has been found for these kinases in the CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T-cell lineage decision; however, several studies indicate that Itk and Rlk contribute to the signaling leading to positive and negative selection. In addition, we and others have recently described an important role for Itk and Rlk in the development of conventional as opposed to innate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Natural killer T and gammadelta T-cell populations are also altered in Itk- and Rlk/Itk-deficient mice. These findings strongly suggest that the strength of T-cell receptor signaling during development determines whether T cells mature into conventional versus innate lymphocyte lineages. This lineage decision is also influenced by signaling via signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors. Here we discuss these two signaling pathways that each contribute to conventional versus innate T-cell lineage commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachussets Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sahu N, Mueller C, Fischer A, August A. Differential sensitivity to Itk kinase signals for T helper 2 cytokine production and chemokine-mediated migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3833-8. [PMID: 18322190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is dependent on chemokine-mediated Th2 cell migration and Th2 cytokine secretion into the lungs. The inducible T cell tyrosine kinase Itk regulates the production of Th2 cytokines as well as migration in response to chemokine gradients. Mice lacking Itk are resistant to developing allergic asthma. However, the role of kinase activity of Itk in the development of this disease is unclear. In addition, whether distinct Itk-derived signals lead to T cell migration and secretion of Th2 cytokines is also unknown. Using transgenic mice specifically lacking Itk kinase activity, we show that active kinase signaling is required for control of Th2 responses and development of allergic asthma. Moreover, dominant suppression of kinase Itk activity led to normal Th2 responses, but significantly reduced chemokine-mediated migration, resulting in prevention of allergic asthma. These observations indicate that signals required for Th2 responses and migration are differentially sensitive to Itk activity. Manipulation of Itk's activity can thus provide a new strategy to treat allergic asthma by differentially affecting migration of T cells into the lungs, leaving Th2 responses intact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisebita Sahu
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Endogenous galectin-1 enforces class I-restricted TCR functional fate decisions in thymocytes. Blood 2008; 112:120-30. [PMID: 18323414 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During thymocyte development, the T-cell receptor (TCR) can discriminate major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide ligands over a narrow range of affinities and translate subtle differences into functional fate decisions. How small differences in TCR input are translated into absolute differences in functional output is unclear. We examined the effects of galectin-1 ablation in the context of class-I-restricted thymocyte development. Galectin-1 expression opposed TCR partial agonist-driven positive selection, but promoted TCR agonist-driven negative selection of conventional CD8(+) T cells. Galectin-1 expression also promoted TCR agonist-driven CD8alphaalpha intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) development. Recombinant galectin-1 enhanced TCR binding to agonist/MHC complexes and promoted a negative-selection-signaling signature, reflected in intensified rapid and transient extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. In contrast, galectin-1 expression antagonized ERK activity in thymocytes undergoing positive selection. We propose that galectin-1 aids in discriminating TCR-directed fate decisions by promoting TCR binding to agonist/MHC complexes and enforcing agonist-driven signals, while opposing partial-agonist signals. In this way, galectin-1 widens the distinction between TCR-directed functional fate cues.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hu J, Sahu N, Walsh E, August A. Memory phenotype CD8+ T cells with innate function selectively develop in the absence of active Itk. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2892-9. [PMID: 17724684 PMCID: PMC2770953 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells with a memory-like phenotype and possessing innate immune function have been previously identified as CD8(+)CD44(hi) cells. These cells rapidly secrete IFN-gamma upon stimulation with IL-12/IL-18 and are involved in innate responses to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. The signals regulating these cells are unclear. The Tec kinase Itk regulates T cell activation and we report here that a majority of the CD8(+) T cells in Itk null mice have a phenotype of CD44(hi) similar to memory-like innate T cells. These cells are observed in mice carrying an Itk mutant lacking the kinase domain, indicating that active Tec kinase signaling suppresses their presence. These cells carry preformed message for and are able to rapidly produce IFN-gamma upon stimulation in vitro with IL-12/IL-18, and endow Itk null mice the ability to effectively respond to infection with L. monocytogenes or exposure to lipopolysaccharides by secretion of IFN-gamma. Transfer of these cells rescues the ability of IFN-gamma null mice to reduce bacterial burden following L. monocytogenes infection, indicating that these cells are functional CD8(+)CD44(hi) T cells previously detected in vivo. These results indicate that active signals from Tec kinases regulate the development of memory-like CD8(+) T cells with innate function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Hu
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Immunology & Infectious Disease Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nisebita Sahu
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Elizabeth Walsh
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Avery August
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Au-Yeung BB, Fowell DJ. A key role for Itk in both IFN gamma and IL-4 production by NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:111-9. [PMID: 17579028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells rapidly secrete cytokines upon TCR stimulation and thus may modulate the acquired immune response. Recent studies suggest that signaling for development and effector function in NKT cells may differ from conventional T cells. The tyrosine kinase Itk is activated downstream of the TCR, and its absence in CD4(+) T cells results in impaired Th2, but not Th1 responses. In this study, we investigated NKT cell function in the absence of Itk as impaired type 2 responses in vivo could be manifest through IL-4 defects in a number of cell types. We show that Itk-deficient NKT cells up-regulate IL-4 mRNA in the thymus and express constitutive IL-4 and IFN-gamma transcripts in peripheral organs. Thus, Itk is not required for the developmental activation of cytokine loci in NKT cells. Nevertheless, Itk-deficient NKT cells are severely impaired in IL-4 protein production. Strikingly, unlike conventional CD4(+) T cells, Itk-deficient NKT cells also have profound defects in IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, both IL-4 and IFN-gamma production were markedly impaired following in vivo challenge with alpha-galactosyl ceramide. Function can be restored in Itk-deficient NKT cells by provision of calcium signals using ionomycin. These results suggest that NKT cells are highly dependent on Itk for IL-4- and IFN-gamma-mediated effector function. Thus, the pattern of cytokine genes that are affected by Itk deficiency appears to be cell lineage-specific, likely reflecting differences in activation threshold between immune effectors. The severe defect in NKT cell function may underlie a number of the Th1 and Th2 immune defects in Itk-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Au-Yeung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Khurana D, Arneson LN, Schoon RA, Dick CJ, Leibson PJ. Differential regulation of human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the tyrosine kinase Itk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3575-82. [PMID: 17339454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are effector lymphocytes that can recognize and eliminate virally infected and transformed cells. NK cells express distinct activating receptors, including an ITAM-containing FcR complex that recognizes Ab-coated targets, and the DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa-containing NKG2D receptor complex that recognizes stress-induced ligands. The regulatory role of specific tyrosine kinases in these pathways is incompletely understood. In this study, we show that, in activated human NK cells, the tyrosine kinase IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk), differentially regulates distinct NK-activating receptors. Enhanced expression of Itk leads to increases in calcium mobilization, granule release, and cytotoxicity upon stimulation of the ITAM-containing FcR, suggesting that Itk positively regulates FcR-initiated cytotoxicity. In contrast, enhanced Itk expression decreases cytotoxicity and granule release downstream of the DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa-containing NKG2D receptor, suggesting that Itk is involved in a pathway of negative regulation of NKG2D-initiated granule-mediated killing. Using a kinase mutant, we show that the catalytic activity of Itk is required for both the positive and negative regulation of these pathways. Complementary experiments where Itk expression was suppressed also showed differential regulation of the two pathways. These findings suggest that Itk plays a complex role in regulating the functions initiated by distinct NK cell-activating receptors. Moreover, understanding how these pathways may be differentially regulated has relevance in the setting of autoimmune diseases and antitumor immune responses where NK cells play key regulatory roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Khurana
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The Tec family of tyrosine kinases consists of five members (Itk, Rlk, Tec, Btk, and Bmx) that are expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. The exceptions, Tec and Bmx, are also found in endothelial cells. Tec kinases constitute the second largest family of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. While B cells express Btk and Tec, and T cells express Itk, Rlk, and Tec, all four of these kinases (Btk, Itk, Rlk, and Tec) can be detected in mast cells. This chapter will focus on the biochemical and cell biological data that have been accumulated regarding Itk, Rlk, Btk, and Tec. In particular, distinctions between the different Tec kinase family members will be highlighted, with a goal of providing insight into the unique functions of each kinase. The known functions of Tec kinases in T cell and mast cell signaling will then be described, with a particular focus on T cell receptor and mast cell Fc epsilon RI signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felices
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kosaka Y, Felices M, Berg LJ. Itk and Th2 responses: action but no reaction. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:453-60. [PMID: 16931156 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinase, Itk, was initially characterized as a crucial component of T-cell receptor signaling pathways resulting in phospholipase C-gamma1 activation and actin polymerization. In 1999, a seminal report by Fowell, Locksley and colleagues demonstrated that, in CD4+ T cells, Itk-dependent signals are differentially required for T-helper (Th)2 versus Th1 differentiation and effector function. These findings launched a series of in vitro and in vivo studies addressing the molecular defects of Itk-/- CD4+ T cells, and the impaired immune responses of intact Itk-deficient mice. While demonstrating a bias against Th2 differentiation, overall these experiments have indicated that the most significant failing is an inability of Itk-/- CD4+ T cells to produce Th2 cytokines in a recall response, rather than an absolute defect in Th2 differentiation by T cells lacking Itk. In this review, we discuss the pathways by which Itk might impact the differentiation of Th cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|