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Zhao L, Shen C, Xie S, Zhou J, Zhang H, Zhu H, Li Y, Gao S. The role and mechanism of myeloperoxidase in dermatomyositis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110803. [PMID: 37625367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatomyositis (DM) is the best known subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. The hallmarks of DM muscle pathology including microangiopathy, inflammatory infiltration, and perifascicular atrophy. Recent findings have revealed pathogenetic effects of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by causing oxidative damage and regulating abnormal immunity in multiple disease conditions. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of MPO in the pathogenesis of DM. METHODS The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mRNA expression and DNA methylation of MPO were verified using real-time qPCR and bisulfite pyrosequencing, respectively. Plasma MPO levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their relationships with clinical characteristics were analyzed. The expression and distribution of MPO in muscle were tested by immunofluorescence. Purified human native MPO protein was used to stimulate human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and skeletal muscle myotubes. The cell viability, tube forming capacity, permeability, adhesion molecule expressions in HDMECs, and atrophy and programmed cell death pathways in myotubes were then observed. RESULTS MPO gene methylation was decreased, while mRNA expression and plasma levels were increased in DM. Plasma MPO of DM patients was positively correlated with serum creatine kinase (CK). MPO mainly distributed around endomysia capillaries and perifascicular atrophy in DM muscle biopsies, and was co-localized with CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. MPO not only could influence the cell viability, tube forming capacity, permeability and expression of adhesion molecules (including ICAM 1, VCAM 1 and E-selectin) of HDMECs, but also could cause atrophy of myotubes. CONCLUSIONS Our study disclosed, for the first time, that MPO plays an important role in promoting inflammatory infiltration and inducing muscle damage in DM patients. MPO may be a potential biomarker for DM muscle involvement and MPO targeted drugs may be promising in DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Chuyu Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shasha Xie
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Junyu Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Siming Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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2
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van Leeuwen E, Hampton MB, Smyth LCD. Hypothiocyanous Acid Disrupts the Barrier Function of Brain Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040608. [PMID: 35453292 PMCID: PMC9030776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature of neurological diseases. During neuroinflammation, neutrophils are recruited to the brain vasculature, where myeloperoxidase can produce hypochlorous acid and the less well-studied oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). In this study, we exposed primary brain endothelial cells (BECs) to HOSCN and observed a rapid loss of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) at sublethal concentrations. Decreased barrier function was associated with a loss of tight junctions at cellular contacts and a concomitant loss of dynamic microtubules. Both tight junction and cytoskeletal disruptions were visible within 30 min of exposure, whereas significant loss of TEER took more than 1 h. The removal of the HOSCN after 30 min prevented subsequent barrier dysfunction. These results indicate that BECs are sensitive to HOSCN, resulting in the eventual loss of barrier function. We hypothesise that this mechanism may be relevant in neutrophil transmigration, with HOSCN facilitating blood–brain barrier opening at the sites of egress. Furthermore, this mechanism may be a way through which neutrophils, residing in the vasculature, can influence neuroinflammation in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline van Leeuwen
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (E.v.L.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (E.v.L.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Leon C. D. Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (E.v.L.); (M.B.H.)
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-378-6225
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Miyabe Y, Kobayashi Y, Fukuchi M, Saga A, Moritoki Y, Saga T, Akuthota P, Ueki S. Eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the absence of eosinophilia. Asia Pac Allergy 2021; 11:e30. [PMID: 34386406 PMCID: PMC8331253 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of eosinophil levels is a hallmark of type-2 inflammation. Blood eosinophil counts act as a convenient biomarker for asthma phenotyping and the selection of biologics, and they are even used as a prognostic factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, the circulating eosinophil count does not always reflect tissue eosinophilia and vice versa. The mismatch of blood and tissue eosinophilia can be seen in various clinical settings. For example, blood eosinophil levels in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia are often within normal range despite the marked symptoms and increased number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies using immunostaining for eosinophil granule proteins have revealed the extracellular deposition of granule proteins coincident with pathological conditions, even in the absence of a significant eosinophil infiltrate. The marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins in tissue is often associated with cytolytic degranulation. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) is a major mechanism of cytolysis. Cytolytic ETosis is a total cell degranulation in which cytoplasmic and nuclear contents, including DNA and histones that act as alarmins, are also released. In the present review, eosinophil-mediated inflammation in such mismatch conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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6
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El Kazzi M, Rayner BS, Chami B, Dennis JM, Thomas SR, Witting PK. Neutrophil-Mediated Cardiac Damage After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Significance of Defining a New Target Cell Type for Developing Cardioprotective Drugs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:689-712. [PMID: 32517486 PMCID: PMC7475094 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Post-AMI survival rates have increased with the introduction of angioplasty as a primary coronary intervention. However, reperfusion after angioplasty represents a clinical paradox, restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium while simultaneously inducing ion and metabolic imbalances that stimulate immune cell recruitment and activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and damaging oxidant production. Recent Advances: Preclinical data indicate that these metabolic imbalances contribute to subsequent heart failure through sustaining local recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte death, and coronary microvascular disturbances, which enhance adverse cardiac remodeling. Both left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure are strongly linked to inflammation and immune cell recruitment to the damaged myocardium. Critical Issues: Overall, therapeutic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents identified in preclinical trials have failed in clinical trials. Future Directions: The versatile neutrophil-derived heme enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), is gaining attention as an important oxidative mediator of reperfusion injury, vascular dysfunction, adverse ventricular remodeling, and atrial fibrillation. Accordingly, there is interest in therapeutically targeting neutrophils and MPO activity in the setting of heart failure. Herein, we discuss the role of post-AMI inflammation linked to myocardial damage and heart failure, describe previous trials targeting inflammation and oxidative stress post-AMI, highlight the potential adverse impact of neutrophil and MPO, and detail therapeutic options available to target MPO clinically in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary El Kazzi
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Belal Chami
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Marie Dennis
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shane Ross Thomas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Kenneth Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Guo C, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Role of thiocyanate in the modulation of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant induced damage to macrophages. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101666. [PMID: 32781424 PMCID: PMC7417949 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a vital component of the innate immune system, which produces the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to kill invading pathogens. However, an overproduction of HOCl during chronic inflammatory conditions causes damage to host cells, which promotes disease, including atherosclerosis. As such, there is increasing interest in the use of thiocyanate (SCN-) therapeutically to decrease inflammatory disease, as SCN- is the favoured substrate for MPO, and a potent competitive inhibitor of HOCl formation. Use of SCN- by MPO forms hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), which can be less damaging to mammalian cells. In this study, we examined the ability of SCN- to modulate damage to macrophages induced by HOCl, which is relevant to lesion formation in atherosclerosis. Addition of SCN- prevented HOCl-mediated cell death, altered the extent and nature of thiol oxidation and the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases. These changes were dependent on the concentration of SCN- and were observed in some cases, at a sub-stoichiometric ratio of SCN-: HOCl. Co-treatment with SCN- also modulated HOCl-induced perturbations in the expression of various antioxidant and inflammatory genes. In general, the data reflect the conversion of HOCl to HOSCN, which can induce reversible modifications that are repairable by cells. However, our data also highlight the ability of HOSCN to increase pro-inflammatory gene expression and cytokine/chemokine release, which may be relevant to the use of SCN- therapeutically in atherosclerosis. Overall, this study provides further insight into the cellular pathways by which SCN- could exert protective effects on supplementation to decrease the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaorui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.
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8
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Love DT, Guo C, Nikelshparg EI, Brazhe NA, Sosnovtseva O, Hawkins CL. The role of the myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) in the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101602. [PMID: 32570189 PMCID: PMC7315103 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A host of chronic inflammatory diseases are accelerated by the formation of the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) by myeloperoxidase (MPO). In the presence of thiocyanate (SCN-), the production of HOCl by MPO is decreased in favour of the formation of a milder oxidant, hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). The role of HOSCN in disease has not been fully elucidated, though there is increasing interest in using SCN- therapeutically in different disease settings. Unlike HOCl, HOSCN can be detoxified by thioredoxin reductase, and reacts selectively with thiols to result in reversible modifications, which could potentially reduce the extent of MPO-induced damage during chronic inflammation. In this study, we show that exposure of macrophages, a key inflammatory cell type, to HOSCN results in the reversible modification of multiple mitochondrial proteins, leading to increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, decreased oxidative phosphorylation and reduced formation of ATP. The increased permeability and reduction in ATP could be reversed by pre-treatment of the macrophages with cyclosporine A, implicating a role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. HOSCN also drives cells to utilise fatty acids as an energetic substrate after the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Raman imaging studies highlighted the ability of HOSCN to perturb the electron transport chain of mitochondria and redistribute these organelles within the cell. Taken together, these data provide new insight into the pathways by which HOSCN can induce cytotoxicity and cellular damage, which may have relevance for the development of inflammatory disease, and therapeutic strategies to reduce HOCl-induced damage by supplementation with SCN-. HOSCN induces the oxidation of mitochondrial thiol proteins and cytochromes. HOSCN alters mitochondrial permeability and ATP production via MPTP formation. HOSCN increases the capacity of cells to use fatty acids as an energetic substrate. Raman imaging shows redistribution of mitochondria after cell exposure to HOSCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T Love
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chaorui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Evelina I Nikelshparg
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Brazhe
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Sosnovtseva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
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9
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. The Role of Myeloperoxidase in Biomolecule Modification, Chronic Inflammation, and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:957-981. [PMID: 31989833 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by activated leukocytes is critical in innate immune responses. MPO produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and other strong oxidants, which kill bacteria and other invading pathogens. However, MPO also drives the development of numerous chronic inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, cancer, and kidney disease, which are globally responsible for significant patient mortality and morbidity. Recent Advances: The development of imaging approaches to precisely identify the localization of MPO and the molecular targets of HOCl in vivo is an important advance, as typically the involvement of MPO in inflammatory disease has been inferred by its presence, together with the detection of biomarkers of HOCl, in biological fluids or diseased tissues. This will provide valuable information in regard to the cell types responsible for releasing MPO in vivo, together with new insight into potential therapeutic opportunities. Critical Issues: Although there is little doubt as to the value of MPO inhibition as a protective strategy to mitigate tissue damage during chronic inflammation in experimental models, the impact of long-term inhibition of MPO as a therapeutic strategy for human disease remains uncertain, in light of the potential effects on innate immunity. Future Directions: The development of more targeted MPO inhibitors or a treatment regimen designed to reduce MPO-associated host tissue damage without compromising pathogen killing by the innate immune system is therefore an important future direction. Similarly, a partial MPO inhibition strategy may be sufficient to maintain adequate bacterial activity while decreasing the propagation of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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10
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The science of licking your wounds: Function of oxidants in the innate immune system. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:451-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Reyes L, Hawkins CL, Rayner BS. Characterization of the cellular effects of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants on H9c2 cardiac myoblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 665:132-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Vanhamme L, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. The other myeloperoxidase: Emerging functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:1-14. [PMID: 29614255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family. It is mainly expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. As a catalyzer of reactive oxidative species and radical species formation, it contributes to neutrophil bactericidal activity. Nevertheless MPO invalidation does not seem to have major health consequences in affected individuals. This suggests that MPO might have alternative functions supporting its conservation during evolution. We will review the available data supporting these non-canonical functions in terms of tissue specific expression, function and enzymatic activity. Thus, we discuss its cell type specific expression. We review in between others its roles in angiogenesis, endothelial (dys-) function, immune reaction, and inflammation. We summarize its pathological actions in clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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A pivotal role for NF-κB in the macrophage inflammatory response to the myeloperoxidase oxidant hypothiocyanous acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 642:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Roig C, Daemen M, Lutgens E, Soehnlein O, Hartwig H. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:121-7. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial wall and the continuous infiltration of leukocytes into the plaque enhances the progression of the lesion. Because of the scarce detection of neutrophils in atherosclerotic plaques compared to other immune cells, their contribution was largely neglected. However, in the last years studies have accumulated pointing towards the contribution of neutrophils to atherogenesis. In addition, studies are emerging implying a role for neutrophils in advanced atherosclerosis and/or plaque destabilization. Thus, this brief review delivers an overview of the role of neutrophils during early and late stage atherosclerosis.
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15
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Diny NL, Rose NR, Čiháková D. Eosinophils in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:484. [PMID: 28496445 PMCID: PMC5406413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation. Their role in asthma and parasitic infections has long been recognized. Growing evidence now reveals a role for eosinophils in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the function of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel diseases, neuromyelitis optica, bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune myocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other autoimmune diseases. Clinical studies, eosinophil-targeted therapies, and experimental models have contributed to our understanding of the regulation and function of eosinophils in these diseases. By examining the role of eosinophils in autoimmune diseases of different organs, we can identify common pathogenic mechanisms. These include degranulation of cytotoxic granule proteins, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, release of proteases degrading extracellular matrix, immune modulation through cytokines, antigen presentation, and prothrombotic functions. The association of eosinophilic diseases with autoimmune diseases is also examined, showing a possible increase in autoimmune diseases in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and non-allergic asthma. Finally, we summarize key future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel R Rose
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Love DT, Barrett TJ, White MY, Cordwell SJ, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Cellular targets of the myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) and its role in the inhibition of glycolysis in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 94:88-98. [PMID: 26898502 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) released at sites of inflammation catalyzes the formation of the oxidants hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) from H2O2 and halide and pseudo-halide ions. HOCl, a major oxidant produced under physiological conditions reacts rapidly with many biological molecules, and is strongly linked with tissue damage during inflammatory disease. The role of HOSCN in disease is less clear, though it can initiate cellular damage by pathways involving the selective oxidation of thiol-containing proteins. Utilizing a thiol-specific proteomic approach, we explored the cellular targets of HOSCN in macrophages (J774A.1). We report that multiple thiol-containing proteins involved in metabolism and glycolysis; fructose bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and creatine kinase, together with a number of chaperone, antioxidant and structural proteins, were modified in a reversible manner in macrophages treated with HOSCN. The modification of the metabolic enzymes was associated with a decrease in basal glycolysis, glycolytic reserve, glycolytic capacity and lactate release, which was only partly reversible on further incubation in the absence of HOSCN. Inhibition of glycolysis preceded cell death and was seen in cells exposed to low concentrations (≤25µM) of HOSCN. The ability of HOSCN to inhibit glycolysis and perturb energy production is likely to contribute to the cell death seen in macrophages on further incubation after the initial treatment period, which may be relevant for the propagation of inflammatory disease in smokers, who have elevated plasma levels of the HOSCN precursor, thiocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T Love
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St., Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St., Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Melanie Y White
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St., Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St., Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for killing bacteria and other microorganisms, and they also have a significant role in regulating the inflammatory response. Stimulated neutrophils activate their NADPH oxidase (NOX2) to generate large amounts of superoxide, which acts as a precursor of hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species that are generated by their heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. When neutrophils engulf bacteria they enclose them in small vesicles (phagosomes) into which superoxide is released by activated NOX2 on the internalized neutrophil membrane. The superoxide dismutates to hydrogen peroxide, which is used by myeloperoxidase to generate other oxidants, including the highly microbicidal species hypochlorous acid. NOX activation occurs at other sites in the cell, where it is considered to have a regulatory function. Neutrophils also release oxidants, which can modify extracellular targets and affect the function of neighboring cells. We discuss the identity and chemical properties of the specific oxidants produced by neutrophils in different situations, and what is known about oxidative mechanisms of microbial killing, inflammatory tissue damage, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
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18
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Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Hendry-Hofer TB, Loader JE, Claycomb WC, Mozziconacci O, Schöneich C, Reisdorph N, Powell RL, Chandler JD, Day BJ, Veress LA, White CW. Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase. A critical target in chlorine inhalation-induced cardiotoxicity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:492-502. [PMID: 25188881 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0005oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autopsy specimens from human victims or experimental animals that die due to acute chlorine gas exposure present features of cardiovascular pathology. We demonstrate acute chlorine inhalation-induced reduction in heart rate and oxygen saturation in rats. Chlorine inhalation elevated chlorine reactants, such as chlorotyrosine and chloramine, in blood plasma. Using heart tissue and primary cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that acute high-concentration chlorine exposure in vivo (500 ppm for 30 min) caused decreased total ATP content and loss of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity. Loss of SERCA activity was attributed to chlorination of tyrosine residues and oxidation of an important cysteine residue, cysteine-674, in SERCA, as demonstrated by immunoblots and mass spectrometry. Using cardiomyocytes, we found that chlorine-induced cell death and damage to SERCA could be decreased by thiocyanate, an important biological antioxidant, and by genetic SERCA2 overexpression. We also investigated a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, ranolazine, used in treatment of cardiac diseases, and previously shown to stabilize SERCA in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion. Pretreatment with ranolazine or istaroxime, another SERCA activator, prevented chlorine-induced cardiomyocyte death. Further investigation of responsible mechanisms showed that ranolazine- and istaroxime-treated cells preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP after chlorine exposure. Thus, these studies demonstrate a novel critical target for chlorine in the heart and identify potentially useful therapies to mitigate toxicity of acute chlorine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- 1 Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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19
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Chandler JD, Min E, Huang J, McElroy CS, Dickerhof N, Mocatta T, Fletcher AA, Evans CM, Liang L, Patel M, Kettle AJ, Nichols DP, Day BJ. Antiinflammatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Thiocyanate in a Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:193-205. [PMID: 25490247 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0208oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN) is used by the innate immune system, but less is known about its impact on inflammation and oxidative stress. Granulocytes oxidize SCN to evolve the bactericidal hypothiocyanous acid, which we previously demonstrated is metabolized by mammalian, but not bacterial, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). There is also evidence that SCN is dysregulated in cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease marked by chronic infection and airway inflammation. To investigate antiinflammatory effects of SCN, we administered nebulized SCN or saline to β epithelial sodium channel (βENaC) mice, a phenotypic CF model. SCN significantly decreased airway neutrophil infiltrate and restored the redox ratio of glutathione in lung tissue and airway epithelial lining fluid to levels comparable to wild type. Furthermore, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected βENaC and wild-type mice, SCN decreased inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines, and bacterial load. SCN also decreased airway neutrophil chemokine keratinocyte chemoattractant (also known as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1) and glutathione sulfonamide, a biomarker of granulocyte oxidative activity, in uninfected βENaC mice. Lung tissue TrxR activity and expression increased in inflamed lung tissue, providing in vivo evidence for the link between hypothiocyanous acid metabolism by TrxR and the promotion of selective biocide of pathogens. SCN treatment both suppressed inflammation and improved host defense, suggesting that nebulized SCN may have important therapeutic utility in diseases of both chronic airway inflammation and persistent bacterial infection, such as CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Chandler
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,Departments of 2 Medicine and
| | | | | | - Cameron S McElroy
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,Departments of 2 Medicine and
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- 3 Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tessa Mocatta
- 3 Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ashley A Fletcher
- 4 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher M Evans
- 4 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Anthony J Kettle
- 3 Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David P Nichols
- Departments of 2 Medicine and.,5 Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Brian J Day
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,Departments of 2 Medicine and
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20
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Abstract
The cysteine (Cys) proteome is a major component of the adaptive interface between the genome and the exposome. The thiol moiety of Cys undergoes a range of biologic modifications enabling biological switching of structure and reactivity. These biological modifications include sulfenylation and disulfide formation, formation of higher oxidation states, S-nitrosylation, persulfidation, metalation, and other modifications. Extensive knowledge about these systems and their compartmentalization now provides a foundation to develop advanced integrative models of Cys proteome regulation. In particular, detailed understanding of redox signaling pathways and sensing networks is becoming available to allow the discrimination of network structures. This research focuses attention on the need for atlases of Cys modifications to develop systems biology models. Such atlases will be especially useful for integrative studies linking the Cys proteome to imaging and other omics platforms, providing a basis for improved redox-based therapeutics. Thus, a framework is emerging to place the Cys proteome as a complement to the quantitative proteome in the omics continuum connecting the genome to the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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21
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Chandler JD, Day BJ. Biochemical mechanisms and therapeutic potential of pseudohalide thiocyanate in human health. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:695-710. [PMID: 25564094 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.1003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN(-)) is a ubiquitous molecule in mammalian biology, reaching up to mM concentrations in extracellular fluids. Two- electron oxidation of SCN(-) by H2O2 produces hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent anti-microbial species. This reaction is catalyzed by chordate peroxidases (e.g., myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase), occurring in human secretory mucosa, including the oral cavity, airway, and alimentary tract, and regulates resident and transient flora as part of innate immunity. Increasing SCN(-) levels limits the concentrations of a family of 2-electron oxidants (H2O2, hypohalous acids, and haloamines) in favor of HOSCN formation, altering the oxidative impact on host tissue by substitution of repairable thiol and selenol oxidations instead of biomolecule degradation. This fine-tuning of inflammatory oxidation paradoxically associates with maintained host defense and decreased host injury during infections, due in part to phylogenetic differences in the thioredoxin reductase system between mammals and their pathogens. These differences could be exploited by pharmacologic use of SCN(-). Recent preclinical studies have identified anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects of SCN(-) in pulmonary and cardiovascular animal models, with implications for treatment of infectious lung disease and atherogenesis. Further research is merited to expand on these findings and identify other diseases where SCN(-) may be of use. High oral bioavailability and an increased knowledge of the biochemical effects of SCN(-) on a subset of pro-inflammatory reactions suggest clinical utility.
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22
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Pálinkás Z, Furtmüller PG, Nagy A, Jakopitsch C, Pirker KF, Magierowski M, Jasnos K, Wallace JL, Obinger C, Nagy P. Interactions of hydrogen sulfide with myeloperoxidase. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1516-32. [PMID: 24824874 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The actions of hydrogen sulfide in human physiology have been extensively studied and, although it is an essential mediator of many biological functions, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its actions are ill-defined. To elucidate the roles of sulfide in inflammation, we have investigated its interactions with human myeloperoxidase (MPO), a major contributor to inflammatory oxidative stress. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The interactions of sulfide and MPO were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance, electronic circular dichroism, UV-vis and stopped-flow spectroscopies. KEY RESULTS We found favourable reactions between sulfide and the native-ferric enzyme as well as the MPO redox intermediates, ferrous MPO, compound I and compound II. Sulfide was a potent reversible inhibitor of MPO enzymic activity with an IC50 of 1 µM. In addition, the measured second-order rate constants for the reactions of sulfide with compound I [k = (1.1 ± 0.06) × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)] and compound II [k = (2.0 ± 0.03) × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)] suggest that sulfide is a potential substrate for MPO in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Endogenous levels of sulfide are likely to inhibit the activity of circulating and endothelium-bound MPO. The fully reversible inhibition suggests a mediatory role of sulfide on the oxidant-producing function of the enzyme. Furthermore, the efficient HOCl oxidation of sulfide to give polysulfides (recently recognized as important components of sulfide biology) together with MPO-catalysed sulfide oxidation and the lack of interaction between MPO and sulfide oxidation products, predict a modulatory role of MPO in sulfide signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Pálinkás
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Adam M, Gajdova S, Kolarova H, Kubala L, Lau D, Geisler A, Ravekes T, Rudolph V, Tsao PS, Blankenberg S, Baldus S, Klinke A. Red blood cells serve as intravascular carriers of myeloperoxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:353-63. [PMID: 24976018 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme enzyme abundantly expressed in polymorphonuclear neutrophils. MPO is enzymatically capable of catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the consumption of nitric oxide (NO). Thus MPO has both potent microbicidal and, upon binding to the vessel wall, pro-inflammatory properties. Interestingly, MPO - a highly cationic protein - has been shown to bind to both endothelial cells and leukocyte membranes. Given the anionic surface charge of red blood cells, we investigated binding of MPO to erythrocytes. Red blood cells (RBCs) derived from patients with elevated MPO plasma levels showed significantly higher amounts of MPO by flow cytometry and ELISA than healthy controls. Heparin-induced MPO-release from patient-derived RBCs was significantly increased compared to controls. Ex vivo experiments revealed dose and time dependency for MPO-RBC binding, and immunofluorescence staining as well as confocal microscopy localized MPO-RBC interaction to the erythrocyte plasma membrane. NO-consumption by RBC-membrane fragments (erythrocyte "ghosts") increased with incrementally greater concentrations of MPO during incubation, indicating preserved catalytic MPO activity. In vivo infusion of MPO-loaded RBCs into C57BL/6J mice increased local MPO tissue concentrations in liver, spleen, lung, and heart tissue as well as within the cardiac vasculature. Further, NO-dependent relaxation of aortic rings was altered by RBC bound-MPO and systemic vascular resistance significantly increased after infusion of MPO-loaded RBCs into mice. In summary, we find that MPO binds to RBC membranes in vitro and in vivo, is transported by RBCs to remote sites in mice, and affects endothelial function as well as systemic vascular resistance. RBCs may avidly bind circulating MPO, and act as carriers of this leukocyte-derived enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Adam
- Stanford University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Silvie Gajdova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center-CBCE, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denise Lau
- University of Hamburg, Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Geisler
- University of Hamburg, Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorben Ravekes
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Rudolph
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Stanford University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- University of Hamburg, Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Klinke
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Rayner BS, Love DT, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:240-255. [PMID: 24632382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is an important heme enzyme released by activated leukocytes that catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with halide and pseudo-halide ions to form various hypohalous acids. Hypohalous acids are chemical oxidants that have potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties and, as such, play key roles in the human immune system. However, increasing evidence supports an alternative role for myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants in the development of disease. Excessive production of hypohalous acids, particularly during chronic inflammation, leads to the initiation and accumulation of cellular damage that has been implicated in many human pathologies including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, inflammatory cancers, and kidney disease. This has sparked a significant interest in developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant-induced mammalian cell damage. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the cellular reactivity of hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, the major oxidants produced by myeloperoxidase under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Rayner
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominic T Love
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
Experimental and clinical data strongly support a role for the eosinophil in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic and parasitic diseases, and hypereosinophilic syndromes, in addition to more recently identified immunomodulatory roles in shaping innate host defense, adaptive immunity, tissue repair/remodeling, and maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. A seminal finding was the dependence of allergic airway inflammation on eosinophil-induced recruitment of Th2-polarized effector T-cells to the lung, providing a missing link between these innate immune effectors (eosinophils) and adaptive T-cell responses. Eosinophils come equipped with preformed enzymatic and nonenzymatic cationic proteins, stored in and selectively secreted from their large secondary (specific) granules. These proteins contribute to the functions of the eosinophil in airway inflammation, tissue damage, and remodeling in the asthmatic diathesis. Studies using eosinophil-deficient mouse models, including eosinophil-derived granule protein double knock-out mice (major basic protein-1/eosinophil peroxidase dual gene deletion) show that eosinophils are required for all major hallmarks of asthma pathophysiology: airway epithelial damage and hyperreactivity, and airway remodeling including smooth muscle hyperplasia and subepithelial fibrosis. Here we review key molecular aspects of these eosinophil-derived granule proteins in terms of structure-function relationships to advance understanding of their roles in eosinophil cell biology, molecular biology, and immunobiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ravi Acharya
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom and
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
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26
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Lloyd MM, Grima MA, Rayner BS, Hadfield KA, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of the myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants hypochlorous acid and hypothiocyanous acid with human coronary artery endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1352-1362. [PMID: 24120969 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the immune response, hypohalous acids are generated by activated leukocytes via the release of myeloperoxidase and the formation of H2O2. Although these oxidants have important bactericidal properties, they have also been implicated in causing tissue damage in inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) are the major oxidants formed by myeloperoxidase under physiological conditions, with the ratio of these oxidants dependent on diet and smoking status. HOCl is highly reactive and causes marked cellular damage, but few data are available on the effects of HOSCN on mammalian cells. In this study, we have compared the actions of HOCl and HOSCN on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). HOCl reacts rapidly with the cells, resulting in extensive cell death by both apoptosis and necrosis, with necrosis dominating at higher oxidant doses. In contrast, HOSCN is consumed more slowly, with cell death occurring only by apoptosis. Exposure of HCAEC to HOCl and HOSCN induces changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability, which, in the case of HOSCN, is associated with mitochondrial release of proapoptotic factors, including cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, and endonuclease G. With each oxidant, apoptosis appears to be caspase-independent, with the inactivation of caspases 3/7 observed, and pretreatment of the cells with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk having no effect on the extent of cell death. Loss of cellular thiols, depletion of glutathione, and the inactivation of thiol-dependent enzymes, including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were seen with both oxidants, though to a much greater extent with HOCl. The ability of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants to induce endothelial cell apoptosis may contribute to the formation of unstable lesions in atherosclerosis. The results with HOSCN may be particularly significant for smokers, who have elevated plasma levels of SCN(-), the precursor of this oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M Lloyd
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Michael A Grima
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Rayner
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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27
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Chandler JD, Nichols DP, Nick JA, Hondal RJ, Day BJ. Selective metabolism of hypothiocyanous acid by mammalian thioredoxin reductase promotes lung innate immunity and antioxidant defense. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18421-8. [PMID: 23629660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenously produced oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) inhibits and kills pathogens but paradoxically is well tolerated by mammalian host tissue. Mammalian high molecular weight thioredoxin reductase (H-TrxR) is evolutionarily divergent from bacterial low molecular weight thioredoxin reductase (L-TrxR). Notably, mammalian H-TrxR contains a selenocysteine (Sec) and has wider substrate reactivity than L-TrxR. Recombinant rat cytosolic H-TrxR1, mouse mitochondrial H-TrxR2, and a purified mixture of both from rat selectively turned over HOSCN (kcat = 357 ± 16 min(-1); Km = 31.9 ± 10.3 μM) but were inactive against the related oxidant hypochlorous acid. Replacing Sec with Cys or deleting the final eight C-terminal peptides decreased affinity and turnover of HOSCN by H-TrxR. Similarly, glutathione reductase (an H-TrxR homologue lacking Sec) was less effective at HOSCN turnover. In contrast to H-TrxR and glutathione reductase, recombinant Escherichia coli L-TrxR was potently inhibited by HOSCN (IC50 = 2.75 μM). Similarly, human bronchial epithelial cell (16HBE) lysates metabolized HOSCN, but E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lysates had little or no activity. HOSCN selectively produced toxicity in bacteria, whereas hypochlorous acid was nonselectively toxic to both bacteria and 16HBE. Treatment with the H-TrxR inhibitor auranofin inhibited HOSCN metabolism in 16HBE lysates and significantly increased HOSCN-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate both the metabolism of HOSCN by mammalian H-TrxR resulting in resistance to HOSCN in mammalian cells and the potent inhibition of bacterial L-TrxR resulting in cytotoxicity in bacteria. These data support a novel selective mechanism of host defense in mammals wherein HOSCN formation simultaneously inhibits pathogens while sparing host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Li H, Cao Z, Zhang G, Thannickal VJ, Cheng G. Vascular peroxidase 1 catalyzes the formation of hypohalous acids: characterization of its substrate specificity and enzymatic properties. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1954-9. [PMID: 22982576 PMCID: PMC3506185 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The heme-containing peroxidase family comprises eight members in humans. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of heme-containing peroxidases are not well understood. Phagocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) utilizes chloride and bromide, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), to generate hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid, potent oxidizing species that are known to kill invading pathogens. Vascular peroxidase 1 (VPO1) is a new member of the heme-containing peroxidase family; VPO1 is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system, lung, liver, pancreas, and spleen. However, functional roles of VPO1 have not been defined. In this report, we demonstrate the capacity for VPO1 to catalyze the formation of hypohalous acids, and characterize its enzymatic properties. VPO1, like MPO but unlike lactoperoxidase, is able to generate hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid in the presence of H(2)O(2). Under physiological pH and concentrations of halides (100μM KBr, 100μM KSCN, and 100mM NaCl), VPO1 utilizes approximately 45% of H(2)O(2) for the generation of hypobromous acid, 35% for hypothiocyanous acid, and 18% for hypochlorous acid. The specific activity of VPO1 is ∼10- to 70-fold lower than that of MPO, depending on the specific substrate. These studies demonstrate that the enzymatic properties and substrate specificity of VPO1 are similar to MPO; however, significantly lower catalytic rate constants of VPO1 relative to MPO suggest the possibility of other physiologic roles for this novel heme-containing peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zehong Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Chandler JD, Day BJ. Thiocyanate: a potentially useful therapeutic agent with host defense and antioxidant properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1381-7. [PMID: 22968041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN) functions in host defense as part of the secreted lactoperoxidase (LPO) microbicidal pathway. SCN is the preferred substrate for LPO-driven catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) forming hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). HOSCN is selectively generated by many peroxidase enzymes that can utilize SCN including: eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), gastric peroxidase (GPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), salivary peroxidase (SPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO). These enzymes generate HOSCN through a two-electron halogenation reaction. HOSCN is a potent microbicidal agent that kills or nullifies invading pathogens but is better tolerated by host tissue. Some controversy exists as to whether physiologic levels of HOSCN are non-toxic to host tissue, but the disagreement appears to be based on results of enzymatic generation (yielding moderate steady-state exposure) versus direct high level acute exposure in mammalian cell lines. This apparent duality is also true of other endogenous oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and relates to the difference between physiologically relevant oxidant production versus supra-physiologic bolus dosing approaches. SCN has antioxidant properties that include the ability to protect cells against oxidizing agents such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and repair protein chloramines. SCN is an important endogenous molecule that has the potential to interact in complex and elegant ways with its host environment and foreign organisms. SCN's diverse properties as both host defense and antioxidant agent make it a potentially useful therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States
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Sugamata R, Dobashi H, Nagao T, Yamamoto KI, Nakajima N, Sato Y, Aratani Y, Oshima M, Sata T, Kobayashi K, Kawachi S, Nakayama T, Suzuki K. Contribution of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase in the early phase of fulminant acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by influenza virus infection. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:171-82. [PMID: 22211924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by influenza virus infection remains unknown, we can only improve on existing therapeutic interventions. To approach the subject, we investigated immunological etiology focused on cytokines and an acute lung damage factor in influenza-induced ARDS by using a PR-8 (A/H1N1)-infected mouse model. The infected mouse showed fulminant severe pneumonia with leukocyte infiltration, claudin alteration on tight junctions, and formation of hyaline membranes. In addition to interferon (IFN)-α, plenty of keratinocyte-derived chemokines (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly released into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the model. We focused on neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a potent tissue damage factor and examined its contribution in influenza pneumonia by using mice genetically lacking in MPO. The absence of MPO reduced inflammatory damage with suppression of leakage of total BALF proteins associated with alteration of claudins in the lung. MPO(-/-) mice also suppressed viral load in the lung. The present study suggests that MPO-mediated OCl(-) generation affects claudin molecules and leads to protein leakage and viral spread as a damage factor in influenza-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugamata
- Inflammation Program, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Pattison DI, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Reactions and reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants: Differential biological effects of hypochlorous and hypothiocyanous acids. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:975-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.667566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Barrett TJ, Pattison DI, Leonard SE, Carroll KS, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Inactivation of thiol-dependent enzymes by hypothiocyanous acid: role of sulfenyl thiocyanate and sulfenic acid intermediates. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1075-85. [PMID: 22248862 PMCID: PMC3523338 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) forms reactive oxidants including hypochlorous and hypothiocyanous acids (HOCl and HOSCN) under inflammatory conditions. HOCl causes extensive tissue damage and plays a role in the progression of many inflammatory-based diseases. Although HOSCN is a major MPO oxidant, particularly in smokers, who have elevated plasma thiocyanate, the role of this oxidant in disease is poorly characterized. HOSCN induces cellular damage by targeting thiols. However, the specific targets and mechanisms involved in this process are not well defined. We show that exposure of macrophages to HOSCN results in the inactivation of intracellular enzymes, including creatine kinase (CK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In each case, the active-site thiol residue is particularly sensitive to oxidation, with evidence for reversible inactivation and the formation of sulfenyl thiocyanate and sulfenic acid intermediates, on treatment with HOSCN (less than fivefold molar excess). Experiments with DAz-2, a cell-permeable chemical trap for sulfenic acids, demonstrate that these intermediates are formed on many cellular proteins, including GAPDH and CK, in macrophages exposed to HOSCN. This is the first direct evidence for the formation of protein sulfenic acids in HOSCN-treated cells and highlights the potential of this oxidant to perturb redox signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Barrett
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David I. Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen E. Leonard
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael J. Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare L. Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) is produced in biological systems by the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction of thiocyanate (SCN(-)) with H(2)O(2). This oxidant plays an important role in the human immune system, owing to its potent bacteriostatic properties. Significant amounts of HOSCN are also formed by immune cells under inflammatory conditions, yet the reactivity of this oxidant with host tissue is poorly characterized. Traditionally, HOSCN has been viewed as a mild oxidant, which is innocuous to mammalian cells. Indeed, recent studies show that the presence of SCN(-) in airways has a protective function, by preventing the formation of other, more damaging, inflammatory oxidants. However, there is an increasing body of evidence that challenges this dogma, showing that the selectivity of HOSCN for specific thiol-containing cellular targets results in the initiation of significant cellular damage. This propensity to induce cellular dysfunction is gaining considerable interest, particularly in the cardiovascular field, as smokers have elevated plasma SCN(-), the precursor for HOSCN. This review will outline the beneficial and detrimental aspects of HOSCN formation in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Barrett
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute , 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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Kalmár J, Woldegiorgis KL, Biri B, Ashby MT. Mechanism of Decomposition of the Human Defense Factor Hypothiocyanite Near Physiological pH. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19911-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2083152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- József Kalmár
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Kelemu L. Woldegiorgis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Bernadett Biri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Michael T. Ashby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Lorentzen D, Durairaj L, Pezzulo AA, Nakano Y, Launspach J, Stoltz DA, Zamba G, McCray PB, Zabner J, Welsh MJ, Nauseef WM, Bánfi B. Concentration of the antibacterial precursor thiocyanate in cystic fibrosis airway secretions. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1144-50. [PMID: 21334431 PMCID: PMC3070840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered enzyme system produces antibacterial hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)) in the airway lumen by oxidizing the secreted precursor thiocyanate (SCN(-)). Airway epithelial cultures have been shown to secrete SCN(-) in a CFTR-dependent manner. Thus, reduced SCN(-) availability in the airway might contribute to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene and characterized by an airway host defense defect. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the SCN(-) concentration in the nasal airway surface liquid (ASL) of CF patients and non-CF subjects and in the tracheobronchial ASL of CFTR-ΔF508 homozygous pigs and control littermates. In the nasal ASL, the SCN(-) concentration was ~30-fold higher than in serum independent of the CFTR mutation status of the human subject. In the tracheobronchial ASL of CF pigs, the SCN(-) concentration was somewhat reduced. Among human subjects, SCN(-) concentrations in the ASL varied from person to person independent of CFTR expression, and CF patients with high SCN(-) levels had better lung function than those with low SCN(-) levels. Thus, although CFTR can contribute to SCN(-) transport, it is not indispensable for the high SCN(-) concentration in ASL. The correlation between lung function and SCN(-) concentration in CF patients may reflect a beneficial role for SCN(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lorentzen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Lakshmi Durairaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Alejandro A. Pezzulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Yoko Nakano
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Janice Launspach
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gideon Zamba
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Botond Bánfi
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Correspondence to: Botond Bánfi, M.D. Ph.D., Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 2501 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA, , tel.: 1-319-335-4228, fax.: 1-319-335-4194
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Reactive Oxygen Species Removal Activity of Davallialactone Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-induced Pulpal Inflammation through Inhibition of the Extracellular Signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Nuclear Factor kappa B Pathway. J Endod 2011; 37:491-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nagy P, Jameson GNL, Winterbourn CC. Kinetics and mechanisms of the reaction of hypothiocyanous acid with 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid and reduced glutathione. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1833-40. [PMID: 19821602 DOI: 10.1021/tx900249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypothiocyanite is a major oxidant generated by mammalian peroxidases. Although reported to react specifically with thiol groups in biological molecules, a detailed mechanistic study of this reaction has not been conducted. We have investigated the reaction of hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite with 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid and with reduced glutathione by stopped-flow spectroscopy. The observed bell-shaped pH profile established that the reaction with 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid proceeds via the thiolate and hypothiocyanous acid in the 2.5 < pH < 8 region. The obtained second-order rate constant of the reaction is (1.26 + or - 0.02) x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), and the effective rate constant at pH 7.4 is (4.37 + or - 0.03) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). Analysis of the kinetic data, using a value of 4.38 + or - 0.01 for the pK(a) of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid thiol (measured independently by spectroscopic analysis), gave a pK(a) of 4.85 + or - 0.01 for hypothiocyanous acid at physiological salt concentration (I = 120 mM; NaCl and phosphate buffer) and 25 degrees C. A second-order rate constant of (8.0 + or - 0.5) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for the reaction of hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite with reduced glutathione at pH 7.4 was determined. The glutathione data are also consistent with the reaction proceeding via the thiolate and hypothiocyanous acid. Our results demonstrate that hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite has very high reactivity with thiols and will be short-lived in the presence of physiological concentrations of glutathione and thiol proteins. As the reaction occurs strictly with the thiolate, this oxidant should selectively target proteins containing low pK(a) thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Hypohalous acids (HOX), produced by peroxidase-catalysed reactions of halide and pseudohalide ions with H(2)O(2), play an important role in the human immune system. However, there is compelling evidence that these oxidants also mediate host tissue damage and contribute to the progression of a number of inflammatory diseases. Although it is well established that significant amounts of hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) are formed under physiological conditions, the reactions of this oxidant with host biological systems are relatively poorly characterized. It is generally accepted that HOSCN is a mild oxidant that reacts selectively with thiols. However, it is becoming increasingly recognized that this selectivity can result in the induction of significant cellular damage, which may contribute to disease. This review will outline the formation and reactivity of HOSCN and the role of this oxidant in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
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Tsubosaka Y, Murata T, Yamada K, Uemura D, Hori M, Ozaki H. Halichlorine Reduces Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelium Through the Suppression of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:208-13. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10065fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Reutershan J, Saprito MS, Wu D, Rückle T, Ley K. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma required for lipopolysaccharide-induced transepithelial neutrophil trafficking in the lung. Eur Respir J 2009; 35:1137-47. [PMID: 19797129 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00085509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma(PI3Kgamma) is a critical mediator of directional cell movement. Here, we sought to characterise the role of PI3Kgamma in mediating the different steps of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) trafficking in the lung. In a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury, PMN migration into the different lung compartments was determined in PI3Kgamma gene-deficient (PI3Kgamma(-/-)) and wild-type mice. Bone marrow chimeras were created to characterise the role of PI3Kgamma on haematopoietic versus nonhaematopoietic cells. A small-molecule PI3Kgamma inhibitor was tested in vitro and in vivo. PMN adhesion to the pulmonary endothelium and transendothelial migration into the lung interstitium was enhanced in PI3Kgamma(-/-) mice. However, transepithelial migration into the alveolar space was reduced in these mice. When irradiated PI3Kgamma(-/-) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from wild-type mice, migratory activity into the alveolar space was restored partially. A small-molecule PI3Kgamma inhibitor reduced chemokine-induced PMN migration in vitro when PMNs or epithelial cells, but not when endothelial cells, were treated. The inhibitor also reduced LPS-induced PMN migration in vivo. We conclude that PI3Kgamma is required for transepithelial but not for transendothelial migration in LPS-induced lung injury. Inhibition of PI3Kgamma activity may be effective at curbing excessive PMN infiltration in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reutershan
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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42
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Pro-inflammatory activity in rats of thiocyanate, a metabolite of the hydrocyanic acid inhaled from tobacco smoke. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:693-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Thomas SR, Witting PK, Drummond GR. Redox control of endothelial function and dysfunction: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1713-65. [PMID: 18707220 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is essential for the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Central to this role is the production of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO), synthesized by the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Endothelial dysfunction, manifested as impaired EDNO bioactivity, is an important early event in the development of various vascular diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. The degree of impairment of EDNO bioactivity is a determinant of future vascular complications. Accordingly, growing interest exists in defining the pathologic mechanisms involved. Considerable evidence supports a causal role for the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by vascular cells. ROS directly inactivate EDNO, act as cell-signaling molecules, and promote protein dysfunction, events that contribute to the initiation and progression of endothelial dysfunction. Increasing data indicate that strategies designed to limit vascular ROS production can restore endothelial function in humans with vascular complications. The purpose of this review is to outline the various ways in which ROS can influence endothelial function and dysfunction, describe the redox mechanisms involved, and discuss approaches for preventing endothelial dysfunction that may highlight future therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Thomas
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Winterbourn CC, Hampton MB. Thiol chemistry and specificity in redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:549-61. [PMID: 18544350 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to sublethal oxidative stress results in the modulation of various signaling pathways. Oxidants can activate and inactivate transcription factors, membrane channels, and metabolic enzymes, and regulate calcium-dependent and phosphorylation signaling pathways. Oxidation and reduction of thiol proteins are thought to be the major mechanisms by which reactive oxidants integrate into cellular signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on mechanisms for sensing and transmitting redox signals, from the perspective of their chemical reactivity with specific oxidants. We discuss substrate preferences for different oxidants and how the kinetics of these reactions determines how each oxidant will react in a cell. This kinetic approach helps to identify initial oxidant-sensitive targets and elucidate mechanisms involved in transmission of redox signals. It indicates that only those proteins with very high reactivity, such as peroxiredoxins, are likely to be direct targets for hydrogen peroxide. Other more modestly reactive thiol proteins such as protein tyrosine phosphatases are more likely to become oxidized by an indirect mechanism. The review also examines oxidative changes observed during receptor-mediated signaling, the strengths and limitations of detection methods for reactive oxidant production, and the evidence for hydrogen peroxide acting as the second messenger. We discuss areas where observations in cell systems can be rationalized with the reactivity of specific oxidants and where further work is needed to understand the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Free Radical Research Group and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Lee JC, Yu MK, Lee R, Lee YH, Jeon JG, Lee MH, Jhee EC, Yoo ID, Yi HK. Terrein reduces pulpal inflammation in human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2008; 34:433-7. [PMID: 18358890 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Terrein is a bioactive fungal metabolite whose anti-inflammatory properties are virtually unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of terrein on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human dental pulp cells and to determine the mechanism of the observed effects. The LPS-induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was inhibited by terrein in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. LPS-stimulated translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) into the nucleus, which was blocked by inhibitors of amino kinase terminal (AKT, LY294002), extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2, PD98059), p38 (SB203580), and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK, SP600125) or terrein. In addition, these inhibitors and terrein also reduced the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in LPS-induced inflammation of pulp cells. Terrein suppressed NF-kappaB activation by blocking the activation of Akt. These results strongly suggest the potential role of terrein as an anti-inflammatory modulator in pulpal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chang Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Korea
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Barthel SR, Johansson MW, McNamee DM, Mosher DF. Roles of integrin activation in eosinophil function and the eosinophilic inflammation of asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:1-12. [PMID: 17906117 PMCID: PMC2859217 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic inflammation is a characteristic feature of asthma. Integrins are highly versatile cellular receptors that regulate extravasation of eosinophils from the postcapillary segment of the bronchial circulation to the airway wall and airspace. Such movement into the asthmatic lung is described as a sequential, multistep paradigm, whereby integrins on circulating eosinophils become activated, eosinophils tether in flow and roll on bronchial endothelial cells, integrins on rolling eosinophils become further activated as a result of exposure to cytokines, eosinophils arrest firmly to adhesive ligands on activated endothelium, and eosinophils transmigrate to the airway in response to chemoattractants. Eosinophils express seven integrin heterodimeric adhesion molecules: alpha 4 beta 1 (CD49d/29), alpha 6 beta 1 (CD49f/29), alpha M beta 2 (CD11b/18), alpha L beta 2 (CD11a/18), alpha X beta 2 (CD11c/18), alpha D beta2 (CD11d/18), and alpha 4 beta 7 (CD49d/beta 7). The role of these integrins in eosinophil recruitment has been elucidated by major advances in the understanding of integrin structure, integrin function, and modulators of integrins. Such findings have been facilitated by cellular experiments of eosinophils in vitro, studies of allergic asthma in humans and animal models in vivo, and crystal structures of integrins. Here, we elaborate on how integrins cooperate to mediate eosinophil movement to the asthmatic airway. Antagonists that target integrins represent potentially promising therapies in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
| | - Mats W. Johansson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
| | - Dawn M. McNamee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
| | - Deane F. Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
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DiScipio RG, Schraufstatter IU. The role of the complement anaphylatoxins in the recruitment of eosinophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1909-23. [PMID: 18039528 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are blood and tissue immune cells that participate in a diverse range of activities normally beneficial for the host defense, but in circumstances of untoward inflammatory conditions these cells can be responsible for pathological responses. Accordingly the transit of eosinophils from the blood to tissues is a subject of considerable importance in immunology. In this article we review how the complement anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a bring about eosinophil extravasation. These mediators do not merely provide a chemotactic or haptotactic gradient but are responsible for orchestrating innumerable responses by other cells types, including of endothelial cells, mast cells, and basophils in order to create an environment that is conducive for eosinophil infiltration. C5a has the capacity to prime the endothelium directly to present P-selectin, and C5a stimulated generation of eosinophil hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants can cause additional upregulation of endothelial P-selectin and ICAM-1. Moreover, the anaphylatoxins have the ability to recruit mast cells and basophils and can stimulate these cells to release IL-4 and IL-13, which by augmenting endothelial VCAM-1, convey some selectivity for eosinophils. The anaphylatoxins also have the capability to evoke the release and activation of eosinophil MMP-9, which is employed by this cell type to digest its way past the subendothelial matrix. Finally, because C3a and C5a can stimulate the generation of nitric oxide along with the secretion of histamine and LTC4 from several cell types, the anaphylatoxins can bring about an increase in vascular permeability that facilitates eosinophil accumulation at sites of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G DiScipio
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, 4570 Executive Dr. #100, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
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Wang J, Mahmud SA, Bitterman PB, Huo Y, Slungaard A. Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress TF-kappaB-dependent agonist-driven tissue factor expression in endothelial cells and monocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28408-28418. [PMID: 17675290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703586200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), such as trichostatin A (TSA), can regulate gene expression by promoting acetylation of histones and transcription factors. Human tissue factor (TF) expression is partly governed by a unique, NF-kappaB-related "TF-kappaB" promoter binding site. We find that TSA and four other HDACi (apicidin, MS-275, sodium butyrate, and valproic acid) all inhibit by approximately 90% TF activity and protein level induction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by the physiologic agonists tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1beta, lipopolysaccharide, and HOSCN without affecting expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin. TSA and butyrate also blunt TF induction approximately 50% in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in vivo in thioglycolate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, TSA attenuates by approximately 70% TNF-alpha stimulation of TF mRNA transcription without affecting that of ICAM-1. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses, TNF-alpha and lipopolysaccharide induce strong p65/p50 and p65/c-Rel heterodimer binding to both NF-kappaB and TF-kappaB probes. TSA nearly abolishes TF-kappaB binding without affecting NF-kappaB binding. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and a promoter-luciferase reporter system confirm that TSA inhibits TF-kappaB but not NF-kappaB activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and small interfering RNA inhibitor studies demonstrate that HDAC3 plays a significant role in TNF-alpha-mediated TF induction. Thus, HDACi transcriptionally inhibit agonist-induced TF expression in endothelial cells and monocytes by a TF-kappaB- and HDAC3-dependent mechanism. We conclude that histone deacetylases, particularly HDAC3, play a hitherto unsuspected role in regulating TF expression and raise the possibility that HDACi might be a novel therapy for thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Sections of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Vascular Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Shawn A Mahmud
- Sections of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Vascular Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Sections of Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Sections of Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Vascular Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Arne Slungaard
- Sections of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Sections of Vascular Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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