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Leyva-Castillo JM, Das M, Strakosha M, McGurk A, Artru E, Kam C, Alasharee M, Wesemann DR, Tomura M, Karasuyama H, Brombacher F, Geha RS. IL-4 acts on skin-derived dendritic cells to promote the T H2 response to cutaneous sensitization and the development of allergic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00682-1. [PMID: 38996877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is characterized by scratching and a TH2-dominated local and systemic response to cutaneously encountered antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) capture antigens in the skin and rapidly migrate to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) where they drive the differentiation of antigen-specific naive T cells. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether non-T-cell-derived IL-4 acts on skin-derived DCs to promote the TH2 response to cutaneously encountered antigen and allergic skin inflammation. METHODS DCs from dLNs of ovalbumin (OVA)-exposed skin were analyzed by flow cytometry and for their ability to polarize OVA-specific naive CD4+ T cells. Skin inflammation following epicutaneous sensitization of tape-stripped skin was assessed by flow cytometry of skin cells and real-time quantitative PCR of cytokines. Cytokine secretion and antibody levels were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Scratching upregulated IL4 expression in human skin. Similarly, tape stripping caused rapid basophil-dependent upregulation of cutaneous Il4 expression in mouse skin. In vitro treatment of DCs from skin dLNs with IL-4 promoted their capacity to drive TH2 differentiation. DCs from dLNs of OVA-sensitized skin of Il4-/- mice and CD11c-CreIl4rflox/- mice, which lack IL-4Rα expression in DCs (DCΔ/Δll4ra mice), were impaired in their capacity to drive TH2 polarization compared with DCs from controls. Importantly, OVA-sensitized DCΔ/Δll4ra mice demonstrated impaired allergic skin inflammation and OVA-specific systemic TH2 response evidenced by reduced TH2 cytokine secretion by OVA-stimulated splenocytes and lower levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies, compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical skin injury causes basophil-dependent upregulation of cutaneous IL-4. IL-4 acts on skin DCs that capture antigen and migrate to dLNs to promote their capacity for TH2 polarization and drive allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Maria Strakosha
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Alex McGurk
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Emilie Artru
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Christy Kam
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Mohammed Alasharee
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology & University of Cape Town & South Africa Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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Bernstein ZJ, Shenoy A, Chen A, Heller NM, Spangler JB. Engineering the IL-4/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:29-57. [PMID: 37283511 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The structurally and functionally related interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 cytokines play pivotal roles in shaping immune activity. The IL-4/IL-13 axis is best known for its critical role in T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated Type 2 inflammation, which protects the host from large multicellular pathogens, such as parasitic helminth worms, and regulates immune responses to allergens. In addition, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as non-hematopoietic cells, to coordinate various functions, including immune regulation, antibody production, and fibrosis. Due to its importance for a broad spectrum of physiological activities, the IL-4/IL-13 network has been targeted through a variety of molecular engineering and synthetic biology approaches to modulate immune behavior and develop novel therapeutics. Here, we review ongoing efforts to manipulate the IL-4/IL-13 axis, including cytokine engineering strategies, formulation of fusion proteins, antagonist development, cell engineering approaches, and biosensor design. We discuss how these strategies have been employed to dissect IL-4 and IL-13 pathways, as well as to discover new immunotherapies targeting allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Looking ahead, emerging bioengineering tools promise to continue advancing fundamental understanding of IL-4/IL-13 biology and enabling researchers to exploit these insights to develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anjali Shenoy
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cabanillas B. Dupilumab for Atopic Dermatitis-From Clinical Trials to Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Dermatitis 2023; 34:21-28. [PMID: 36705657 DOI: 10.1089/derm.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that represents the first approved targeted biological therapy for adults, adolescents, and children older than 6 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Dupilumab binds the shared chain of the interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 receptor blocking the downstream signaling of these cytokines. The clinical improvements induced by dupilumab were associated with remission of the dysregulated immune mechanisms linked with AD. Dupilumab reversed the epidermal barrier defects and improved the global molecular signature of AD. This review seeks to provide an overview on the development of dupilumab as the first target-specific biological treatment for AD, with a description of the clinical trials that have been performed in different age groups, their outcomes, and reported adverse effects. Novel aspects of dupilumab treatment, as well as the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the treatment of AD with dupilumab, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cabanillas
- From the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; and Laboratory of Allergy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Sun YB, Ni Y, Fan XS, Zhou LP, Yue QF, Shang EX. Effect of Houpo-Mahuang Decoction on aggravated asthma induced by cigarette smoke and the expression of TRPA1 and tight junctions in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115217. [PMID: 35337920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cigarette smoke (CS) is a common environmental irritant and a risk factor for asthma, as it induces as well as aggravates asthmatic attacks. The injured airway epithelial tight junctions (TJs) aggravate asthma. CS can aggravate asthma by activating the transient receptor potential ankyrin A1 (TRPA1) channel and enhancing TJs destruction. Houpo Mahuang decoction (HPMHD) is a classic traditional Chinese prescription for the treatment of asthma. However, its underlying action mechanism is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of HPMHD on the asthma phenotype and the regulation of TRPA1 and TJs in a CS-induced mouse model of aggravated asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Under optimized chromatographic and mass spectrometry conditions, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) technique was used to detect and analyze the major chemical components of HPMHD. C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into seven groups, viz, normal saline (NS) group, ovalbumin (OVA) + CS group, dexamethasone group, HPMHD high-dose group and low-dose groups, n-butanol extract group, and ethyl acetate extract group, with 10 mice in each group. OVA sensitization and challenge, and CS exposure were used to establish the aggravated asthma model. As the main indices to evaluate the protective effect of HPMHD, the eosinophils count in peripheral blood, percentages of inflammatory cells classified and the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), airway responsiveness enhanced pause (Penh), and changes in lung histopathology were determined and compared among the groups. The mRNA and protein expression of TRPA1 and TJs in lung tissue was also examined. RESULTS Using UPLC-QTOF-MS, the chemical components of HPMHD, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, laetrile, and amygdalin amide, were identified by 51 signal peaks. Compared with those in the NS group, the eosinophil number in the peripheral blood and the eosinophils and neutrophils percentages in BALF of the OVA + CS group were remarkably increased. Following the inhalation of 50 μl of acetylcholine chloride (ACH) at doses of 25 and 50 mg/mL, the Penh increased significantly (p < 0.01). Moreover, in the OVA + CS group, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissue showed a significant number of infiltrated inflammatory cells, increased mucus secretion in the lumen, damaged bronchial mucosa, increased thickness of tracheal wall, and increased score of lung damage (p < 0.01). The IL-4/5/13 levels were also remarkably increased (p < 0.01). The protein as well as gene expression of both ZO-1 and occludin decreased markedly in the lung tissue, while the expression of TRPA1 and claudin-2 was increased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Next, the OVA + CS group and the treatment groups were compared. The inflammatory cells, Penh value, and levels of IL-4/5/13 were significantly reduced, and less lung injury was observed in the treatment groups. The gene and protein levels of TRPA1 and TJs were corrected (p < 0.05, p < 0.01); the effects on the HPMHD high-dose and ethyl acetate extract groups were particularly remarkable. CONCLUSIONS HPMHD reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell recruitment and Th2 cytokine secretion in CS-induced aggravated asthma mice, in a manner potentially dependent on regulation of the expression of TRPA1 and TJ proteins. Both the n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts contained the active ingredients, especially the ethyl acetate extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Ni
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qin-Fei Yue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Cabanillas B. Dupilumab for Atopic Dermatitis-From Clinical Trials to Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Dermatitis 2022; Publish Ahead of Print:01206501-990000000-00024. [PMID: 35674510 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that represents the first approved targeted biological therapy for adults, adolescents, and children older than 6 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Dupilumab binds the shared chain of the interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 receptor blocking the downstream signaling of these cytokines. The clinical improvements induced by dupilumab were associated with remission of the dysregulated immune mechanisms linked with AD. Dupilumab reversed the epidermal barrier defects and improved the global molecular signature of AD. This review seeks to provide an overview on the development of dupilumab as the first target-specific biological treatment for AD, with a description of the clinical trials that have been performed in different age groups, their outcomes, and reported adverse effects. Novel aspects of dupilumab treatment, as well as the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the treatment of AD with dupilumab, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cabanillas
- From the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; and Laboratory of Allergy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Guo L, Wei RX, Sun R, Yang Q, Li GJ, Wang LY, Luo HB, Feng M. "Cytokine-microfactories" recruit DCs and deliver tumor antigens via gap junctions for immunotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 337:417-430. [PMID: 34324896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The majority (~80%) of patients with cancer do not derive clinical benefit from current immunotherapy, largely due to attenuation of immune responses imposed by robust immunosuppression at tumor sites. Here, a cell-based tumor antigen delivery strategy was developed to boost tumor-specific immunity. Notably, the platform constructing ferric oxide nanoparticle-trained macrophages loading tumor antigens (MFe-N) acquired an immunostimulatory program and functioned as the tumoritropic "cytokine-microfactories" to sustainably produce high levels of multiple therapeutic cytokines (GM-CSF, TNFα, and MIP-1α), which are important in activation of immune cells with antitumor potential. Indeed, MFe-N markedly enhanced recruitment of the professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs), to the tumor sites of an established B16F10 mouse melanoma model. Subsequently, MFe-N effectively delivered tumor antigens to DCs by gap junction-mediated cell-to-cell transmission. And this trafficking was critical for DC maturation to augment antitumor T-cell responses. Simultaneously, the "cytokine-microfactories" elicited high production of the tumoricidal effectors, and in turn blunted the pro-angiogenic activity of tumor-associated macrophages, resulting in conversion of the tumor-supporting milieu to a tumoricidal function that favored infiltration of antitumor T-cells. The findings provided a novel "cytokine-microfactories" harnessing effective delivery of tumor antigens and production of therapeutic cytokines to robustly promote antigen presentation and reshape the tumor immune milieu for priming antitumor immunity. This can enhance existing T-cell mediated immunotherapeutic potency and extend the curative potential immunotherapy to a broader range of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Run-Xiu Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ran Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Gao-Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Min Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Elevated HIV Infection of CD4 T Cells in MRKAd5 Vaccine Recipients Due to CD8 T Cells Targeting Adapted Epitopes. J Virol 2021; 95:e0016021. [PMID: 34076482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00160-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV frequently escapes CD8 T cell responses, leading to the accumulation of viral adaptations. We recently demonstrated that during chronic HIV infection, adapted epitopes can promote maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) through direct CD8 T cell interactions and lead to enhanced HIV trans-infection of CD4 T cells. Here, we sought to determine the role of such adaptations following HIV MRKAd5 vaccination. We observed that vaccine-induced adapted epitope-specific CD8 T cells promoted higher levels of DC maturation than nonadapted ones and that these matured DCs significantly enhanced HIV trans-infection. These matured DCs were associated with higher levels of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-13 and a lower level of CXCL5, which have been shown to impact DC maturation, as well as a lower level of CXCL16. Finally, we observed that vaccine recipients with high HLA-I-associated adaptation became HIV infected more quickly. Our results offer another possible mechanism for enhanced infection among MRKAd5 vaccinees. IMPORTANCE Despite the well-established contribution of CD8 T cells in HIV control, prior CD8 T cell-based HIV vaccines have failed to demonstrate any efficacy in preventing viral infection. One such vaccine, known as the MRKAd5 vaccine, showed a potential increased risk of viral infection among vaccine recipients. However, the underlying mechanism(s) remains unclear. In this study, we observed that vaccine recipients with high adaptation to their HLA-I alleles were associated with an increased HIV infection risk in comparison to the others. Similar to what we observed in HIV infection in the prior study, adapted epitope-specific CD8 T cells obtained from vaccine recipients exhibit a greater capacity in facilitating viral infection by promoting dendritic cell maturation. Our findings provide a possible explanation for the enhanced viral acquisition risk among MRKAd5 vaccine recipients and highlight the importance of optimizing vaccine design with consideration of HLA-I-associated HIV adaptation.
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Leyva-Castillo JM, Das M, Artru E, Yoon J, Galand C, Geha RS. Mast cell-derived IL-13 downregulates IL-12 production by skin dendritic cells to inhibit the T H1 cell response to cutaneous antigen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:2305-2315.e3. [PMID: 33316284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by a skin barrier defect aggravated by mechanical injury inflicted by scratching, a TH2 cell-dominated immune response, and susceptibility to viral skin infections that are normally restrained by a TH1 cell response. The signals leading to a TH2 cell-dominated immune response in AD are not completely understood. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the role of IL-13 in initiation of the TH cell response to cutaneously encountered antigens. METHODS Wild-type, Il13-/-, Il1rl1-/-, and Il4ra-/- mice, as well as mice with selective deficiency of IL-13 in mast cells (MCs) were studied; in addition, dendritic cells (DCs) purified from the draining lymph nodes of tape-stripped and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized skin were examined for their ability to polarize naive OVA-TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells. Cytokine expression was examined by reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR, intracellular flow cytometry, and ELISA. Contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene was examined. RESULTS Tape stripping caused IL-33-driven upregulation of Il13 expression by skin MCs. MC-derived IL-13 acted on DCs from draining lymph nodes of OVA-sensitized skin to selectively suppress their ability to polarize naive OVA-TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells into IFN-γ-secreting cells. MC-derived IL-13 inhibited the TH1 cell response in contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene. IL-13 suppressed IL-12 production by mouse skin-derived DCs in vitro and in vivo. Scratching upregulated IL13 expression in human skin, and IL-13 suppressed the capacity of LPS-stimulated human skin DCs to express IL-12 and promote IFN-γ secretion by CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION Release of IL-13 by cutaneous MCs in response to mechanical skin injury inhibits the TH1 cell response to cutaneous antigen exposure in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Emilie Artru
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Juhan Yoon
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Claire Galand
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
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Mehrabi Nasaba E, Athari S, Motlagh B, Athari S. Effects of oral administration of Ocimum basilicum on goblet cell hyperplasia and upstream cytokine gene expression in allergic asthma. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2019.02.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Unique IL-13Rα2/STAT3 mediated IL-13 regulation detected in lung conventional dendritic cells, 24 h post viral vector vaccination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1017. [PMID: 31974500 PMCID: PMC6978450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that 24 h following viral vector-based vaccination IL-13Rα2 functions as a master sensor on conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), abetted by high protein stability coupled with minimal mRNA expression, to rapidly regulate DC mediated IL-13 responses at the lung mucosae, unlike IL-13Rα1. Under low IL-13, IL-13Rα2 performs as a primary signalling receptor, whilst under high IL-13, acts to sequester IL-13 to maintain homeostasis, both in a STAT3-dependent manner. Likewise, we show that viral vector-derived IL-13 levels at the vaccination site can induce differential STAT3/STAT6 paradigms in lung cDC, that can get regulated collaboratively or independently by TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. Specifically, low IL-13 responses associated with recombinant Fowlpox virus (rFPV) is regulated by early IL-13Rα2, correlated with STAT3/TGF-β1 expression. Whilst, high IL-13 responses, associated with recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) is regulated in an IL-13Rα1/STAT6 dependent manner associated with IFN-γR expression bias. Different viral vaccine vectors have previously been shown to induce unique adaptive immune outcomes. Taken together current observations suggest that IL-13Rα2-driven STAT3/STAT6 equilibrium at the cDC level may play an important role in governing the efficacy of vector-based vaccines. These new insights have high potential to be exploited to improve recombinant viral vector-based vaccine design, according to the pathogen of interest and/or therapies against IL-13 associated disease conditions.
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Zhao J, Gao QY. TMEM16F inhibition limits pain-associated behavior and improves motor function by promoting microglia M2 polarization in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:603-610. [PMID: 31409484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to sensorimotor deficits and autonomic changes. Macrophages and microglia could be polarized into the classically activated pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Transmembrane protein with unknown function 16F (TMEM16F) exhibits functional diversity and may contribute to microglial function. However, the effects of TMEM16F on the modulation of macrophage/microglial polarization are still not fully understood. In the study, TMEM16F up-regulation was detected after SCI in mice, and TMEM16F protein was found in macrophages/microglia in injured spinal cord sections. Depletion of TMEM16F improved motor function in male mice with SCI. M1-type macrophages/microglia accumulated in lower numbers in the injured spinal cord of TMEM16F-knockout (KO) mice. M2 polarization inhibited by SCI was improved in mice with TMEM16F deficiency. TMEM16F deletion also attenuated microglial/macrophage pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, significant down-regulation of A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) was observed in TMEM16F-KO mice. Importantly, TMEM16F-promoted M1 polarization and -inhibited M1 polarization were largely associated with the suppression of ADAM17. Overall, our findings provided new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of macrophage/microglial polarization, thereby possibly facilitating the development of new therapeutic strategies for SCI through the regulation of TMEM16F/ADAM17 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Spinal Ward, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710021, China
| | - Quan-You Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China.
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12
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Lopez BS, Hurley DJ, Giancola S, Giguère S, Felippe MJB, Hart KA. The effect of age on foal monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) maturation and function after exposure to killed bacteria. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:38-45. [PMID: 30947978 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal foals are uniquely susceptible to certain infections early in life. Dendritic cells (DC) are vital in the transition between the innate and adaptive immune response to infection, but DC biology in foals is not fully characterized. Monocyte-derived DC represent a suitable in vitro model similar to DC that differentiate from monocytes recruited from circulation. We hypothesized that foal monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) would exhibit age-dependent phenotypic and functional differences compared to adult horse MoDC. MoDC generated from 9 horses (collected once) and from 8 foals (collected at 1, 7, and 30 days-of-age) were exposed to killed whole cell Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. MoDC expression of MHC class II (MHC class-II), CD86, and CD14 were measured by flow cytometry, and supernatant cytokine concentrations of IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were quantified with a validated immunoassay. The percentage of MoDC expressing MHC class-II and CD86 was lower and CD14 was higher for cells generated from 1-day-old foals compared to cells generated from adult horses (P < 0.0001). Bacterial exposure increased the percentage of cells expressing CD86 at all ages (P < 0.0001). Bacteria-exposed MoDC from 1-day-old foals produced significantly less IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ than adult MoDC produced in response to bacterial exposure (P ≤ 0.04). Following bacterial exposure, foal MoDC phenotype and cytokine secretion were different than those of mature horses. These differences could reduce the ability of foals to generate a protective immune response against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina S Lopez
- From the Department of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - David J Hurley
- From the Department of Population Health, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shyla Giancola
- From the Department of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steeve Giguère
- From the Department of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - M Julia B Felippe
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- From the Department of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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13
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He Z, Song J, Hua J, Yang M, Ma Y, Yu T, Feng J, Liu B, Wang X, Li Y, Li J. Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulating IL-33/ST2 signaling for an immune network favorable to mucosal healing in experimentally inflamed colons. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 30518915 PMCID: PMC6281667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are potent tissue-resident immune cells that are distributed in the intraepithelial space of the intestine and have been implicated in regulating immune homeostasis and coordinating epithelial responses in inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL-33 functions as an endogenous danger signal or alarmin in inflamed intestine segments. MCs highly express the IL-33 receptor ST2. However, the mechanisms underlying the immune regulation of MC-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling at the barrier surface of the intestine remain largely unknown. We confirmed that MCs are required for the effective resolution of tissue damage using an experimental colitis model that allows for conditional ablation of MCs. After elucidating the IL-33 signaling involved in MC activity in the context of intestinal inflammation, we found that the function of restricted IL-33/ST2 signaling by MCs was consistent with an MC deficiency in response to the breakdown of the epithelial barrier. We observed that a tissue environment with a spectrum of protective cytokines was orchestrated by MC-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling. Given the significant downregulation of IL-22 and IL-13 due to the loss of MC-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling and their protective functions in inflammation settings, induction of IL-22 and IL-13 may be responsible for an immune network favorable to mucosal repair. Collectively, our data showed an important feedback loop in which cytokine cues from damaged epithelia activate MCs to regulate tissue environments essential for MC-dependent restoration of epithelial barrier function and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong' An Road, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Muqing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Junlan Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, 200 072, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 301 Middle Yan' Chang Road, 200072, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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T cell microvilli constitute immunological synaptosomes that carry messages to antigen-presenting cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3630. [PMID: 30194420 PMCID: PMC6128830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvilli on T cells have been proposed to survey surfaces of antigen-presenting cells (APC) or facilitate adhesion under flow; however, whether they serve essential functions during T cell activation remains unclear. Here we show that antigen-specific T cells deposit membrane particles derived from microvilli onto the surface of cognate antigen-bearing APCs. Microvilli carry T cell receptors (TCR) at all stages of T cell activation and are released as large TCR-enriched, T cell microvilli particles (TMP) in a process of trogocytosis. These microvilli exclusively contain protein arrestin-domain-containing protein 1, which is directly involved in membrane budding and, in combination with vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 4, transforms large TMPs into smaller, exosome-sized TMPs. Notably, TMPs from CD4+ T cells are enriched with LFA-2/CD2 and various cytokines involved in activating dendritic cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T cell microvilli constitute “immunological synaptosomes” that carry T cell messages to APCs. Microvilli can participate in adhesion or migration of T cells, but whether they are involved in function regulation is unclear. Here the authors show that T cell microvilli form budding vesicles containing T cell signalling components for deposition onto antigen presenting cells (APC) and modulation of APC functions.
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15
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Horsburgh S, Todryk S, Ramming A, Distler JH, O’Reilly S. Innate lymphoid cells and fibrotic regulation. Immunol Lett 2018; 195:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Study on the Inhibitory Effects of Ephedra Aconite Asarum Decoction on LPS-Induced Dendritic Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2017:3272649. [PMID: 29333181 PMCID: PMC5733235 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3272649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can secrete cytokines stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which leads to not just acute inflammatory responses but also Th1 polarization. Furtherly, chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases could be triggered. As a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, Ephedra Aconite Asarum Decoction with the main ingredients of ephedrine and hypaconitine can show effect on anti-inflammation and immunoregulation. But it remains unclear whether Ephedra Aconite Asarum Decoction controls DCs. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ephedra Aconite Asarum Decoction on LPS-induced bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) in vitro. We found that Ephedra Aconite Asarum Decoction lowered surface costimulators on DCs and reduced the expression of Th1 type cytokines. Yet it is slightly beneficial for shifting to Th2. Our work reveals that the Ephedra Aconite Asarum Decoction can regulate Th1 inflammation through intervening DCs.
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17
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Nobs SP, Natali S, Pohlmeier L, Okreglicka K, Schneider C, Kurrer M, Sallusto F, Kopf M. PPARγ in dendritic cells and T cells drives pathogenic type-2 effector responses in lung inflammation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3015-3035. [PMID: 28798029 PMCID: PMC5626395 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-2 immune responses are well-established drivers of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, and represent a large burden on public health systems. The transcription factor PPARγ is known to promote M2-macrophage and alveolar macrophage development. Here, we report that PPARγ plays a key role in both T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) for development of type-2 immune responses. It is predominantly expressed in mouse Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo as well as human Th2 cells from allergic patients. Using conditional knockouts, we show that PPARγ signaling in T cells, although largely dispensable for IL-4 induction, is critical for IL-33-driven Th2 effector function in type-2 allergic airway responses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-4 and IL-33 promote up-regulation of PPARγ in lung-resident CD11b+ DCs, which enhances migration to draining lymph nodes and Th2 priming capacity. Thus, we uncover a surprising proinflammatory role for PPARγ and establish it as a novel, important mediator of DC-T cell interactions in type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Philip Nobs
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Natali
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lea Pohlmeier
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Okreglicka
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Hoffman SM, Qian X, Nolin JD, Chapman DG, Chia SB, Lahue KG, Schneider R, Ather JL, Randall MJ, McMillan DH, Jones JT, Taatjes DJ, Aliyeva M, Daphtary N, Abdalla S, Lundblad LKA, Ho YS, Anathy V, Irvin CG, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL, Dixon AE, van der Vliet A, Poynter ME, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Ablation of Glutaredoxin-1 Modulates House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Airways Disease in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:377-86. [PMID: 27035878 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0401oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) is an oxidant-induced post-translational modification of protein cysteines that impacts structure and function. The oxidoreductase glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx1) under physiological conditions catalyzes deglutathionylation and restores the protein thiol group. The involvement of Glrx1/PSSG in allergic inflammation induced by asthma-relevant allergens remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the impact of genetic ablation of Glrx1 in the pathogenesis of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways disease in mice. Wild-type (WT) or Glrx1(-/-) mice were instilled intranasally with HDM on 5 consecutive days for 3 weeks. As expected, overall PSSG was increased in Glrx1(-/-) HDM mice as compared with WT animals. Total cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were similarly increased in HDM-treated WT and Glrx1(-/-) mice. However, in response to HDM, mice lacking Glrx1 demonstrated significantly more neutrophils and macrophages but fewer eosinophils as compared with HDM-exposed WT mice. mRNA expression of the Th2-associated cytokines IL-13 and IL-6, as well as mucin-5AC (Muc5ac), was significantly attenuated in Glrx1(-/-) HDM-treated mice. Conversely, mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A was increased in Glrx1(-/-) HDM mice compared with WT littermates. Restimulation of single-cell suspensions isolated from lungs or spleens with HDM resulted in enhanced IL-17A and decreased IL-5 production in cells derived from inflamed Glrx1(-/-) mice compared with WT animals. Finally, HDM-induced tissue damping and elastance were significantly attenuated in Glrx1(-/-) mice compared with WT littermates. These results demonstrate that the Glrx1-PSSG axis plays a pivotal role in HDM-induced allergic airways disease in association with enhanced type 2 inflammation and restriction of IFN-γ and IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Qian
- Departments of 1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - James D Nolin
- Departments of 1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | | | - Shi Biao Chia
- Departments of 1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane T Jones
- Departments of 1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Abdalla
- Departments of 1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | | | - Ye-Shih Ho
- 3 Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Departments of 1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | | | - Emiel F M Wouters
- 4 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- 4 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne E Dixon
- 2 Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Becerra-Díaz M, Wills-Karp M, Heller NM. New perspectives on the regulation of type II inflammation in asthma. F1000Res 2017; 6:1014. [PMID: 28721208 PMCID: PMC5497827 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs which has been thought to arise as a result of inappropriately directed T helper type-2 (Th2) immune responses of the lungs to otherwise innocuous inhaled antigens. Current asthma therapeutics are directed towards the amelioration of downstream consequences of type-2 immune responses (i.e. β-agonists) or broad-spectrum immunosuppression (i.e. corticosteroids). However, few approaches to date have been focused on the primary prevention of immune deviation. Advances in molecular phenotyping reveal heterogeneity within the asthmatic population with multiple endotypes whose varying expression depends on the interplay between numerous environmental factors and the inheritance of a broad range of susceptibility genes. The most common endotype is one described as "type-2-high" (i.e. high levels of interleukin [IL]-13, eosinophilia, and periostin). The identification of multiple endotypes has provided a potential explanation for the observations that therapies directed at typical Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and their receptors have often fallen short when they were tested in a diverse group of asthmatic patients without first stratifying based on disease endotype or severity. However, despite the incorporation of endotype-dependent stratification schemes into clinical trial designs, variation in drug responses are still apparent, suggesting that additional genetic/environmental factors may be contributing to the diversity in drug efficacy. Herein, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the complex pathways involved in the initiation and regulation of type-2-mediated immune responses and their modulation by host factors (genetics, metabolic status, and the microbiome). Particular consideration will be given to how this knowledge could pave the way for further refinement of disease endotypes and/or the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of asthma .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Becerra-Díaz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicola M. Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Zhang Z, Shi L, Pang W, Wang X, Li J, Wang H, Shi G. Is a high-fiber diet able to influence ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model? ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2016; 7:213-222. [PMID: 28683248 PMCID: PMC5244281 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2016.7.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: More recently, a large amount of experimental and clinical discovered that dietary- fiber intake would decrease the susceptibility to allergic airway disease (AAD) and respiratory inflammation. Objective: To investigate whether a fiber-intake supplement is able to influence the induction of AAD and to elucidate the interactive relationship. Methods: AAD model mice and control mice were raised on a fundamental diet with standard 4% fiber content, whereas other mice were fed a 10% fiber-content diet in the high fiber-content group, along with a 25% fiber-content diet instead in very-high fiber-content group. All experimental mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin to induce allergic inflammation in both the upper and lower airways. Hallmarks of AAD were examined in terms of eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell metaplasia in subepithelial mucosa, T-helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2 skewing of the immune response. Furthermore, to elucidate the interrelations, we generated 16S ribosomal DNA from fecal samples and further validated the variation of colony composition in each group. Results: The excessive high-fiber supplement induced a promoting effect rather than a suppressive effect, including a rise in nasal rubbing and sneezing, an increase in eosinophil inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia in subepithelial mucosa, and promoted Th2 skewing of the immune response as well as the production of serum levels of ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E. Moreover, overconsumption of dietary fiber greatly altered the construction of bacterial flora in the intestinal tract, including an increased proportion of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, and a decreased proportion of Bacteroidetes. Conclusion: Our work indicated that, instead of a protecting impact, excessive fiber intake preformed a negative influence on the induction of AAD. Therefore, we suspected that an excessive supplement of dietary fiber might not be an advisable method for the prevention and treatment of AADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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MacKinnon KM, Bowdridge SA, Kanevsky-Mullarky I, Zajac AM, Notter DR. Gene expression profiles of hair and wool sheep reveal importance of Th2 immune mechanisms for increased resistance to. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2074-82. [PMID: 26020303 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of gastrointestinal parasites is a critical issue for sheep producers worldwide. Increases in the prevalence of drug-resistant worms have complicated parasite control and increased economic losses. Therefore, other methods of parasite control need to be assessed, including the use of genetically resistant animals in breeding programs. Hair sheep breeds such as the St. Croix have greater parasite resistance than conventional wool breeds. However, the immune mechanisms that control parasite resistance in hair or wool breeds have not yet been fully determined, and information on cytokine expression profiles for both wool sheep selected for increased resistance and hair sheep is limited. Our objective was to investigate gene expression differences in 24 parasite-resistant hair and 24 susceptible wool sheep to identify immune effectors associated with resistance to . One-half of the lambs were infected and sacrificed at 3 or 27 d after infection. Remaining lambs were not infected. Breed differences in expression of genes associated with Th1 and Th2 immune responses in lymph nodes and abomasal tissue were determined. Th2-associated genes included IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, IgE, the α chain of the IL-4 receptor, and the α chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Th1-associated genes included interferon gamma (IFN-γ), the p35 subunit of IL-12 (IL-12 p35), and the β1 and β2 chains of the IL-12 receptor (IL-12 Rβ1 and IL-12 Rβ2, respectively). In both hair and wool sheep, infection with resulted in greater expression of IgE, IL-13, IL-5, and IL-12 p35 and somewhat reduced expression of IFNγ in lymph nodes. In abomasal tissue, parasite infection resulted in greater IgE, IL-13, FcεRI, and IL-12 p35 expression in infected lambs compared with control lambs. Between breeds, hair sheep had a stronger Th2 response after infection than wool sheep, with increased expression of IgE and IL-13 and decreased expression of IFNγ in lymph nodes and increased expression of IL-13 and decreased expression of IL-12 p35 in abomasal tissue. Expression of IL-4 in lymph nodes did not differ between hair and wool lambs, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-12 Rβ1, and IL-12 Rβ2 expression was too low to measure at the times sampled in abomasal tissue.
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AT-RvD1 modulates CCL-2 and CXCL-8 production and NF-κB, STAT-6, SOCS1, and SOCS3 expression on bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with IL-4. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:178369. [PMID: 26075216 PMCID: PMC4436447 DOI: 10.1155/2015/178369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial epithelial cells represent the first line of defense against microorganisms and allergens in the airways and play an important role in chronic inflammatory processes such as asthma. In an experimental model, both RvD1 and AT-RvD1, lipid mediators of inflammation resolution, ameliorated some of the most important phenotypes of experimental asthma. Here, we extend these results and demonstrate the effect of AT-RvD1 on bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with IL-4. AT-RvD1 (100 nM) decreased both CCL2 and CXCL-8 production, in part by decreasing STAT6 and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, the effects of AT-RvD1 were ALX/FRP2 receptor dependent, as the antagonist of this receptor (BOC1) reversed the inhibition of these chemokines by AT-RvD1. In addition, AT-RvD1 decreased SOCS1 and increased SOCS3 expression, which play important roles in Th1 and Th17 modulation, respectively. In conclusion, AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant effects on the IL-4-induced activation of bronchial epithelial cells and consequently the potential to modulate neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma. Taken together, these findings identify AT-RvD1 as a potential proresolving therapeutic agent for allergic responses in the airways.
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Proctor WR, Chakraborty M, Fullerton AM, Korrapati MC, Ryan PM, Semple K, Morrison JC, Berkson JD, Chea LS, Yang Q, Li AP, Spolski R, West EE, Rochman Y, Leonard WJ, Bourdi M, Pohl LR. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-4 mediate the pathogenesis of halothane-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2014; 60:1741-52. [PMID: 24723460 PMCID: PMC4451830 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver eosinophilia has been associated with incidences of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) for more than 50 years, although its role in this disease has remained largely unknown. In this regard, it was recently shown that eosinophils played a pathogenic role in a mouse model of halothane-induced liver injury (HILI). However, the signaling events that drove hepatic expression of eosinophil-associated chemokines, eotaxins, eosinophil infiltration, and subsequent HILI were unclear. We now provide evidence implicating hepatic epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and type 2 immunity, in particular, interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, in mediating hepatic eosinophilia and injury during HILI. TSLP was constitutively expressed by mouse hepatocytes and increased during HILI. Moreover, the severity of HILI was reduced in mice deficient in either the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) or IL-4 and was accompanied by decreases in serum levels of eotaxins and hepatic eosinophilia. Similarly, concanavalin A-induced liver injury, where type 2 cytokines and eosinophils play a significant role in its pathogenesis, was also reduced in TSLPR-deficient mice. Studies in vitro revealed that mouse and human hepatocytes produce TSLP and eotaxins in response to treatment with combinations of IL-4 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSION This report provides the first evidence implicating roles for hepatic TSLP signaling, type 2 immunity, and eosinophilia in mediating liver injury caused by a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Proctor
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mala Chakraborty
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron M. Fullerton
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Midhun C. Korrapati
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pauline M. Ryan
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenrick Semple
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Morrison
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia D. Berkson
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynette S. Chea
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Columbia, MD
| | | | - Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin E. West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yrina Rochman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed Bourdi
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lance R. Pohl
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Corresponding Author: Lance R. Pohl, Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8N110, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1760, Tel: 1-301-451-1097 Fax: 1-301-480-4852,
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Jiang L, Diaz PT, Best TM, Stimpfl JN, He F, Zuo L. Molecular characterization of redox mechanisms in allergic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014. [DOI: 10.10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jiang L, Diaz PT, Best TM, Stimpfl JN, He F, Zuo L. Molecular characterization of redox mechanisms in allergic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:137-42. [PMID: 24986036 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular redox mechanisms in allergic asthma and to examine current studies of the disease to provide a basis for further investigation of oxidative stress in allergic asthma and the signaling cascades involved in its pathogenesis. DATA SOURCES Through the use of PubMed, a broad biomedical literature review was conducted in the following areas related to the physiology and pathobiology of asthma: redox therapy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, allergic asthma, and antioxidants. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies pertaining to oxidative stress and redox signaling in the molecular pathways of inflammation and hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma were reviewed. RESULTS Allergic asthma is associated with an increase in endogenous ROS formation, leading to oxidative stress-induced damage to the respiratory system and mitigated antioxidant defenses. Exposure to environmental antigens has been shown to stimulate overproduction of ROS, resulting in abnormal physiologic function of DNA, proteins, and lipids that clinically can augment bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Through the use of animal and human studies, oxidative stress has been determined to be important in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Thus, recent research suggests that the assessment of oxidative stress byproducts represents a novel method by which disease severity can be monitored. In addition, the use of redox-based therapy to attenuate levels of ROS presents a potential strategy to alleviate oxidative stress-induced airway inflammation in patients with asthma. CONCLUSION Redox mechanisms of oxidative stress in allergic asthma appear to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease and represent a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Philip T Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas M Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julia N Stimpfl
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Feng He
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Gold MJ, Antignano F, Halim TYF, Hirota JA, Blanchet MR, Zaph C, Takei F, McNagny KM. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells facilitate sensitization to local, but not systemic, TH2-inducing allergen exposures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1142-8. [PMID: 24679471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic inflammation involves the sensitization of naive CD4(+) T cells to allergens, resulting in a TH2-skewed inflammatory response. Although antigen presentation by dendritic cells to T cells in the lymph node is crucial for TH2 cell development, the innate signals that initiate adaptive type 2 inflammation and the role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the influence of ILC2s and the route of priming on the development of an adaptive type 2 immune response to lung allergens. METHODS Wild-type and ILC2-deficient mice were exposed intranasally or systemically to the TH2-inducing antigens house dust mite or ovalbumin in a model of allergic airway inflammation or the TH17-inducing bacterial antigen Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula in a model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The formation of an adaptive immune response was evaluated based on serum antibody titers and production of T cell-derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17A). RESULTS We find that lung ILC2s play a critical role in priming the adaptive type 2 immune response to inhaled allergens, including the recruitment of eosinophils, TH2 cytokine production and serum IgE levels. Surprisingly, systemic priming with ovalbumin, with or without adjuvants, circumvents the requirement for ILC2s in inducing TH2-driven lung inflammation. ILC2s were also found to be dispensable for the sensitization to TH1- or TH17-inducing antigens. CONCLUSION These data highlight a critical role for ILC2s in the development of adaptive type 2 responses to local, but not systemic, antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | | | - Jeremy A Hirota
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Marie-Renee Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Quebec City
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
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Li W, Holsinger RMD, Kruse CA, Flügel A, Graeber MB. The potential for genetically altered microglia to influence glioma treatment. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2014; 12:750-62. [PMID: 24047526 DOI: 10.2174/18715273113126660171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse and unstoppable infiltration of brain and spinal cord tissue by neoplastic glial cells is the single most important therapeutic problem posed by the common glioma group of tumors: astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, their malignant variants and glioblastoma. These neoplasms account for more than two thirds of all malignant central nervous system tumors. However, most glioma research focuses on an examination of the tumor cells rather than on host-specific, tumor micro-environmental cells and factors. This can explain why existing diffuse glioma therapies fail and why these tumors have remained incurable. Thus, there is a great need for innovation. We describe a novel strategy for the development of a more effective treatment of diffuse glioma. Our approach centers on gaining control over the behavior of the microglia, the defense cells of the CNS, which are manipulated by malignant glioma and support its growth. Armoring microglia against the influences from glioma is one of our research goals. We further discuss how microglia precursors may be genetically enhanced to track down infiltrating glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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28
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Keeton R, Allie N, Dambuza I, Abel B, Hsu NJ, Sebesho B, Randall P, Burger P, Fick E, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Jacobs M. Soluble TNFRp75 regulates host protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1537-51. [PMID: 24569452 DOI: 10.1172/jci45005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of host protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is critically dependent on the inflammatory cytokine TNF. TNF signals through 2 receptors, TNFRp55 and TNFRp75; however, the role of TNFRp75-dependent signaling in immune regulation is poorly defined. Here we found that mice lacking TNFRp75 exhibit greater control of M. tuberculosis infection compared with WT mice. TNFRp75-/- mice developed effective bactericidal granulomas and demonstrated increased pulmonary recruitment of activated DCs. Moreover, IL-12p40-dependent migration of DCs to lung draining LNs of infected TNFRp75-/- mice was substantially higher than that observed in WT M. tuberculosis-infected animals and was associated with enhanced frequencies of activated M. tuberculosis-specific IFN-γ-expressing CD4+ T cells. In WT mice, TNFRp75 shedding correlated with markedly reduced bioactive TNF levels and IL-12p40 expression. Neutralization of TNFRp75 in M. tuberculosis-infected WT BM-derived DCs (BMDCs) increased production of bioactive TNF and IL-12p40 to a level equivalent to that produced by TNFRp75-/- BMDCs. Addition of exogenous TNFRp75 to TNFRp75-/- BMDCs infected with M. tuberculosis decreased IL-12p40 synthesis, demonstrating that TNFRp75 shedding regulates DC activation. These data indicate that TNFRp75 shedding downmodulates protective immune function and reduces host resistance and survival; therefore, targeting TNFRp75 may be beneficial for improving disease outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Granuloma/pathology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Solubility
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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IL-4 receptor-alpha-dependent control of Cryptococcus neoformans in the early phase of pulmonary infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87341. [PMID: 24475277 PMCID: PMC3903725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes lung inflammation and meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised people. Previously we showed that mice succumb to intranasal infection by induction of pulmonary interleukin (IL)-4Rα-dependent type 2 immune responses, whereas IL-12-dependent type 1 responses confer resistance. In the experiments presented here, IL-4Rα⁻/⁻ mice unexpectedly show decreased fungal control early upon infection with C. neoformans, whereas wild-type mice are able to control fungal growth accompanied by enhanced macrophage and dendritic cell recruitment to the site of infection. Lower pulmonary recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells in IL-4Rα⁻/⁻ mice is associated with reduced pulmonary expression of CCL2 and CCL20 chemokines. Moreover, IFN-γ and nitric oxide production are diminished in IL-4Rα⁻/⁻ mice compared to wild-type mice. To directly study the potential mechanism(s) responsible for reduced production of IFN-γ, conventional dendritic cells were stimulated with C. neoformans in the presence of IL-4 which results in increased IL-12 production and reduced IL-10 production. Together, a beneficial role of early IL-4Rα signaling is demonstrated in pulmonary cryptococcosis, which contrasts with the well-known IL-4Rα-mediated detrimental effects in the late phase.
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30
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Kasaian MT, Marquette K, Fish S, DeClercq C, Agostinelli R, Cook TA, Brennan A, Lee J, Fitz L, Brooks J, Vugmeyster Y, Williams CMM, Lofquist A, Tchistiakova L. An IL-4/IL-13 dual antagonist reduces lung inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and IgE production in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:37-46. [PMID: 23449738 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0500oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 comprise promising targets for therapeutic interventions in asthma and other Th2-associated diseases, but agents targeting either IL-4 or IL-13 alone have shown limited efficacy in human clinical studies. Because these cytokines may involve redundant function, dual targeting holds promise for achieving greater efficacy. We describe a bifunctional therapeutic targeting IL-4 and IL-13, developed by a combination of specific binding domains. IL-4-targeted and IL-13-targeted single chain variable fragments were joined in an optimal configuration, using appropriate linker regions on a novel protein scaffold. The bifunctional IL-4/IL-13 antagonist displayed high affinity for both cytokines. It was a potent and efficient neutralizer of both murine IL-4 and murine IL-13 bioactivity in cytokine-responsive Ba/F3 cells, and exhibited a half-life of approximately 4.7 days in mice. In a murine model of ovalbumin-induced ear swelling, the bifunctional molecule blocked both the IL-4/IL-13-dependent early-phase response and the IL-4-dependent late-phase response. In the ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation model, the bifunctional IL-4/IL-13 antagonist reduced the IL-4-dependent rise in serum IgE titers, and reduced IL-13-dependent airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammation, mucin gene expression, and serum chitinase responses. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the effective dual blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 with a single agent, which resulted in the modulation of a more extensive range of endpoints than could be achieved by targeting either cytokine alone.
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31
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Karlson TDL, Kong YY, Hardy CL, Xiang SD, Plebanski M. The signalling imprints of nanoparticle uptake by bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Methods 2013; 60:275-83. [PMID: 23459257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) possess remarkable adjuvant and carrier capacity, therefore are used in the development of various vaccine formulations. Our previous studies demonstrated that inert non-toxic 40-50 nm polystyrene NP (PS-NP) can promote strong CD8 T cell and antibody responses to the antigen, in the absence of observable inflammatory responses. Furthermore, instillation of PS-NP inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation by induction of an immunological imprint via modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function without inducing oxidative stress in the lungs in mice. This is in contrast to many studies which show that a variety of ambient and man-made NP promote lung immunopathology, raising concerns generally about the safe use of NPs in biomedicine. Most NPs are capable of inducing inflammatory pathways in DC largely mediated by signalling via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK). Herein, we investigate whether PS-NPs also activate ERK in DC in vitro. Our data show that PS-NP do not induce ERK activation in two different types of bone marrow derived (BM) DC cultures (expanded with GM-CSF or with GM-CSF together with IL-4). The absence of such signalling was not due to lack of PS-NP uptake by BM-DC as confirmed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The process of NP uptake by DC usually initiates ERK signalling, suggesting an unusual uptake pathway may be engaged by PS-NPs. Indeed, data herein showns that uptake of PS-NP by BM-DC was substantially inhibited by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not cytochalasin D (CCD), suggesting an uptake pathway utilising caveole for PS-NP. Together these data show that BM-DC take up PS-NP via a caveole-dependent pathway which does not trigger ERK signalling which may explain their efficient uptake by DC, without the concomitant activation of conventional inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya De L Karlson
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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32
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AIMP1 deficiency enhances airway hyperreactivity in mice via increased TH2 immune responses. Clin Immunol 2012; 143:256-65. [PMID: 22472603 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multicomplex protein 1 (AIMP1) is known as a novel cytokine carrying out a variety of biological activities, including angiogenesis and wound repair. In our previous reports AIMP1 was demonstrated to induce TH1 polarization. However, the effects of AIMP1 deficiency in TH1 or TH2 immune disorders remain unclear. In this study, we characterized phenotypes of AIMP1-deficient mice and investigated the role of AIMP1 in TH2-biased airway hyperreactivity. Clinical signs of allergic airway inflammation were assessed in AIMP1-deficient mice and the effects of AIMP1 deficiency on production of TH2 cytokines were evaluated in T cells using AIMP1-specific siRNA. Additionally, the enhanced pause values and histologic analysis were assessed in mice receiving AIMP1-deficient CD4+ T cells with OVA challenge. Clinical signs of spontaneous airway inflammation were noted in AIMP1-deficienct mice. AIMP1-deficient mice showed strongly increased Penh values in response to methacholine without any allergen exposure. Adoptive transfer of AIMP1-deficient CD4+ T cells to OVA-sensitized C57BL/6 mice exacerbated OVA-induced airway inflammation and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung. Furthermore, lung DCs in AIMP1-deficient mice showed increased expression of surface molecules, and IL-12p40 level in sera significantly decreased in AIMP1-deficient mice compared to that of wild type mice. These results strongly indicate that AIMP1 plays a role in negatively regulating TH2 responses in vivo, and AIMP1 can be employed as a novel therapeutic agent against TH2-biased diseases, particularly asthma.
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33
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Cai Y, Zhou J, Webb DC. Estrogen stimulates Th2 cytokine production and regulates the compartmentalisation of eosinophils during allergen challenge in a mouse model of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:252-60. [PMID: 22398379 DOI: 10.1159/000331437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The observation that asthma becomes more prevalent following puberty in females suggests estrogen potentiates the development of this disease. However, most studies examining the role of estrogen in rodent models of asthma are complicated by their reliance on ovariectomised mice in which hormones other than estrogen are also attenuated. METHODS We aimed to understand the influence of estrogen on allergic airway disease by using type I (tamoxifen) or type II (ICI 182,780) antagonists in female mice or delivering estradiol to male mice during aeroallergen challenge. RESULTS The antagonists showed that estrogen promoted both the mobilisation of bone marrow eosinophils and egression of eosinophils to the airway lumen. These findings were corroborated in male mice treated with estradiol, which increased eosinophil numbers in both blood and airways. Estrogen stimulated goblet cell hyperplasia and baseline lung resistance, but had little effect on the number of eosinophils in the bronchial submucosa or methacholine-induced airway hyperreactivity. Estrogen receptor α was expressed by CD4+ T cells from allergic mice, and estrogen promoted the production of IL-5 and IL-13, and suppressed the production of the eicosanoid 12-HETE by mediastinal lymph node cells. CONCLUSIONS These data show that during aeroallergen challenge, estrogen stimulates Th2 cytokine production, which may be linked to its ability to suppress 12-HETE. Lung resistance at baseline, goblet cell hyperplasia and the compartmentalisation of eosinophils was also influenced by estrogen. However, estrogen does not play a major role in stimulating enhanced sensitivity to methacholine-induced lung resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Cai
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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34
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Cornelissen C, Brans R, Czaja K, Skazik C, Marquardt Y, Zwadlo-Klarwasser G, Kim A, Bickers D, Lüscher-Firzlaff J, Lüscher B, Baron J. Ultraviolet B radiation and reactive oxygen species modulate interleukin-31 expression in T lymphocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:966-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Bosnjak B, Stelzmueller B, Erb KJ, Epstein MM. Treatment of allergic asthma: modulation of Th2 cells and their responses. Respir Res 2011; 12:114. [PMID: 21867534 PMCID: PMC3179723 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezy, laboured breathing with an underlying Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory response in the airways. It is currently treated and, more or less, controlled depending on severity, with bronchodilators e.g. long-acting beta agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists or anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids (inhaled or oral), leukotriene modifiers, theophyline and anti-IgE therapy. Unfortunately, none of these treatments are curative and some asthmatic patients do not respond to intense anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, the use of long-term oral steroids has many undesired side effects. For this reason, novel and more effective drugs are needed. In this review, we focus on the CD4+ Th2 cells and their products as targets for the development of new drugs to add to the current armamentarium as adjuncts or as potential stand-alone treatments for allergic asthma. We argue that in early disease, the reduction or elimination of allergen-specific Th2 cells will reduce the consequences of repeated allergic inflammatory responses such as lung remodelling without causing generalised immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bosnjak
- Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Rajkovic I, Dragicevic A, Vasilijic S, Bozic B, Dzopalic T, Tomic S, Majstorovic I, Vucevic D, Djokic J, Balint B, Colic M. Differences in T-helper polarizing capability between human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and monocyte-derived Langerhans'-like cells. Immunology 2010; 132:217-25. [PMID: 21039466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans' cells (LCs) represent a specific subset of dendritic cells (DCs) which are important for detecting and processing pathogens that penetrate the skin and epithelial barriers. The aim of our study was to explain what makes their in vitro counterparts - monocyte-derived Langerhans'-like cells (MoLCs) - unique compared with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Immature MoDCs were generated by incubating peripheral blood monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4. The addition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to this cytokine cocktail resulted in the generation of MoLCs. MoLCs showed a lower expression of CD83, CD86, HLA-DR and CCR7 compared with MoDCs, regardless of their maturational status. Both immature and mature MoLCs secreted higher quantities of IL-23 compared with MoDCs and this finding correlated with a higher secretion of IL-17 in co-culture of MoLCs with allogeneic CD4(+) T cells. Mature MoLCs, which produced higher levels of IL-12 and lower levels of IL-10 compared with mature MoDCs, were more potent at inducing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by CD4(+) T cells in the co-culture system. In conclusion, the finding that mature MoLCs stimulate stronger T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 immune responses than mature MoDCs, makes them better candidates for use in the preparation of anti-tumour DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rajkovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
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37
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Ripple MJ, You D, Honnegowda S, Giaimo JD, Sewell AB, Becnel DM, Cormier SA. Immunomodulation with IL-4R alpha antisense oligonucleotide prevents respiratory syncytial virus-mediated pulmonary disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4804-11. [PMID: 20861354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Severe RSV infections in infants cause bronchiolitis, wheeze, and/or cough and significantly increase the risk for developing asthma. RSV pathogenesis is thought to be due to a Th2-type immune response initiated in response to RSV infection, specifically in the infant. Using a neonatal mouse system as an appropriate model for human infants, we sought to determine whether local inhibition of IL-4Rα expression during primary RSV infection in the neonate would prevent Th2-skewed responses to secondary RSV infection and improve long-term pulmonary function. To reduce IL-4Rα expression, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for IL-4Rα were administered intranasally to neonatal mice at the time of primary infection. Mice were initially infected with RSV at 1 wk of age and were reinfected at 6 wk of age. Administration of IL-4Rα ASOs during primary RSV infection in neonatal mice abolished the pulmonary dysfunction normally observed following reinfection in the adult. This ablation of pulmonary dysfunction correlated with a persistent rebalancing of the Th cell compartment with decreased Th2 responses (i.e., reduced goblet cell hyperplasia, Th2 cells, and cytokine secretion) and increased Th1 responses (i.e., elevated Th1 cell numbers and type I Abs and cytokines). Our data support our hypothesis that a reduction in the Th2 immune response during primary infection in neonates prevents Th2-mediated pulmonary pathology initially and upon reinfection and further suggest that vaccine strategies incorporating IL-4Rα ASOs may be of significant benefit to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ripple
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kastelijn EA, Rijkers GT, Van Moorsel CH, Zanen P, Kwakkel-van Erp JM, Van De Graaf EA, Van Kessel DA, Grutters JC, Van Den Bosch JM. Systemic and exhaled cytokine and chemokine profiles are associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29:997-1008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Finkelman FD, Hogan SP, Hershey GKK, Rothenberg ME, Wills-Karp M. Importance of cytokines in murine allergic airway disease and human asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1663-74. [PMID: 20130218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, disabling inflammatory respiratory disease that has increased in frequency and severity in developed nations. We review studies of murine allergic airway disease (MAAD) and human asthma that evaluate the importance of Th2 cytokines, Th2 response-promoting cytokines, IL-17, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MAAD and human asthma. We discuss murine studies that directly stimulate airways with specific cytokines or delete, inactivate, neutralize, or block specific cytokines or their receptors, as well as controversial issues including the roles of IL-5, IL-17, and IL-13Ralpha2 in MAAD and IL-4Ralpha expression by specific cell types. Studies of human asthmatic cytokine gene and protein expression, linkage of cytokine polymorphisms to asthma, cytokine responses to allergen stimulation, and clinical responses to cytokine antagonists are discussed as well. Results of these analyses establish the importance of specific cytokines in MAAD and human asthma and have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Antigen-presenting dendritic cells rescue CD4-depleted CCR2-/- mice from lethal Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2125-37. [PMID: 20194586 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of interleukin-4 impairs clearance of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2. An increase in the interleukin-4 level is associated with decreased recruitment of dendritic cells to lungs; therefore, we investigated the possibility that these cells influence interleukin-4 production. Adoptive transfer of wild-type or CCR2(-/-) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells loaded with heat-killed yeast cells to infected CCR2(-/-) mice suppressed interleukin-4 transcription. Surprisingly, transfer of cells did not reduce the fungal burden despite the fact that it limited interleukin-4 transcription. Yeast cell-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-mediated regulation of interleukin-4 transcription was dependent on major histocompatibility complex II antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells. We previously showed that CD4(+) T cells were a source of interleukin-4 in infected CCR2(-/-) mice, but their contribution to the TH2 phenotype was unclear. Here we demonstrated that these cells were functionally important since elimination of them prior to infection, but not elimination of them at the time of infection, reduced the interleukin-4 level in infected CCR2(-/-) mice. However, the fungal burden was reduced only in CD4-depleted CCR2(-/-) mice that received yeast cell-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Taken together, the data indicate that generation of excess interleukin-4 in lungs of H. capsulatum-infected CCR2(-/-) mice is at least partially a consequence of decreased recruitment of dendritic cells capable of antigen presentation. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells had a deleterious impact on immunity in infected CCR2(-/-) mice.
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Tomkinson A, Tepper J, Morton M, Bowden A, Stevens L, Harris P, Lindell D, Fitch N, Gundel R, Getz EB. Inhaled vs subcutaneous effects of a dual IL-4/IL-13 antagonist in a monkey model of asthma. Allergy 2010; 65:69-77. [PMID: 19796211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitrakinra is a recombinant protein derived from human interleukin-4 (IL-4) that binds to IL-4Ralpha and acts as a competitive antagonist of IL-4 and IL-13. The studies reported here compare the dose-ranging effects of pitrakinra on allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia when administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or by inhalation to the Ascaris suum-sensitive cynomolgus monkey for the purpose of elucidating the primary site of pitrakinra's anti-asthmatic action. METHODS Airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine and bronchoalveolar lavage cell composition was determined before and after three allergen exposures with a 1-week course of twice-daily (b.i.d.) s.c. or inhaled pitrakinra or placebo treatment. RESULTS Treatment with s.c. pitrakinra significantly reduced allergen-induced AHR, with a maximum effect of a 2.8- to 3.8-fold increase in methacholine PC(100) relative to control (P < 0.05) observed at b.i.d. s.c. doses of 0.05-0.5 mg/kg. Inhaled pitrakinra also significantly reduced AHR with a similar maximum effect of a 2.8- to 3.2-fold increase in methacholine PC(100) relative to control (P < 0.05) at nominal b.i.d. doses of 3-100 mg. The maximal effect on AHR following inhalation was observed at a plasma concentration which exhibited no efficacy via the subcutaneous route. The effect of pitrakinra on lung eosinophilia was not statistically significant following either route of administration, although lung eosinophil count was reduced in all studies relative to control. CONCLUSION Local administration of pitrakinra to the lung is sufficient to inhibit AHR, one of the cardinal features of asthma, indicating the therapeutic potential of inhaled pitrakinra in the treatment of atopic asthma.
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Donor IL-4-treatment induces alternatively activated liver macrophages and IDO-expressing NK cells and promotes rat liver allograft acceptance. Transpl Immunol 2009; 22:172-8. [PMID: 19944758 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most approaches to transplant tolerance involve treatment of the recipient to prevent rejection. This study investigates donor treatment with IL-4 for its effect on subsequent rat liver allograft survival. Rat orthotopic liver transplants were performed in rejecting (PVG donor to Lewis recipient) or spontaneously tolerant (PVG to DA) strain combinations. Donors were untreated or injected intraperitoneally with IL-4 (30,000U/day) for 5days. Tissue infiltrates and gene expression were examined by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. IL-4 induced a marked leukocyte infiltrate in donor livers prior to transplant. Macrophages comprised the major population, although B cells, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells also increased. IL-4-induced liver macrophages had an alternatively activated phenotype with increased expression of mannose receptor but not inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). IL-4 also induced IDO and IFN-gamma expression by NK cells. Donor IL-4-treatment converted rejection to acceptance in the majority of Lewis recipients (median survival time >96days) and did not prevent acceptance in DA recipients. Acceptance in Lewis recipients was associated with increased donor cell migration to recipient spleens and increased splenic IL-2, IFN-gamma and IDO expression 24h after transplantation. Donor IL-4-treatment increased leukocytes in the donor liver including potentially immunosuppressive populations of alternatively activated macrophages and IDO-expressing NK cells. Donor treatment led to long-term acceptance of most livers in association with early immune activation in recipient lymphoid tissues.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and maintain adaptive T helper 2 (Th2) cell responses to inhaled allergens in asthma. Various functions like antigen uptake, migration to the draining LNs, and induction of tolerance and adaptive immunity are not equally shared by all subsets of DCs, adding considerable complexity to understanding the immunology of allergic sensitization. Whereas the epithelium was initially considered solely as a physical barrier, it is now seen as a central player in controlling the function of lung DCs through release of Th2 cell-promoting cytokines. Although DCs are sufficient and necessary for induction of Th2 cell responses to many antigens, some allergens might require antigen presentation by basophils. Clinically relevant allergens, as well as environmental and genetic risk factors for allergy and asthma, often interfere directly or indirectly with the innate immune functions of airway epithelial cells, basophils, and DCs. This review summarizes the recent progress on our understanding how DCs control Th2 cell immunity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, University Hospital Gent, Gent 9000, Belgium.
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Cai Y, Zhou J, Webb DC. Treatment of mice with fenbendazole attenuates allergic airways inflammation and Th2 cytokine production in a model of asthma. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:623-9. [PMID: 19621025 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models have provided a significant insight into the role of T-helper (Th) 2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13 in regulating eosinophilia and other key features of asthma. However, the validity of these models can be compromised by inadvertent infection of experimental mouse colonies with pathogens such as oxyurid parasites (pinworms). While the benzimidazole derivative, fenbendazole (FBZ), is commonly used to treat such outbreaks, the effects of FBZ on mouse models of Th2 disease are largely unknown. In this investigation, we show that mice fed FBZ-supplemented food during the in utero and post-weaning period developed attenuated lung eosinophilia, antigen-specific IgG1 and Th2 cytokine responses in a model of asthma. Treatment of the mediastinal lymph node cells from allergic mice with FBZ in vitro attenuated cell proliferation, IL-5 and IL-13 production and expression of the early lymphocyte activation marker, CD69 on CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells. In addition, eosinophilia and Th2 responses remained attenuated after a 4-week withholding period in allergic mice treated preweaning with FBZ. Thus, FBZ modulates the amplitude of Th2 responses both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Cai
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Due to the dominance of Th1 cytokines in rejection and the ability of Th2 cytokines, particularly IL-4, to inhibit Th1 responses, it has long been held that Th2 cytokines can improve transplant outcomes. Although there is some support for this, there is mounting evidence that IL-4 and Th2 cytokines can promote graft dysfunction. These disparate effects are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS The role of Th2 cytokines in graft dysfunction is not necessarily due to promotion of humoral immunity, but is due to their ability to drive T-cell and non-T-cell responses including alternative activation of macrophages. Alternatively, activated macrophages compete with classically activated macrophages for arginine and they are mutually exclusive, analogous to mutual competition between Th1 and Th2 cells. Recent findings also point to two subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs), each dependent on either Th1 or Th2 cytokines. In addition to its effects on bone marrow-derived cells, IL-4 affects parenchymal cells by signalling through the type II receptor, which consists of the IL-4R alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha) and the IL-13Ralpha1, which also binds IL-13. SUMMARY The effects of Th2 cytokines in transplantation depend on their cellular targets, the timing and form of administration and on Th2 cytokine-dependent Tregs.
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Cai Y, Kumar RK, Zhou J, Foster PS, Webb DC. Ym1/2 promotes Th2 cytokine expression by inhibiting 12/15(S)-lipoxygenase: identification of a novel pathway for regulating allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5393-9. [PMID: 19380786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ym1/2 lectin is expressed abundantly in the allergic mouse lung in an IL-13-dependent manner. However, the role of Ym1/2 in the development of allergic airways disease is largely unknown. In this investigation, we show that treatment of mice with anti-Ym1/2 Ab during induction of allergic airways disease attenuated mediastinal lymph node production of IL-5 and IL-13. Ym1/2 was found to be expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) in an IL-13-dependent manner and supplementation of DC/CD4(+) T cell cocultures with Ym1/2 enhanced the ability of IL-13(-/-) DCs to stimulate the secretion of IL-5 and IL-13. Affinity chromatography identified 12/15(S)-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) as a Ym1/2-interacting protein and functional studies suggested that Ym1/2 promoted the ability of DCs to stimulate cytokine production by inhibiting 12/15-LOX-mediated catalysis of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE). Treatment of DC/CD4(+) T cell cultures with the 12/15-LOX inhibitor baicalein enhanced, whereas 12(S)-HETE inhibited the production of Th2 cytokines. Notably, delivery of 12(S)-HETE to the airways of mice significantly attenuated the development of allergic airways inflammation and the production of IL-5 and IL-13. In summary, our results suggest that production of Ym1/2 in response to IL-13 promotes Th2 cytokine production and allergic airways inflammation by inhibiting the production of 12(S)-HETE by 12/15-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Cai
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Hopkin J. Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:267-73. [PMID: 19388947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are important parallels in the immunobiology of allergy and asthma, and of the human host's response to parasitic worms. Th-2 immune actions with 'weep and sweep' mucosal biology are common to both - pathological in the first and protective in the second. Common up-regulating genetic variants of Th-2 immunity, notably in IL13 and STAT6, predict increased risk of asthma and allergy, but diminished intensity of infection by Ascaris and Schistosoma. Endemic exposures of humans to parasitic worms may have been one evolutionary force selecting for genetic variants that promote asthma and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hopkin
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Livraghi A, Grubb BR, Hudson EJ, Wilkinson KJ, Sheehan JK, Mall MA, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC, Randell SH. Airway and lung pathology due to mucosal surface dehydration in {beta}-epithelial Na+ channel-overexpressing mice: role of TNF-{alpha} and IL-4R{alpha} signaling, influence of neonatal development, and limited efficacy of glucocorticoid treatment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4357-67. [PMID: 19299736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the epithelial Na(+) channel beta subunit (Scnn1b gene, betaENaC protein) in transgenic (Tg) mouse airways dehydrates mucosal surfaces, producing mucus obstruction, inflammation, and neonatal mortality. Airway inflammation includes macrophage activation, neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment, and elevated KC, TNF-alpha, and chitinase levels. These changes recapitulate aspects of complex human obstructive airway diseases, but their molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to identify pathways relevant to the development of Scnn1b-Tg mouse lung pathology. Genetic deletion of TNF-alpha or its receptor, TNFR1, had no measurable effect on the phenotype. Deletion of IL-4Ralpha abolished transient mucous secretory cell (MuSC) abundance and eosinophilia normally observed in neonatal wild-type mice. Similarly, IL-4Ralpha deficiency decreased MuSC and eosinophils in neonatal Scnn1b-Tg mice, which correlated with improved neonatal survival. However, chronic lung pathology in adult Scnn1b-Tg mice was not affected by IL-4Ralpha status. Prednisolone treatment ablated eosinophilia and MuSC in adult Scnn1b-Tg mice, but did not decrease mucus plugging or neutrophilia. These studies demonstrate that: 1) normal neonatal mouse airway development entails an IL-4Ralpha-dependent, transient abundance of MuSC and eosinophils; 2) absence of IL-4Ralpha improved neonatal survival of Scnn1b-Tg mice, likely reflecting decreased formation of asphyxiating mucus plugs; and 3) in Scnn1b-Tg mice, neutrophilia, mucus obstruction, and airspace enlargement are IL-4Ralpha- and TNF-alpha-independent, and only MuSC and eosinophilia are sensitive to glucocorticoids. Thus, manipulation of multiple pathways will likely be required to treat the complex pathogenesis caused by airway surface dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Livraghi
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis and architectural remodeling of tissues can severely disrupt lung function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrotic diseases is varied, with an array of triggers including allergens, chemicals, radiation and environmental particles. However, the cause of one of the most common pulmonary fibrotic conditions, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is still unclear. This review examines common mechanisms of pulmonary wound-healing responses following lung injury, and highlights the pathogenesis of some of the most widespread pulmonary fibrotic diseases. A three phase model of wound repair is reviewed that includes; (1) injury; (2) inflammation; and (3) repair. In most pulmonary fibrotic conditions dysregulation at one or more of these phases has been reported. Chronic inflammation can lead to an imbalance in the production of chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and disrupt cellular recruitment. These changes coupled with excessive pro-fibrotic IL-13 and/or TGFbeta1 production can turn a well-controlled healing response into a pathogenic fibrotic response. Endogenous regulatory mechanisms are discussed including novel areas of therapeutic intervention. Restoring homeostasis to these dysregulated healing responses, or simply neutralizing the key pro-fibrotic mediators may prevent or slow the progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Medoff BD, Seung E, Hong S, Thomas SY, Sandall BP, Duffield JS, Kuperman DA, Erle DJ, Luster AD. CD11b+ myeloid cells are the key mediators of Th2 cell homing into the airway in allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:623-35. [PMID: 19109196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
STAT6-mediated chemokine production in the lung is required for Th2 lymphocyte and eosinophil homing into the airways in allergic pulmonary inflammation, and thus is a potential therapeutic target in asthma. However, the critical cellular source of STAT6-mediated chemokine production has not been defined. In this study, we demonstrate that STAT6 in bone marrow-derived myeloid cells was sufficient for the production of CCL17, CCL22, CCL11, and CCL24 and for Th2 lymphocyte and eosinophil recruitment into the allergic airway. In contrast, STAT6 in airway-lining cells did not mediate chemokine production or support cellular recruitment. Selective depletion of CD11b(+) myeloid cells in the lung identified these cells as the critical cellular source for the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. These data reveal that CD11b(+) myeloid cells in the lung help orchestrate the adaptive immune response in asthma, in part, through the production of STAT6-inducible chemokines and the recruitment of Th2 lymphocytes into the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Medoff
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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