1
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Feng Y, Yuan Q, Newsome RC, Robinson T, Bowman RL, Zuniga AN, Hall KN, Bernsten CM, Shabashvili DE, Krajcik KI, Gunaratne C, Zaroogian ZJ, Venugopal K, Casellas Roman HL, Levine RL, Chatila WK, Yaeger R, Riva A, Jobin C, Kopinke D, Avram D, Guryanova OA. Hematopoietic-specific heterozygous loss of Dnmt3a exacerbates colitis-associated colon cancer. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230011. [PMID: 37615936 PMCID: PMC10450614 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is defined as clonal expansion of mutant hematopoietic stem cells absent diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy. Presence of CH in solid tumor patients, including colon cancer, correlates with shorter survival. We hypothesized that bone marrow-derived cells with heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of DNMT3A, the most common genetic alteration in CH, contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer. In a mouse model that combines colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) with experimental CH driven by Dnmt3a+/Δ, we found higher tumor penetrance and increased tumor burden compared with controls. Histopathological analysis revealed accentuated colonic epithelium injury, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma formation. Transcriptome profiling of colon tumors identified enrichment of gene signatures associated with carcinogenesis, including angiogenesis. Treatment with the angiogenesis inhibitor axitinib eliminated the colon tumor-promoting effect of experimental CH driven by Dnmt3a haploinsufficiency and rebalanced hematopoiesis. This study provides conceptually novel insights into non-tumor-cell-autonomous effects of hematopoietic alterations on colon carcinogenesis and identifies potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Qingchen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachel C. Newsome
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Troy Robinson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert L. Bowman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley N. Zuniga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kendra N. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Bernsten
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniil E. Shabashvili
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn I. Krajcik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chamara Gunaratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary J. Zaroogian
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kartika Venugopal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heidi L. Casellas Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Walid K. Chatila
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rona Yaeger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of FloridaHealth Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of FloridaHealth Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dorina Avram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of FloridaHealth Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Immunology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Olga A. Guryanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of FloridaCollege of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of FloridaHealth Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Chadha S, Kumar A, Srivastava SA, Behl T, Ranjan R. Inulin as a Delivery Vehicle for Targeting Colon-Specific Cancer. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 17:651-674. [PMID: 32459607 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200527133719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides, as well as biopolymers, are now days widely developed for targeting colon cancer using various drug delivery systems. Currently, healing conformations are being explored that can efficiently play a multipurpose role. Owing to the capability of extravagance colonic diseases with the least adverse effects, biopolymers for site specific colon delivery have developed an increased curiosity over the past decades. Inulin (INU) was explored for its probable application as an entrapment material concerning its degradation by enzymes in the colonic microflora and its drug release behavior in a sustained and controlled manner. INU is a polysaccharide and it consists of 2 to 1 linkage having an extensive array of beneficial uses such as a carrier for delivery of therapeutic agents as an indicative/investigative utensil or as a dietary fiber with added well-being aids. In the main, limited research, as well as information, is available on the delivery of therapeutic agents using inulin specifically for colon cancer because of its capability to subsist in the stomach's acidic medium. This exceptional steadiness and robustness properties are exploited in numerous patterns to target drugs securely for the management of colonic cancer, where they effectively act and kills colonic tumor cells easily. In this review article, recent efforts and inulin-based nano-technological approaches for colon cancer targeting are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chadha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rishu Ranjan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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3
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Chawla M, Mukherjee T, Deka A, Chatterjee B, Sarkar UA, Singh AK, Kedia S, Lum J, Dhillon MK, Banoth B, Biswas SK, Ahuja V, Basak S. An epithelial Nfkb2 pathway exacerbates intestinal inflammation by supplementing latent RelA dimers to the canonical NF-κB module. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024828118. [PMID: 34155144 PMCID: PMC8237674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024828118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant inflammation, such as that associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is fueled by the inordinate activity of RelA/NF-κB factors. As such, the canonical NF-κB module mediates controlled nuclear activation of RelA dimers from the latent cytoplasmic complexes. What provokes pathological RelA activity in the colitogenic gut remains unclear. The noncanonical NF-κB pathway typically promotes immune organogenesis involving Nfkb2 gene products. Because NF-κB pathways are intertwined, we asked whether noncanonical signaling aggravated inflammatory RelA activity. Our investigation revealed frequent engagement of the noncanonical pathway in human IBD. In a mouse model of experimental colitis, we established that Nfkb2-mediated regulations escalated the RelA-driven proinflammatory gene response in intestinal epithelial cells, exacerbating the infiltration of inflammatory cells and colon pathologies. Our mechanistic studies clarified that cell-autonomous Nfkb2 signaling supplemented latent NF-κB dimers, leading to a hyperactive canonical RelA response in the inflamed colon. In sum, the regulation of latent NF-κB dimers appears to link noncanonical Nfkb2 signaling to RelA-driven inflammatory pathologies and may provide for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Chawla
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Alvina Deka
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Budhaditya Chatterjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Uday Aditya Sarkar
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Manprit Kaur Dhillon
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India;
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4
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Nissim-Eliraz E, Nir E, Marsiano N, Yagel S, Shpigel NY. NF-kappa-B activation unveils the presence of inflammatory hotspots in human gut xenografts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243010. [PMID: 33939711 PMCID: PMC8092666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-epithelial cell layer of the gut mucosa serves as an essential barrier between the host and luminal microflora and plays a major role in innate immunity against invading pathogens. Nuclear factor kB (NF-κB), a central component of the cellular signaling machinery, regulates immune response and inflammation. NF-κB proteins are activated by signaling pathways downstream to microbial recognition receptors and cytokines receptors. Highly regulated NF-κB activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is essential for normal gut homeostasis; dysregulated activity has been linked to a number of disease states, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's Disease (CD). Our aim was to visualize and quantify spatial and temporal dynamics of NF-κB activity in steady state and inflamed human gut. Lentivirus technology was used to transduce the IEC of human gut xenografts in SCID mice with a NF-κB luminescence reporter system. NF-κB signaling was visualized and quantified using low resolution, intravital imaging of the whole body and high resolution, immunofluorescence microscopic imaging of the tissues. We show that NF-κB is activated in select subset of IEC with low "leaky" NF-κB activity. These unique inflammatory epithelial cells are clustered in the gut into discrete hotspots of NF-κB activity that are visible in steady state and selectively activated by systemic LPS and human TNFα or luminal bacteria. The presence of inflammatory hotspots in the normal and inflamed gut might explain the patchy mucosal lesions characterizing CD and thus could have important implications for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Nissim-Eliraz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eilam Nir
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noga Marsiano
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Simcha Yagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nahum Y. Shpigel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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5
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Ren L, Ye J, Zhao B, Sun J, Cao P, Yang Y. The Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674807. [PMID: 33959032 PMCID: PMC8093878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors. Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Studies have shown that the behavior of intestinal microbiota can lead to pathological changes in the host intestine, which can be divided into epigenetic changes and carcinogenic changes at the gene level, and ultimately promote the formation and development of colorectal cancer. Intestinal microbiota is mainly distributed in the intestinal epithelium, which is composed of a large number of microorganisms interacting with the host intestinal cells. It can affect the immune-inflammation and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract, and may be used as a biomarker for disease diagnosis. Regulation of gut microbiota is a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer, including the related mechanisms of intestinal microbiota promoting colorectal cancer, the use of intestinal microbiota in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, and the regulation of intestinal microbiota in the prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ren
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China
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6
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Transcriptional programmes underlying cellular identity and microbial responsiveness in the intestinal epithelium. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:7-23. [PMID: 33024279 PMCID: PMC7997278 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves the unique and critical function of harvesting dietary nutrients, while simultaneously acting as a cellular barrier separating tissues from the luminal environment and gut microbial ecosystem. Two salient features of the intestinal epithelium enable it to perform these complex functions. First, cells within the intestinal epithelium achieve a wide range of specialized identities, including different cell types and distinct anterior-posterior patterning along the intestine. Second, intestinal epithelial cells are sensitive and responsive to the dynamic milieu of dietary nutrients, xenobiotics and microorganisms encountered in the intestinal luminal environment. These diverse identities and responsiveness of intestinal epithelial cells are achieved in part through the differential transcription of genes encoded in their shared genome. Here, we review insights from mice and other vertebrate models into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying intestinal epithelial identity and microbial responsiveness, including DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and transcription factors. These studies are revealing that most transcription factors involved in intestinal epithelial identity also respond to changes in the microbiota, raising both opportunities and challenges to discern the underlying integrative transcriptional regulatory networks.
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7
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Ruan W, Engevik MA, Chang-Graham AL, Danhof HA, Goodwin A, Engevik KA, Shi Z, Hall A, Rienzi SCD, Venable S, Britton RA, Hyser J, Versalovic J. Enhancing responsiveness of human jejunal enteroids to host and microbial stimuli. J Physiol 2020; 598:3085-3105. [PMID: 32428244 PMCID: PMC7674265 DOI: 10.1113/jp279423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Enteroids are a physiologically relevant model to examine the human intestine and its functions. Previously, the measurable cytokine response of human intestinal enteroids has been limited following exposure to host or microbial pro-inflammatory stimuli. Modifications to enteroid culture conditions facilitated robust human cytokine responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli. This new human enteroid culture methodology refines the ability to study microbiome:human intestinal epithelium interactions in the laboratory. ABSTRACT The intestinal epithelium is the primary interface between the host, the gut microbiome and its external environment. Since the intestinal epithelium contributes to innate immunity as a first line of defence, understanding how the epithelium responds to microbial and host stimuli is an important consideration in promoting homeostasis. Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) are primary epithelial cell cultures that can provide insights into the biology of the intestinal epithelium and innate immune responses. One potential limitation of using HIEs for innate immune studies is the relative lack of responsiveness to factors that stimulate epithelial cytokine production. We report technical refinements, including removal of extracellular antioxidants, to facilitate enhanced cytokine responses in HIEs. Using this new method, we demonstrate that HIEs have distinct cytokine profiles in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli derived from host and microbial sources. Overall, we found that host-derived cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1α stimulated reactive oxygen species and a large repertoire of cytokines. In contrast, microbial lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and flagellin stimulated a limited number of cytokines and histamine did not stimulate the release of any cytokines. Importantly, HIE-secreted cytokines were functionally active, as denoted by the ability of human blood-derived neutrophil to migrate towards HIE supernatant containing interleukin-8. These findings establish that the immune responsiveness of HIEs depends on medium composition and stimuli. By refining the experimental culture medium and creating an environment conducive to epithelial cytokine responses by human enteroids, HIEs can facilitate exploration of many experimental questions pertaining to the role of the intestinal epithelium in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Heather A Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annie Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Shi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne Hall
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara C Di Rienzi
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Venable
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Gutierrez-Merino J, Isla B, Combes T, Martinez-Estrada F, Maluquer De Motes C. Beneficial bacteria activate type-I interferon production via the intracellular cytosolic sensors STING and MAVS. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:771-788. [PMID: 31941397 PMCID: PMC7524384 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1707015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN-I) cytokines are produced by immune cells in response to microbial infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases, and subsequently, trigger cytoprotective and antiviral responses through the activation of IFN-I stimulated genes (ISGs). The ability of intestinal microbiota to modulate innate immune responses is well known, but the mechanisms underlying such responses remain elusive. Here we report that the intracellular sensors stimulator of IFN genes (STING) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) are essential for the production of IFN-I in response to lactic acid bacteria (LAB), common gut commensal bacteria with beneficial properties. Using human macrophage cells we show that LAB strains that potently activate the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB are poor inducers of IFN-I and conversely, those triggering significant amounts of IFN-I fail to activate NF-κB. This IFN-I response is also observed in human primary macrophages, which modulate CD64 and CD40 upon challenge with IFN-I-inducing LAB. Mechanistically, IFN-I inducers interact more intimately with phagocytes as compared to NF-κB-inducers, and fail to activate IFN-I in the presence of phagocytosis inhibitors. These bacteria are then sensed intracellularly by the cytoplasmic sensors STING and, to a lesser extent, MAVS. Accordingly, macrophages deficient for STING showed dramatically reduced phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase (TBK)-1 and IFN-I activation, which resulted in lower expression of ISGs. Our findings demonstrate a major role for intracellular sensing and STING in the production of IFN-I by beneficial bacteria and the existence of bacteria-specific immune signatures, which can be exploited to promote cytoprotective responses and prevent overreactive NF-κB-dependent inflammation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Isla
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK
| | - Theo Combes
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK
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9
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Peng C, Ouyang Y, Lu N, Li N. The NF-κB Signaling Pathway, the Microbiota, and Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis: Recent Advances. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1387. [PMID: 32695120 PMCID: PMC7338561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, especially gastric cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC), represent a major global health burden. A large population of microorganisms residing in the GI tract regulate physiological processes, such as the immune response, metabolic balance, and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has revealed the alteration of microbial communities in GI tumorigenesis. Experimental studies in cell lines and animal models showed the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of several bacteria in GI cancers, including Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides fragilis in CRC. The transcriptional factor NF-κB plays a crucial role in the host response to microbial infection through orchestrating innate and adaptive immune functions. Moreover, NF-κB activity is linked to GI cancer initiation and development through its induction of chronic inflammation, cellular transformation and proliferation. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by microbiota, especially infectious bacteria, in GI tumorigenesis, with a major focus on gastric cancer and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaobin Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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10
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Gunasekera DC, Ma J, Vacharathit V, Shah P, Ramakrishnan A, Uprety P, Shen Z, Sheh A, Brayton CF, Whary MT, Fox JG, Bream JH. The development of colitis in Il10 -/- mice is dependent on IL-22. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:493-506. [PMID: 31932715 PMCID: PMC7566780 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the IL-10 pathway are the most widely used models of intestinal immunopathology. IL-17A is strongly implicated in gut disease in mice and humans, but conflicting evidence has drawn IL-17's role in the gut into question. IL-22 regulates antimicrobial and repair activities of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and is closely associated with IL-17A responses but it's role in chronic disease is uncertain. We report that IL-22, like IL-17A, is aberrantly expressed in colitic Il10-/- mice. While IL-22+ Th17 cells were elevated in the colon, IL-22-producing ILC3s were highly enriched in the small intestines of Il10-/- mice. Remarkably, Il10-/-Il22-/- mice did not develop colitis despite retaining high levels of Th17 cells and remaining colonized with colitogenic Helicobacter spp. Accordant with IL-22-induced IEC proliferation, the epithelia hyperplasia observed in Il10-/- animals was reversed in Il10-/-Il22-/- mice. Also, the high levels of antimicrobial IL-22-target genes, including Reg3g, were normalized in Il10-/-Il22-/- mice. Consistent with a heightened antimicrobial environment, Il10-/- mice had reduced diversity of the fecal microbiome that was reestablished in Il10-/-Il22-/- animals. These data suggest that spontaneous colitis in Il10-/- mice is driven by IL-22 and implicates an underappreciated IL-10/IL-22 axis in regulating intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilini C Gunasekera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinxia Ma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vimvara Vacharathit
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Palak Shah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amritha Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Uprety
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Schmid A, Hochberg A, Kreiß AF, Gehl J, Patz M, Thomalla M, Hanses F, Karrasch T, Schäffler A. Role of progranulin in adipose tissue innate immunity. Cytokine 2020; 125:154796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Pope JL, Yang Y, Newsome RC, Sun W, Sun X, Ukhanova M, Neu J, Issa JP, Mai V, Jobin C. Microbial Colonization Coordinates the Pathogenesis of a Klebsiella pneumoniae Infant Isolate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3380. [PMID: 30833613 PMCID: PMC6399262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae are among the first colonizers of neonate intestine. Members of this family, such as Escherichia and Klebsiella, are considered pathobionts and as such are capable of inducing local and systemic disease under specific colonization circumstances. Interplay between developing microbiota and pathogenic function of pathobionts are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the functional interaction between various colonization patterns on an early colonizer, K. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae 51-5 was isolated from stool of a healthy, premature infant, and found to contain the genotoxin island pks associated with development of colorectal cancer. Using intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and primary splenocytes, we demonstrate K. pneumoniae 51-5 upregulates expression of proinflammatory genes in vitro. Gnotobiotic experiments in Il10-/- mice demonstrate the neonate isolate induces intestinal inflammation in vivo, with increased expression of proinflammatory genes. Regulation of microbiota assembly revealed K. pneumoniae 51-5 accelerates onset of inflammation in Il10-/- mice, most significantly when microbiota is naturally acquired. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae 51-5 induces DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, K. pneumoniae 51-5 induced tumors in ApcMin/+; Il10-/- mice was not significantly affected by absence of colibactin activating enzyme, ClbP. These findings demonstrate pathogenicity of infant K. pneumoniae isolate is sensitive to microbial colonization status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Pope
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rachel C Newsome
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkanasas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Maria Ukhanova
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Volker Mai
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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13
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Yu LCH. Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: exploring a common ground hypothesis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:79. [PMID: 30413188 PMCID: PMC6234774 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease which arises as a result of the interaction of genetic, environmental, barrier and microbial factors leading to chronic inflammation in the intestine. Patients with IBD had a higher risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC), of which the subset was classified as colitis-associated cancers. Genetic polymorphism of innate immune receptors had long been considered a major risk factor for IBD, and the mutations were also recently observed in CRC. Altered microbial composition (termed microbiota dybiosis) and dysfunctional gut barrier manifested by epithelial hyperpermeability and high amount of mucosa-associated bacteria were observed in IBD and CRC patients. The findings suggested that aberrant immune responses to penetrating commensal microbes may play key roles in fueling disease progression. Accumulative evidence demonstrated that mucosa-associated bacteria harbored colitogenic and protumoral properties in experimental models, supporting an active role of bacteria as pathobionts (commensal-derived opportunistic pathogens). Nevertheless, the host factors involved in bacterial dysbiosis and conversion mechanisms from lumen-dwelling commensals to mucosal pathobionts remain unclear. Based on the observation of gut leakiness in patients and the evidence of epithelial hyperpermeability prior to the onset of mucosal histopathology in colitic animals, it was postulated that the epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with mucosal enrichment of specific bacterial strains may predispose the shift to disease-associated microbiota. The speculation of leaky gut as an initiating factor for microbiota dysbiosis that eventually led to pathological consequences was proposed as the "common ground hypothesis", which will be highlighted in this review. Overall, the understanding of the core interplay between gut microbiota and epithelial barriers at early subclinical phases will shed light to novel therapeutic strategies to manage chronic inflammatory disorders and colitis-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Suite 1020, #1 Jen-Ai Rd. Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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14
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Dann SM, Le CHY, Hanson EM, Ross MC, Eckmann L. Giardia Infection of the Small Intestine Induces Chronic Colitis in Genetically Susceptible Hosts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:548-559. [PMID: 29898958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lumen-dwelling protozoan Giardia is an important parasitic cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection can persist over extended periods with minimal intestinal inflammation, suggesting that Giardia may attenuate host responses to ensure its survival, although clearance eventually occurs in most cases. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory regulator critical for intestinal homeostasis and controlling host responses to bacterial exposure, yet its potential role in coordinating antiprotozoal host defense in the intestine is not known. In this study, we found that murine infection with the natural enteric pathogen Giardia muris induced a transient IL-10 response after 2-4 wk at the primary site of infection in the upper small intestine, but parasite colonization and eradication were not affected by the absence of the cytokine in gene-targeted mice. However, IL-10 was critical for controlling infection-associated immunological sequelae in the colon because severe and persistent diarrhea and colitis were observed in IL-10-deficient mice within 1-2 wk postinfection but not in uninfected littermate controls. Inflammation was characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, neutrophil and macrophage expansion, and Th1 induction and could be prevented by blockade of IL-12/IL-23 p40 but not depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota underwent characteristic shifts in composition and was required for disease because antibiotics and loss of TLR signaling in MyD88-deficient mice protected against colitis. Together, our data suggest that transient infection by a luminal and seemingly noninflammatory pathogen can trigger sustained colitis in genetically susceptible hosts, which has broader implications for understanding postinfectious syndromes and other chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Christine H Y Le
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Elaine M Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Matthew C Ross
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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15
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Chang YC, Ching YH, Chiu CC, Liu JY, Hung SW, Huang WC, Huang YT, Chuang HL. TLR2 and interleukin-10 are involved in Bacteroides fragilis-mediated prevention of DSS-induced colitis in gnotobiotic mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180025. [PMID: 28683149 PMCID: PMC5500315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Bacteroides fragilis (BF) are Gram-negative anaerobe symbionts present in the colon. Recent studies have reported the beneficial role of BF in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, stimulating host immunologic development, and preventing infectious colitis caused by pathogenic bacteria. Our previous studies showed that monocolonization of germ-free mice with BF significantly reduced colon inflammations and damage. Methods In order to investigate the Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), TLR4, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) molecular signaling pathways involved in BF-mediated prevention of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The wild-type (WT), TLR4, TLR2, and IL-10 knockout (-/-) germ-free mice grown were with or without BF colonization for 28 days, and then administered 1% DSS in drinking water for 7 day to induce acute ulcerative colitis. Results We compared phenotypes such as weight loss, disease activity, intestinal histological scores, and immunohistochemistry for inflammatory cells. Unlike WT and TLR4-/- mice, the severity of DSS-colitis did not improve in TLR2-/- animals after BF colonization. The BF enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 expression and inhibited pro-inflammatory-related tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and IL-6 mRNA expression in both WT and TLR4-/- mice. In contrast, the failed to up-regulated IL-10 and down-regulated the TNF-α and IL-6 in BF colonization TLR2-/- mice. In addition, we further perform IL-10-/- mice to clarify whether the BF through TLR2 /IL-10 pathway to alleviate DSS-colitis. There were no significant differences in colitis severity and pro-inflammatory related genes expression in the IL-10-/- mice with or without BF colonization. Conclusions These results indicate the disease-preventing effects of BF in acute DSS-induced colitis may occur through the TLR2/IL-10 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chih Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chao Chiu
- Division of Animal Resources, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yun Liu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Hung
- Division of Animal Resources, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Te Huang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Early Gut Microbiota Intervention Suppresses DSS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Deactivating TLR/NLR Signalling in Pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3224. [PMID: 28607413 PMCID: PMC5468271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent metagenomic studies suggest that innate and adaptive immune phenotypes can be programmed via gut microbiota-host interactions mediated via activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on host cells. In this study, we used two extremely different pig lines (the Yorkshire and the Tibetan) to test the hypothesis that the transplantation of gut microbiota could transfer certain immunologic characteristics from donor to recipient. The faecal microbiota of these two pig lines was transplanted in healthy commercial hybrid newborn piglets to establish the “Tibetan-intervened” and “Yorkshire-intervened” porcine models. Then, acute colitis was induced using dextran sulphate sodium (DSS), which activated Toll-/NOD-like receptor (TLR/NLR) signalling in the colonic tissues of the “Yorkshire-intervened” piglets, leading to increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells and causing intestinal injuries. Conversely, DSS administration had little influence on the “Tibetan-intervened” piglets, which showed no significant inflammation and no changes in cytokines, immune cells, or signalling molecules, including TLRs, NLRs, MYD88 and NF-κB, after DSS treatment. These results indicate that pigs inoculated with the Tibetan microbiota acquired relatively strong resistance to experimental colitis, suggesting that the genotype of the host contributes to the uniqueness of its intestinal microbial community, whereas the microbiota plays a vital role in programming the immune phenotypes of the host.
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17
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Jones RM, Neish AS. Redox signaling mediated by the gut microbiota. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:41-47. [PMID: 27989756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota that inhabits the mammalian intestine can influence a range of physiological functions, including the modulation of immune responses, enhancement epithelial barrier function, and the stimulation of cell proliferation. While the mechanisms by which commensal prokaryotes stimulate immune signaling networks are well-characterized, less is known about the mechanistic control over homeostatic pathways within tissues. Recent reports by our research group have demonstrated that contact between the gut epithelia and some groups of enteric commensal bacteria prompts the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within host cells. Whereas the bacterial-induced production of ROS in phagocytes in response to ligand binding to Formyl Peptide Receptors (FPRs) and ensuing activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) is a well-defined mechanism, ROS generated by other cell types such as intestinal epithelia in response to microbial signals via FPRs and the NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) is less appreciated. Importantly, enzymatically generated ROS have been shown to function as second messengers in many signal transduction pathways via the transient oxidative activity on sensor proteins bearing oxidant-sensitive thiol groups. Examples of redox sensitive proteins include tyrosine phosphatases that serve as regulators of MAPK pathways, focal adhesion kinase, as well as components involved NF-kB activation. Here, we review the leading edge discoveries gleaned from investigations that focus on microbial-induced generation of ROS and their functional effects on host physiology. These studies identify the functional molecular elements and mechanistic events that mediate the established effects of the normal microbiota on intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheinallt M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michaels St, Room 105-L, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michaels St, Room 105-L, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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18
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Mottawea W, Chiang CK, Mühlbauer M, Starr AE, Butcher J, Abujamel T, Deeke SA, Brandel A, Zhou H, Shokralla S, Hajibabaei M, Singleton R, Benchimol EI, Jobin C, Mack DR, Figeys D, Stintzi A. Altered intestinal microbiota-host mitochondria crosstalk in new onset Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13419. [PMID: 27876802 PMCID: PMC5122959 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbial dysbiosis is associated with Crohn's disease (CD). However, the mechanisms leading to the chronic mucosal inflammation that characterizes this disease remain unclear. In this report, we use systems-level approaches to study the interactions between the gut microbiota and host in new-onset paediatric patients to evaluate causality and mechanisms of disease. We report an altered host proteome in CD patients indicative of impaired mitochondrial functions. In particular, mitochondrial proteins implicated in H2S detoxification are downregulated, while the relative abundance of H2S microbial producers is increased. Network correlation analysis reveals that Atopobium parvulum controls the central hub of H2S producers. A. parvulum induces pancolitis in colitis-susceptible interleukin-10-deficient mice and this phenotype requires the presence of the intestinal microbiota. Administrating the H2S scavenger bismuth mitigates A. parvulum-induced colitis in vivo. This study reveals that host–microbiota interactions are disturbed in CD and thus provides mechanistic insights into CD pathogenesis. Crohn's disease is associated with altered intestinal microbiota. Here, the authors show that the microbe Atopobium parvulum is associated with Crohn's disease patients, triggers colitis in a mouse model, and that scavenging microbe-induced hydrogen sulfide improved symptoms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Mottawea
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Cheng-Kang Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Amanda E Starr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - James Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Turki Abujamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Shelley A Deeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Annette Brandel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Hu Zhou
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shadi Shokralla
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Ruth Singleton
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre and CHEO Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre and CHEO Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - David R Mack
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre and CHEO Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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19
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Vendramini-Costa DB, Francescone R, Posocco D, Hou V, Dmitrieva O, Hensley H, de Carvalho JE, Pilli RA, Grivennikov SI. Anti-inflammatory natural product goniothalamin reduces colitis-associated and sporadic colorectal tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2016; 38:51-63. [PMID: 27797827 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment offers multiple targets for cancer therapy, including pro-tumorigenic inflammation. Natural compounds represent an enormous source of new anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. We previously showed that the styryl lactone goniothalamin (GTN) has promising antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Because inflammation is a major driver of colorectal cancer (CRC), we therefore evaluated the therapeutic and preventive potentials of GTN in colitis, colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and spontaneous CRC. First, in a simplistic model of inflammation in vitro, GTN was able to inhibit cytokine production in bone marrow-derived macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide. Next, in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced-colitis model, mice treated with GTN displayed restored tissue architecture, increased cell proliferation in the colonic crypts and reduced epithelial damage. Moreover, colon tissue from GTN-treated mice had significantly less expression of the inflammatory genes interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), S100A9, interleukin 23A (IL-23A), IL-22 and IL-17A In the azoxymethane/DSS model of CAC, GTN reduced tumor multiplicity, load and size. Additionally, GTN suppressed production of IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α in tumor tissue, as well as abrogated stromal immune cell activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Finally, in a tamoxifen inducible model of sporadic CRC, GTN-treated mice had significantly fewer tumors and decreased levels of IL-17A, IL-6, S100A9 and TNF-α protein within the tumors. These results suggest that GTN possesses anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities and represents a preventive and therapeutic agent modulating the inflammatory environment in the colon during colitis as well as CAC and CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Barbosa Vendramini-Costa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Present address: The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ralph Francescone
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
| | - David Posocco
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
| | - Vivianty Hou
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
| | - Oxana Dmitrieva
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
| | - Harvey Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA and
| | - João Ernesto de Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Aloise Pilli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Sergei I Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA,
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20
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Yang YR, Kim DH, Seo YK, Park D, Jang HJ, Choi SY, Lee YH, Lee GH, Nakajima K, Taniguchi N, Kim JM, Choi EJ, Moon HY, Kim IS, Choi JH, Lee H, Ryu SH, Cocco L, Suh PG. Elevated O-GlcNAcylation promotes colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis by modulating NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12529-42. [PMID: 25915426 PMCID: PMC4494956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational modification. O-GlcNAc addition and removal is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. More recent evidence indicates that regulation of O-GlcNAcylation is important for inflammatory diseases and tumorigenesis. In this study, we revealed that O-GlcNAcylation was increased in the colonic tissues of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced colitis-associated cancer (CAC) animal models. Moreover, the O-GlcNAcylation level was elevated in human CAC tissues compared with matched normal counterparts. To investigate the functional role of O-GlcNAcylation in colitis, we used OGA heterozygote mice, which have an increased level of O-GlcNAcylation. OGA(+/-) mice have higher susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis than OGA(+/+) mice. OGA(+/-) mice exhibited a higher incidence of colon tumors than OGA(+/+) mice. In molecular studies, elevated O-GlcNAc levels were shown to enhance the activation of NF-κB signaling through increasing the binding of RelA/p65 to its target promoters. We also found that Thr-322 and Thr352 in the p65-O-GlcNAcylation sites are critical for p65 promoter binding. These results suggest that the elevated O-GlcNAcylation level in colonic tissues contributes to the development of colitis and CAC by disrupting regulation of NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ryoul Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyo Seo
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Youn Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Hui Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKENMax Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKENMax Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Shin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Cancer Experimental Resources Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Nistal E, Fernández-Fernández N, Vivas S, Olcoz JL. Factors Determining Colorectal Cancer: The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota. Front Oncol 2015; 5:220. [PMID: 26528432 PMCID: PMC4601259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, in particular the colon, holds a complex community of microorganisms, which are essential for maintaining homeostasis. However, in recent years, many studies have implicated microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), with this disease considered a major cause of death in the western world. The mechanisms underlying bacterial contribution in its development are complex and are not yet fully understood. However, there is increasing evidence showing a connection between intestinal microbiota and CRC. Intestinal microorganisms cause the onset and progression of CRC using different mechanisms, such as the induction of a chronic inflammation state, the biosynthesis of genotoxins that interfere with cell cycle regulation, the production of toxic metabolites, or heterocyclic amine activation of pro-diet carcinogenic compounds. Despite these advances, additional studies in humans and animal models will further decipher the relationship between microbiota and CRC, and aid in developing alternate therapies based on microbiota manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nistal
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León , León , Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vivas
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León , León , Spain ; Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario de León , León , Spain
| | - José Luis Olcoz
- Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario de León , León , Spain
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22
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Dowds CM, Blumberg RS, Zeissig S. Control of intestinal homeostasis through crosstalk between natural killer T cells and the intestinal microbiota. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:128-33. [PMID: 25988859 PMCID: PMC4817350 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human host and the intestinal microbiota co-exist in a mutually beneficial relationship, which contributes to host and microbial metabolism as well as maturation of the host's immune system, among many other pathways (Tremaroli and Backhed, 2012; Hooper et al., 2012). At mucosal surfaces, and particularly in the intestine, the commensal microbiota provides 'colonization resistance' to invading pathogens and maintains homeostasis through microbial regulation of mucosal innate and adaptive immunity (Renz et al., 2012). Recent evidence suggests that natural killer T cells (NKT cells), a subgroup of lipid-reactive T cells, play central roles in bidirectional interactions between the host and the commensal microbiota, which govern intestinal homeostasis and prevent inflammation. Here, we provide a brief overview of recently identified pathways of commensal microbial regulation of NKT cells, discuss feedback mechanisms of NKT cell-dependent control of microbial colonization and composition, and highlight the critical role of host-microbial cross-talk for prevention of NKT cell-dependent mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marie Dowds
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
Complex mechanisms are pulling the strings to initiate the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Current evidence indicates that an interaction of genetic susceptibilities (polymorphisms), environmental factors, and the host microbiota leads to a dysregulation of the mucosal immune system. In the past decades, the interleukin-10-deficient mouse has served as an excellent model to mirror the multifactorial nature of this disease. Here, we want to review in detail the interplay of the genetic factors, immune aspects, and especially summarize and discuss the role of the microbiota contributing to colitis development in the interleukin-10-deficient mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease as a multihit model.
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24
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Keku TO, Dulal S, Deveaux A, Jovov B, Han X. The gastrointestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G351-63. [PMID: 25540232 PMCID: PMC4346754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is home to a complex and diverse microbiota that contributes to the overall homeostasis of the host. Increasingly, the intestinal microbiota is recognized as an important player in human illness such as colorectal cancer (CRC), inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity. CRC in itself is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the Western world. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to CRC are complex and not fully understood, but increasing evidence suggests a link between the intestinal microbiota and CRC as well as diet and inflammation, which are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis. It is thought that the gut microbiota interact with dietary factors to promote chronic inflammation and CRC through direct influence on host cell physiology, cellular homeostasis, energy regulation, and/or metabolism of xenobiotics. This review provides an overview on the role of commensal gut microbiota in the development of human CRC and explores its association with diet and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O. Keku
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Santosh Dulal
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - April Deveaux
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Biljana Jovov
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Xuesong Han
- 3Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Koh SJ, Kim JW, Kim BG, Lee KL, Im JP, Kim JS. Fluoxetine inhibits hyperresponsive lamina propria mononuclear cells and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and ameliorates chronic colitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:101-8. [PMID: 25146842 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We aimed to study the effect of fluoxetine on chronic colitis and its anti-inflammatory mechanism in interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice. METHODS IL-10(-/-) mice were administered with either the vehicle or one of the two dosages of fluoxetine (1 or 5 mg/kg) by oral gavage daily for 2 weeks. Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were isolated from IL-10(-/-) mice treated with or without fluoxetine, and cytokine expression was measured. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) isolated from IL-10(-/-), and wild-type mice were pretreated with fluoxetine and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Fluoxetine significantly reduced intestinal inflammation as assessed by body weight, colon length, and histopathological grading, and it inhibited the level of TNF-α gene expression in IL-10(-/-) mice. LPMCs were isolated from IL-10(-/-) mice, and cellular expression of IL-12p40 and interferon-γ was suppressed by fluoxetine treatment. Fluoxetine significantly inhibited IL-12p40 and TNF-α gene expression and protein secretion in BMDCs from IL-10(-/-) mice. DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was suppressed by fluoxetine pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that fluoxetine ameliorates intestinal inflammation in IL-10(-/-) mice and inhibits hyperresponsive LPMCs and BMDCs, which suggests that fluoxetine could be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 5 Gil 20, Boramae-Road, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea,
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26
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Zhou Y, Ruan Z, Zhou X, Huang X, Li H, Wang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Deng Z, Wu G, Yin Y. A diet with lactosucrose supplementation ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Food Funct 2015; 6:162-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation contributes to an increased risk of colon cancer.
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27
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Perez-Chanona E, Mühlbauer M, Jobin C. The microbiota protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2965-75. [PMID: 25204845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, induces autophagy on detection of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of microbial cell walls. The role of bacteria and NOD2 signaling toward ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced intestinal injury response is unknown. Herein, we report that I/R-induced intestinal injury in germ-free (GF) C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice is worse than in conventionally derived mice. More important, microbiota-mediated protection against I/R-induced intestinal injury is abrogated in conventionally derived Nod2(-/-) mice and GF Nod2(-/-) mice. Also, WT mice raised in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions fared better against I/R-induced injury than SPF Nod2(-/-) mice. Moreover, SPF WT mice i.p. administered 10 mg/kg MDP were protected against injury compared with mice administered the inactive enantiomer, l-MDP, an effect lost in Nod2(-/-) mice. However, MDP administration failed to protect GF mice from I/R-induced intestinal injury compared with control, a phenomenon correlating with undetectable Nod2 mRNA level in the epithelium of GF mice. More important, the autophagy-inducer rapamycin protected Nod2(-/-) mice against I/R-induced injury and increased the levels of LC3(+) puncta in injured tissue of Nod2(-/-) mice. These findings demonstrate that NOD2 protects against I/R and promotes wound healing, likely through the induction of the autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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28
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Fusobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae: important players for CRC? Immunol Lett 2014; 162:54-61. [PMID: 24972311 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an essential role in regulating intestinal homeostasis through its capacity to modulate various biological activities ranging from barrier, immunity and metabolic function. Not surprisingly, microbial dysbiosis is associated with numerous intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). In this piece, we will review recent evidence that gut microbial dysbiosis can influence intestinal disease, including colitis and CRC. We will discuss the biological events implicated in the development of microbial dysbiosis and the emergence of CRC-associated microorganisms, focusing on Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Finally, the mechanisms by which E. coli and F. nucleatum exert potentially carcinogenic effects on the host will be reviewed.
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29
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Yan Q, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Deshmukh H, Tsalik EL, Cyr DD, Lucas J, Woods CW, Scott WK, Sempowski GD, Thaden J, Rude TH, Ahn SH, Fowler VG. Dusp3 and Psme3 are associated with murine susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection and human sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004149. [PMID: 24901344 PMCID: PMC4047107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Using A/J mice, which are susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus, we sought to identify genetic determinants of susceptibility to S. aureus, and evaluate their function with regard to S. aureus infection. One QTL region on chromosome 11 containing 422 genes was found to be significantly associated with susceptibility to S. aureus infection. Of these 422 genes, whole genome transcription profiling identified five genes (Dcaf7, Dusp3, Fam134c, Psme3, and Slc4a1) that were significantly differentially expressed in a) S. aureus -infected susceptible (A/J) vs. resistant (C57BL/6J) mice and b) humans with S. aureus blood stream infection vs. healthy subjects. Three of these genes (Dcaf7, Dusp3, and Psme3) were down-regulated in susceptible vs. resistant mice at both pre- and post-infection time points by qPCR. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Dusp3 and Psme3 induced significant increases of cytokine production in S. aureus-challenged RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) through enhancing NF-κB signaling activity. Similar increases in cytokine production and NF-κB activity were also seen in BMDMs from CSS11 (C57BL/6J background with chromosome 11 from A/J), but not C57BL/6J. These findings suggest that Dusp3 and Psme3 contribute to S. aureus infection susceptibility in A/J mice and play a role in human S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Batu K. Sharma-Kuinkel
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ephraim L. Tsalik
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Lucas
- Quintiles Innovations, Morrisville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William K. Scott
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Joshua Thaden
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Rude
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Bukgu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Goldsmith JR, Sartor B. The role of diet on intestinal microbiota metabolism: downstream impacts on host immune function and health, and therapeutic implications. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:785-98. [PMID: 24652102 PMCID: PMC4035358 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary impacts on health may be one of the oldest concepts in medicine; however, only in recent years have technical advances in mass spectroscopy, gnotobiology, and bacterial sequencing enabled our understanding of human physiology to progress to the point where we can begin to understand how individual dietary components can affect specific illnesses. This review explores the current understanding of the complex interplay between dietary factors and the host microbiome, concentrating on the downstream implications on host immune function and the pathogenesis of disease. We discuss the influence of the gut microbiome on body habitus and explore the primary and secondary effects of diet on enteric microbial community structure. We address the impact of consumption of non-digestible polysaccharides (prebiotics and fiber), choline, carnitine, iron, and fats on host health as mediated by the enteric microbiome. Disease processes emphasized include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, IBD, and cardiovascular disease/atherosclerosis. The concepts presented in this review have important clinical implications, although more work needs to be done to develop fully and validate potential therapeutic approaches. Specific dietary interventions offer exciting potential for nontoxic, physiologic ways to alter enteric microbial structure and metabolism to benefit the natural history of many intestinal and systemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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31
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Arthur JC, Gharaibeh RZ, Uronis JM, Perez-Chanona E, Sha W, Tomkovich S, Mühlbauer M, Fodor AA, Jobin C. VSL#3 probiotic modifies mucosal microbial composition but does not reduce colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2868. [PMID: 24100376 PMCID: PMC3792409 DOI: 10.1038/srep02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although probiotics have shown success in preventing the development of experimental colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC), beneficial effects of interventional treatment are relatively unknown. Here we show that interventional treatment with VSL#3 probiotic alters the luminal and mucosally-adherent microbiota, but does not protect against inflammation or tumorigenesis in the azoxymethane (AOM)/Il10⁻/⁻ mouse model of colitis-associated CRC. VSL#3 (10⁹ CFU/animal/day) significantly enhanced tumor penetrance, multiplicity, histologic dysplasia scores, and adenocarcinoma invasion relative to VSL#3-untreated mice. Illumina 16S sequencing demonstrated that VSL#3 significantly decreased (16-fold) the abundance of a bacterial taxon assigned to genus Clostridium in the mucosally-adherent microbiota. Mediation analysis by linear models suggested that this taxon was a contributing factor to increased tumorigenesis in VSL#3-fed mice. We conclude that VSL#3 interventional therapy can alter microbial community composition and enhance tumorigenesis in the AOM/Il10⁻/⁻ model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raad Z. Gharaibeh
- Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | | | | | - Wei Sha
- Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Sarah Tomkovich
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Anthony A. Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Pharmacology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, FL32611, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida at Gainesville, Gainesville, FL32611, USA
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32
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Abstract
The microbiota that occupies the mammalian intestine can modulate a range of physiological functions, including control over immune responses, epithelial barrier function, and cellular proliferation. While commensal prokaryotic organisms are well known to stimulate inflammatory signaling networks, less is known about control over homeostatic pathways. Recent work has shown that gut epithelia contacted by enteric commensal bacteria rapidly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). While the induced production of ROS in professional phagocytes via stimulation of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) and activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) is a well-studied process, ROS are also similarly elicited in other cell types, including intestinal epithelia, in response to microbial signals via FPRs and the epithelial NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1). ROS generated by Nox enzymes have been shown to function as critical second messengers in multiple signal transduction pathways via the rapid and transient oxidative inactivation of a distinct class of sensor proteins bearing oxidant-sensitive thiol groups. These redox-sensitive proteins include tyrosine phosphatases that serve as regulators of MAP kinase pathways, focal adhesion kinase, as well as components involved in NF-κB activation. As microbe-elicited ROS has been shown to stimulate cellular proliferation and motility, and to modulate innate immune signaling, we hypothesize that many of the established effects of the normal microbiota on intestinal physiology may be at least partially mediated by this ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
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33
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Liu Z, Cao AT, Cong Y. Microbiota regulation of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:543-52. [PMID: 24071482 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The host and microbiota have evolved mechanisms for coexistence over millions of years. Accumulating evidence indicates that a dynamic mutualism between the host and the commensal microbiota has important implications for health, and microbial colonization contributes to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis. However, alterations in communication between the mucosal immune system and gut microbial communities have been implicated as the core defect that leads to chronic intestinal inflammation and cancer development. We will discuss the recent progress on how gut microbiota regulates intestinal homeostasis and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Martínez Gómez JM, Chen L, Schwarz H, Karrasch T. CD137 facilitates the resolution of acute DSS-induced colonic inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73277. [PMID: 24023849 PMCID: PMC3762711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD137 and its ligand (CD137L) are potent immunoregulatory molecules that influence activation, proliferation, differentiation and cell death of leukocytes. Expression of CD137 is upregulated in the lamina propria cells of Crohn’s disease patients. Here, the role of CD137 in acute Dextran-Sodium-Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice was examined. Methods We induced acute large bowel inflammation (colitis) via DSS administration in CD137−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Colitis severity was evaluated by clinical parameters (weight loss), cytokine secretion in colon segment cultures, and scoring of histological inflammatory parameters. Additionally, populations of lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were characterized by flow cytometry. In a subset of mice, resolution of intestinal inflammation was evaluated 3 and 7 days after withdrawal of DSS. Results We found that both CD137−/− and WT mice demonstrated a similar degree of inflammation after 5 days of DSS exposure. However, the resolution of colonic inflammation was impaired in the absence of CD137. This was accompanied by a higher histological score of inflammation, and increased release of the pro-inflammatory mediators granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CXCL1, IL-17 and IFN-γ. Further, there were significantly more neutrophils among the LPMNC of CD137−/− mice, and reduced numbers of macrophages among the IEL. Conclusion We conclude that CD137 plays an essential role in the resolution of acute DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Martínez Gómez
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (HS); (TK)
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HS); (TK)
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35
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O'Carroll C, Moloney G, Hurley G, Melgar S, Brint E, Nally K, Nibbs RJ, Shanahan F, Carmody RJ. Bcl-3 deficiency protects against dextran-sodium sulphate-induced colitis in the mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:332-42. [PMID: 23607276 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-3 is a member of the IκB family of proteins and is an essential negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-induced responses. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with reduced Bcl-3 gene expression has been identified as a potential risk factor for Crohn's disease. Here we report that in contrast to the predictions of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis demonstrate elevated Bcl-3 mRNA expression relative to healthy individuals. To explore further the potential role of Bcl-3 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we used the dextran-sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced model of colitis in Bcl-3(-/-) mice. We found that Bcl-3(-/-) mice were less sensitive to DSS-induced colitis compared to wild-type controls and demonstrated no significant weight loss following treatment. Histological analysis revealed similar levels of oedema and leucocyte infiltration between DSS-treated wild-type and Bcl-3(-/-) mice, but showed that Bcl-3(-/-) mice retained colonic tissue architecture which was absent in wild-type mice following DSS treatment. Analysis of the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 revealed no significant differences between DSS-treated Bcl-3(-/-) and wild-type mice. Analysis of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation revealed enhanced proliferation in Bcl-3(-/-) mice, which correlated with preserved tissue architecture. Our results reveal that Bcl-3 has an important role in regulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and sensitivity to DSS-induced colitis which is distinct from its role as a negative regulator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Carroll
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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36
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Maazi H, Shirinbak S, Willart M, Hammad HM, Cabanski M, Boon L, Ganesh V, Baru AM, Hansen G, Lambrecht BN, Sparwasser T, Nawijn MC, van Oosterhout AJM. Contribution of regulatory T cells to alleviation of experimental allergic asthma after specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:1519-28. [PMID: 22994349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been used since 1911, yet its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. There is evidence indicating that CD4(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are induced during SIT in allergic patients. However, the contribution of these cells to SIT has not been evaluated in vivo. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vivo contribution of (i) CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells during SIT and of (ii) SIT-generated inducible FOXP3(+) Treg cells during allergen exposure to SIT-mediated suppression of asthmatic manifestations. METHODS We used a mouse model of SIT based on the classical OVA-driven experimental asthma. Treg cells were quantified by flow cytometry 24 and 96 h post SIT treatment. We depleted CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells prior to SIT, and CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T cells prior to allergen challenges to study their contribution to the suppression of allergic manifestations by SIT treatment. RESULTS Our data show that depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells at the time of SIT treatment reverses the suppression of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), but not of airway eosinophilia and specific IgE levels in serum. Interestingly, the number of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T cells is transiently increased after SIT in the spleen and blood, suggesting the generation of inducible and presumably allergen-specific Treg cells during treatment. Depletion of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) Treg cells after SIT treatment partially reverses the SIT-induced suppression of airway eosinophilia, but not of AHR and serum levels of specific IgE. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We conclude that SIT-mediated tolerance induction towards AHR requires CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells at the time of allergen injections. In addition, SIT generates CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T cells that contribute to the suppression of airway eosinophilia upon allergen challenges. Therefore, enhancing Treg cell number or their activity during and after SIT could be of clinical relevance to improve the therapeutic effects of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maazi
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Myung DS, Joo YE. [Gut microbial influence and probiotics on colorectal cancer]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2012; 60:275-84. [PMID: 23172275 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2012.60.5.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota is a community of 10(13)-10(14) microorganisms that harbor in the intestine and normally participate in a symbiotic relationship with human. Technical and conceptual advances have enabled rapid progress in characterizing the taxonomic composition, metabolic capacity and immunomodulatory activity of the human intestinal microbiota. Their collective genome, defined as microbiome, is estimated to contain ≥150 times as many genes as 2.85 billion base pair human genome. The intestinal microbiota and its microbiome form a diverse and complex ecological community that profoundly impact intestinal homeostasis and disease states. It is becoming increasingly evident that the large and complex bacterial population of the large intestine plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Numerous studies show that gut immunity and inflammation have impact on the development of colorectal cancer. Additionally, bacteria have been linked to colorectal cancer by the production of toxic and genotoxic bacterial metabolite. In this review, we discuss the multifactorial role of intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer and role for probiotics in the prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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38
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ISSLS prize winner: inhibition of NF-κB activity ameliorates age-associated disc degeneration in a mouse model of accelerated aging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:1819-25. [PMID: 22343279 PMCID: PMC3395770 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31824ee8f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN NF-κB activity was pharmacologically and genetically blocked in an accelerated aging mouse model to mitigate age-related disc degenerative changes. OBJECTIVE To study the mediatory role of NF-κB-signaling pathway in age-dependent intervertebral disc degeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Aging is a major contributor to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), but the molecular mechanism behind this process is poorly understood. NF-κB is a family of transcription factors that play a central role in mediating cellular response to damage, stress, and inflammation. Growing evidence implicates chronic NF-κB activation as a culprit in many aging-related diseases, but its role in aging-related IDD has not been adequately explored. We studied the effects of NF-κB inhibition on IDD, using a DNA repair-deficient mouse model of accelerated aging (Ercc1 mice) previously been reported to exhibit age-related IDD. METHODS Systemic inhibition of NF-κB activation was achieved either genetically by deletion of 1 allele of the NF-κB subunit p65 (Ercc1p65 mice) or pharmacologically by chronic intraperitoneal administration of the Nemo Binding Domain (8K-NBD) peptide to block the formation of the upstream activator of NF-κB, IκB Inducible Kinase (IKK), in Ercc1 mice. Disc cellularity, total proteoglycan content and proteoglycan synthesis of treated mice, and untreated controls were assessed. RESULTS.: Decreased disc matrix proteoglycan content, a hallmark feature of IDD, and elevated disc NF-κB activity were observed in discs of progeroid Ercc1 mice and naturally aged wild-type mice compared with young wild-type mice. Systemic inhibition of NF-κB by the 8K-NBD peptide in Ercc1 mice increased disc proteoglycan synthesis and ameriolated loss of disc cellularity and matrix proteoglycan. These results were confirmed genetically by using the p65 haploinsufficient Ercc1p65 mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway is a key mediator of age-dependent IDD and represents a therapeutic target for mitigating disc degenerative diseases associated with aging.
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Arthur JC, Perez-Chanona E, Mühlbauer M, Tomkovich S, Uronis JM, Fan TJ, Campbell BJ, Abujamel T, Dogan B, Rogers AB, Rhodes JM, Stintzi A, Simpson KW, Hansen JJ, Keku TO, Fodor AA, Jobin C. Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota. Science 2012; 338:120-3. [PMID: 22903521 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1514] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation alters host physiology to promote cancer, as seen in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we identify the intestinal microbiota as a target of inflammation that affects the progression of CRC. High-throughput sequencing revealed that inflammation modifies gut microbial composition in colitis-susceptible interleukin-10-deficient (Il10(-/-)) mice. Monocolonization with the commensal Escherichia coli NC101 promoted invasive carcinoma in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated Il10(-/-) mice. Deletion of the polyketide synthase (pks) genotoxic island from E. coli NC101 decreased tumor multiplicity and invasion in AOM/Il10(-/-) mice, without altering intestinal inflammation. Mucosa-associated pks(+) E. coli were found in a significantly high percentage of inflammatory bowel disease and CRC patients. This suggests that in mice, colitis can promote tumorigenesis by altering microbial composition and inducing the expansion of microorganisms with genotoxic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Immunology-Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Jones RM, Mercante JW, Neish AS. Reactive oxygen production induced by the gut microbiota: pharmacotherapeutic implications. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1519-29. [PMID: 22360484 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The resident prokaryotic microbiota of the mammalian intestine influences diverse homeostatic functions, including regulation of cellular growth, maintenance of barrier function, and modulation of immune responses. However, it is unknown how commensal prokaryotic organisms mechanistically influence eukaryotic signaling networks. Recent data has demonstrated that gut epithelia contacted by enteric commensal bacteria rapidly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). While the induced generation of ROS via stimulation of formyl peptide receptors is a cardinal feature of the cellular response of phagocytes to pathogenic or commensal bacteria, evidence is accumulating that ROS are also similarly elicited in other cell types, including intestinal epithelia, in response to microbial signals. Additionally, ROS have been shown to serve as critical second messengers in multiple signal transduction pathways stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. This physiologically-generated ROS is known to participate in cellular signaling via the rapid and transient oxidative inactivation of a defined class of sensor proteins bearing oxidant-sensitive thiol groups. These proteins include tyrosine phosphatases that serve as regulators of MAP kinase pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics, as well as components involved in control of ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB activation. Consistently, microbial-elicited ROS has been shown to mediate increased cellular proliferation and motility and to modulate innate immune signaling. These results demonstrate how enteric microbiota influence regulatory networks of the mammalian intestinal epithelia. We hypothesize that many of the known effects of the normal microbiota on intestinal physiology, and potential beneficial effects of candidate probiotic bacteria, may be at least partially mediated by this ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Jones
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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41
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Tilstra JS, Robinson AR, Wang J, Gregg SQ, Clauson CL, Reay DP, Nasto LA, St Croix CM, Usas A, Vo N, Huard J, Clemens PR, Stolz DB, Guttridge DC, Watkins SC, Garinis GA, Wang Y, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD. NF-κB inhibition delays DNA damage-induced senescence and aging in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2601-12. [PMID: 22706308 DOI: 10.1172/jci45785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of cellular damage, including DNA damage, is thought to contribute to aging-related degenerative changes, but how damage drives aging is unknown. XFE progeroid syndrome is a disease of accelerated aging caused by a defect in DNA repair. NF-κB, a transcription factor activated by cellular damage and stress, has increased activity with aging and aging-related chronic diseases. To determine whether NF-κB drives aging in response to the accumulation of spontaneous, endogenous DNA damage, we measured the activation of NF-κB in WT and progeroid model mice. As both WT and progeroid mice aged, NF-κB was activated stochastically in a variety of cell types. Genetic depletion of one allele of the p65 subunit of NF-κB or treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of the NF-κB-activating kinase, IKK, delayed the age-related symptoms and pathologies of progeroid mice. Additionally, inhibition of NF-κB reduced oxidative DNA damage and stress and delayed cellular senescence. These results indicate that the mechanism by which DNA damage drives aging is due in part to NF-κB activation. IKK/NF-κB inhibitors are sufficient to attenuate this damage and could provide clinical benefit for degenerative changes associated with accelerated aging disorders and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Tilstra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Joo SY, Song YA, Park YL, Myung E, Chung CY, Park KJ, Cho SB, Lee WS, Kim HS, Rew JS, Kim NS, Joo YE. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Inhibits LPS-Induced NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. Gut Liver 2012; 6:188-96. [PMID: 22570747 PMCID: PMC3343156 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the primary catechin in green tea, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The aim of the current study was to characterize the impact of EGCG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate signaling in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) isolated from ICR mice. Methods The effect of EGCG on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results EGCG inhibited accumulation of LPS-induced IL-12p40, IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 mRNA in BMMs. EGCG blocked LPS-induced IκBα degradation and RelA nuclear translocation. EGCG blocked the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 was inhibited by EGCG. U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK-1/2) suppressed the LPS-induced IL-12p40, IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 mRNA accumulation in BMMs. Conclusions These results indicate that EGCG may prevent LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression through blocking NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in BMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Rieder F, Karrasch T, Ben-Horin S, Schirbel A, Ehehalt R, Wehkamp J, de Haar C, Velin D, Latella G, Scaldaferri F, Rogler G, Higgins P, Sans M. Results of the 2nd scientific workshop of the ECCO (III): basic mechanisms of intestinal healing. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:373-85. [PMID: 22405177 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The second scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal healing for the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand basic mechanisms, markers for disease prediction, detection and monitoring of intestinal healing, impact of intestinal healing on the disease course of IBD as well as therapeutic strategies. The results of this workshop are presented in four separate manuscripts. This section describes basic mechanisms of intestinal healing, identifies open questions in the field and provides a framework for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA.
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Elloumi HZ, Maharshak N, Rao KN, Kobayashi T, Ryu HS, Mühlbauer M, Li F, Jobin C, Plevy SE. A cell permeable peptide inhibitor of NFAT inhibits macrophage cytokine expression and ameliorates experimental colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34172. [PMID: 22479554 PMCID: PMC3313977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays a critical role in the development and function of immune and non-immune cells. Although NFAT is a central transcriptional regulator of T cell cytokines, its role in macrophage specific gene expression is less defined. Previous work from our group demonstrated that NFAT regulates Il12b gene expression in macrophages. Here, we further investigate NFAT function in murine macrophages and determined the effects of a cell permeable NFAT inhibitor peptide 11R-VIVIT on experimental colitis in mice. Treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with tacrolimus or 11R-VIVIT significantly inhibited LPS and LPS plus IFN-γ induced IL-12 p40 mRNA and protein expression. IL-12 p70 and IL-23 secretion were also decreased. NFAT nuclear translocation and binding to the IL-12 p40 promoter was reduced by NFAT inhibition. Experiments in BMDMs from IL-10 deficient (Il10−/−) mice demonstrate that inhibition of IL-12 expression by 11R-VIVIT was independent of IL-10 expression. To test its therapeutic potential, 11R-VIVIT was administered systemically to Il10−/− mice with piroxicam-induced colitis. 11R-VIVIT treated mice demonstrated significant improvement in colitis compared to mice treated with an inactive peptide. Moreover, decreased spontaneous secretion of IL-12 p40 and TNF in supernatants from colon explant cultures was demonstrated. In summary, NFAT, widely recognized for its role in T cell biology, also regulates important innate inflammatory pathways in macrophages. Selective blocking of NFAT via a cell permeable inhibitory peptide is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Z. Elloumi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nitsan Maharshak
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kavitha N. Rao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hyungjin S. Ryu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fengling Li
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christian Jobin
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Plevy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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TLR5 risk-associated haplotype for canine inflammatory bowel disease confers hyper-responsiveness to flagellin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30117. [PMID: 22279566 PMCID: PMC3261174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the TLR5 gene have been associated with human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and animal models of this disease. We recently demonstrated a significant association between three non-synonymous SNPs in the canine TLR5 gene and IBD in German shepherd dogs (GSDs). However, so far, no direct link between these SNPs and a disturbance in TLR5 function was shown. In the present study, we determined the functional significance of the canine TLR5 SNPs by transfecting the identified risk-protective and risk-associated haplotype into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) and assessed nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and CXCL8 production after stimulation. In addition, a whole blood assay for TLR5 activation was developed using blood derived from carrier dogs of either haplotype. There was a significant increase in NF-kB activity when cells transfected with the risk-associated TLR5 haplotype were stimulated with flagellin compared to the cells expressing the risk-protective TLR5 haplotype. This difference in NFkB activation correlated with CXCL8 expression in the supernatant measured by ELISA. Furthermore, whole blood taken from carrier dogs of the risk-associated TLR5 haplotype produced significantly more TNF after stimulation with flagellin compared to that taken from carriers of the risk-protective haplotype. Thus, we show for the first time a direct functional impact of the canine IBD risk-associated TLR5 haplotype, which results in hyper-responsiveness to flagellin compared to the IBD risk-protective TLR5 haplotype. Our data potentially suggest that similarly to human IBD and experimental models, TLR5 may also play a role in canine IBD. Blocking the hyper-responsive receptor found in susceptible dogs with IBD may alleviate the inappropriate inflammation seen in this disease.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine, whose main function is limitation and ultimately termination of immune responses. This is especially true for environmental interfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract. IL-10 acts as a key mediator for maintaining gut homeostasis. IL-10 knockout mice are well established as a genetic model for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and sequence variants in the IL-10 locus contribute to ulcerative colitis (UC). DESIGN This review covers the significance of IL-10 signalling in the intestinal immune response both in health and disease. It explains the biological role of IL-10, its deregulation in IBD and its contribution to intestinal inflammation via endoplasmic reticulum stress response. RESULTS Many IBD susceptibility genes have been discovered in the past years, linking fundamental biological systems, like innate and adaptive immunity, stress responses, autophagy and mucosal barrier to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and UC. IL-10 has long been known for its substantial role in regulating gut immunity, but its contribution to IBD was somewhat elusive. A recent study identified mutations in either IL-10 receptor subunits that are associated with early-onset enterocolitis, a severe phenotype of IBD. Other than genetic variants of IL-10 receptors, IL-10 and STAT3 genes are also associated with IBD, emphasizing the involvement of the IL-10 signalling cascade in the pathogenesis of CD and UC. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of inherited deregulations in the IL-10 signalling cascade is not only considered the missing link between IL-10 and intestinal homeostasis, but also demonstrates how findings made in animal models help explaining human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Paul
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jin B, Sun T, Yu XH, Yang YX, Yeo AET. The effects of TLR activation on T-cell development and differentiation. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:836485. [PMID: 22737174 PMCID: PMC3376488 DOI: 10.1155/2012/836485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invading pathogens have unique molecular signatures that are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) resulting in either activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and/or costimulation of T cells inducing both innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are also involved in T-cell development and can reprogram Treg cells to become helper cells. T cells consist of various subsets, that is, Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper (Tfh), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and these originate from thymic progenitor thymocytes. T-cell receptor (TCR) activation in distinct T-cell subsets with different TLRs results in differing outcomes, for example, activation of TLR4 expressed in T cells promotes suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Treg), while activation of TLR6 expressed in T cells abrogates Treg function. The current state of knowledge of regarding TLR-mediated T-cell development and differentiation is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, The 309th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, China
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
- *Bo Jin: and
| | - Tao Sun
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
- *Tao Sun:
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Yang
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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Carvalho FA, Aitken JD, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT. Toll-like receptor-gut microbiota interactions: perturb at your own risk! Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 74:177-98. [PMID: 22035346 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The well-being of the intestine and its host requires that this organ execute its complex function amid colonization by a large and diverse microbial community referred to as the gut microbiota. A myriad of interacting mechanisms of mucosal immunity permit the gut to corral the microbiota in such a way as to maximize the benefits and to minimize the danger of living in close proximity to this large microbial biomass. Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors, collectively referred to as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), recognize a variety of microbial components and, hence, play a central role in governing the interface between host and microbiota. This review examines mechanisms by which PRR-microbiota interactions are regulated so as to allow activation of host defense when necessary while preventing excessive inflammation, which can have a myriad of negative consequences for the host. Analysis of published studies performed in human subjects and a variety of murine disease models reveals the central theme that PRRs play a key role in maintaining a healthful stable relationship between the intestine and its microbiota. In contrast, although select genetic ablations of PRR signaling may protect against some chronic diseases, the overriding theme of studies performed to date is that perturbations of PRR-microbiota interactions are more likely to promote disease states associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic A Carvalho
- Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Kanther M, Sun X, Mühlbauer M, Mackey LC, Flynn EJ, Bagnat M, Jobin C, Rawls JF. Microbial colonization induces dynamic temporal and spatial patterns of NF-κB activation in the zebrafish digestive tract. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:197-207. [PMID: 21439961 PMCID: PMC3164861 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor pathway is activated in response to diverse microbial stimuli to regulate expression of genes involved in immune responses and tissue homeostasis. However, the temporal and spatial activation of NF-κB in response to microbial signals have not been determined in whole living organisms, and the molecular and cellular details of these responses are not well understood. We used in vivo imaging and molecular approaches to analyze NF-κB activation in response to the commensal microbiota in transparent gnotobiotic zebrafish. METHODS We used DNA microarrays, in situ hybridization, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses to study the effects of the commensal microbiota on gene expression in gnotobiotic zebrafish. Zebrafish PAC2 and ZFL cells were used to study the NF-κB signaling pathway in response to bacterial stimuli. We generated transgenic zebrafish that express enhanced green fluorescent protein under transcriptional control of NF-κB, and used them to study patterns of NF-κB activation during development and microbial colonization. RESULTS Bacterial stimulation induced canonical activation of the NF-κB pathway in zebrafish cells. Colonization of germ-free transgenic zebrafish with a commensal microbiota activated NF-κB and led to up-regulation of its target genes in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues of the digestive tract. Colonization with the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sufficient to activate NF-κB, and this activation required a functional flagellar apparatus. CONCLUSIONS In zebrafish, transcriptional activity of NF-κB is spatially and temporally regulated by specific microbial factors. The observed patterns of NF-κB-dependent responses to microbial colonization indicate that cells in the gastrointestinal tract respond robustly to the microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kanther
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lantz C. Mackey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Edward J. Flynn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Goldsmith JR, Uronis JM, Jobin C. Mu opioid signaling protects against acute murine intestinal injury in a manner involving Stat3 signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:673-83. [PMID: 21801866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opiates have long been used as analgesics to relieve pain associated with various medical conditions. Here, we evaluated the effect and mechanism of mu opioid signaling on the intestinal wound healing response and assessed downstream pathways known to be protective against intestinal injury. Mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days or 4% DSS for 5 days followed by 7 days of water. The mu opioid receptor (MOR)-specific agonist [D-Arg2,Lys4]dermorphin-(1,4)-amide (DALDA) and the antagonist cyprodime were injected s.c. daily for in vivo studies or used for in vitro analysis. We found that MOR activation attenuated DSS-induced histologic and gross intestinal injury and weight loss; diminished Ifng, Tnf, and Il6 mRNA expression; and promoted intestinal healing during recovery. DALDA also enhanced colonocyte proliferation (Ki-67 staining) by 350%. MOR activation increased Stat3 phosphorylation in both DALDA-treated mice and the CMT-93 cell line. Importantly, DALDA-induced colonocyte migration was completely ablated by shStat3 knockdown. Together, this work shows that MOR activation protects against and enhances recovery from DSS-induced intestinal injury. This is associated with an increase in Stat3 activation. Furthermore, Stat3 is required for DALDA-induced colonocyte migration. Consequently, manipulation of MOR signaling may represent a novel means to promote mucosal healing and to maintain intestinal homeostasis after intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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