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Wu Y, Riehle A, Pollmeier B, Kadow S, Schumacher F, Drab M, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Caveolin-1 affects early mycobacterial infection and apoptosis in macrophages and mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102493. [PMID: 38547568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the deadliest infections in humans. Because Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) share genetic similarities with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is often used as a model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of more severe tuberculosis infection. Caveolin-1 has been implied in many physiological processes and diseases, but it's role in mycobacterial infections has barely been studied. We isolated macrophages from Wildtype or Caveolin-1 deficient mice and analyzed hallmarks of infection, such as internalization, induction of autophagy and apoptosis. For in vivo assays we intravenously injected mice with BCG and investigated tissues for bacterial load with colony-forming unit assays, bioactive lipids with mass spectrometry and changes of protein expressions by Western blotting. Our results revealed that Caveolin-1 was important for early killing of BCG infection in vivo and in vitro, controlled acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)-dependent ceramide formation, apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines upon infection with BCG. In accordance, Caveolin-1 deficient mice and macrophages showed higher bacterial burdens in the livers. The findings indicate that Caveolin-1 plays a role in infection of mice and murine macrophages with BCG, by controlling cellular apoptosis and inflammatory host response. These clues might be useful in the fight against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Riehle
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Pollmeier
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kadow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Marek Drab
- Unit of Nanostructural Biointeractions, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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2
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Bromley JD, Ganchua SKC, Nyquist SK, Maiello P, Chao M, Borish HJ, Rodgers M, Tomko J, Kracinovsky K, Mugahid D, Nguyen S, Wang D, Rosenberg JM, Klein EC, Gideon HP, Floyd-O’Sullivan R, Berger B, Scanga CA, Lin PL, Fortune SM, Shalek AK, Flynn JL. CD4 + T cells are homeostatic regulators during Mtb reinfection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572669. [PMID: 38187598 PMCID: PMC10769325 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Immunological priming - either in the context of prior infection or vaccination - elicits protective responses against subsequent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the changes that occur in the lung cellular milieu post-primary Mtb infection and their contributions to protection upon reinfection remain poorly understood. Here, using clinical and microbiological endpoints in a non-human primate reinfection model, we demonstrate that prior Mtb infection elicits a long-lasting protective response against subsequent Mtb exposure and that the depletion of CD4+ T cells prior to Mtb rechallenge significantly abrogates this protection. Leveraging microbiologic, PET-CT, flow cytometric, and single-cell RNA-seq data from primary infection, reinfection, and reinfection-CD4+ T cell depleted granulomas, we identify differential cellular and microbial features of control. The data collectively demonstrate that the presence of CD4+ T cells in the setting of reinfection results in a reduced inflammatory lung milieu characterized by reprogrammed CD8+ T cell activity, reduced neutrophilia, and blunted type-1 immune signaling among myeloid cells, mitigating Mtb disease severity. These results open avenues for developing vaccines and therapeutics that not only target CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but also modulate innate immune cells to limit Mtb disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Bromley
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sharie Keanne C. Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Michael Chao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Mark Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Kara Kracinovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Douaa Mugahid
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Son Nguyen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Wang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob M. Rosenberg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Roisin Floyd-O’Sullivan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Lead contact
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3
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Armitage E, Quan D, Flórido M, Palendira U, Triccas JA, Britton WJ. CXCR3 Provides a Competitive Advantage for Retention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Following a Mucosal Tuberculosis Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1549. [PMID: 37896952 PMCID: PMC10611282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen, and new vaccines are needed to prevent transmission. Mucosal vaccination may confer protection against M. tuberculosis by stimulating tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD4+ T cells in the lungs. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 promotes lung recruitment of T cells, but its role in TRM development is unknown. This study demonstrates the recombinant influenza A virus vaccine PR8.p25, expressing the immunodominant M. tuberculosis T cell epitope p25, induces CXCR3 expression on p25-specific CD4+ T cells in the lungs so that the majority of vaccine-induced CD4+ TRM expresses CXCR3 at 6 weeks. However, CXCR3-/- mice developed equivalent antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses to wild-type (WT) mice following PR8.p25, and surprisingly retained more p25-specific CD4+ TRM in the lungs than WT mice at 6 weeks. The adoptive transfer of CXCR3-/- and WT P25 T cells into WT mice revealed that the initial recruitment of vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells into the lungs was independent of CXCR3, but by 6 weeks, CXCR3-deficient P25 T cells, and especially CXCR3-/- TRM, were significantly reduced compared to CXCR3-sufficient P25 T cells. Therefore, although CXCR3 was not essential for CD4+ TRM recruitment or retention, it provided a competitive advantage for the induction of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ TRM in the lungs following pulmonary immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Armitage
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.A.); (D.Q.); (M.F.); (U.P.)
| | - Diana Quan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.A.); (D.Q.); (M.F.); (U.P.)
| | - Manuela Flórido
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.A.); (D.Q.); (M.F.); (U.P.)
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.A.); (D.Q.); (M.F.); (U.P.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - James A. Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Warwick J. Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.A.); (D.Q.); (M.F.); (U.P.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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4
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Xie M, Tsai CY, McAdams ZL, Oo M, Hansen M, Dougher M, Sansano A, Watson A, LoMauro K, Antilus-Sainte R, Ericsson A, Dartois V, Gengenbacher M. Wild mouse gut microbiota limits initial tuberculosis infection in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288290. [PMID: 37494371 PMCID: PMC10370681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are critical tools in tuberculosis (TB) research. Recent studies have demonstrated that the wild mouse gut microbiota promotes host fitness and improves disease resistance. Here we examine whether the wild mouse gut microbiota alters the immunopathology of TB in BALB/c mice. Conventional BALB/c mice (LabC) and mice born to germ-free BALB/c mothers reconstituted with the wild mouse gut microbiota (WildR) were used in our studies. WildR mice controlled initial TB infection better than LabC mice. The microbial gut communities of LabC mice and WildR mice had similar richness but significantly different composition prior to infection. TB reduced the gut community richness in both cohorts while differences in community composition remained indicating a general TB-induced dysbiosis. The wild mouse gut microbiota did not alter the typical lung histopathology of TB in the BALB/c model that includes unstructured immune cell infiltrates with infected foamy macrophages invading alveolar spaces. Animals of both cohorts mounted robust T cell responses in lungs and spleen with lower absolute counts of CD4 and CD8 T cells in lungs of WildR mice during acute infection, corresponding with observed differences in pathogen load. In summary, LabC mice and WildR mice showed largely overlapping TB immunopathology and pathogen kinetics, with WildR mice controlling early acute infection better than LabC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chen-Yu Tsai
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zachary L. McAdams
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Myo Oo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mark Hansen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maureen Dougher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alexander Sansano
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Anderson Watson
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Katherine LoMauro
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rosleine Antilus-Sainte
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aaron Ericsson
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
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5
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Dong W, Wang G, Bai Y, Li Y, Huo X, Zhao J, Lu W, Lu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen H, Tan C. Analysis of the noncoding RNA regulatory networks of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106643. [PMID: 36992931 PMCID: PMC10042141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs regulate the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infecting the host, but there is no simultaneous transcriptional information of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) and the global regulatory networks of non-coding RNA. Rv1759c, a virulence factor, is a member of protein family containing the proline-glutamic acid (PE) in M. tb, which can increase M. tb survival. To reveal the noncoding RNA regulatory networks and the effect of Rv1759c on non-coding RNA expression during M. tb infection, we collected samples of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages and explored the full transcriptome expression profile. We found 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv infection, 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv△1759c infection. We constructed lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks during H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c infection. We demonstrated the role of one of the hubs of the networks, hsa-miR-181b-3p, for H37Rv survival in macrophages. We discovered that the expression changes of 68 mRNAs, 92 lncRNAs, 26 circRNAs, and 3 miRNAs were only related to the deletion of Rv1759c by comparing the transcription profiles of H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c. Here, our study comprehensively characterizes the transcriptional profiles in THP1-derived-macrophages infected with H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c, which provides support and new directions for in-depth exploration of noncoding RNA and PE/PPE family functions during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- WuHan Animal Disease Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Tan,
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6
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Gupta M, Srikrishna G, Klein SL, Bishai WR. Genetic and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex-specific immune responses in tuberculosis. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:640-656. [PMID: 35842266 PMCID: PMC9344469 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), the world's deadliest bacterial infection, afflicts more human males than females, with a male/female (M/F) ratio of 1.7. Sex disparities in TB prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations are widely reported, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain largely undefined. This review assesses epidemiological data on sex disparity in TB, as well as possible underlying hormonal and genetic mechanisms that might differentially modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in males and females, leading to sex differences in disease susceptibility. We consider whether this sex disparity can be extended to the efficacy of vaccines and discuss novel animal models which may offer mechanistic insights. A better understanding of the biological factors underpinning sex-related immune responses in TB may enable sex-specific personalized therapies for TB.
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7
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Druszczyńska M, Godkowicz M, Kulesza J, Wawrocki S, Fol M. Cytokine Receptors-Regulators of Antimycobacterial Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1112. [PMID: 35163035 PMCID: PMC8835057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine receptors are critical regulators of the antimycobacterial immune response, playing a key role in initiating and coordinating the recruitment and activation of immune cells during infection. They recognize and bind specific cytokines and are involved in inducing intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate a diverse range of biological functions, including proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and cell growth. Due to mutations in cytokine receptor genes, defective signaling may contribute to increased susceptibility to mycobacteria, allowing the pathogens to avoid killing and immune surveillance. This paper provides an overview of cytokine receptors important for the innate and adaptive immune responses against mycobacteria and discusses the implications of receptor gene defects for the course of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Druszczyńska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.G.); (S.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Magdalena Godkowicz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.G.); (S.W.); (M.F.)
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Kulesza
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Wawrocki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.G.); (S.W.); (M.F.)
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.G.); (S.W.); (M.F.)
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8
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Ferreira CM, Barbosa AM, Barreira-Silva P, Silvestre R, Cunha C, Carvalho A, Rodrigues F, Correia-Neves M, Castro AG, Torrado E. Early IL-10 promotes vasculature-associated CD4+ T cells unable to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150060. [PMID: 34554927 PMCID: PMC8663558 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, there is a delayed appearance of effector T cells in the lungs following aerosol infection. The immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 antagonizes control of M. tuberculosis infection through mechanisms associated with reduced CD4+ T cell responses. Here, we show that IL-10 overexpression only before the onset of the T cell response impaired control of M. tuberculosis growth; during chronic infection, IL-10 overexpression reduced the CD4+ T cell response without affecting the outcome of infection. IL-10 overexpression early during infection did not, we found, significantly impair the kinetics of CD4+ T cell priming and effector differentiation. However, CD4+ T cells primed and differentiated in an IL-10–enriched environment displayed reduced expression of CXCR3 and, because they did not migrate into the lung parenchyma, their ability to control infection was limited. Importantly, these CD4+ T cells maintained their vasculature phenotype and were unable to control infection, even after adoptive transfer into low IL-10 settings. Together our data support a model wherein, during M. tuberculosis infection, IL-10 acts intrinsically on T cells, impairing their parenchymal migratory capacity and ability to engage with infected phagocytic cells, thereby impeding control of infection.
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9
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Varela M, Meijer AH. A fresh look at mycobacterial pathogenicity with the zebrafish host model. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:661-669. [PMID: 34714579 PMCID: PMC9297993 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has earned its place among animal models to study tuberculosis and other infections caused by pathogenic mycobacteria. This model host is especially useful to study the role of granulomas, the inflammatory lesions characteristic of mycobacterial disease. The optically transparent zebrafish larvae provide a window on the initial stages of granuloma development in the context of innate immunity. Application of fluorescent dyes and transgenic markers enabled real-time visualization of how innate immune mechanisms, such as autophagy and inflammasomes, are activated in infected macrophages and how propagating calcium signals drive communication between macrophages during granuloma formation. A combination of imaging, genetic, and chemical approaches has revealed that the interplay between macrophages and mycobacteria is the main driver of tissue dissemination and granuloma development, while neutrophils have a protective function in early granulomas. Different chemokine signaling axes, conserved between humans and zebrafish, have been shown to recruit macrophages permissive to mycobacterial growth, control their microbicidal capacity, drive their spreading and aggregation, and mediate granuloma vascularization. Finally, zebrafish larvae are now exploited to explore cell death processes, emerging as crucial factors in granuloma expansion. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of mycobacterial pathogenesis contributed by zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Leukocytes from Patients with Drug-Sensitive and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Exhibit Distinctive Profiles of Chemokine Receptor Expression and Migration Capacity. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6654220. [PMID: 33977111 PMCID: PMC8084684 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6654220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains as a leading infectious cause of death worldwide. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases contributes to the poor control of the TB epidemic. Currently, little is known about the immunological requirements of protective responses against MDR-TB. This is of major relevance to identify immune markers for treatment monitoring and targets for adjuvant immunotherapies. Here, we hypothesized that MDR-TB patients display unique immunophenotypical features and immune cell migration dynamics compared to drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB). Hence, we prospectively conducted an extensive characterization of the immune profile of MDR-TB patients at different time points before and after pharmacological therapy. For this purpose, we focused on the leukocyte expression of chemokine receptors, distribution of different monocyte and lymphocyte subsets, plasma levels of chemotactic factors, and in vitro migration capacity of immune cells. Our comparative cohort consisted of DS-TB patients and healthy volunteer donors (HD). Our results demonstrate some unique features of leukocyte migration dynamics during MDR-TB. These include increased and prolonged circulation of CD3+ monocytes, CCR4+ monocytes, EM CD4+ T cells, EM/CM CD8+ T cells, and CXCR1+CXCR3+ T cells that is sustained even after the administration of anti-TB drugs. We also observed shared characteristics of both MDR-TB and DS-TB that include CCR2+ monocyte depletion in the blood; high plasma levels of MPC-1, CCL-7, and IP-10; and increased responsiveness of leukocytes to chemotactic signals in vitro. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the MDR-TB pathobiology and uncovers immunological readouts of treatment efficacy.
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11
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In Vivo Antigen Expression Regulates CD4 T Cell Differentiation and Vaccine Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00226-21. [PMID: 33879592 PMCID: PMC8092222 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00226-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mtb, constitutes a global health crisis of massive proportions, and the impact of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to cause a rise in tuberculosis-related deaths. Improved vaccines are therefore needed more than ever, but a lack of knowledge on protective immunity hampers their development. New vaccines are urgently needed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills more than 1.4 million people each year. CD4 T cell differentiation is a key determinant of protective immunity against Mtb, but it is not fully understood how host-pathogen interactions shape individual antigen-specific T cell populations and their protective capacity. Here, we investigated the immunodominant Mtb antigen, MPT70, which is upregulated in response to gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or nutrient/oxygen deprivation of in vitro-infected macrophages. Using a murine aerosol infection model, we compared the in vivo expression kinetics of MPT70 to a constitutively expressed antigen, ESAT-6, and analyzed their corresponding CD4 T cell phenotype and vaccine protection. For wild-type Mtb, we found that in vivo expression of MPT70 was delayed compared to ESAT-6. This delayed expression was associated with induction of less differentiated MPT70-specific CD4 T cells but, compared to ESAT-6, also reduced protection after vaccination. In contrast, infection with an MPT70-overexpressing Mtb strain promoted highly differentiated KLRG1+CX3CR1+ CD4 T cells with limited lung-homing capacity. Importantly, this differentiated phenotype could be prevented by vaccination, and against the overexpressing strain, vaccination with MPT70 conferred protection similar to vaccination with ESAT-6. Together, our data indicate that high in vivo antigen expression drives T cells toward terminal differentiation and that targeted vaccination with adjuvanted protein can counteract this phenomenon by maintaining T cells in a protective less differentiated state. These observations shed new light on host-pathogen interactions and provide guidance on how future Mtb vaccines can be designed to tip the immune balance in favor of the host.
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12
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Sommer F, Torraca V, Xie Y, In 't Veld AE, Willemse J, Meijer AH. Disruption of Cxcr3 chemotactic signaling alters lysosomal function and renders macrophages more microbicidal. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109000. [PMID: 33852860 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis and lysosomal function are closely intertwined processes essential for the inflammatory response and clearance of intracellular bacteria. We used the zebrafish model to examine the link between chemotactic signaling and lysosome physiology in macrophages during mycobacterial infection and wound-induced inflammation in vivo. Macrophages from zebrafish larvae carrying a mutation in a chemokine receptor of the Cxcr3 family display upregulated expression of vesicle trafficking and lysosomal genes and possess enlarged lysosomes that enhance intracellular bacterial clearance. This increased microbicidal capacity is phenocopied by inhibiting the lysosomal transcription factor EC, while its overexpression counteracts the protective effect of chemokine receptor mutation. Tracking macrophage migration in zebrafish revealed that lysosomes of chemokine receptor mutants accumulate in the front half of cells, preventing macrophage polarization during chemotaxis and reaching sites of inflammation. Our work shows that chemotactic signaling affects the bactericidal properties and localization during chemotaxis, key aspects of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yufei Xie
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joost Willemse
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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13
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Clemmensen HS, Dube JY, McIntosh F, Rosenkrands I, Jungersen G, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Behr MA, Mortensen R. In vivo antigen expression regulates CD4 T cell differentiation and vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.02.429488. [PMID: 33564764 PMCID: PMC7872352 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.02.429488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New vaccines are urgently needed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills more than 1.4 million people each year. CD4 T cell differentiation is a key determinant of protective immunity against Mtb, but it is not fully understood how host-pathogen interactions shape individual antigen-specific T cell populations and their protective capacity. Here, we investigated the immunodominant Mtb antigen, MPT70, which is upregulated in response to IFN-γ or nutrient/oxygen deprivation of in vitro infected macrophages. Using a murine aerosol infection model, we compared the in vivo expression kinetics of MPT70 to a constitutively expressed antigen, ESAT-6, and analysed their corresponding CD4 T cell phenotype and vaccine-protection. For wild-type Mtb, we found that in vivo expression of MPT70 was delayed compared to ESAT-6. This delayed expression was associated with induction of less differentiated MPT70-specific CD4 T cells but, compared to ESAT-6, also reduced protection after vaccination. In contrast, infection with an MPT70-overexpressing Mtb strain promoted highly differentiated KLRG1+CX3CR1+ CD4 T cells with limited lung-homing capacity. Importantly, this differentiated phenotype could be prevented by vaccination and, against the overexpressing strain, vaccination with MPT70 conferred similar protection as ESAT-6. Together our data indicate that high in vivo antigen expression drives T cells towards terminal differentiation and that targeted vaccination with adjuvanted protein can counteract this phenomenon by maintaining T cells in a protective less-differentiated state. These observations shed new light on host-pathogen interactions and provide guidance on how future Mtb vaccines can be designed to tip the immune-balance in favor of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Strand Clemmensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Jean-Yves Dube
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Fiona McIntosh
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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14
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Naz F, Arish M. GPCRs as an emerging host-directed therapeutic target against mycobacterial infection: From notion to reality. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:4899-4909. [PMID: 33150959 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is one of the successful pathogens and claim millions of deaths across the globe. The emergence of drug resistance in M. tb has created new hurdles in the tuberculosis elimination programme worldwide. Hence, there is an unmet medical need for alternative therapy, which could be achieved by targeting the host's critical signalling pathways that are compromised during M. tb infection. In this review, we have summarized some of the findings involving the modulation of host GPCRs in the regulation of the mycobacterial infection. Understanding the role of these GPCRs not only unravels signalling pathways during infection but also provides clues for targeting critical signalling intermediates for the development of GPCR-based host-directive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Arish
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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15
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Asay BC, Edwards BB, Andrews J, Ramey ME, Richard JD, Podell BK, Gutiérrez JFM, Frank CB, Magunda F, Robertson GT, Lyons M, Ben-Hur A, Lenaerts AJ. Digital Image Analysis of Heterogeneous Tuberculosis Pulmonary Pathology in Non-Clinical Animal Models using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6047. [PMID: 32269234 PMCID: PMC7142129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop effective and safe drugs for treatment of tuberculosis require preclinical evaluation in animal models. Alongside efficacy testing of novel therapies, effects on pulmonary pathology and disease progression are monitored by using histopathology images from these infected animals. To compare the severity of disease across treatment cohorts, pathologists have historically assigned a semi-quantitative histopathology score that may be subjective in terms of their training, experience, and personal bias. Manual histopathology therefore has limitations regarding reproducibility between studies and pathologists, potentially masking successful treatments. This report describes a pathologist-assistive software tool that reduces these user limitations, while providing a rapid, quantitative scoring system for digital histopathology image analysis. The software, called 'Lesion Image Recognition and Analysis' (LIRA), employs convolutional neural networks to classify seven different pathology features, including three different lesion types from pulmonary tissues of the C3HeB/FeJ tuberculosis mouse model. LIRA was developed to improve the efficiency of histopathology analysis for mouse tuberculosis infection models, this approach has also broader applications to other disease models and tissues. The full source code and documentation is available from https://Github.com/TB-imaging/LIRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Asay
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Blake Blue Edwards
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenna Andrews
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michelle E Ramey
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jameson D Richard
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Juan F Muñoz Gutiérrez
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chad B Frank
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Forgivemore Magunda
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregory T Robertson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Lyons
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Asa Ben-Hur
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
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16
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Goenka A, Prise IE, Connolly E, Fernandez-Soto P, Morgan D, Cavet JS, Grainger JR, Nichani J, Arkwright PD, Hussell T. Infant Alveolar Macrophages Are Unable to Effectively Contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32265931 PMCID: PMC7107672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are more likely to develop lethal disseminated forms of tuberculosis compared with older children and adults. The reasons for this are currently unknown. In this study we test the hypothesis that antimycobacterial function is impaired in infant alveolar macrophages (AMϕs) compared with those of adults. We develop a method of obtaining AMϕs from healthy infants using rigid bronchoscopy and incubate the AMϕs with live virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Infant AMϕs are less able to restrict Mtb replication compared with adult AMϕs, despite having similar phagocytic capacity and immunophenotype. RNA-Seq showed that infant AMϕs exhibit lower expression of genes involved in mycobactericidal activity and IFNγ-induction pathways. Infant AMϕs also exhibit lower expression of genes encoding mononuclear cell chemokines such as CXCL9. Our data indicates that failure of AMϕs to contain Mtb and recruit additional mononuclear cells to the site of infection helps to explain the more fulminant course of tuberculosis in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Goenka
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Prise
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Connolly
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Fernandez-Soto
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Morgan
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Cavet
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John R Grainger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jaya Nichani
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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17
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Sommer F, Torraca V, Meijer AH. Chemokine Receptors and Phagocyte Biology in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 32161595 PMCID: PMC7053378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes are highly motile immune cells that ingest and clear microbial invaders, harmful substances, and dying cells. Their function is critically dependent on the expression of chemokine receptors, a class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Chemokine receptors coordinate the recruitment of phagocytes and other immune cells to sites of infection and damage, modulate inflammatory and wound healing responses, and direct cell differentiation, proliferation, and polarization. Besides, a structurally diverse group of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are unable to signal in G-protein-dependent fashion themselves but can shape chemokine gradients by fine-tuning the activity of conventional chemokine receptors. The optically transparent zebrafish embryos and larvae provide a powerful in vivo system to visualize phagocytes during development and study them as key elements of the immune response in real-time. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish model has furthered our understanding of the role of two main classes of chemokine receptors, the CC and CXC subtypes, in phagocyte biology. We address the roles of the receptors in the migratory properties of phagocytes in zebrafish models for cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. We illustrate how studies in zebrafish enable visualizing the contribution of chemokine receptors and ACKRs in shaping self-generated chemokine gradients of migrating cells. Taking the functional antagonism between two paralogs of the CXCR3 family as an example, we discuss how the duplication of chemokine receptor genes in zebrafish poses challenges, but also provides opportunities to study sub-functionalization or loss-of-function events. We emphasize how the zebrafish model has been instrumental to prove that the major determinant for the functional outcome of a chemokine receptor-ligand interaction is the cell-type expressing the receptor. Finally, we highlight relevant homologies and analogies between mammalian and zebrafish phagocyte function and discuss the potential of zebrafish models to further advance our understanding of chemokine receptors in innate immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Sommer F, Torraca V, Kamel SM, Lombardi A, Meijer AH. Frontline Science: Antagonism between regular and atypical Cxcr3 receptors regulates macrophage migration during infection and injury in zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:185-203. [PMID: 31529512 PMCID: PMC7028096 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0119-006r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCR3‐CXCL11 chemokine‐signaling axis plays an essential role in infection and inflammation by orchestrating leukocyte trafficking in human and animal models, including zebrafish. Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) play a fundamental regulatory function in signaling networks by shaping chemokine gradients through their ligand scavenging function, while being unable to signal in the classic G‐protein‐dependent manner. Two copies of the CXCR3 gene in zebrafish, cxcr3.2 and cxcr3.3, are expressed on macrophages and share a highly conserved ligand‐binding site. However, Cxcr3.3 has structural characteristics of ACKRs indicative of a ligand‐scavenging role. In contrast, we previously showed that Cxcr3.2 is an active CXCR3 receptor because it is required for macrophage motility and recruitment to sites of mycobacterial infection. In this study, we generated a cxcr3.3 CRISPR‐mutant to functionally dissect the antagonistic interplay among the cxcr3 paralogs in the immune response. We observed that cxcr3.3 mutants are more susceptible to mycobacterial infection, whereas cxcr3.2 mutants are more resistant. Furthermore, macrophages in the cxcr3.3 mutant are more motile, show higher activation status, and are recruited more efficiently to sites of infection or injury. Our results suggest that Cxcr3.3 is an ACKR that regulates the activity of Cxcr3.2 by scavenging common ligands and that silencing the scavenging function of Cxcr3.3 results in an exacerbated Cxcr3.2 signaling. In human, splice variants of CXCR3 have antagonistic functions and CXCR3 ligands also interact with ACKRs. Therefore, in zebrafish, an analogous regulatory mechanism appears to have evolved after the cxcr3 gene duplication event, through diversification of conventional and atypical receptor variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Kamel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Lombardi
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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The Rate of CD4 T Cell Entry into the Lungs during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Determined by Partial and Opposing Effects of Multiple Chemokine Receptors. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00841-18. [PMID: 30962399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00841-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific chemokine receptors utilized by Th1 cells to migrate into the lung during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are unknown. We previously showed in mice that CXCR3+ Th1 cells enter the lung parenchyma and suppress M. tuberculosis growth, while CX3CR1+ KLRG1+ Th1 cells accumulate in the lung vasculature and are nonprotective. Here we quantify the contributions of these chemokine receptors to the migration and entry rate of Th1 cells into M. tuberculosis-infected lungs using competitive adoptive transfer migration assays and mathematical modeling. We found that in 8.6 h half of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells migrate from the blood to the lung parenchyma. CXCR3 deficiency decreases the average rate of Th1 cell entry into the lung parenchyma by half, while CX3CR1 deficiency doubles it. KLRG1 blockade has no effect on Th1 cell lung migration. CCR2, CXCR5, and, to a lesser degree, CCR5 and CXCR6 also promote the entry of Th1 cells into the lungs of infected mice. Moreover, blockade of G-protein-coupled receptors with pertussis toxin treatment prior to transfer only partially inhibits T cell migration into the lungs. Thus, the fraction of Th1 cell input into the lungs during M. tuberculosis infection that is regulated by chemokine receptors likely reflects the cumulative effects of multiple chemokine receptors that mostly promote but that can also inhibit entry into the parenchyma.
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20
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Ashhurst AS, Flórido M, Lin LCW, Quan D, Armitage E, Stifter SA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. CXCR6-Deficiency Improves the Control of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Influenza Infection Independent of T-Lymphocyte Recruitment to the Lungs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 30899256 PMCID: PMC6416161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes are critical for protection against respiratory infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and influenza virus, with chemokine receptors playing an important role in directing these cells to the lungs. CXCR6 is expressed by activated T-lymphocytes and its ligand, CXCL16, is constitutively expressed by the bronchial epithelia, suggesting a role in T-lymphocyte recruitment and retention. However, it is unknown whether CXCR6 is required in responses to pulmonary infection, particularly on CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Analysis of CXCR6-reporter mice revealed that in naïve mice, lung leukocyte expression of CXCR6 was largely restricted to a small population of T-lymphocytes, but this population was highly upregulated after either infection. Nevertheless, pulmonary infection of CXCR6-deficient mice with M. tuberculosis or recombinant influenza A virus expressing P25 peptide (rIAV-P25), an I-Ab-restricted epitope from the immunodominant mycobacterial antigen, Ag85B, demonstrated that the receptor was redundant for recruitment of T-lymphocytes to the lungs. Interestingly, CXCR6-deficiency resulted in reduced bacterial burden in the lungs 6 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection, and reduced weight loss after rIAV-P25 infection compared to wild type controls. This was paradoxically associated with a decrease in Th1-cytokine responses in the lung parenchyma. Adoptive transfer of P25-specific CXCR6-deficient T-lymphocytes into WT mice revealed that this functional change in Th1-cytokine production was not due to a T-lymphocyte intrinsic mechanism. Moreover, there was no reduction in the number or function of CD4+ and CD8+ tissue resident memory cells in the lungs of CXCR6-deficient mice. Although CXCR6 was not required for T-lymphocyte recruitment or retention in the lungs, CXCR6 influenced the kinetics of the inflammatory response so that deficiency led to increased host control of M. tuberculosis and influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese S Ashhurst
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Leon C W Lin
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Quan
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellis Armitage
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastian A Stifter
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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21
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Dolla CK, Nutman TB, Babu S. Coexistent Helminth Infection-Mediated Modulation of Chemokine Responses in Latent Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1494-1500. [PMID: 30651341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coexistent helminth infections are known to modulate T cell and cytokine responses in latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, their role in modulating chemokine responses in latent tuberculosis (LTB) has not been explored. Because chemokines play a vital role in the protective immune responses in LTB, we postulated that coexistent helminth infection could modulate chemokine production in helminth-LTB coinfection. To test this, we measured the levels of a panel of CC and CXC chemokines at baseline and following mycobacterial Ag or mitogen stimulation in individuals with LTB with (Strongyloides stercoralis +LTB+) or without S. stercoralis (S. stercoralis -LTB+) infection and in individuals without both infections, healthy controls (HC). At baseline (in the absence of a stimulus), S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in comparison with S. stercoralis -LTB+ and/or HC individuals. Upon mycobacterial Ag stimulation, S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in comparison with S. stercoralis -LTB+ and/or HC individuals. No differences were observed upon mitogen stimulation. Finally, after anthelmintic treatment, the baseline levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, and CXCL11 and mycobacterial Ag-stimulated levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL11, CXCL2, and CXCL10 were significantly increased in S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals. Thus, our data demonstrate that S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals are associated with a compromised ability to express both CC and CXC chemokines and that this defect is at least partially reversible upon treatment. Hence, coexistent helminth infection induces downmodulation of chemokine responses in LTB individuals with likely potential effects on tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | - Yukthi Bhootra
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031; .,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Anuradha R, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Kumar NP, Dolla C, Babu S. Malnutrition is associated with diminished baseline and mycobacterial antigen - stimulated chemokine responses in latent tuberculosis infection. J Infect 2018; 77:410-416. [PMID: 29777718 PMCID: PMC6340055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have demonstrated a diminution in the baseline and mycobacterial antigen - specific cytokines in low body mass index (LBMI) individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We hypothesized that LBMI might be also associated with alteration in the baseline and antigen - stimulated levels of chemokines in LTBI. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we examined baseline, TB-antigen and mitogen stimulated levels of chemokines in these individuals and compared them with those with LTBI and normal BMI (NBMI). RESULTS LBMI with LTBI is characterized by diminished baseline levels of CCL1, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in comparison to NBMI with LTBI. Similarly, LTBI with LBMI is also characterized by diminished TB-antigen stimulated levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the mitogen stimulated chemokine levels between the groups. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and CCL1, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL11, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL11 levels in LTBI individuals. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our data reveal that LTBI subjects with low BMI are characterized by diminished levels of a variety of important chemokines, providing a novel biological mechanism for the increased risk of developing active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Anuradha
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Yukthi Bhootra
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.
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Bhattacharyya C, Majumder PP, Pandit B. CXCL10 is overexpressed in active tuberculosis patients compared to M. tuberculosis-exposed household contacts. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 109:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kirschner D, Pienaar E, Marino S, Linderman JJ. A review of computational and mathematical modeling contributions to our understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within-host infection and treatment. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 3:170-185. [PMID: 30714019 PMCID: PMC6354243 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient and deadly disease characterized by complex host-pathogen dynamics playing out over multiple time and length scales and physiological compartments. Computational modeling can be used to integrate various types of experimental data and suggest new hypotheses, mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches to TB. Here, we offer a first-time comprehensive review of work on within-host TB models that describe the immune response of the host to infection, including the formation of lung granulomas. The models include systems of ordinary and partial differential equations and agent-based models as well as hybrid and multi-scale models that are combinations of these. Many aspects of M. tuberculosis infection, including host dynamics in the lung (typical site of infection for TB), granuloma formation, roles of cytokine and chemokine dynamics, and bacterial nutrient availability have been explored. Finally, we survey applications of these within-host models to TB therapy and prevention and suggest future directions to impact this global disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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25
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Varikuti S, Natarajan G, Oghumu S, Sperling RH, Moretti E, Stock J, Papenfuss TL, Satoskar AR. Transgenic T cell-specific expression of CXCR3 enhances splenic and hepatic T cell accumulation but does not affect the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:61-68. [PMID: 27614845 PMCID: PMC5730987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of visceral leishmaniasis, caused by parasite Leishmania donovani, depends on the recruitment of leishmanicidal Th1 cells. Chemokine receptor CXCR3, preferentially expressed by Th1 cells, is critical for migration of these T cells during infection. During chronic VL, there is a decrease in the presence of CXCR3-expressing CD4+ T cells in the spleen, which is associated with high parasitic burden in this organ. We therefore examined whether T cell-specific expression of CXCR3 in mice (CXCR3Tg) would promote resistance to VL. L. donovani infected CXCR3Tg mice showed increased accumulation of T cells in the spleens compared to WT littermates (CXCR3+/+). However, CXCR3+ T cells from CXCR3Tg mice showed low CD69 expression and these mice developed fewer granulomas. Additionally, both groups of mice showed similar cytokine profiles and parasitic burdens during the course of infection. In summary, although T cell-specific expression of CXCR3 promoted the accumulation of CXCR3-expressing T cells during L. donovani infection, this did not enhance resistance to VL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
- Spleen/physiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
- Th1-Th2 Balance
- Transgenes/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gayathri Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel H Sperling
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ellen Moretti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James Stock
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tracey L Papenfuss
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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26
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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27
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Protection and pathology in TB: learning from the zebrafish model. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:261-73. [PMID: 26324465 PMCID: PMC4779130 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has earned its place among animal models of tuberculosis. Its natural pathogen, Mycobacterium marinum, shares major virulence factors with the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In adult zebrafish, which possess recombination-activated adaptive immunity, it can cause acute infection or a chronic progressive disease with containment of mycobacteria in well-structured, caseating granulomas. In addition, a low-dose model that closely mimics human latent infection has recently been developed. These models are used alongside infection of optically transparent zebrafish embryos and larvae that rely on innate immunity and permit non-invasive visualization of the early stages of developing granulomas that are inaccessible in other animal models. By microinjecting mycobacteria intravenously or into different tissues, systemic and localized infections can be induced, each useful for studying particular aspects of early pathogenesis, such as phagocyte recruitment, granuloma expansion and maintenance, vascularization of granulomas, and the phagocyte-mediated dissemination of mycobacteria. This has contributed to new insights into the mycobacteria-driven mechanisms that promote granuloma formation, the double-edged role of inflammation, the mechanisms of macrophage cell death that favor disease progression, and the host-protective role of autophagy. As a result, zebrafish models are now increasingly used to explore strategies for adjunctive therapy of tuberculosis with host-directed drugs.
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28
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Roy S, Guler R, Parihar SP, Schmeier S, Kaczkowski B, Nishimura H, Shin JW, Negishi Y, Ozturk M, Hurdayal R, Kubosaki A, Kimura Y, de Hoon MJL, Hayashizaki Y, Brombacher F, Suzuki H. Batf2/Irf1 induces inflammatory responses in classically activated macrophages, lipopolysaccharides, and mycobacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6035-44. [PMID: 25957166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor Batf2 is poorly described, whereas Batf and Batf3 have been shown to play essential roles in dendritic cell, T cell, and B cell development and regulation. Batf2 was drastically induced in IFN-γ-activated classical macrophages (M1) compared with unstimulated or IL-4-activated alternative macrophages (M2). Batf2 knockdown experiments from IFN-γ-activated macrophages and subsequent expression profiling demonstrated important roles for regulation of immune responses, inducing inflammatory and host-protective genes Tnf, Ccl5, and Nos2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Beijing strain HN878)-infected macrophages further induced Batf2 and augmented host-protective Batf2-dependent genes, particularly in M1, whose mechanism was suggested to be mediated through both TLR2 and TLR4 by LPS and heat-killed HN878 (HKTB) stimulation experiments. Irf1 binding motif was enriched in the promoters of Batf2-regulated genes. Coimmunoprecipitation study demonstrated Batf2 association with Irf1. Furthermore, Irf1 knockdown showed downregulation of IFN-γ- or LPS/HKTB-activated host-protective genes Tnf, Ccl5, Il12b, and Nos2. Conclusively, Batf2 is an activation marker gene for M1 involved in gene regulation of IFN-γ-activated classical macrophages, as well as LPS/HKTB-induced macrophage stimulation, possibly by Batf2/Irf1 gene induction. Taken together, these results underline the role of Batf2/Irf1 in inducing inflammatory responses in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Roy
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sebastian Schmeier
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand; and
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hajime Nishimura
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jay W Shin
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Negishi
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | | | - Michiel J L de Hoon
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
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29
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Torraca V, Cui C, Boland R, Bebelman JP, van der Sar AM, Smit MJ, Siderius M, Spaink HP, Meijer AH. The CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis mediates macrophage recruitment and dissemination of mycobacterial infection. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:253-69. [PMID: 25573892 PMCID: PMC4348563 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes to infectious foci depends strongly on the local release of chemoattractant mediators. The human CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is an important node in the chemokine signaling network and is expressed by multiple leukocyte lineages, including T cells and macrophages. The ligands of this receptor originate from an ancestral CXCL11 gene in early vertebrates. Here, we used the optically accessible zebrafish embryo model to explore the function of the CXCR3-CXCL11 axis in macrophage recruitment and show that disruption of this axis increases the resistance to mycobacterial infection. In a mutant of the zebrafish ortholog of CXCR3 (cxcr3.2), macrophage chemotaxis to bacterial infections was attenuated, although migration to infection-independent stimuli was unaffected. Additionally, attenuation of macrophage recruitment to infection could be mimicked by treatment with NBI74330, a high-affinity antagonist of CXCR3. We identified two infection-inducible CXCL11-like chemokines as the functional ligands of Cxcr3.2, showing that the recombinant proteins exerted a Cxcr3.2-dependent chemoattraction when locally administrated in vivo. During infection of zebrafish embryos with Mycobacterium marinum, a well-established model for tuberculosis, we found that Cxcr3.2 deficiency limited the macrophage-mediated dissemination of mycobacteria. Furthermore, the loss of Cxcr3.2 function attenuated the formation of granulomatous lesions, the typical histopathological features of tuberculosis, and led to a reduction in the total bacterial burden. Prevention of mycobacterial dissemination by targeting the CXCR3 pathway, therefore, might represent a host-directed therapeutic strategy for treatment of tuberculosis. The demonstration of a conserved CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis in zebrafish extends the translational applicability of this model for studying diseases involving the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Cui
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Boland
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M van der Sar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Measurement of phenotype and absolute number of circulating heparin-binding hemagglutinin, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, and purified protein derivative antigen-specific CD4 T cells can discriminate active from latent tuberculosis infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:200-12. [PMID: 25520147 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00607-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) are used as adjunctive tests for the evaluation of suspected cases of active tuberculosis (TB). However, a positive test does not differentiate latent from active TB. We investigated whether flow cytometric measurement of novel combinations of intracellular cytokines and surface makers on CD4 T cells could differentiate between active and latent TB after stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific proteins. Blood samples from 60 patients referred to the Singapore Tuberculosis Control Unit for evaluation for active TB or as TB contacts were stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD), ESAT-6 and CFP-10, or heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA). The CD4 T cell cytokine response (IFN-γ, interleukin-2 [IL-2], interleukin-17A [IL-17A], interleukin-22 [IL-22], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) and surface marker expression (CD27, CXCR3, and CD154) were then measured. We found that the proportion of PPD-specific CD4 T cells, defined as CD154(+) TNF-α(+) cells that were negative for CD27 and positive for GM-CSF, gave the strongest discrimination between subjects with latent and those with active TB (area under the receiver operator characteristic [ROC] curve of 0.9277; P < 0.0001). Also, the proportions and absolute numbers of HBHA-specific CD4 T cells were significantly higher in those with latent TB infection, particularly CD154(+) TNF-α(+) IFN-γ(+) IL-2(+) and CD154(+) TNF-α(+) CXCR3(+). Finally, we found that the ratio of ESAT-6- and CFP-10-responding to HBHA-responding CD4 T cells was significantly different between the two study populations. In conclusion, we found novel markers of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 cells which differentiate between active and latent TB.
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31
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Sakai S, Mayer-Barber KD, Barber DL. Defining features of protective CD4 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:137-42. [PMID: 25000593 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are critical for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and represent the best hope for vaccine-elicited protection. However, little is understood about the properties of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells that mediate control, and the lack of correlates of protection present a significant barrier to the rational development of new vaccination and therapeutic strategies which are sorely needed. Here we discuss the features of protective CD4 T cells including recent evidence for IFN-γ dependent and independent mechanisms of protection, poor protection by terminally differentiated cells and the importance of T cell migratory capacity for the control of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Monin L, Khader SA. Chemokines in tuberculosis: the good, the bad and the ugly. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:552-8. [PMID: 25444549 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects about one-third of the world's population, with a majority of infected individuals exhibiting latent asymptomatic infection, while 5-10% of infected individuals progress to active pulmonary disease. Research in the past two decades has elucidated critical host immune mechanisms that mediate Mtb control. Among these, chemokines have been associated with numerous key processes that lead to Mtb containment, from recruitment of myeloid cells into the lung to activation of adaptive immunity, formation of protective granulomas and vaccine recall responses. However, imbalances in several key chemokine mediators can alter the delicate balance of cytokines and cellular responses that promote mycobacterial containment, instead precipitating terminal tissue destruction and spread of Mtb infection. In this review, we will describe recent insights in the involvement of chemokines in host responses to Mtb infection and Mtb containment (the good), chemokines contributing to inflammation during TB (the bad), and the role of chemokines in driving cavitation and lung pathology (the ugly).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Monin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hoff ST, Salman AM, Ruhwald M, Ravn P, Brock I, Elsheikh N, Andersen P, Agger EM. Human B cells produce chemokine CXCL10 in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 95:40-7. [PMID: 25476870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of B cells in human host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is still controversial, but recent evidence suggest that B cell follicle like structures within the lung may influence host responses through regulation of the local cytokine environment. A candidate for such regulation could be the chemokine CXCL10. CXCL10 is mainly produced by human monocytes, but a few reports have also found CXCL10 production by human B cells. The objective of this study was to investigate CXCL10 production by human B cells in response to in vitro stimulation with Mtb antigens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed human blood samples from 30 volunteer donors using multiparameter flow cytometry, and identified a subgroup of B cells producing CXCL10 in response to in vitro stimulation with antigens. T cells did not produce CXCL10, but CXCL10 production by B cells appeared to be mediated via IFN-γ and dependent on contact with antigen-specific T cells recognizing the antigen. CONCLUSION Human B cells are able to produce CXCL10 in an IFN-γ and T cell contact-dependent manner. The present findings suggest a possible mechanism through which B cells in part may influence granuloma formation in human tuberculosis (TB) and participate in infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren T Hoff
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Copenhagen University Hospital Hillerød, Department of Infectious Diseases, Denmark.
| | - Inger Brock
- Copenhagen University Hospital Hillerød, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Denmark.
| | - Nabila Elsheikh
- Al Azhar University, Molecular Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: immunity interruptus. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:559-77. [PMID: 25311810 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease--the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.
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Abstract
CD4+ T‐helper subsets are lineages of T cells that have effector function in the lung and control critical aspects of lung immunity. Depletion of these cells experimentally or by drugs or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans leads to the development of opportunistic infections as well as increased rates of bacteremia with certain bacterial pneumonias. Recently, it has been proposed that CD4+ T‐cell subsets may also be excellent targets for mucosal vaccination to prevent pulmonary infections in susceptible hosts. Here, we review recent findings that increase our understanding of T‐cell subsets and their effector cytokines in the context of pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K Kolls
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Lin PL, Rutledge T, Green AM, Bigbee M, Fuhrman C, Klein E, Flynn JL. CD4 T cell depletion exacerbates acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis while reactivation of latent infection is dependent on severity of tissue depletion in cynomolgus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1693-702. [PMID: 22480184 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are believed to be important in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the relative contribution to control of initial or latent infection is not known. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD4 T cells in M. tuberculosis-infected cynomolgus macaques was used to study the role of CD4 T cells during acute and latent infection. Anti-CD4 antibody severely reduced levels of CD4 T cells in blood, airways, and lymph nodes. Increased pathology and bacterial burden were observed in CD4-depleted monkeys during the first 8 weeks of infection compared to controls. CD4-depleted monkeys had greater interferon (IFN)-γ expression and altered expression of CD8 T cell activation markers. During latent infection, CD4 depletion resulted in clinical reactivation in only three of six monkeys. Reactivation was associated with lower CD4 T cells in the hilar lymph nodes. During both acute and latent infection, CD4 depletion was associated with reduced percentages of CXCR3(+) expressing CD8 T cells, reported to be involved in T cell recruitment, regulatory function, and effector and memory T cell maturation. CXCR3(+) CD8 T cells from hilar lymph nodes had more mycobacteria-specific cytokine expression and greater coexpression of multiple cytokines compared to CXCR3(-) CD8 T cells. CD4 T cells are required for protection against acute infection but reactivation from latent infection is dependent on the severity of depletion in the draining lymph nodes. CD4 depletion influences CD8 T cell function. This study has important implications for human HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela M. Green
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Bigbee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl Fuhrman
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Slight SR, Khader SA. Chemokines shape the immune responses to tuberculosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:105-13. [PMID: 23168132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the intracellular pathogen that causes the disease, tuberculosis. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are key regulators in immune cell recruitment to sites of infection and inflammation. This review highlights our recent advances in understanding the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in cellular recruitment of immune cells to the lung, role in granuloma formation and host defense against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Slight
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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38
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39
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Henao-Tamayo M, Irwin SM, Shang S, Ordway D, Orme IM. T lymphocyte surface expression of exhaustion markers as biomarkers of the efficacy of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:308-13. [PMID: 21530406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers illustrating the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic regimens for tuberculosis still remain elusive. To date, most are predicated on assays using sputum or serum; as a result, if not predictive, treatment failure in patients may not be evident for some time. We report here the results of a simple screening study in which T cell surface markers were examined in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and then treated with drugs. These studies identified certain markers, the exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3, as well as the marker KLRG-1, particularly on CD8 T cells, that changed in concert with reduction of the bacterial load in the lungs. While there is no guarantee these changes would also be seen on T cells in the blood, this approach should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA.
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Garcia I, Olleros ML, Quesniaux VFJ, Jacobs M, Allie N, Nedospasov SA, Szymkowski DE, Ryffel B. Roles of soluble and membrane TNF and related ligands in mycobacterial infections: effects of selective and non-selective TNF inhibitors during infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:187-201. [PMID: 21153323 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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CXCR3 and CCR5 are both required for T cell-mediated protection against C. trachomatis infection in the murine genital mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:208-16. [PMID: 20844481 PMCID: PMC3010299 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors direct T lymphocytes to the site of an infection by following coordinated chemokine gradients, which allow their recruitment to specific tissues. Although identification of receptors needed for homing to some mucosal sites, such as skin and gut, have been elucidated, the receptors that direct lymphocytes to the genital mucosa remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study we identify that the chemokine receptors CXCR3 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3) and CCR5 (chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5) are pivotal for T-lymphocyte access to the genital tract during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Chlamydia-specific CD4(+) transgenic T cells that lack CXCR3 or CCR5 do not accumulate in the genital mucosa following infection. Loss of either CXCR3 or CCR5 impairs the protective capacity of Chlamydia-specific T cells, whereas T cells lacking both receptors are completely nonprotective. These results show that CXCR3 and CCR5 are the predominant chemokine receptors that act cooperatively to promote homing to the genital mucosa during Chlamydia infection.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of the lung, and dissemination of the disease depends on productive infection of this critical organ. Upon aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the acquired cellular immune response is slow to be induced and to be expressed within the lung. This slowness allows infection to become well established; thus, the acquired response is expressed in an inflammatory site that has been initiated and modulated by the bacterium. Mtb has a variety of surface molecules that interact with the innate response, and this interaction along with the autoregulation of the immune response by several mechanisms results in less-than-optimal control of bacterial growth. To improve current vaccine strategies, we must understand the factors that mediate induction, expression, and regulation of the immune response in the lung. We must also determine how to induce both known and novel immunoprotective responses without inducing immunopathologic consequences.
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Kwun J, Hazinedaroglu SM, Schadde E, Kayaoglu HA, Fechner J, Hu HZ, Roenneburg D, Torrealba J, Shiao L, Hong X, Peng R, Szewczyk JW, Sullivan KA, DeMartino J, Knechtle SJ. Unaltered graft survival and intragraft lymphocytes infiltration in the cardiac allograft of Cxcr3-/- mouse recipients. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1593-603. [PMID: 18476975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that absence of chemokine receptor Cxcr3 or its blockade prolong mouse cardiac allograft survival. We evaluated the effect of the CXCR3 receptor antagonist MRL-957 on cardiac allograft survival, and also examined the impact of anti-CXCR3 mAb in human CXCR3 knock-in mice. We found only a moderate increase in graft survival (10.5 and 16.6 days, p < 0.05) using either the antagonist or the antibody, respectively, compared to control (8.7 days). We re-evaluated cardiac allograft survival with two different lines of Cxcr3(-/-) mice. Interestingly, in our hands, neither of the independently derived Cxcr3(-/-) lines showed remarkable prolongation, with mean graft survival of 9.5 and 10.8 days, respectively. There was no difference in the number of infiltrating mononuclear cells, expansion of splenic T cells or IFN-gamma production of alloreactive T cells. Mechanistically, an increased other chemokine receptor fraction in the graft infiltrating CD8 T cells in Cxcr3(-/-) recipients compared to wild-type recipients suggested compensatory T-cell trafficking in the absence of Cxcr3. We conclude Cxcr3 may contribute to, but does not govern, leukocyte trafficking in this transplant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwun
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Tumor necrosis factor blockade in chronic murine tuberculosis enhances granulomatous inflammation and disorganizes granulomas in the lungs. Infect Immun 2008; 76:916-26. [PMID: 18212087 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01011-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a prototypic proinflammatory cytokine that contributes significantly to the development of immunopathology in various disease states. A complication of TNF blockade therapy, which is used increasingly for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, is the reactivation of latent tuberculosis. This study used a low-dose aerogenic model of murine tuberculosis to analyze the effect of TNF neutralization on disease progression in mice with chronic tuberculous infections. Histological, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lung tissues revealed that the neutralization of TNF results in marked disorganization of the tuberculous granuloma, as demonstrated by the dissolution of the previously described B-cell-macrophage unit in granulomatous tissues as well as by increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Quantitative gene expression studies using laser capture microdissected granulomatous lung tissues revealed that TNF blockade in mice chronically infected with M. tuberculosis leads to the enhanced expression of specific proinflammatory molecules. Collectively, these studies have provided evidence suggesting that in the chronic phase of M. tuberculosis infection, TNF is essential for maintaining the structure of the tuberculous granuloma and may regulate the granulomatous response by exerting an anti-inflammatory effect through modulation of the expression of proinflammatory mediators.
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45
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Kwun J, Hu H, Schadde E, Roenneburg D, Sullivan KA, DeMartino J, Burlingham WJ, Knechtle SJ. Altered Distribution of H60 Minor H Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells and Attenuated Chronic Vasculopathy in Minor Histocompatibility Antigen Mismatched Heart Transplantation in Cxcr3−/− Mouse Recipients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:8016-25. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van Wanrooij EJA, de Jager SCA, van Es T, de Vos P, Birch HL, Owen DA, Watson RJ, Biessen EAL, Chapman GA, van Berkel TJC, Kuiper J. CXCR3 antagonist NBI-74330 attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:251-7. [PMID: 18048768 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.147827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is implicated in migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Antagonizing CXCR3 may be a strategy to inhibit inflammation-induced leukocyte migration and subsequently reduce atherosclerosis. We used the CXCR3 specific antagonist NBI-74330 to block CXCR3-mediated signaling in peritonitis and diet-induced atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Antagonizing CXCR3 with NBI-74330 resulted in a significant reduction in CD4+ T cell and macrophage migration to the peritoneal cavity, which was as shown in ex vivo migration studies totally CXCR3 dependent. Atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic valve leaflet area and the entire aorta was significantly inhibited in NBI-74330 treated mice. Lymph nodes draining from the aortic arch were significantly smaller in treated mice and were enriched in regulatory T cells and contained fewer activated T cells, whereas the markers for regulatory T cells within the lesion were enhanced after NBI-74330 treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that treatment with a CXCR3 antagonist results in attenuating atherosclerotic lesion formation by blocking direct migration of CXCR3+ effector cells from the circulation into the atherosclerotic plaque and by beneficially modulating the inflammatory response in the lesion and the lymph nodes draining from the atherosclerotic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J A van Wanrooij
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Thomas LH, Friedland JS, Sharland M. Chemokines and their receptors in respiratory disease: a therapeutic target for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5:415-25. [PMID: 17547506 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell recruitment is a multistep process orchestrated by chemokines and their receptors. The chemokine/receptor system is central to many inflammatory diseases, making it a key target for therapeutic intervention. Despite complexity and redundancy within the system, effective antagonists are in development and undergoing clinical trials, for example, maraviroc, for use in HIV treatment. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, with global annual infection estimated at 64 million people. Current treatment is purely supportive, with no effective vaccine available. RSV pathology is partly due to excessive airway inflammation. Evidence is growing for a key role for chemokine receptors. Receptor blockade may therefore provide a feasible therapeutic option to inhibit RSV-induced inflammation and thereby reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette H Thomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College, London, UK.
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48
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Aly S, Laskay T, Mages J, Malzan A, Lang R, Ehlers S. Interferon-gamma-dependent mechanisms of mycobacteria-induced pulmonary immunopathology: the role of angiostasis and CXCR3-targeted chemokines for granuloma necrosis. J Pathol 2007; 212:295-305. [PMID: 17534845 DOI: 10.1002/path.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to granuloma caseation, a hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) in humans, are poorly understood. Lung histopathology of C57BL/6 (WT) mice 16 weeks after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium avium strain TMC724 is uniquely characterized by centrally necrotizing granulomas, strongly resembling human TB lesions. However, IFN-gamma-deficient (GKO) and IFN-gamma-receptor-deficient (GRKO) mice did not develop granuloma necrosis following M. avium infection. Comparison of differentially expressed genes in infected WT and GKO lungs by DNA microarray and RNase protection assays revealed that the angiostatic chemokines CXCL9-11 were significantly reduced in GKO mice. In contrast, angiogenic mediators such as angiopoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiogenic chemokines such as CXCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, remained unchanged or were expressed at higher levels than in infected WT mice, suggesting impaired neovascularization of the granuloma as a possible mechanism for caseation in WT mice. Granuloma vascularization was significantly decreased in central, but not peripheral, areas of granulomas of infected WT compared to GKO mice. In contrast to GRKO mice, WT mice showed signs of severe hypoxia in cells immediately surrounding the necrotic core of granulomas as measured immunohistochemically with a reagent detecting pimonidazole adducts. To test the hypothesis that CXCR3, the common receptor for the angiostatic chemokines CXCL9-11, is involved in granuloma caseation, histomorphology was assessed in M. avium-infected mice deficient for CXCR3 (CXCR3-KO). 16 weeks after infection, these mice developed caseating granulomas similar to WT mice. We conclude that IFN-gamma causes a dysbalance between angiostatic and angiogenic mediators and a concomitant reduction in granuloma vascularization, but that CXCR3-targeted chemokines are not sufficient to induce granuloma necrosis in a mouse model of mycobacteria-induced immunopathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capillaries/pathology
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/physiology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/microbiology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium avium
- Necrosis
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aly
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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49
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Bhatt K, Salgame P. Host innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:347-62. [PMID: 17364232 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent progress in our understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages, the interaction of M. tuberculosis with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the establishment of the link between innate and adaptive immunity, and TLRs and interferon-gamma-mediated antimicrobial pathways in macrophages. We also propose a paradigm that TLR2 signaling regulates the magnitude of the host Th1 response leading to either M. tuberculosis persistence and latent infection or replication and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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