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Briganti S, Mosca S, Di Nardo A, Flori E, Ottaviani M. New Insights into the Role of PPARγ in Skin Physiopathology. Biomolecules 2024; 14:728. [PMID: 38927131 PMCID: PMC11201613 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor expressed in many tissues, including skin, where it is essential for maintaining skin barrier permeability, regulating cell proliferation/differentiation, and modulating antioxidant and inflammatory responses upon ligand binding. Therefore, PPARγ activation has important implications for skin homeostasis. Over the past 20 years, with increasing interest in the role of PPARs in skin physiopathology, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of PPARγ ligands as a therapeutic option for skin inflammatory disorders. In addition, PPARγ also regulates sebocyte differentiation and lipid production, making it a potential target for inflammatory sebaceous disorders such as acne. A large number of studies suggest that PPARγ also acts as a skin tumor suppressor in both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, but its role in tumorigenesis remains controversial. In this review, we have summarized the current state of research into the role of PPARγ in skin health and disease and how this may provide a starting point for the development of more potent and selective PPARγ ligands with a low toxicity profile, thereby reducing unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (S.M.); (A.D.N.); (M.O.)
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Zhang Y, Xiao B, Liu Y, Wu S, Xiang Q, Xiao Y, Zhao J, Yuan R, Xie K, Li L. Roles of PPAR activation in cancer therapeutic resistance: Implications for combination therapy and drug development. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176304. [PMID: 38142851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment or effective containment of cancer. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an essential role in regulating energy homeostasis and determining cell fate. Despite of the pleiotropic roles of PPARs in cancer, numerous studies have suggested their intricate relationship with therapeutic resistance in cancer. In this review, we provided an overview of the roles of excessively activated PPARs in promoting resistance to modern anti-cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The mechanisms through which activated PPARs contribute to therapeutic resistance in most cases include metabolic reprogramming, anti-oxidant defense, anti-apoptosis signaling, proliferation-promoting pathways, and induction of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discussed the mechanisms through which activated PPARs lead to multidrug resistance in cancer, including drug efflux, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and acquisition and maintenance of the cancer stem cell phenotype. Preliminary studies investigating the effect of combination therapies with PPAR antagonists have suggested the potential of these antagonists in reversing resistance and facilitating sustained cancer management. These findings will provide a valuable reference for further research on and clinical translation of PPAR-targeting treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- School of Medicine, The South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Yunduo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Shunhong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Yuhan Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Junxiu Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Ruanfei Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Keping Xie
- School of Medicine, The South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
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Helder RWJ, Rousel J, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, Nadaban A, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. The effect of PPAR isoform (de)activation on the lipid composition in full-thickness skin models. Exp Dermatol 2022; 32:469-478. [PMID: 36541108 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are 3D-cultured human skin models that mimic many aspects of native human skin (NHS). Although HSEs resemble NHS very closely, the barrier located in the stratum corneum (SC) is impaired. This is caused by an altered lipid composition in the SC of HSEs compared with NHS. One of the most pronounced changes in this lipid composition is a high level of monounsaturation. One key enzyme in this change is stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which catalyses the monounsaturation of lipids. In order to normalize the lipid composition, we aimed to target a group of nuclear receptors that are important regulators in the lipid synthesis. This group of receptors are known as the peroxisome proliferating activating receptors (PPARs). By (de)activating each isoform (PPAR-α, PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ), the PPAR isoforms may have normalizing effects on the lipid composition. In addition, another PPAR-α agonist Wy14643 was included as this supplement demonstrated normalizing effects in the lipid composition in a more recent study. After PPAR (ant)agonists supplementation, the mRNA of downstream targets, lipid synthesis genes and lipid composition were investigated. The PPAR downstream targets were activated, indicating that the supplements reached the keratinocytes to trigger their effect. However, minimal impact was observed on the lipid composition after PPAR isoform (de) activation. Only the highest concentration Wy14643 resulted in strong, but negative effects on CER composition. Although the novel tested modifications did not result in an improvement, more insight is gained on the nuclear receptors PPARs and their effects on the lipid barrier in full-thickness skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jannik Rousel
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li Y, Li Y, Xu S, Chen Y, Zhou P, Hu T, Li H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Ren J, Qiu Y, Lu C. N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) exacerbates psoriasis inflammation by enhancing dendritic cell (DCs) maturation. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ballav S, Biswas B, Sahu VK, Ranjan A, Basu S. PPAR-γ Partial Agonists in Disease-Fate Decision with Special Reference to Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:3215. [PMID: 36291082 PMCID: PMC9601205 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied transcription factors since its discovery in 1990, highlighting its importance in the etiology and treatment of numerous diseases involving various types of cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune, dermatological and cardiovascular disorders. Ligands are regarded as the key determinant for the tissue-specific activation of PPAR-γ. However, the mechanism governing this process is merely a contradictory debate which is yet to be systematically researched. Either these receptors get weakly activated by endogenous or natural ligands or leads to a direct over-activation process by synthetic ligands, serving as complete full agonists. Therefore, fine-tuning on the action of PPAR-γ and more subtle modulation can be a rewarding approach which might open new avenues for the treatment of several diseases. In the recent era, researchers have sought to develop safer partial PPAR-γ agonists in order to dodge the toxicity induced by full agonists, akin to a balanced activation. With a particular reference to cancer, this review concentrates on the therapeutic role of partial agonists, especially in cancer treatment. Additionally, a timely examination of their efficacy on various other disease-fate decisions has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ballav
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Bini Biswas
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
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Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M, Płonka PM, Pierzchalski P. The Role of PPAR Alpha in the Modulation of Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10545. [PMID: 34638886 PMCID: PMC8508635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is a potent regulator of systemic and cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, but it also suppresses various inflammatory reactions. In this review, we focus on its role in the regulation of innate immunity; in particular, we discuss the PPARα interplay with inflammatory transcription factor signaling, pattern-recognition receptor signaling, and the endocannabinoid system. We also present examples of the PPARα-specific immunomodulatory functions during parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections, as well as approach several issues associated with innate immunity processes, such as the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, phagocytosis, and the effector functions of macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells. The described phenomena encourage the application of endogenous and pharmacological PPARα agonists to alleviate the disorders of immunological background and the development of new solutions that engage PPARα activation or suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Biotechnology and General Technology of Foods, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Biotechnology and General Technology of Foods, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław M. Płonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Pierzchalski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Michałowskiego 12, 31-126 Cracow, Poland;
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Majewski G, Craw J, Falla T. Accelerated Barrier Repair in Human Skin Explants Induced with a Plant-Derived PPAR-α Activating Complex via Cooperative Interactions. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1271-1293. [PMID: 34566418 PMCID: PMC8458040 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s325967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) govern epidermal lipid synthesis and metabolism. In skin, PPAR activation has been shown to regulate genes responsible for permeability barrier homeostasis, epidermal differentiation, lipid biosynthesis, and inflammation. Objective Given the known dermatologic benefits of PPARs, we set out to discover a naturally derived, multi-molecule complex that would be superior to the more commonly formulated conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). We hypothesized that a complex may be capable of modulating PPAR-α by cooperative or multi-ligand binding interactions to accelerate skin barrier repair. Methods To achieve this, we assembled a novel PPAR-α agonist complex, referred to as RFV3, from a combination of small molecules routinely used in Ayurvedic medicine and accepted in cosmetic and topical over-the-counter dermatologic products. We tested RFV3’s potential as a PPAR-α agonist by evaluating its transcriptional response, ligand binding affinity to PPAR-α, gene expression profiles and barrier repair properties in human skin explant models. Results We assembled RFV3 by solubilizing two standardized plant extracts in a suitable solvent and induced a significant transcriptional response in PPAR-α luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, transcriptome profiling of RFV3-treated epidermal substitutes revealed expressed genes consistent with known targets of PPAR-α, including those involved in epidermal barrier repair. In addition, in silico modeling demonstrated differential co-binding affinities of RFV3 to PPAR-α compared with those of the endogenous ligands (CLAs) and a synthetic PPAR-α agonist. Lastly, delipidated skin explant models confirmed accelerated barrier repair activity with significant increases in ceramides, filaggrin and transglutaminase-1 after treatment. Conclusion These findings suggest that the RFV3 complex successfully mimics a PPAR-α agonist and induces synthesis of skin barrier lipids and proteins consistent with known PPAR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Majewski
- Rodan & Fields, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA.,Present Affiliation: Contrast Product Development, Walnut, CA, 91789, USA
| | - John Craw
- Rodan & Fields, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
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Olaniyi KS, Owolabi MN, Atuma CL, Agunbiade TB, Alabi BY. Acetate rescues defective brain-adipose metabolic network in obese Wistar rats by modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18967. [PMID: 34556775 PMCID: PMC8460633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that acetate ameliorates brain-adipose metabolic dysfunction (BAMED) in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, possibly by modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Ten-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6/group): Control, acetate and obese with or without acetate groups received vehicle (distilled water; po), acetate (200 mg/kg, po) and 40% HFD with or without acetate respectively. The treatments lasted for 12 weeks. Obese animals showed increase in body weight, visceral fat mass, insulin and triglyceride-glucose index and a reduction in insulin sensitivity. In addition, obese animals also showed increase in plasma/hypothalamic and adipose pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4, lactate-pyruvate ratio, malondialdehyde, γ-glutamyl transferase, and a decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, nitric oxide and PPAR-γ. HFD also elevated plasma/hypothalamic lipid and decreased adipose lipid profile, increased hypothalamic and adipose tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and histone deacetylase (HDAC), and elevated plasma/adipose leptin. These alterations were reversed by concomitant administration of acetate. The present results demonstrate that obesity is characterized by BAMED, which is accompanied by altered HDAC/PPAR-γ. The results in addition suggest that acetate, an HDAC inhibitor rescues BAMED with consequent normalization of body weight and visceral fat mass by modulation of PPAR-γ and suppression of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- Cardio/Repro-Metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria.
| | - Morounkeji Nicole Owolabi
- Cardio/Repro-Metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Chukwubueze Lucky Atuma
- Cardio/Repro-Metabolic and Microbiome Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Toluwani Bosede Agunbiade
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Bolanle Yemisi Alabi
- Department of Hematology and Virology, University of Medical Science Teaching Hospital Complex, Akure, Nigeria
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Blunder S, Pavel P, Minzaghi D, Dubrac S. PPARdelta in Affected Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: A Possible Role in Metabolic Reprograming. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7354. [PMID: 34298981 PMCID: PMC8303290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the skin. Three PPAR isotypes, α (NRC1C1), β or δ (NRC1C2) and γ (NRC1C3), have been identified. After activation through ligand binding, PPARs heterodimerize with the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR), another nuclear hormone receptor, to bind to specific PPAR-responsive elements in regulatory regions of target genes mainly involved in organogenesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inflammation and metabolism of lipids or carbohydrates. Endogenous PPAR ligands are fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. In past years, much emphasis has been given to PPARα and γ in skin diseases. PPARβ/δ is the least studied PPAR family member in the skin despite its key role in several important pathways regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, metabolism and the oxidative stress response. This review focuses on the role of PPARβ/δ in keratinocytes and its involvement in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Moreover, the relevance of targeting PPARβ/δ to alleviate skin inflammation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Epidermal Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.B.); (P.P.); (D.M.)
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Plebanek MP, Sturdivant M, DeVito NC, Hanks BA. Role of dendritic cell metabolic reprogramming in tumor immune evasion. Int Immunol 2020; 32:485-491. [PMID: 32449776 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) is recognized as a vital mediator of anti-tumor immunity. More recent studies have also demonstrated the important role of DCs in the generation of effective responses to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Metabolic programming of DCs dictates their functionality and can determine which DCs become immunostimulatory versus those that develop a tolerized phenotype capable of actively suppressing effector T-cell responses to cancers. As a result, there is great interest in understanding what mechanisms have evolved in cancers to alter these metabolic pathways, thereby allowing for their continued progression and metastasis. The therapeutic strategies developed to reverse these processes of DC tolerization in the tumor microenvironment represent promising candidates for future testing in combination immunotherapy clinical trials.
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Yang M, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang Q, Wei S, Wang S, Qin Q. Functional analysis of Epinephelus coioides peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor α (PPARα): Involvement in response to viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:257-266. [PMID: 32315742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor α (PPARα) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors (NR). Studies have demonstrated that PPARα functions in energy metabolism, hepatic function, immune response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In teleost fish, few studies have investigated the role of PPARα in the immune response. In this study, the grouper PPARα gene (EcPPARα) was investigated for its role in viral infection. The open reading frame of EcPPARα encoded a protein of 469 amino acids and contained an N-terminal domain (NTD), a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a hinge region, and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that EcPPARα was most closely related to homologous genes in Sander lucioperca and Perca flavescens. Upon challenge with SGIV (Singapore grouper iridovirus) and RGNNV (Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus), EcPPARα expression levels were significantly upregulated in different tissues. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the EcPPARα protein localized throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus with diffuse intracellular expression patterns, which is consistent with the localization pattern of mammalian PPARs. Based on morphological observation of cytopathic effect (CPEs), viral gene expression mRNAs, and virus titer assays, the results presented here showed that an overexpression of EcPPARα promoted SGIV production in grouper spleen cells. Overexpression of EcPPARα significantly inhibited the expression of several cytokines, including interferon-related genes (IFN-γ, ISG15, MXI, MXII, MAVS and MDA5), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and Toll like receptor adaptors (TRAF6 and MyD88). Luciferase activity of IFN-α, IFN-γ, ISRE and NF-κB promoters was also significantly decreased in EcPPARα overexpression cells. Due to these detected interferon-related genes and inflammatory cytokines play important antiviral effect against SGIV in grouper, we speculated that the promotion effect of EcPPARα on SGIV replication may be caused by down-regulation of interferon and inflammatory response. In addition, through apoptotic body observation, capspase-3 activity detection, and flow cytometry analysis, it was found that overexpression of EcPPARα promoted SGIV-induced apoptosis in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. These data may increase an understanding of the role of PPARα in fish antiviral immune responses and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinpeng Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Tupone MG, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Cimini AM, Benedetti E. Lifestyle and Food Habits Impact on Chronic Diseases: Roles of PPARs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215422. [PMID: 31683535 PMCID: PMC6862628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that exert important functions in mediating the pleiotropic effects of diverse exogenous factors such as physical exercise and food components. Particularly, PPARs act as transcription factors that control the expression of genes implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism, and cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advancements reported on the effects of lifestyle and food habits on PPAR transcriptional activity in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Tupone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Korbecki J, Bobiński R, Dutka M. Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:443-458. [PMID: 30927048 PMCID: PMC6517359 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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14
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Yao E, Zhang G, Huang J, Yang X, Peng L, Huang X, Luo X, Ren J, Huang R, Yang L, Zhou Y, Zhuo R, Zhao Y, Jin X. Immunomodulatory effect of oleoylethanolamide in dendritic cells via TRPV1/AMPK activation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18392-18407. [PMID: 30895621 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator involved in the control of feeding, body weight, and energy metabolism. However, whether OEA modulates maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) has never been addressed. Hence, we evaluated the effect of OEA on DCs maturation in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) in four aspects: (a) Cell surface markers were determined using flow cytometric analysis; (b) cell mobile ability was testified with the transwell assay; (c) stimulation of T cells proliferation was performed in a coculture system; and (d) cytokine production was measured using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The result showed that, in mature BMDCs induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the OEA treatment decreased expressions of cell surface markers, reduced cell migration, diminished the proliferation of cocultured T cells, and regulated cytokine production of BMDCs, indicating the modulatory effect of OEA on DCs maturation. Furthermore, to explore the underlying mechanism of the immunomodulatory effect of OEA, we used antagonists of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), determined the protein expressions of TRPV1/AMPK and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) using western blot, and measured the intracellular calcium concentration using calcium imaging. The result illustrated that OEA downregulated TLR4/NF-κB, the classical pathway leading to DCs maturation induced by LPS, through the activation of TRPV1 and AMPK. Collectively, the present study suggests that OEA suppresses DCs maturation through the activation of TRPV1/AMPK. These findings increase our understanding of this endogenous lipid OEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhui Yao
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiazhen Yang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoxin Luo
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lichao Yang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rengong Zhuo
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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15
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Bougarne N, Weyers B, Desmet SJ, Deckers J, Ray DW, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:760-802. [PMID: 30020428 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor of clinical interest as a drug target in various metabolic disorders. PPARα also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory capacities. The first-generation PPARα agonists, the fibrates, have however been hampered by drug-drug interaction issues, statin drop-in, and ill-designed cardiovascular intervention trials. Notwithstanding, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPARα works will enable control of its activities as a drug target for metabolic diseases with an underlying inflammatory component. Given its role in reshaping the immune system, the full potential of this nuclear receptor subtype as a versatile drug target with high plasticity becomes increasingly clear, and a novel generation of agonists may pave the way for novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Weyers
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie J Desmet
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - David W Ray
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Corrales P, Vidal-Puig A, Medina-Gómez G. PPARs and Metabolic Disorders Associated with Challenged Adipose Tissue Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072124. [PMID: 30037087 PMCID: PMC6073677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a family of nuclear hormone receptors that exert their transcriptional control on genes harboring PPAR-responsive regulatory elements (PPRE) in partnership with retinoid X receptors (RXR). The activation of PPARs coordinated by specific coactivators/repressors regulate networks of genes controlling diverse homeostatic processes involving inflammation, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Defects in PPARs have been linked to lipodystrophy, obesity, and insulin resistance as a result of the impairment of adipose tissue expandability and functionality. PPARs can act as lipid sensors, and when optimally activated, can rewire many of the metabolic pathways typically disrupted in obesity leading to an improvement of metabolic homeostasis. PPARs also contribute to the homeostasis of adipose tissue under challenging physiological circumstances, such as pregnancy and aging. Given their potential pathogenic role and their therapeutic potential, the benefits of PPARs activation should not only be considered relevant in the context of energy balance-associated pathologies and insulin resistance but also as potential relevant targets in the context of diabetic pregnancy and changes in body composition and metabolic stress associated with aging. Here, we review the rationale for the optimization of PPAR activation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Corrales
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M, Dean M, Reiss K. Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPARα. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122093. [PMID: 27983603 PMCID: PMC5187893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenesis and ketolysis are central metabolic processes activated during the response to fasting. Ketogenesis is regulated in multiple stages, and a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is one of the key transcription factors taking part in this regulation. PPARα is an important element in the metabolic network, where it participates in signaling driven by the main nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and induces hormonal mediators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This work describes the regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis in normal and malignant cells and briefly summarizes the positive effects of ketone bodies in various neuropathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matthew Dean
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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18
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Ramot Y, Mastrofrancesco A, Camera E, Desreumaux P, Paus R, Picardo M. The role of PPARγ-mediated signalling in skin biology and pathology: new targets and opportunities for clinical dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:245-51. [PMID: 25644500 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate the expression of multiple different genes involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. PPARs and cognate ligands also regulate important cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory responses. This includes a role in mediating skin and pilosebaceous unit homoeostasis: PPARs appear to be essential for maintaining skin barrier permeability, inhibit keratinocyte cell growth, promote keratinocyte terminal differentiation and regulate skin inflammation. They also may have protective effects on human hair follicle (HFs) epithelial stem cells, while defects in PPARγ-mediated signalling may promote the death of these stem cells and thus facilitate the development of cicatricial alopecia (lichen planopilaris). Overall, however, selected PPARγ modulators appear to act as hair growth inhibitors that reduce the proliferation and promote apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. The fact that commonly prescribed PPARγ-modulatory drugs of the thiazolidine-2,4-dione class can exhibit a battery of adverse cutaneous effects underscores the importance of distinguishing beneficial from clinically undesired cutaneous activities of PPARγ ligands and to better understand on the molecular level how PPARγ-regulated cutaneous lipid metabolism and PPARγ-mediated signalling impact on human skin physiology and pathology. Surely, the therapeutic potential that endogenous and exogenous PPARγ modulators may possess in selected skin diseases, ranging from chronic inflammatory hyperproliferative dermatoses like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, via scarring alopecia and acne can only be harnessed if the complexities of PPARγ signalling in human skin and its appendages are systematically dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Elentner A, Ortner D, Clausen B, Gonzalez FJ, Fernández-Salguero PM, Schmuth M, Dubrac S. Skin response to a carcinogen involves the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:835-40. [PMID: 26013842 PMCID: PMC6334296 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin is in daily contact with potentially harmful molecules from the environment such as cigarette smoke, automobile emissions, industrial soot and groundwater. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a transcription factor expressed in liver and intestine that is activated by xenobiotic chemicals including drugs and environmental pollutants. Topical application of the tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) enhances Pxr, Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1 and Cyp3a11, but not Ahr expression in the skin. Surprisingly, DMBA-induced Pxr upregulation is largely impaired in Langerin(+) cell-depleted skin, suggesting that DMBA mainly triggers Pxr in Langerin(+) cells. Furthermore, PXR deficiency protects from DNA damage in epidermal cells but to a lesser extent than aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) deficiency. Interestingly, skin exposure to low doses of DMBA induces migration of PXR-deficient but not of wild-type and AHR-deficient Langerhans cells (LCs). PXR-humanized mice show a marked increase in DNA damage to epidermal cells after topical application of DMBA, demonstrating relevance of these findings in human tissue. This is the first report suggesting that carcinogens might trigger PXR in epidermal cells, particularly in LCs, thus leading to DNA damage. Further studies are required to better delineate the role of PXR in cutaneous carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elentner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Björn Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pedro M. Fernández-Salguero
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Schmuth M, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Blunder S, Dubrac S. Role of PPAR, LXR, and PXR in epidermal homeostasis and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:463-73. [PMID: 24315978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal lipid synthesis and metabolism are regulated by nuclear hormone receptors (NHR) and in turn epidermal lipid metabolites can serve as ligands to NHR. NHR form a large superfamily of receptors modulating gene transcription through DNA binding. A subgroup of these receptors is ligand-activated and heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Several isotypes of these receptors exist, all of which are expressed in skin. In keratinocytes, ligand activation of PPARs and LXRs stimulates differentiation, induces lipid accumulation, and accelerates epidermal barrier regeneration. In the cutaneous immune system, ligand activation of all three receptors, PPAR, LXR, and PXR, has inhibitory properties, partially mediated by downregulation of the NF-kappaB pathway. PXR also has antifibrotic effects in the skin correlating with TGF-beta inhibition. In summary, ligands of PPAR, LXR and PXR exert beneficial therapeutic effects in skin disease and represent promising targets for future therapeutic approaches in dermatology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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21
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Perfluorooctanoate suppresses spheroid attachment on endometrial epithelial cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and down-regulation of Wnt signaling. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:164-71. [PMID: 23978332 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of animals to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a surfactant used in emulsion polymerization processes causes early pregnancy loss, delayed growth and development of fetuses. The mechanisms of action are largely unknown. We studied the effect of PFOA on implantation using an in vitro spheroid-endometrial cell co-culture model. PFOA (10-100μM) significantly reduced Jeg-3 spheroid attachment on RL95-2 endometrial cells. PFOA also suppressed β-catenin expression in Jeg-3 cells. The Wnt agonist Wnt3a stimulated β-catenin expression in Jeg-3 cells and reversed the PFOA suppression of the spheroid attachment. The putative PFOA receptors (PPARα, β, γ) present in both cell lines were not affected by PFOA (0.01-100μM). The PPARα antagonist MK886 restored the β-catenin and E-cadherin expression levels in Jeg-3 cells and reversed the suppression of the spheroid attachment caused by PFOA. Taken together, PFOA suppresses spheroid attachment through PPARα and Wnt signaling pathways via down-regulation of β-catenin and E-cadherin expression.
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22
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Sun A, Liu H, Wang S, Shi D, Xu L, Cheng Y, Wang K, Chen K, Zou Y, Ge J. Salvianolic acid B suppresses maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by activating PPARγ. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:2042-53. [PMID: 21649636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a water-soluble antioxidant derived from a Chinese medicinal herb, is known to be effective in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the anti-atherosclerotic effect of Sal B might be mediated by suppressing maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (h-monDC). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH h-monDC were derived by incubating purified human monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-4. h-monDC were pre-incubated with or without Sal B and stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in the presence or absence of PPARγ siRNA. Expression of h-monDC membrane molecules (CD40, CD86, CD1a, HLA-DR) were analysed by FACS, cytokines were measured by elisa and the TLR4-associated signalling pathway was determined by Western blotting. KEY RESULTS Ox-LDL promoted h-monDC maturation, stimulated CD40, CD86, CD1a, HLA-DR expression and IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α production; and up-regulated TLR4 signalling. These effects were inhibited by Sal B. Sal B also triggered PPARγ activation and promoted PPARγ nuclear translocation, attenuated ox-LDL-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 and inhibited the downstream p38-MAPK signalling cascade. Knocking down PPARγ with the corresponding siRNA blocked these effects of Sal B. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggested that Sal B effectively suppressed maturation of h-monDC induced by ox-LDL through PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, China
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23
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Anticancer Properties of PPARalpha-Effects on Cellular Metabolism and Inflammation. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:930705. [PMID: 18509489 PMCID: PMC2396219 DOI: 10.1155/2008/930705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have lately attracted much attention as therapeutic targets. Previously, PPAR ligands were associated with the treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, as they modulate the expression of genes regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Recently, PPAR ligands have been also considered as potential anticancer agents, with relatively low systemic toxicity. The emerging evidence for antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiinflammatory and potential antimetastatic properties of PPARα ligands prompted us to discuss possible roles of PPARα in tumor suppression. PPARα activation can target cancer cells energy balance by blocking fatty acid synthesis and by promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. In the state of limited nutrient availability, frequently presents in the tumor microenvironment, PPARα cooperates with AMP-dependent protein kinase in: (i) repressing oncogenic Akt activity, (ii) inhibiting cell proliferation, and (iii) forcing glycolysis-dependent cancer cells into “metabolic catastrophe.” Other potential anticancer effects of PPARα include suppression of inflammation, and upregulation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), which attenuates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cell proliferation. In conclusion, there are strong premises that the low-toxic and well-tolerated PPAR ligands should be considered as new therapeutic agents to fight disseminating cancer, which represents the major challenge for modern medicine and basic research.
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24
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PPAR Alpha Regulation of the Immune Response and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:546753. [PMID: 18645614 PMCID: PMC2465123 DOI: 10.1155/2008/546753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily and play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, energy balance, artherosclerosis and glucose control. Recent studies suggest that they play an important role in regulating inflammation. This review will focus on PPAR-α regulation of the immune response. We describe how PPAR-α regulates differentiation of T cells by transactivation and/or interaction with other transcription factors. Moreover, PPAR-α agonists have been shown to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, suggesting that they could provide a therapy for human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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25
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Dubrac S, Elentner A, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Schmuth M. Lack of IL-2 in PPAR-α-deficient mice triggers allergic contact dermatitis by affecting regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1980-91. [PMID: 21509781 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to decipher the cellular basis of the immunoregulatory role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α in cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. After challenge with a contact allergen, we observed augmented hypersensitivity reactions with increased numbers of activated T lymphocytes in the skin of PPAR-α-/- mice. Furthermore, following antigen challenge, the percentages of Tregs in the blood, draining lymph nodes and skin were decreased in these mice. PPAR-α deficiency impaired the production of IL-2 in lymph nodes, whereas TGF-β levels remained unchanged. Injection of IL-2 into PPAR-α-/- mice restored the Treg population in the skin-draining lymph nodes of allergen-challenged mice. In vivo induction of Tregs from WT CD4+ CD25- T cells was impaired when adoptively transferred into PPAR-α-/- mice as compared with transfer into WT mice, and reversed by injection of IL-2 into PPAR-α-/- mice. Furthermore, the suppressive capacity of PPAR-α-/- Tregs was impaired when compared to WT Tregs in vitro and in co-adoptive transfer experiments. Finally, injection of IL-2 to PPAR-α-/- mice decreased skin inflammation to a level similar to WT mice. In conclusion, the pro-inflammatory skin phenotype of PPAR-α-/- mice is due to lack of IL-2-mediated Treg induction in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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26
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Dubrac S, Schmuth M. PPAR-alpha in cutaneous inflammation. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:23-6. [PMID: 21519405 PMCID: PMC3051849 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.1.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha is a fatty acid activated transcription factors that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. Primarily PPAR-alpha serves as a lipid sensor. While PPAR-alpha controls enzymes from the lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver, heart and muscles, PPAR-alpha is also involved in skin homeostasis. PPAR-alpha controls keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation, contributes to wound healing and regulates skin inflammation. PPAR-alpha activation exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various skin conditions such as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and UV-induced erythema, rendering investigations into the functions of PPAR-alpha necessary to provide better understandings to treat many inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Dubrac
- Molecular Biology Laboratory; Department of Dermatology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
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Tsang JYS, Li D, Ho D, Peng J, Xu A, Lamb J, Chen Y, Tam PKH. Novel immunomodulatory effects of adiponectin on dendritic cell functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 11:604-9. [PMID: 21094289 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (ADN) is an adipocytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. Although it has been reported that ADN can inhibit the immunostimulatory function of monocytes and macrophages, little is known of its effect on dendritic cells (DC). Recent data suggest that ADN can regulate immune responses. DCs are uniquely specialised antigen presenting cells that play a central role in the initiation of immunity and tolerance. In this study, we have investigated the immuno- modulatory effects of ADN on DC functions. We found that ADN has only moderate effect on the differentiation of murine bone marrow (BM) derived DCs but altered the phenotype of DCs. The expression of major histocompatibilty complex class II (MHCII), CD80 and CD86 on ADN conditioned DCs (ADN-DCs) was lower than that on untreated cells. The production of IL-12p40 was also suppressed in ADN-DCs. Interestingly, ADN treated DCs showed an increase in the expression of the inhibitory molecule, programmed death-1 ligand (PDL-1) compared to untreated cells. In vitro co-culture of ADN-DCs with allogeneic T cells led to a decrease in T cell proliferation and reduction of IL-2 production. Concomitant with that, a higher percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) was detected in co-cultures of T cells and ADN-DCs. Blocking PD-1/PDL-1 pathway could partially restore T cell function. These findings suggest that the immunomodulatory effect of ADN on immune responses could be at least partially be mediated by its ability to alter DC function. The PD-1/PDL-1 pathway and the enhancement of Treg expansion are implicated in the immunomodulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yuen Shan Tsang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Pietrzak A, Michalak-Stoma A, Chodorowska G, Szepietowski JC. Lipid disturbances in psoriasis: an update. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:535612. [PMID: 20706605 PMCID: PMC2914266 DOI: 10.1155/2010/535612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common disease with the population prevalence ranging from 2% to 3%. Its prevalence in the population is affected by genetic, environmental, viral, infectious, immunological, biochemical, endocrinological, and psychological factors, as well as alcohol and drug abuse. In the recent years, psoriasis has been recognised as a systemic disease associated with numerous multiorgan abnormalities and complications. Dyslipidemia is one of comorbidities in psoriatic patients. Lipid metabolism studies in psoriasis have been started at the beginning of the 20th century and are concentrated on skin surface lipids, stratum corneum lipids and epidermal phospholipids, serum lipids, dermal low-density lipoproteins in the psoriatic skin, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and correlations between inflammatory parameters, lipid parameters and clinical symptoms of the disease. On the basis of the literature data, psoriasis can be described as an immunometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Pietrzak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalak-Stoma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chodorowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University and Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Dubrac S, Elentner A, Ebner S, Horejs-Hoeck J, Schmuth M. Modulation of T lymphocyte function by the pregnane X receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2949-57. [PMID: 20173028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating genes central to drug and hormone metabolism in the liver. Previous reports indicated that PXR is expressed in PBMC, but the role of PXR in immune cells remains unknown. In this paper, we report increased PXR expression in mouse and human T lymphocytes upon immune activation. Furthermore, pharmacologic activation of PXR inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation and anergizes T lymphocytes by decreasing the expression of CD25 and IFN-gamma and decreasing phosphorylated NF-kappaB and MEK1/2. Although these effects are preceded by an increase of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, a master switch for IFN-gamma expression, in a PXR-dependent manner, T-bet expression remains unchanged. Conversely, PXR-deficient mice exhibit an exaggerated T lymphocyte proliferation and increased CD25 expression. Furthermore, PXR-deficient lymphocytes produce more IFN-gamma and less of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In summary, these results reveal a novel immune-regulatory role of PXR in T lymphocytes and identify suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 as an early signal in PXR-mediated T lymphocyte suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sood A, Arora R. Mechanisms of Flushing Due to Niacin and Abolition of These Effects. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11:685-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elentner A, Finke D, Schmuth M, Chappaz S, Ebner S, Malissen B, Kissenpfennig A, Romani N, Dubrac S. Langerhans cells are critical in the development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammation and symptoms in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2658-2672. [PMID: 19538461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic or vitamin D3-induced overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by keratinocytes results in an atopic dermatitis (AD)-like inflammatory phenotype in mice echoing the discovery of high TSLP expression in epidermis from AD patients. Although skin dendritic cells (DC) are suspected to be involved in AD, direct evidence of a pathogenetic role for skin DC in TSLP-induced skin inflammation has not yet been demonstrated. In a mouse model of AD, i.e. mice treated with the low-calcemic vitamin D3 analogue, MC903, we show that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC)-depleted mice treated with MC903 do neither develop AD-like inflammation nor increased serum IgE as compared to vitamin D3 analogue-treated control mice. Accordingly, we show that, in mice treated with MC903 or in K14-TSLP transgenic mice, expression of maturation markers by LC is increased whereas maturation of dermal DC is not altered. Moreover, only LC are responsible for the polarization of naïve CD4(+) T cells to a Th2 phenotype, i.e. decrease in interferon-gamma and increase in interleukin (IL)-13 production by CD4(+) T cells. This effect of LC on T-lymphocytes does not require OX40-L/CD134 and is mediated by a concomitant down-regulation of IL-12 and CD70. Although it was previously stated that TSLP up-regulates the production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22 by human LC in vitro, our work shows that production of these Th2- cell attracting chemokines is increased only in keratinocytes in response to TSLP overexpression. These results demonstrate that LC are required for the development of AD in mouse models of AD involving epidermal TSLP overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elentner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Finke
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stéphane Chappaz
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol / CEMIT, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche, Universite de la Mediterrannée, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Center for cancer research and cell biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol / CEMIT, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Skindersoe ME, Zeuthen LH, Brix S, Fink LN, Lazenby J, Whittall C, Williams P, Diggle SP, Froekiaer H, Cooley M, Givskov M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal molecules interfere with dendritic cell-induced T-cell proliferation. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 55:335-45. [PMID: 19187218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa releases a wide array of toxins and tissue-degrading enzymes. Production of these malicious virulence factors is controlled by interbacterial communication in a process known as quorum sensing. An increasing body of evidence reveals that the bacterial signal molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) exhibits both quorum-sensing signalling and immune-modulating properties. Recently, yet another quorum-sensing signal molecule, the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), has been shown to affect cytokine release by mitogen-stimulated human T cells. In the present article we demonstrate that both OdDHL and PQS decrease the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) without altering their IL-10 release. Moreover, BM-DCs exposed to PQS and OdDHL during antigen stimulation exhibit a decreased ability to induce T-cell proliferation in vitro. Collectively, this suggests that OdDHL and PQS change the maturation pattern of stimulated DCs away from a proinflammatory T-helper type I directing response, thereby decreasing the antibacterial activity of the adaptive immune defence. OdDHL and PQS thus seem to possess dual activities in the infection process: as inducers of virulence factors as well as immune-modulators facilitating the infective properties of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette E Skindersoe
- Center for Biomedical Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Nuclear receptor signalling in dendritic cells connects lipids, the genome and immune function. EMBO J 2008; 27:2353-62. [PMID: 18716631 PMCID: PMC2525841 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinels of the immune system and represent a heterogeneous cell population. The existence of distinct DC subsets is due to their inherent plasticity and to the changing microenvironment modulating their immunological properties. Numerous signalling pathways have impacts on DCs. It appears that besides cytokines/chemokines, lipid mediators also have profound effects on the immunogenicity of DCs. Some of these lipid mediators exert an effect through nuclear hormone receptors. Interestingly, more recent findings suggest that DCs are able to convert precursors to active hormones, ligands for nuclear receptors. Some of these DC-derived lipids, in particular retinoic acid (RA), have a central function in shaping T-cell development and effector functions. In this review, we summarize and highlight the function of a set of nuclear receptors (PPARγ, RA receptor, vitamin D receptor and glucocorticoid receptor) in DC biology. Defining the contribution of nuclear hormone receptor signalling in DCs can help one to understand the regulatory logic of lipid signalling and allow the exploitation of their potential for therapeutic intervention in various immunological diseases.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:314-21. [PMID: 18460925 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328303e27e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Elias PM, Williams ML, Holleran WM, Jiang YJ, Schmuth M. Pathogenesis of permeability barrier abnormalities in the ichthyoses: inherited disorders of lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:697-714. [PMID: 18245815 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800002-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the ichthyoses are associated with inherited disorders of lipid metabolism. These disorders have provided unique models to dissect physiologic processes in normal epidermis and the pathophysiology of more common scaling conditions. In most of these disorders, a permeability barrier abnormality "drives" pathophysiology through stimulation of epidermal hyperplasia. Among primary abnormalities of nonpolar lipid metabolism, triglyceride accumulation in neutral lipid storage disease as a result of a lipase mutation provokes a barrier abnormality via lamellar/nonlamellar phase separation within the extracellular matrix of the stratum corneum (SC). Similar mechanisms account for the barrier abnormalities (and subsequent ichthyosis) in inherited disorders of polar lipid metabolism. For example, in recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI), cholesterol sulfate (CSO(4)) accumulation also produces a permeability barrier defect through lamellar/nonlamellar phase separation. However, in RXLI, the desquamation abnormality is in part attributable to the plurifunctional roles of CSO(4) as a regulator of both epidermal differentiation and corneodesmosome degradation. Phase separation also occurs in type II Gaucher disease (GD; from accumulation of glucosylceramides as a result of to beta-glucocerebrosidase deficiency). Finally, failure to assemble both lipids and desquamatory enzymes into nascent epidermal lamellar bodies (LBs) accounts for both the permeability barrier and desquamation abnormalities in Harlequin ichthyosis (HI). The barrier abnormality provokes the clinical phenotype in these disorders not only by stimulating epidermal proliferation, but also by inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Schmuth M, Jiang YJ, Dubrac S, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Thematic review series: skin lipids. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptors in epidermal biology. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:499-509. [PMID: 18182682 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800001-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a very active site of lipid metabolism, and all peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and liver X receptor (LXR) isoforms are expressed in the epidermis. Activation of PPARalpha, -beta/delta, or -gamma or LXRs stimulates keratinocyte differentiation. Additionally, activation of these receptors also improves permeability barrier homeostasis by a number of mechanisms, including stimulating epidermal lipid synthesis, increasing lamellar body formation and secretion, and increasing the activity of enzymes required for the extracellular processing of lipids in the stratum corneum, leading to the formation of lamellar membranes that mediate permeability barrier function. The stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation and permeability barrier formation also occurs during fetal development, resulting in accelerated epidermal development. PPAR and LXR activation regulates keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and studies have shown that these receptors play a role in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Lastly, PPAR and LXR activation is anti-inflammatory, reducing inflammation in animal models of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Because of their broad profile of beneficial effects on skin homeostasis, PPAR and LXR have great potential to serve as drug targets for common skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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