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Rush-Kittle J, Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of self-tolerance checkpoints: The CD28 family. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13886. [PMID: 36564875 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the causes of inborn errors of immunity is immune dysregulation. The inability of the immune system to regulate the extent of its activity has several deleterious effects, including autoimmunity, recurrent infections, and malignancy. In recent years, many proteins in the CD28 family - CD28, ICOS, CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA - have come into the focus of several research areas for their consequential role in the upregulation or downregulation of the immune response. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of these proteins, as well as provide an overview of the clinical picture of patients with genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrell Rush-Kittle
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Mastrogiovanni M, Juzans M, Alcover A, Di Bartolo V. Coordinating Cytoskeleton and Molecular Traffic in T Cell Migration, Activation, and Effector Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591348. [PMID: 33195256 PMCID: PMC7609836 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic localization of receptors and signaling molecules at the plasma membrane and within intracellular vesicular compartments is crucial for T lymphocyte sensing environmental cues, triggering membrane receptors, recruiting signaling molecules, and fine-tuning of intracellular signals. The orchestrated action of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and intracellular vesicle traffic plays a key role in all these events that together ensure important steps in T cell physiology. These include extravasation and migration through lymphoid and peripheral tissues, T cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells, T cell receptor (TCR) triggering by cognate antigen-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes, immunological synapse formation, cell activation, and effector functions. Cytoskeletal and vesicle traffic dynamics and their interplay are coordinated by a variety of regulatory molecules. Among them, polarity regulators and membrane-cytoskeleton linkers are master controllers of this interplay. Here, we review the various ways the T cell plasma membrane, receptors, and their signaling machinery interplay with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and with intracellular vesicular compartments. We highlight the importance of this fine-tuned crosstalk in three key stages of T cell biology involving cell polarization: T cell migration in response to chemokines, immunological synapse formation in response to antigen cues, and effector functions. Finally, we discuss two examples of perturbation of this interplay in pathological settings, such as HIV-1 infection and mutation of the polarity regulator and tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) that leads to familial polyposis and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marie Juzans
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer – Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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3
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Berry CT, Liu X, Myles A, Nandi S, Chen YH, Hershberg U, Brodsky IE, Cancro MP, Lengner CJ, May MJ, Freedman BD. BCR-Induced Ca 2+ Signals Dynamically Tune Survival, Metabolic Reprogramming, and Proliferation of Naive B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107474. [PMID: 32294437 PMCID: PMC7301411 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) engagement induces naive B cells to differentiate and perform critical immune-regulatory functions. Acquisition of functional specificity requires that a cell survive, enter the cell cycle, and proliferate. We establish that quantitatively distinct Ca2+ signals triggered by variations in the extent of BCR engagement dynamically regulate these transitions by controlling nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), NFAT, and mTORC1 activity. Weak BCR engagement induces apoptosis by failing to activate NF-κB-driven anti-apoptotic gene expression. Stronger signals that trigger more robust Ca2+ signals promote NF-κB-dependent survival and NFAT-, mTORC1-, and c-Myc-dependent cell-cycle entry and proliferation. Finally, we establish that CD40 or TLR9 costimulation circumvents these Ca2+-regulated checkpoints of B cell activation and proliferation. As altered BCR signaling is linked to autoimmunity and B cell malignancies, these results have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of aberrant B cell activation and differentiation and therapeutic approaches to target these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbett T Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Satabdi Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA; Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Arias M, Santiago L, Vidal-García M, Redrado S, Lanuza P, Comas L, Domingo MP, Rezusta A, Gálvez EM. Preparations for Invasion: Modulation of Host Lung Immunity During Pulmonary Aspergillosis by Gliotoxin and Other Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2549. [PMID: 30459771 PMCID: PMC6232612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe infectious disease caused by some members of the Aspergillus genus, that affects immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised patients. Among the different disease forms, Invasive Aspergillosis is the one causing the highest mortality, mainly, although not exclusively, affecting neutropenic patients. This genus is very well known by humans, since different sectors like pharmaceutical or food industry have taken advantage of the biological activity of some molecules synthetized by the fungus, known as secondary metabolites, including statins, antibiotics, fermentative compounds or colorants among others. However, during infection, in response to a hostile host environment, the fungal secondary metabolism is activated, producing different virulence factors to increase its survival chances. Some of these factors also contribute to fungal dissemination and invasion of adjacent and distant organs. Among the different secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. Gliotoxin (GT) is the best known and better characterized virulence factor. It is able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the disulfide bridge present in its structure. It also presents immunosuppressive activity related with its ability to kill mammalian cells and/or inactivate critical immune signaling pathways like NFkB. In this comprehensive review, we will briefly give an overview of the lung immune response against Aspergillus as a preface to analyse the effect of different secondary metabolites on the host immune response, with a special attention to GT. We will discuss the results reported in the literature on the context of the animal models employed to analyse the role of GT as virulence factor, which is expected to greatly depend on the immune status of the host: why should you hide when nobody is seeking for you? Finally, GT immunosuppressive activity will be related with different human diseases predisposing to invasive aspergillosis in order to have a global view on the potential of GT to be used as a target to treat IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matxalen Vidal-García
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología - Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Lanuza
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Rezusta
- Servicio de Microbiología - Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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STIM- and Orai-mediated calcium entry controls NF-κB activity and function in lymphocytes. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:131-143. [PMID: 30048879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The central role of Ca2+ signaling in the development of functional immunity and tolerance is well established. These signals are initiated by antigen binding to cognate receptors on lymphocytes that trigger store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The underlying mechanism of SOCE in lymphocytes involves TCR and BCR mediated activation of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 and 2 (STIM1/2) molecules embedded in the ER membrane leading to their activation of Orai channels in the plasma membrane. STIM/Orai dependent Ca2+ signals guide key antigen induced lymphocyte development and function principally through direct regulation of Ca2+ dependent transcription factors. The role of Ca2+ signaling in NFAT activation and signaling is well known and has been studied extensively, but a wide appreciation and mechanistic understanding of how Ca2+ signals also shape the activation and specificity of NF-κB dependent gene expression has lagged. Here we discuss and interpret what is known about Ca2+ dependent mechanisms of NF-kB activation, including what is known and the gaps in our understanding of how these signals control lymphocyte development and function.
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6
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A conformational change within the WAVE2 complex regulates its degradation following cellular activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44863. [PMID: 28332566 PMCID: PMC5362955 DOI: 10.1038/srep44863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
WASp family Verprolin-homologous protein-2 (WAVE2), a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) family of actin nucleation promoting factors, is a central regulator of actin cytoskeleton polymerization and dynamics. Multiple signaling pathways operate via WAVE2 to promote the actin-nucleating activity of the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex. WAVE2 exists as a part of a pentameric protein complex known as the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), which is unstable in the absence of its individual proteins. While the involvement of WAVE2 in actin polymerization has been well documented, its negative regulation mechanism is poorly characterized to date. Here, we demonstrate that WAVE2 undergoes ubiquitylation in a T-cell activation dependent manner, followed by proteasomal degradation. The WAVE2 ubiquitylation site was mapped to lysine 45, located at the N-terminus where WAVE2 binds to the WRC. Using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we reveal that the autoinhibitory conformation of the WRC maintains the stability of WAVE2 in resting cells; the release of autoinhibition following T-cell activation facilitates the exposure of WAVE2 to ubiquitylation, leading to its degradation. The dynamic conformational structures of WAVE2 during cellular activation dictate its degradation.
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Roybal KT, Buck TE, Ruan X, Cho BH, Clark DJ, Ambler R, Tunbridge HM, Zhang J, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Murphy RF. Computational spatiotemporal analysis identifies WAVE2 and cofilin as joint regulators of costimulation-mediated T cell actin dynamics. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs3. [PMID: 27095595 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important tools in cell biology research because it provides spatial and temporal information to investigate regulatory systems inside cells. This technique can generate data in the form of signal intensities at thousands of positions resolved inside individual live cells. However, given extensive cell-to-cell variation, these data cannot be readily assembled into three- or four-dimensional maps of protein concentration that can be compared across different cells and conditions. We have developed a method to enable comparison of imaging data from many cells and applied it to investigate actin dynamics in T cell activation. Antigen recognition in T cells by the T cell receptor (TCR) is amplified by engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD28. We imaged actin and eight core actin regulators to generate over a thousand movies of T cells under conditions in which CD28 was either engaged or blocked in the context of a strong TCR signal. Our computational analysis showed that the primary effect of costimulation blockade was to decrease recruitment of the activator of actin nucleation WAVE2 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 2) and the actin-severing protein cofilin to F-actin. Reconstitution of WAVE2 and cofilin activity restored the defect in actin signaling dynamics caused by costimulation blockade. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach to quantify protein distributions in time and space for the analysis of complex regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taráz E Buck
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Baek Hwan Cho
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79104, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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8
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Roybal KT, Mace EM, Clark DJ, Leard AD, Herman A, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Modest Interference with Actin Dynamics in Primary T Cell Activation by Antigen Presenting Cells Preferentially Affects Lamellal Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133231. [PMID: 26237588 PMCID: PMC4523178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic subcellular distributions of signaling system components are critical regulators of cellular signal transduction through their control of molecular interactions. Understanding how signaling activity depends on such distributions and the cellular structures driving them is required for comprehensive insight into signal transduction. In the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) signaling intermediates associate with various subcellular structures, prominently a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell. While actin dynamics are well established as general regulators of cellular organization, their role in controlling signaling organization in primary T cell:APC couples and the specific cellular structures driving it is unresolved. Using modest interference with actin dynamics with a low concentration of Jasplakinolide as corroborated by costimulation blockade we show that T cell actin preferentially controls lamellal signaling localization and activity leading downstream to calcium signaling. Lamellal localization repeatedly related to efficient T cell function. This suggests that the transient lamellal actin matrix regulates T cell signaling associations that facilitate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle J. Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Leard
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim J, Shapiro MJ, Bamidele AO, Gurel P, Thapa P, Higgs HN, Hedin KE, Shapiro VS, Billadeau DD. Coactosin-like 1 antagonizes cofilin to promote lamellipodial protrusion at the immune synapse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85090. [PMID: 24454796 PMCID: PMC3890291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin depolymerizing factor-homology (ADF-H) family proteins regulate actin filament dynamics at multiple cellular locations. Herein, we have investigated the function of the ADF-H family member coactosin-like 1 (COTL1) in the regulation of actin dynamics at the T cell immune synapse (IS). We initially identified COTL1 in a genetic screen to identify novel regulators of T cell activation, and subsequently found that it associates with F-actin and localizes at the IS in response to TCR+CD28 stimulation. Live cell microscopy showed that depletion of COTL1 protein impaired T cell spreading in response to TCR ligation and abrogated lamellipodial protrusion at the T cell – B cell contact site, producing only a band of F-actin. Significantly, re-expression of wild type COTL1, but not a mutant deficient in F-actin binding could rescue these defects. In addition, COTL1 depletion reduced T cell migration. In vitro studies showed that COTL1 and cofilin compete with each other for binding to F-actin, and COTL1 protects F-actin from cofilin-mediated depolymerization. While depletion of cofilin enhanced F-actin assembly and lamellipodial protrusion at the IS, concurrent depletion of both COTL1 and cofilin restored lamellipodia formation. Taken together, our results suggest that COTL1 regulates lamellipodia dynamics in part by protecting F-actin from cofilin-mediated disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Adebowale O. Bamidele
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Pinar Gurel
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Puspa Thapa
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Henry N. Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Hedin
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Virginia S. Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DDB); (VSS)
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DDB); (VSS)
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Ramakrishnan P, Clark PM, Mason DE, Peters EC, Hsieh-Wilson LC, Baltimore D. Activation of the transcriptional function of the NF-κB protein c-Rel by O-GlcNAc glycosylation. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra75. [PMID: 23982206 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) rapidly reprograms gene expression in response to various stimuli, and its activity is regulated by several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation. The addition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (a process known as O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant posttranslational modification that is enhanced in conditions such as hyperglycemia and cellular stress. We report that the NF-κB subunit c-Rel is modified and activated by O-GlcNAcylation. We identified serine 350 as the site of O-GlcNAcylation, which was required for the DNA binding and transactivation functions of c-Rel. Blocking the O-GlcNAcylation of this residue abrogated c-Rel-mediated expression of the cytokine-encoding genes IL2, IFNG, and CSF2 in response to T cell receptor (TCR) activation, whereas increasing the extent of O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins enhanced the expression of these genes. TCR- or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced expression of other NF-κB target genes, such as NFKBIA (which encodes IκBα) and TNFAIP3 (which encodes A20), occurred independently of the O-GlcNAcylation of c-Rel. Our findings suggest a stimulus-specific role for hyperglycemia-induced O-GlcNAcylation of c-Rel in promoting T cell-mediated autoimmunity in conditions such as type 1 diabetes by enhancing the production of T helper cell cytokines.
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11
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Gorman JA, Babich A, Dick CJ, Schoon RA, Koenig A, Gomez TS, Burkhardt JK, Billadeau DD. The cytoskeletal adaptor protein IQGAP1 regulates TCR-mediated signaling and filamentous actin dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6135-44. [PMID: 22573807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 is a multimodular scaffold that controls signaling and cytoskeletal regulation in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. However, the functional role of IQGAP1 in T cell development, activation, and cytoskeletal regulation has not been investigated. In this study, we show that IQGAP1 is dispensable for thymocyte development as well as microtubule organizing center polarization and cytolytic function in CD8(+) T cells. However, IQGAP1-deficient CD8(+) T cells as well as Jurkat T cells suppressed for IQGAP1 were hyperresponsive, displaying increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production, heightened LCK activation, and augmented global phosphorylation kinetics after TCR ligation. In addition, IQGAP1-deficient T cells exhibited increased TCR-mediated F-actin assembly and amplified F-actin velocities during spreading. Moreover, we found that discrete regions of IQGAP1 regulated cellular activation and F-actin accumulation. Taken together, our data suggest that IQGAP1 acts as a dual negative regulator in T cells, limiting both TCR-mediated activation kinetics and F-actin dynamics via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn A Gorman
- Department of Immunology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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12
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Zheng J, Fang F, Zeng X, Medler TR, Fiorillo AA, Clevenger CV. Negative cross talk between NFAT1 and Stat5 signaling in breast cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:2054-64. [PMID: 21964595 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that modulate the activity of the signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (Stat5) during the progression of breast cancer remain elusive. Here, we present evidence that the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway negatively regulates the activation of Stat5, and vice versa in breast cancer. NFAT1 interacts with Stat5 in breast cancer cells, and their physical association is mediated by the DNA binding and transactivation domains of Stat5. Ectopically expressed NFAT1 is capable of inhibiting Stat5-dependent functions, including Stat5 transactivation, Stat5-mediated transcription of the downstream target gene expression, and binding of Stat5a to the Stat5 target promoter. By contrast, overexpression of a selective NFAT inhibitor VIVIT reversed NFAT1-mediated suppression of Stat5-dependent gene expression, whereas silencing of NFAT1 through RNA interference enhanced prolactin-induced, Stat5-mediated gene transcription, and breast cancer cell proliferation. A reciprocal inhibitory effect of Stat5 activity on NFAT1 signaling was also observed, implying these two signaling cascades antagonize each other in breast cancer. Importantly, analysis of a matched breast cancer progression tissue microarray revealed a negative correlation between levels of NFAT1 and Stat5 (pY694) during the progression of breast cancer. Taken together, these studies highlight a novel negative cross talk between the NFAT1- and Stat5-signaling cascades that may affect breast tumor formation, growth, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamao Zheng
- Women’s Cancer Research Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center & Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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13
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Ishihara S, Schwartz RH. Two-step binding of transcription factors causes sequential chromatin structural changes at the activated IL-2 promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3292-9. [PMID: 21832163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most gene promoters have multiple binding sequences for many transcription factors, but the contribution of each of these factors to chromatin remodeling is still unclear. Although we previously found a dynamic change in the arrangement of nucleosome arrays at the Il2 promoter during T cell activation, its timing preceded that of a decrease in nucleosome occupancy at the promoter. In this article, we show that the initial nucleosome rearrangement was temporally correlated with the binding of NFAT1 and AP-1 (Fos/Jun), whereas the second step occurred in parallel with the recruitment of other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Pharmacologic inhibitors for activation of NFAT1 or induction of Fos blocked the initial phase in the sequential changes. This step was not affected, however, by inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation, which instead blocked the binding of the late transcription factors, the recruitment of CREB-binding protein, and the acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 27. Thus, the sequential recruitment of transcription factors appears to facilitate two separate steps in chromatin remodeling at the Il2 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ishihara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Calabia-Linares C, Robles-Valero J, de la Fuente H, Perez-Martinez M, Martín-Cofreces N, Alfonso-Pérez M, Gutierrez-Vázquez C, Mittelbrunn M, Ibiza S, Urbano-Olmos FR, Aguado-Ballano C, Sánchez-Sorzano CO, Sanchez-Madrid F, Veiga E. Endosomal clathrin drives actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:820-30. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.078832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific cognate interaction of T lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) drives major morphological and functional changes in T cells, including actin rearrangements at the immune synapse (IS) formed at the cell–cell contact area. Here we show, using cell lines as well as primary cells, that clathrin, a protein involved in endocytic processes, drives actin accumulation at the IS. Clathrin is recruited towards the IS with parallel kinetics to that of actin. Knockdown of clathrin prevents accumulation of actin and proteins involved in actin polymerization, such as dynamin-2, the Arp2/3 complex and CD2AP at the IS. The clathrin pool involved in actin accumulation at the IS is linked to multivesicular bodies that polarize to the cell–cell contact zone, but not to plasma membrane or Golgi complex. These data underscore the role of clathrin as a platform for the recruitment of proteins that promote actin polymerization at the interface of T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Calabia-Linares
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robles-Valero
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Perez-Martinez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martín-Cofreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alfonso-Pérez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutierrez-Vázquez
- Department Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Department Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sales Ibiza
- Department Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco R. Urbano-Olmos
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Aguado-Ballano
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Oscar Sánchez-Sorzano
- Unidad de Biocomputación, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma s/n, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa (IP), Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma s/n, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid
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15
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Natarajan M, August A, Henderson AJ. Combinatorial signals from CD28 differentially regulate human immunodeficiency virus transcription in T cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17338-47. [PMID: 20368329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.085324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation through the T-cell receptor and the costimulatory receptor CD28 supports efficient HIV transcription as well as reactivation of latent provirus. To characterize critical signals associated with CD28 that regulate HIV-1 transcription, we generated a library of chimeric CD28 receptors that harbored different combinations of key tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail, Tyr-173, Tyr-188, Tyr-191, and Tyr-200. We found that Tyr-191 and Tyr-200 induce HIV-1 transcription via the activation of NF-kappaB and its recruitment to the HIV-long terminal repeat. Tyr-188 modifies positive and negative signals associated with CD28. Importantly, signaling through Tyr-188, Tyr-191, and Tyr-200 is required to overcome the inhibition posed by Tyr-173. CD28 also regulates P-TEFb activity, which is necessary for HIV-1 transcription processivity, by limiting the release of P-TEFb from the HEXIM1-7SK inhibitory complex in response to T-cell receptor signaling. Our studies reveal that CD28 regulates HIV-1 provirus transcription through a complex interplay of positive and negative signals that may be manipulated to control HIV-1 transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Natarajan
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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16
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Chichili GR, Westmuckett AD, Rodgers W. T cell signal regulation by the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14737-46. [PMID: 20194498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells form an immunological synapse (IS) that sustains and regulates signals for cell stimulation. Enriched in the IS is the Src family kinase Lck. Conversely, the membrane phosphatase CD45, which activates Src family kinases, is excluded, and this is necessary to avoid quenching of T cell receptor phosphosignals. Data suggest that this arrangement occurs by an enrichment of cholesterol-dependent rafts in the IS. However, the role of rafts in structuring the IS remains unclear. To address this question, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to interrogate the nanoscopic structure of the IS. The FRET probes consisted of membrane-anchored fluorescent proteins with distinct affinities for rafts. Both the raft and nonraft probes exhibited clustering in the IS. However, co-clustering of raft donor-acceptor pairs was 10-fold greater than co-clustering of raft-nonraft pairs. We measured the effect of disrupting rafts in the IS on CD45 localization and Lck regulation by treating stimulated T cells with filipin. The filipin specifically disrupted co-clustering of the raft FRET pairs in the IS and allowed targeting of CD45 to the IS and dephosphorylation of the regulatory tyrosine of Lck. Clustering of the raft probes was also sensitive to latrunctulin B, which disrupts actin filaments. Strikingly, enriching the cortical cytoskeleton using jasplakinolide maintained raft probe co-clustering, CD45 exclusion, and Lck regulation in the IS following the addition of filipin. These data show the actin cytoskeleton maintains a membrane raft environment in the IS that promotes Lck regulation by excluding CD45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurunadh R Chichili
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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Bécart S, Altman A. SWAP-70-like adapter of T cells: a novel Lck-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor coordinating actin cytoskeleton reorganization and Ca2+ signaling in T cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 232:319-33. [PMID: 19909373 PMCID: PMC2801603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SWAP-70-like adapter of T cells (SLAT) is a recently identified guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42 and Rac1, which is highly expressed in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Here, we present and discuss findings resulting from biochemical and genetic analyses aimed at unveiling the role of SLAT in CD4+ T-cell development, activation, and T-helper (Th) cell differentiation. Slat(-/-) mice display a developmental defect at one of the earliest stages of thymocyte differentiation, the double negative 1 (DN1) stage, leading to decreased peripheral T-cell numbers. Slat(-/-) peripheral CD4+ T cells demonstrate impaired T-cell receptor/CD28-induced proliferation and IL-2 production. Moreover, SLAT positively regulates the development of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory responses by controlling Ca2+/NFAT signaling. SLAT is also a positive regulator of the recently emerging Th subset, i.e., Th17 cells, as evidenced by its critical role in Th17 cell-mediated central nervous system inflammation. Furthermore, TCR engagement induces SLAT translocation to the immunological synapse, a process mediated by its Lck-dependent phosphorylation, which thereafter facilitates the triggering of SLAT GEF activity towards Cdc42 and Rac1, leading to NFAT activation and Th1/Th2 differentiation. Future work will aim to dissect the interacting partners of SLAT and may thus shed light on the poorly understood events that coordinate and link actin cytoskeleton reorganization to Ca2+ signaling and gene transcription in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bécart
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Bécart S, Balancio AJC, Charvet C, Feau S, Sedwick CE, Altman A. Tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent translocation of the SLAT protein to the immunological synapse is required for NFAT transcription factor activation. Immunity 2008; 29:704-19. [PMID: 18976935 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SWAP-70-like adaptor of T cells (SLAT) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases that regulates the development of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell inflammatory responses by controlling the Ca(2+)-NFAT signaling pathway. However, the mechanism used by SLAT to regulate these events is unknown. Here, we report that the T cell receptor (TCR)-induced translocation of SLAT to the immunological synapse required Lck-mediated phosphorylation of two tyrosine residues located in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-like sequence but was independent of the SLAT PH domain. This subcellular relocalization was coupled to, and necessary for, activation of the NFAT pathway. Furthermore, membrane targeting of the SLAT Dbl-homology (catalytic) domain was sufficient to trigger TCR-mediated NFAT activation and Th1 and Th2 differentiation in a Cdc42-dependent manner. Therefore, tyrosine-phosphorylation-mediated relocalization of SLAT to the site of antigen recognition is required for SLAT to exert its pivotal role in NFAT-dependent CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bécart
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Zhan Y, Gerondakis S, Coghill E, Bourges D, Xu Y, Brady JL, Lew AM. Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Expression by T Cells Is Reciprocally Regulated by NF-κB and NFAT. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5405-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Abstract
More than a quarter of a century has passed since the observation that T cells rapidly polarize their actin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems toward antigen-presenting cells during activation. Since this initial discovery, several receptors on T cells (e.g., T cell receptor [TCR], co-receptors, integrins, and chemokine receptors) have been identified to regulate these two cytoskeletal networks through complex signaling pathways, which are still being elucidated. There is now an undeniable body of biochemical, pharmacological, and genetic evidence indicating that regulators of actin and microtubule dynamics are crucial for T cell activation and effector functions. In fact, the actin cytoskeleton participates in the initial clustering of TCR-major histocompatibility complex or peptide complexes, formation and stabilization of the immune synapse, integrin-mediated adhesion, and receptor sequestration, whereas both the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons regulate the establishment of cell polarity, cell migration, and directed secretion of cytokines and cytolytic granules. Over the past several years, we have begun to more thoroughly understand the contributions of specific actin-regulatory and actin-nucleating proteins that govern these processes. Herein, we discuss our current understanding of how activating receptors on T lymphocytes regulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and how in turn, these distinct but integrated cytoskeletal networks coordinate T cell immune responses.
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