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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Tesarik R, Motlova J, Palikova M, Faldyna M. Immune response in diseased and healthy common carp exposed to carp edema virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e14012. [PMID: 39238422 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The common carp is one of the most economically valuable freshwater fish worldwide and its aquaculture can be severely affected by the koi sleepy disease (KSD)/carp edema virus disease (CEVD). This study explores a natural outbreak of CEVD in a pond containing both clinically healthy and diseased fish of various origins exposed to the virus. We investigated mRNA expression of genes associated with known antiviral immune mechanisms, such as type I interferon signalling and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and performed a comprehensive protein expression analysis to highlight differences between the two groups in various organs. Significant differences in expression profiles of common carp with and without clinical signs were found to be strongly dependent on the organ from which the sample originated. Components of the complement cascade, including various C3 proteins, exhibited upregulation only in less affected organs, specifically the head kidney and spleen. Other complement proteins such as B/C2 and C9 showed upregulation in the kidney, spleen, and gills but not in the skin. Conversely, lysozymes C and G, were observed to be upregulated in the most affected organs of the skin and gills. This study submits the first description of the immune system related proteome using a mass spectrometry on the samples isolated from fish infected with CEV. It also offers a unique comparison of immune reaction of CEV infected and healthy fish under an infectious pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Motlova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Robertsen B, Greiner-Tollersrud L. Atlantic salmon type I interferon genes revisited. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109694. [PMID: 38871143 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) play a pivotal role in vertebrate innate immunity against viruses. This study is an analysis of IFN-I genes in an updated version of the Atlantic salmon genome published in 2021 (version Ssal_v3.1), revealing 47 IFN-I genes in the Atlantic salmon genome. The GH1 locus of chromosome (Chr) 3 harbors 9 IFNa genes, 5 IFNb genes, 6 IFNc genes, 11 IFNe genes and 1 IFNf gene. The GH2 locus on Chr6 contains 1 IFNa gene, 12 IFNc genes and 1 IFNf gene while Chr19 carries a single IFNd gene. Intraperitoneal injection of Atlantic salmon presmolts with poly I:C, a mimic of virus double-stranded RNA, significantly up-regulated IFNc genes from both Chr3 and Chr6 in heart, with lower expression in head kidney. IFNe expression increased in the heart, but not in the head kidney while IFNf was strongly up-regulated in both tissues. Antiviral activity of selected IFNs was assessed by transfection of salmon cells with IFN-expressing plasmids followed by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection, and by injection of fish with IFN-plasmids followed by measuring expression of the antiviral Mx1 gene. The results demonstrated that IFNc from both Chr3 and Chr6 provided full protection of cells against virus infection, whereas IFNe and IFNf showed lesser protection. IFNc from Chr3 and Chr6 along with IFNe and IFNf, up-regulated the Mx1 gene in the muscle, while only the IFNcs caused induction of Mx1 in liver. Overall, this study reveals that Atlantic salmon possesses an even more potent innate immune defense against viruses than previously understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børre Robertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Linn Greiner-Tollersrud
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D. Role of Type I Interferons during Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Infections. Biomolecules 2024; 14:848. [PMID: 39062562 PMCID: PMC11275242 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis and AIDS remain two of the most relevant human infectious diseases. The pathogens that cause them, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV, individually elicit an immune response that treads the line between beneficial and detrimental to the host. Co-infection further complexifies this response since the different cytokines acting on one infection might facilitate the dissemination of the other. In these responses, the role of type I interferons is often associated with antiviral mechanisms, while for bacteria such as Mtb, their importance and clinical relevance as a suitable target for manipulation are more controversial. In this article, we review the recent knowledge on how these interferons play distinct roles and sometimes have opposite consequences depending on the stage of the pathogenesis. We highlight the dichotomy between the acute and chronic infections displayed by both infections and how type I interferons contribute to an initial control of each infection individually, while their chronic induction, particularly during HIV infection, might facilitate Mtb primo-infection and progression to disease. We expect that further findings and their systematization will allow the definition of windows of opportunity for interferon manipulation according to the stage of infection, contributing to pathogen clearance and control of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
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4
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He HX, Guo HY, Liu BS, Zhang N, Zhu KC, Zhang DC. Two IFNa3s mediate the regulation of IRF9 in the process of infection with Streptococcus iniae in yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn, 1782). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 156:105167. [PMID: 38574830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
IRF9 can play an antibacterial role by regulating the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. Streptococcus iniae can cause many deaths of yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus in pond farming. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism of type I IFN signalling by A. latus IRF9 (AlIRF9) against S. iniae remains elucidated. In our study, AlIRF9 has a total cDNA length of 3200 bp and contains a 1311 bp ORF encoding a presumed 436 amino acids (aa). The genomic DNA sequence of AlIRF9 has nine exons and eight introns, and AlIRF9 was expressed in various tissues, containing the stomach, spleen, brain, skin, and liver, among which the highest expression was in the spleen. Moreover, AlIRF9 transcriptions in the spleen, liver, kidney, and brain were increased by S. iniae infection. By overexpression of AlIRF9, AlIRF9 is shown as a whole-cell distribution, mainly concentrated in the nucleus. Moreover, the promoter fragments of -415 to +192 bp and -311 to +196 bp were regarded as core sequences from two AlIFNa3s. The point mutation analyses verified that AlIFNa3 and AlIFNa3-like transcriptions are dependent on both M3 sites with AlIRF9. In addition, AlIRF9 could greatly reduce two AlIFNa3s and interferon signalling factors expressions. These results showed that in A. latus, both AlIFNa3 and AlIFNa3-like can mediate the regulation of AlIRF9 in the process of infection with S. iniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xi He
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 510300, China.
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5
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Jang JH, Kim H, Kim HR, Cho JH. Rainbow trout DUBA inhibits type I interferon signaling by deubiquitinating TRAF3. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109581. [PMID: 38670412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzyme A (DUBA), a member of the ovarian tumor (OTU) subfamily of deubiquitinases (DUBs), is recognized for its negative regulatory role in type I interferon (IFN) expression downstream of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). However, its involvement in the TLR3 signaling pathway in fish remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of DUBA (OmDUBA) in the TLR3 response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). OmDUBA features a conserved OTU domain, and its expression increased in RTH-149 cells following stimulation with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). Gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that OmDUBA attenuated the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), resulting in a subsequent reduction in type I IFN expression and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) activation in poly(I:C)-stimulated cells. OmDUBA interacted with TRAF3, a crucial mediator in TLR3-mediated type I IFN production. Under poly(I:C) stimulation, there was an augmentation in the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3, a process significantly inhibited upon OmDUBA overexpression. These findings suggest that OmDUBA may function similarly to its mammalian counterparts in downregulating the poly(I:C)-induced type I IFN response in rainbow trout by removing the K63-linked ubiquitin chain on TRAF3. Our study provides novel insights into the role of fish DUBA in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hye Jang
- Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Ha Rang Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Cho
- Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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6
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Chen K, Tian J, Shi Y, Xie T, Huang W, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Yuan G, Yan H, Wang J, Zou J. Distinct antiviral activities of IFNφ1 and IFNφ4 in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109396. [PMID: 38244820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of secreted cytokines that play a crucial role in antiviral immunity. Type I IFNs display functional disparities. In teleosts, type I IFNs are categorized into two subgroups containing one or two pairs of disulfide bonds. However, their functional differences have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we comparatively characterized the antiviral activities of zebrafish IFNφ1 and IFNφ4 belonging to the group I type I IFNs. It was found that ifnφ1 and ifnφ4 were differentially modulated during viral infection. Although both IFNφ1 and IFNφ4 activated JAK-STAT signaling pathway via CRFB1/CRFB5 receptor complex, IFNφ4 was less potent in inducing phosphorylation of STAT1a, STAT1b and STAT2 and the expression of antiviral genes than IFNφ1, thereby conferring weaker antiviral resistance of target cells. Taken together, our results provide insights into the functional divergence of type I IFNs in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiayin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Teng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Gaoliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China.
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7
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Ding G, Yu P, Deng D, Xie M, Luo K, Zhang F, Xu D, Xu Q, Guo H, Zhang S. Functional characterization of group Ⅱ interferon, IFNf in the acipenseriform fish, Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109240. [PMID: 38008344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish possess a diversity of type Ⅰ interferons (IFNs) repertoire, which play a crucial role in antiviral and antimicrobial immune responses. In our previous study, IFNe1-3 and IFNb were identified and cloned from Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), an acipenseriform fish. However, the absence of Chinese sturgeon genome data has left the question of whether there are other type Ⅰ IFN members in this species unresolved. In this study, we have identified and characterized a novel IFN, IFNf in Chinese sturgeon (AsIFNf). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the AsIFNf contains a unique disulfide bond (2 cysteines) located in the second exon and fifth exon region, distinguishing it from other reported teleost type I IFNs. Meanwhile, qPCR results showed that AsIFNf mRNA was detectable in all examined tissues and up-regulated in the spleen or kidney in response to poly I: C, Citrobacter freundii, and Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV), but not by LPS. Furthermore, compared to recombinant AsIFNe2 protein (rAsIFNe2), rAsIFNf exhibited a stronger protective effect on Chinese sturgeon fin cells against SVCV and also induced higher expression of antiviral genes Mx and viperin. Importantly, AsIFNf displayed characteristics similar to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with a positive charge and demonstrated a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the primitive structure and function of interferon, as well as deepening our comprehension of the innate immune system and disease defense in the endangered Chinese sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Peipei Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Dan Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Meng Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Dingda Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, China
| | - Qiaoqing Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China.
| | - Huizhi Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Yangtze University), Jingzhou, 434024, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Shuhuan Zhang
- Sturgeon Healthy Breeding and Medicinal Value Research Center, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Mahapatra S, Ganguly B, Pani S, Saha A, Samanta M. A comprehensive review on the dynamic role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in frontier aquaculture research and as a promising avenue for fish disease management. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126541. [PMID: 37648127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a conserved group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a crucial role in inducing the broadly acting innate immune response against pathogens. In recent years, the detection of 21 different TLR types in various fish species has sparked interest in exploring the potential of TLRs as targets for boosting immunity and disease resistance in fish. This comprehensive review offers the latest insights into the diverse facets of fish TLRs, highlighting their history, classification, architectural insights through 3D modelling, ligands recognition, signalling pathways, crosstalk, and expression patterns at various developmental stages. It provides an exhaustive account of the distinct TLRs induced during the invasion of specific pathogens in various fish species and delves into the disparities between fish TLRs and their mammalian counterparts, highlighting the specific contribution of TLRs to the immune response in fish. Although various facets of TLRs in some fish, shellfish, and molluscs have been described, the role of TLRs in several other aquatic organisms still remained as potential gaps. Overall, this article outlines frontier aquaculture research in advancing the knowledge of fish immune systems for the proper management of piscine maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Mahapatra
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Saswati Pani
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Ashis Saha
- Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Fish Nutrition and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India.
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9
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Manríquez RA, Sandoval M, Loncoman C, Tafalla C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Cárcamo JG. Epigenetic reprogramming around IFN1 and IFNy2 promoters in rainbow trout cells inoculated with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108947. [PMID: 37454879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) has proven to effectively evade the host antiviral responses. This study clarifies whether the modulation of the antiviral immune response exerted by IPNV involves epigenetic mechanisms. An in-silico characterization of the rainbow trout IFN1 and IFNγ2 promoters was performed, identifying the islands or sequences rich in CpG dinucleotides and the putative transcription factor binding sites (TBS) for both gene promoters. RTS11 cells (rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage) were infected with IPNV, and the course of viral infection was followed up to 48 h post infection (hpi). Infected cells showed increased IFN1 and IFNγ2 transcriptional expression at 6 and 24 hpi, respectively. IPNV infection caused increases and decreases in global IFNγ2 promoter methylation at 6 and 24 hpi, respectively. The CpG dinucleotides at positions -392 and + 38 of this promoter were the most sensitive to methylation changes. The IFN1 promoter remained fully unmethylated during the course of the infection, similar to the control. The changes in the methylation pattern observed for the IFNγ2 promoter were coincident with the changes in DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression levels, increasing at 6 hpi and decreasing below basal level at 24 hpi. Similarly, the H4 histones associated with the IFN1 and IFNγ2 promoters were hyperacetylated at 6 hpi, subsequently decreasing their acetylation below basal levels at 24 hpi, in both promoters. Coincidentally with the above, overexpression of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) was observed at 6 hpi and of histone deacetylase (HDAC) at 24 hpi, with return to baseline of HAT. These results suggest that IPNV would epigenetically modulate the expression of IFN1 by changing acetylation levels of the histones H4 associated with its promoter. Also, the modulation of the expression of IFNy2 would be by switching methylation/demethylation levels of its promoter, in addition to changes in acetylation levels of histones H4 associated with this promoter. This study is the first to demonstrate the effect of epigenetic reprogramming after IPNV infection in salmonid cells, demonstrating that promoter methylation/demethylation level and changes in the histone code associated with promoters may play a role in the modulation of the immune response induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Manríquez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Moisés Sandoval
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Loncoman
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile.
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10
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Guo HY, He HX, Liu BS, Zhang N, Zhu KC, Zhang DC. The regulatory mechanisms of IRF7 mediated by the type I IFN signalling pathway against Streptococcus iniae in yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn, 1782). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125635. [PMID: 37399879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) regulates type I interferon (IFN) genes via combining to the ISRE region in the immune response against bacteria. Streptococcus iniae is one of the dominant pathogenic bacteria of yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus. However, the regulatory mechanisms of A. latus IRF7 (AlIRF7) mediated by the type I IFN signalling pathway against S. iniae was ambiguously. In the present study, IRF7, and two IFNa3s (IFNa3 and IFNa3-like) were authenticated from A. latus. The total length of AlIRF7 cDNA is 2142 bp, containing a 1314 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding an inferred 437 amino acids (aa). Three typical regions, a serine-rich domain (SRD), a DNA-binding domain (DBD), and an IRF association domain (IAD), are conserved in AlIRF7. Furthermore, AlIRF7 is fundamentally expressed in various kinds of organs, with high levels in the spleen and liver. Additionally, S. iniae challenge promoted AlIRF7 expression in the spleen, liver, kidney, and brain. AlIRF7 is confirmed to be located at the nucleus and cytoplasm by overexpression of AlIRF7. Moreover, truncation mutation analyses shows that the regions, -821 bp to +192 bp and -928 bp to +196 bp, were known as core promoters from AlIFNa3 and AlIFNa3-like, respectively. The point mutation analyses and electrophoretic mobile shift assay (EMSA) verified that AlIFNa3 and AlIFNa3-like transcriptions are depended on the M2/5 and M2/3/4 binding sites with AlIRF7 regulation, respectively. Additionally, an overexpression experiment showed that AlIRF7 can dramatically decrease the mRNA levels of two AlIFNa3s and interferon signalling molecules. These results suggest that two IFNa3s may mediate the regulation of AlIRF7 in the immune responses of A. latus against S. iniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hong-Xi He
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China.
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11
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Cao J, Xu H, Yu Y, Xu Z. Regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B lymphocytes-mediated immunity in teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104621. [PMID: 36801469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
T and B lymphocytes (T and B cells) are immune effector cells that play critical roles in adaptive immunity and defend against external pathogens in most vertebrates, including teleost fish. In mammals, the development and immune response of T and B cells is associated with cytokines including chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors during pathogenic invasion or immunization. Given that teleost fish have evolved a similar adaptive immune system to mammals with T and B cells bearing unique receptors (B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs)) and that cytokines in general have been identified, whether the regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B cell-mediated immunity are evolutionarily conserved between mammalians and teleost fish is a fascinating question. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of teleost cytokines and T and B cells as well as the regulatory roles of cytokines on these two types of lymphocytes. This may provide important information on the parallelisms and dissimilarities of the functions of cytokines in bony fish versus higher vertebrates, which may aid in the evaluation and development of adaptive immunity-based vaccines or immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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12
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Qiao X, Lin H, Zhang Y, Lu D. A novel scavenger receptor (EcSRECII) as a lipopolysaccharide recognition molecule involved in regulating NF-κB activation through extracellular EGF-like cysteine-rich repeat domains with lysosomes in Epinephelus coioides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125111. [PMID: 37257531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs), as multifunctional pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in innate immunity in mammals, however, their function in fish is limited. Herein, scavenger receptor F2 in Epinephelus coioides (EcSRECII) induced an innate immune response to LPS in GS cells. EcSRECII markedly enhanced LPS-induced NF-κB and IFN-β signaling pathways, whereas knockdown of EcSRECII significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB and IFN-β promoter activation. Interestingly, only retain of epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGF-like domain in EcSRECII resulted in a punctate cytoplasmic distribution, while the C-terminal domain exhibited a distinct cytoskeletal cytoplasmic distribution. Moreover, this EGF/EGF-like domain fragment more sharply impaired its ability to activate EcSRECII-induced NF-κB activation than the C-terminal domain region, but both domains significantly induced IFN-β promoter activation. Full-length EcSRECII and the delete mutant of C-terminal domain could partly colocalize with lysosomes by LPS derived from V. parahaemolyticus (V.p. LPS) in GS cells, but there was no similar distribution in the delete mutant of EGF/EGF-like domain. This finding firstly suggested that the N-terminal EGF/EGF-like domain was necessary for the NF-κB signaling pathway to trigger resistance to vibrio infection and its functional exertion may be associated with lysosomes, thus providing insights into the regulation of vibrio infection resistance in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, PR China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Ocean, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (ZhanJiang), Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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13
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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14
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Simón R, Martínez P, González L, Ordás MC, Tafalla C. Differential response of RTGUTGC and RTGILL-W1 rainbow trout epithelial cell lines to viral stimulation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:433-443. [PMID: 36633210 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces constitute the main route of entry of pathogens into the host. In fish, these mucosal tissues include, among others, the gastrointestinal tract, the gills and the skin. However, knowledge about the mechanisms of regulation of immunity in these tissues is still scarce, being essential to generate a solid base that allows the development of prevention strategies against these infectious agents. In this work, we have used the RTgutGC and RTgill-W1 epithelial-like cell lines, derived from the gastrointestinal tract and the gill of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), respectively, to investigate the transcriptional response of mucosal epithelial cells to a viral mimic, the dsRNA poly I:C, as well as to two important viral rainbow trout pathogens, namely viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Additionally, we have established how the exposure to poly I:C affected the susceptibility of RTgutGC and RTgill-W1 cells to both viruses. Our results reveal important differences in the way these two cell lines respond to viral stimuli, providing interesting information on these cell lines that have emerged in the past years as useful tools to study mucosal responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucía González
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Camino Ordás
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Adeyemi OD, Tian Y, Khwatenge CN, Grayfer L, Sang Y. Molecular diversity and functional implication of amphibian interferon complex: Remarking immune adaptation in vertebrate evolution. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104624. [PMID: 36586430 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-species comparison of vertebrate genomes has unraveled previously unknown complexities of interferon (IFN) systems in amphibian species. Recent genomic curation revealed that amphibian species have evolved expanded repertoires of four types of intron-containing IFN genes akin to those seen in jawed fish, intronless type I IFNs and intron-containing type III IFNs akin to those seen in amniotes, as well as uniquely intronless type III IFNs. This appears to be the case with at least ten analyzed amphibian species; with distinct species encoding diverse repertoires of these respective IFN gene subsets. Amphibians represent a key stage in vertebrate evolution, and in this context offer a unique perspective into the divergent and converged pathways leading to the emergence of distinct IFN families and groups. Recent studies have begun to unravel the roles of amphibian IFNs during these animals' immune responses in general and during their antiviral responses, in particular. However, the pleiotropic potentials of these highly expanded amphibian IFN repertoires warrant further studies. Based on recent reports and our omics analyses using Xenopus models, we posit that amphibian IFN complex may have evolved novel functions, as indicated by their extensive molecular diversity. Here, we provide an overview and an update of the present understanding of the amphibian IFN complex in the context of the evolution of vertebrate immune systems. A greater understanding of the amphibian IFN complex will grant new perspectives on the evolution of vertebrate immunity and may yield new measures by which to counteract the global amphibian declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun D Adeyemi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Collins N Khwatenge
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN, USA.
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16
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Chen L, Liu J, Yan J, Pan J, Wu H, Xiao J, Feng H. Cloning and characterization of type IV interferon from black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104614. [PMID: 36502963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
From mammals to fish, interferons (IFNs) play vital roles in the immune response. In this study, a newly identified type IV interferon (bcIFN-υ) from black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized. The CDS of bcIFN-υ consists of 489 nucleotides, encoding 163 amino acids, with the first 20 amino acids predicted to be the signal peptide region. The immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays verified that bcIFN-υ was a secreted cytokine. qPCR analysis and reporter assay demonstrated that bcIFN-υ participated in innate immune defense and activated the transcription of fish ISRE promoter under spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) stimulation. Additionally, compared with control group, EPC cells transfected with bcIFN-υ or incubated with the bcIFN-υ-containing conditioned media before SVCV infection showed greatly enhanced antiviral activity, and the transcription levels of MX1, PKR, ISG15 and Viperin genes were significantly increased. The subsequential co-immunoprecipitation assay identified the interaction between bcIFN-υ proteins. Collectively, our data conclude that bcIFN-υ is a kind of secretory protein with self-interaction and triggering the expression of downstream ISGs to enhance the antiviral activity of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jiaji Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Ramnani B, Powell S, Shetty AG, Manivannan P, Hibbard BR, Leaman DW, Malathi K. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Activates Integrated Stress Response Pathway and Induces Stress Granules to Regulate Virus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:466. [PMID: 36851680 PMCID: PMC9965902 DOI: 10.3390/v15020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection activates integrated stress response (ISR) and stress granule (SG) formation and viruses counteract by interfering with SG assembly, suggesting an important role in antiviral defense. The infection of fish cells by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV), activates the innate immune recognition pathway and the production of type I interferon (IFN). However, the mechanisms by which VHSV interacts with ISR pathway regulating SG formation is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that fish cells respond to heat shock, oxidative stress and VHSV infection by forming SG that localized key SG marker, Ras GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1). We show that PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), but not (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), is required for VHSV-induced SG formation. Furthermore, in VHSV Ia infected cells, PERK activity is required for IFN production, antiviral signaling and viral replication. SG formation required active virus replication as individual VHSV Ia proteins or inactive virus did not induce SG. Cells lacking G3BP1 produced increased IFN, antiviral genes and viral mRNA, however viral protein synthesis and viral titers were reduced. We show a critical role of the activation of ISR pathway and SG formation highlighting a novel role of G3BP1 in regulating VHSV protein translation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Ramnani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Shelby Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Adarsh G. Shetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Praveen Manivannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Brian R. Hibbard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Douglas W. Leaman
- College of Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, 7400 East Dr., Montgomery, AL 36117, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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18
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Sun Y, Cao Z, Zhang P, Wei C, Li J, Wu Y, Zhou Y. IFN regulatory factor 3 of golden pompano and its NLS domain are involved in antibacterial innate immunity and regulate the expression of type I interferon (IFNa3). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128196. [PMID: 36817435 PMCID: PMC9933344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) plays an important role in host defence against viral infections. However, its role during bacterial infection in teleosts remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of Trachinotus ovatus IRF3 (TroIRF3) and how it regulates type I interferon (IFN). Methods Subcellular localisation experiments, overexpression, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to examine the nuclear localisation signal (NLS) of TroIRF3 and its role in the antibacterial regulatory function of TroIRF3. We assessed the binding activity of TroIRF3 to the IFNa3 promoter by luciferase reporter assay. Results and Discussion The results showed that TroIRF3 was constitutively expressed at high levels in the gill and liver. TroIRF3 was significantly upregulated and transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after Vibrio harveyi infection. By overexpressing TroIRF3, the fish were able to inhibit the replication of V. harveyi, whereas knocking it down increased bacterial replication. Moreover, the overexpression of TroIRF3 increased type I interferon (IFNa3) production and the IFN signalling molecules. The NLS, which is from the 64-127 amino acids of TroIRF3, contains the basic amino acids KR74/75 and RK82/84. The results proved that NLS is required for the efficient nuclear import of TroIRF3 and that the NLS domain of TroIRF3 consists of the key amino acids KR74/75 and RK82/84. The findings also showed that NLS plays a key role in the antibacterial immunity and upregulation of TroIFNa3 induced by TroIRF3. Moreover, TroIRF3 induces TroIFNa3 promoter activity, whereas these effects are inhibited when the NLS domain is deficient. Overall, our results suggested that TroIRF3 is involved in the antibacterial immunity and regulation of type I IFN in T. ovatus and that the NLS of TroIRF3 is vital for IRF3-mediated antibacterial responses, which will aid in understanding the immune role of fish IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Caoying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Ying Wu, ; Yongcan Zhou,
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Ying Wu, ; Yongcan Zhou,
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19
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Chen SN, Huang L, Fu JP, Pang AN, Wang KL, Nie P. Gene synteny, evolution and antiviral activity of type I IFNs in a reptile species, the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 134:104461. [PMID: 35660570 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical cytokines for the establishment of antiviral status in fish, amphibian, avian and mammal, but the knowledge on type I IFNs is rather limited in reptile. In this study, seven type I IFN genes, designed as IFN1 to IFN7, were identified from a reptile species, the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). These identified type I IFNs have relatively low protein identity, when compared with those in human and chicken; but they possess conserved cysteines, predicted multi-helix structure and N-terminal signal peptide. The Chinese soft-shelled turtle IFN1 to IFN5 have two exons and one intron, but IFN6 and IFN7 are the single-exon genes. Chinese soft-shelled turtle type I IFNs are located respectively on the two conserved reptile-bird loci, named as Locus a and Locus c, and are clustered into the four of the five reptile-bird groups (named as Groups I-V) based on phylogenetic evidence, due to the lack of IFNK in the turtle. Moreover, the Chinese soft-shelled turtle type I IFNs can be induced by soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV) infection and show antiviral activity in soft-shelled turtle artery (STA) cells, except IFN6. In addition, due to the difference in genome organizations, such as the number of exons and introns of type I IFN genes from fish to mammal, the definition and evolution of 'intronless' type I IFN genes were discussed in lineages of vertebrates. Thus, the finding of type I IFNs on two different loci in P. sinensis sheds light on the evolution of type I IFN genes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Jian Ping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - An Ning Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Kai Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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20
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Chen J, Guan Y, Guan H, Mu Y, Ding Y, Zou J, Ouyang S, Chen X. Molecular and Structural Basis of Receptor Binding and Signaling of a Fish Type I IFN with Three Disulfide Bonds. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:806-819. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In mammals, type I IFNs, which commonly contain one or two disulfide bonds, activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway through binding to the common cell surface receptor formed by IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR)1 and IFNAR2 subunits. Although type I IFNs are also known to be essential for antiviral defense in teleost fish, very little is known about mechanisms underlying the recognition of fish type I IFNs by associated receptors. In this study, we demonstrate that a type I IFN of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea (LcIFNi), belonging to a new subgroup of fish type I IFNs, triggers antiviral response via the conserved JAK-STAT pathway through stable binding with a heterodimeric receptor comprising subunits LcCRFB5 and LcCRFB2. LcIFNi binds to LcCRFB5 with a much higher affinity than to LcCRFB2. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structure of LcIFNi at a 1.39 Å resolution. The high-resolution structure is, to our knowledge, the first reported structure of a type I IFN with three disulfide bonds, all of which were found to be indispensable for folding and stability of LcIFNi. Using structural analysis, mutagenesis, and biochemical assays, we identified key LcIFNi residues involved in receptor interaction and proposed a structural model of LcIFNi bound to the LcCRFB2–LcCRFB5 receptor. The results show that LcIFNi–LcCRFB2 exhibits a similar binding pattern to human IFN-ω–IFNAR2, whereas the binding pattern of LcIFNi–LcCRFB5 is quite different from that of IFN-ω–IFNAR1. Altogether, our findings reveal the structural basis for receptor interaction and signaling of a type I IFN with three disulfide bonds and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying type I IFN recognition in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Chen
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Guan
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- †Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Ding
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- ‡Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Songying Ouyang
- †Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- *Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- §Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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21
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Wang Z, Xu J, Feng J, Wu K, Chen K, Jia Z, Zhu X, Huang W, Zhao X, Liu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wang J, Zou J. Structural and Functional Analyses of Type I IFNa Shed Light Into Its Interaction With Multiple Receptors in Fish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862764. [PMID: 35392096 PMCID: PMC8980424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost type I interferons (IFNs) are categorized into group I and II subgroups that bind to distinct receptors to activate antiviral responses. However, the interaction between ifn ligands and receptors has not fully been understood. In this study, the crystal structure of grass carp [Ctenopharyngodon idella (Ci)] IFNa has been solved at 1.58Å and consists of six helices. The CiIFNa displays a typical structure of type I IFNs with a straight helix F and lacks a helix element in the AB loop. Superposition modeling identified several key residues involved in the interaction with receptors. It was found that CiIFNa bound to cytokine receptor family B (CRFB) 1, CRFB2, and CRFB5, and the three receptors could form heterodimeric receptor complexes. Furthermore, mutation of Leu27, Glu103, Lys117, and His165 markedly decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1a induced by CiIFNa in the Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, and Glu103 was shown to be required for the CiIFNa-activated antiviral activity. Interestingly, wild-type and mutant CiIFNa proteins did not alter the phosphorylation levels of STAT1b. Our results demonstrate that fish type I IFNs, although structurally conserved, interact with the receptors in a manner that may differ from mammalian homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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22
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Quiniou SMA, Crider J, Felch KL, Bengtén E, Boudinot P. Interferons and interferon receptors in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:442-452. [PMID: 35304241 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the complete repertoire of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, IFNs and IFN receptor genes. Based on multiple genomic and transcriptomic resources we identified 16 type I IFN genes, which represent the six type I IFN subgroups previously defined in salmonids (a-f.) No representatives of subgroup h previously only found in percomorphs were identified. An expansion in copy numbers of subgroup d IFN genes was of particular interest, as this has not been reported in other fish species to date. Furthermore, we confirmed the presence of two type II ifn genes encoding orthologs of IFNγ and the teleost-specific IFNγRel. Six homologs of IFN type I receptor genes were found in an array that shows conserved synteny with human chromosome 21. Three homologs of type II IFN receptor genes were also identified. These type I and type II receptor sequences are compatible with the dual type I IFN receptors, and the potentially more complex type II IFN receptors described in teleosts. Our data provide a comprehensive resource for future studies of channel catfish innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva Bengtén
- UMMC, Department of Microbiology, 39211, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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23
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Ding G, Zheng C, Wang B, Zhang L, Deng D, Li Q, Guo H, Zhang S, Xu Q. Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals the Antiviral Innate Immunity by IFN-γ in Chinese Sturgeon Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854689. [PMID: 35371107 PMCID: PMC8967981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To further study the biological function of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), we conducted a transcriptome analysis of primary macrophages induced by IFN-γ using Illumina sequencing technology. We obtained 88,879 unigenes, with a total length of 93,919,393 bp, and an average length of 1,057bp. We identified 8,490 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the untreated and IFN-γ-treated macrophages, with 4,599 upregulated and 3,891 downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that 4,044 DEGs were enriched in the biological, cellular components, and molecular function categories. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) identified 278 immunity-related pathways enriched for the DEGs. According to the GO enrichment results, eight key immunity-related genes were screened for verification using qPCR. Results indicate that IFN-γ can activate macrophage Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) and type I interferon (IFN-I), activate RIG-I-like and Toll-like receptor-related pathways, and improve the antiviral ability of macrophages in Chinese sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Ding
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chuwen Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Dan Deng
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Huizhi Guo
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Zhang
- Sturgeon Healthy Breeding and Medicinal Value Research Center, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiaoqing Xu
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Disease, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoqing Xu,
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24
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Abstract
Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.
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25
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Wei Z, Wen Q, Li W, Yuan X, Fu Q, Cui Z, Chen X. ATG12 is involved in the antiviral immune response in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:262-271. [PMID: 34653664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ATG12, a core autophagy protein, forms a conjugate with ATG5 to promote the formation of autophagosome membrane, and plays an important role in antiviral immunity. However, little is known about the function of ATG12 in fish. Here, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) ATG12 (LcATG12), which is 354 nucleotides long and encodes a protein of 117 amino acids. The deduced LcATG12 possesses a conserved APG12 domain (residues 31 to 117), and shares 91.45% identities with ATG12 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). LcATG12 was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest level in intestine. Its transcript was also detected in primary head kidney granulocytes (PKG), primary head kidney macrophages (PKM), primary head kidney lymphocytes (PKL), and large yellow croaker head kidney (LYCK) cell line, and was significantly up-regulated by poly(I:C). LcATG12 was regularly distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus of LYCK and epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. Overexpression of LcATG12 in EPC cells significantly inhibited the replication of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Further studies reveled that LcATG12 could induce the occurrence of autophagy in LYCK cells. Furthermore, overexpression of LcATG12 in LYCK cells increased the expression levels of large yellow croaker type I interferons (IFNs, IFNc, IFNd, and IFNh), IFN regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7), and IFN-stimulated genes (PKR, Mx, and Viperin). All these data indicated that LcATG12 plays a role in the antiviral immunity possibly by inducing both autophagy and type I IFN response in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhengwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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26
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Sullivan C, Soos BL, Millard PJ, Kim CH, King BL. Modeling Virus-Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish: A Balance Between Infection Control and Excessive Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636623. [PMID: 34025644 PMCID: PMC8138431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to viral infection in humans is a dynamic process with complex cell interactions that are governed by the immune system and influenced by both host and viral factors. Due to this complexity, the relative contributions of the virus and host factors are best studied in vivo using animal models. In this review, we describe how the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used as a powerful model to study host-virus interactions and inflammation by combining robust forward and reverse genetic tools with in vivo imaging of transparent embryos and larvae. The innate immune system has an essential role in the initial inflammatory response to viral infection. Focused studies of the innate immune response to viral infection are possible using the zebrafish model as there is a 4-6 week timeframe during development where they have a functional innate immune system dominated by neutrophils and macrophages. During this timeframe, zebrafish lack a functional adaptive immune system, so it is possible to study the innate immune response in isolation. Sequencing of the zebrafish genome has revealed significant genetic conservation with the human genome, and multiple studies have revealed both functional conservation of genes, including those critical to host cell infection and host cell inflammatory response. In addition to studying several fish viruses, zebrafish infection models have been developed for several human viruses, including influenza A, noroviruses, chikungunya, Zika, dengue, herpes simplex virus type 1, Sindbis, and hepatitis C virus. The development of these diverse viral infection models, coupled with the inherent strengths of the zebrafish model, particularly as it relates to our understanding of macrophage and neutrophil biology, offers opportunities for far more intensive studies aimed at understanding conserved host responses to viral infection. In this context, we review aspects relating to the evolution of innate immunity, including the evolution of viral pattern recognition receptors, interferons and interferon receptors, and non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Sullivan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Maine at Augusta, Bangor, ME, United States
| | - Brandy-Lee Soos
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Paul J. Millard
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Carol H. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin L. King
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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27
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Deng H, Zeng L, Chang K, Lv Y, Du H, Lu S, Liu Y, Zhou P, Mao H, Hu C. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Cdc25a down-regulates IFN 1 expression by reducing TBK1 phosphorylation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:104014. [PMID: 33460677 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) plays an important role in innate immunity, mainly because it can mediate production of interferon to resist the invasion of pathogens. In mammals, cell division cycle-25a (Cdc25a) is a member of the Cdc25 family of cell division cycle proteins. It is a phosphatase that plays an important role in cell cycle regulation by dephosphorylating its substrate proteins. Currently, many phosphatases are reported to play a role in innate immunity. This is because the phosphatases can shut down or reduce immune signaling pathways by down-regulating phosphorylation signals. However, there are no reports on fish Cdc25a in innate immunity. In this paper, we conducted a preliminary study on the involvement of grass carp Cdc25a in innate immunity. First, we cloned the full-length cDNA of grass carp Cdc25a (CiCdc25a), and found that it shares the highest genetic relationship with that of Anabarilius grahami through phylogenetic tree comparison. In grass carp tissues and CIK cells, the expression of CiCdc25a mRNA was up-regulated under poly (I:C) stimulation. Therefore, CiCdc25a can respond to poly (I:C). The subcellular localization results showed that CiCdc25a is distributed both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. We also found that CiCdc25a can down-regulate the expression of IFN 1 with or without poly (I:C) stimulation. In other words, the down-regulation of IFN1 by CiCdc25a is independent of poly (I:C) stimulation. Further functional studies have shown that the inhibition of IFN1 expression by CiCdc25a may be related to decrease of TBK1 activity. We also confirmed that the phosphorylation of TBK1 at Ser172 is essential for production of IFN 1. In short, CiCdc25a can interact with TBK1 and subsequently inhibits the phosphorylation of TBK1, thereby weakens TBK1 activity. These results indicated that grass carp Cdc25a down-regulates IFN 1 expression by reducing TBK1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Deng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liugen Zeng
- Nanchang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330038, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hailing Du
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shina Lu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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28
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Type I interferons in ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:35-43. [PMID: 33387659 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins of vital importance in the body's immune response. They are formed in different types of cells and have been found in fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Two types of IFN have been found in ray-finned fish (Superclass: Osteichthyes, Class: Actinopterygii) so far, i.e. IFN type I (IFN I) and IFN type II (IFN II), while the presence of IFN type III (IFN III), which is found in phylogenetically older cartilaginous fishes, was not confirmed in this taxonomic group of vertebrates. Currently, type I IFN in Actinopterygii is divided into three groups, I, II and III, within which there are subgroups. These cytokines in these animals show primarily antiviral activity through the use of a signalling pathway JAK-STAT (Janus kinases - Signal transducer and activator of transcription) and the ability to induce ISG (IFN-stimulated genes) expression, which contain ISRE complexes (IFN-stimulated response elements). On the other hand, in Perciformes and Cyprinidae, it was found that type I/I interferons also participate in the antimicrobial response, inter alia, by inducing the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and influencing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells carrying out the phagocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
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Adamek M, Davies J, Beck A, Jordan L, Becker AM, Mojzesz M, Rakus K, Rumiac T, Collet B, Brogden G, Way K, Bergmann SM, Zou J, Steinhagen D. Antiviral Actions of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Fish Vary With the Virus-Host Combination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:581786. [PMID: 33717065 PMCID: PMC7943847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.581786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for building and maintaining cell membranes and is critical for several steps in the replication cycle of viruses, especially for enveloped viruses. In mammalian cells virus infections lead to the accumulation of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an antiviral factor, which is produced from cholesterol by the cholesterol 25 hydroxylase (CH25H). Antiviral responses based on CH25H are not well studied in fish. Therefore, in the present study putative genes encoding for CH25H were identified and amplified in common carp and rainbow trout cells and an HPLC-MS method was applied for determination of oxysterol concentrations in these cells under virus infection. Our results give some evidence that the activation of CH25H could be a part of the antiviral response against a broad spectrum of viruses infecting fish, in both common carp and rainbow trout cells in vitro. Quantification of oxysterols showed that fibroblastic cells are capable of producing 25HC and its metabolite 7α,25diHC. The oxysterol 25HC showed an antiviral activity by blocking the entry of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) into KFC cells, but not spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) or common carp paramyxovirus (Para) in the same cells, or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) into RTG-2 cells. Despite the fact that the CH25H based antiviral response coincides with type I IFN responses, the stimulation of salmonid cells with recombinant type I IFN proteins from rainbow trout could not induce ch25h_b gene expression. This provided further evidence, that the CH25H-response is not type I IFN dependent. Interestingly, the susceptibility of CyHV-3 to 25HC is counteracted by a downregulation of the expression of the ch25h_b gene in carp fibroblasts during CyHV-3 infection. This shows a unique interplay between oxysterol based immune responses and immunomodulatory abilities of certain viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Beck
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Jordan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna M Becker
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Typhaine Rumiac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Graham Brogden
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Premzl M. Comparative genomic analysis of eutherian interferon genes. Genomics 2020; 112:4749-4759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lu LF, Li ZC, Zhang C, Zhou XY, Zhou Y, Jiang JY, Chen DD, Li S, Zhang YA. Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Giving Its All to Suppress IFN Production by Countering MAVS Signaling Transduction. Front Immunol 2020; 11:545302. [PMID: 33193312 PMCID: PMC7649419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.545302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically target host RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a group of key factors involved in interferon (IFN) production, to enhance viral infection. To date, though immune evasion methods to contradict IFN production have been characterized for a series of terrestrial viruses, the strategies employed by fish viruses remain unclear. Here, we report that all grass carp reovirus (GCRV) proteins encoded by segments S1 to S11 suppress mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated IFN expression. First, the GCRV viral proteins blunted the MAVS-induced expression of IFN, and impair MAVS antiviral capacity significantly. Interestingly, subsequent co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that all GCRV viral proteins interacted with several RLR cascades, especially with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) which was the downstream factor of MAVS. To further illustrate the mechanisms of these interactions between GCRV viral proteins and host RLRs, two of the viral proteins, NS79 (S4) and VP3 (S3), were selected as representative proteins for two distinguished mechanisms. The obtained data demonstrated that NS79 was phosphorylated by gcTBK1, leading to the reduction of host substrate gcIRF3/7 phosphorylation. On the other hand, VP3 degraded gcMAVS and the degradation was significantly reversed by 3-MA. The biological effects of both NS79 and VP3 were consistently found to be related to the suppression of IFN expression and the promotion of viral evasion. Our findings shed light on the special evasion mechanism utilized by fish virus through IFN regulation, which might differ between fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yu Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Vila IK, Fretaud M, Vlachakis D, Laguette N, Langevin C. Animal Models for the Study of Nucleic Acid Immunity: Novel Tools and New Perspectives. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5529-5543. [PMID: 32860771 PMCID: PMC7611023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation fosters and supports a wide range of human pathologies. There is growing evidence for a role played by cytosolic nucleic acids in initiating and supporting pathological chronic inflammation. In particular, the cGAS-STING pathway has emerged as central to the mounting of nucleic acid-dependent type I interferon responses, leading to the identification of small-molecule modulators of STING that have raised clinical interest. However, several new challenges have emerged, representing potential obstacles to efficient clinical translation. Indeed, the current literature underscores that nucleic acid-induced inflammatory responses are subjected to several layers of regulation, further suggesting complex coordination at the cell-type, tissue or organism level. Untangling the underlying processes is paramount to the identification of specific therapeutic strategies targeting deleterious inflammation. Herein, we present an overview of human pathologies presenting with deregulated interferon levels and with accumulation of cytosolic nucleic acids. We focus on the central role of the STING adaptor protein in these pathologies and discuss how in vivo models have forged our current understanding of nucleic acid immunity. We present our opinion on the advantages and limitations of zebrafish and mice models to highlight their complementarity for the study of inflammatory human pathologies and the development of therapeutics. Finally, we discuss high-throughput screening strategies that generate multi-parametric datasets that allow integrative analysis of heterogeneous information (imaging and omics approaches). These approaches are likely to structure the future of screening strategies for the treatment of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K Vila
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France.
| | - Maxence Fretaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nadine Laguette
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Basis of Inflammation Laboratory, Montpellier, France
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Lu LF, Zhang C, Zhou XY, Li ZC, Chen DD, Zhou Y, Zhou F, Zhang YA, Li S. Zebrafish RBM47 Promotes Lysosome-Dependent Degradation of MAVS to Inhibit IFN Induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1819-1829. [PMID: 32859727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IFN is essential for hosts to defend against viral invasion, whereas it must be tightly regulated to prevent hyperimmune responses. Fish mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is a vital factor for IFN production, but until now, there have been few studies on the regulation mechanisms of fish MAVS enabling IFN to be properly controlled. In this study, we show that zebrafish RNA-binding motif protein 47 (RBM47) promotes MAVS degradation in a lysosome-dependent manner to suppress IFN production. First, the transcription of IFN activated by polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), spring viremia of carp virus, or retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway components were significantly suppressed by RBM47. Second, RBM47 interacted with MAVS and promoted lysosome-dependent degradation of MAVS, changing the cellular location of MAVS from the cytoplasm to the lysosome region. Finally, RBM47 inhibited downstream MITA and IRF3/7 activation, impairing the host antiviral response. Collectively, these data suggest that zebrafish RBM47 negatively regulates IFN production by promoting lysosome-dependent degradation of MAVS, providing insights into the role of RBM47 in the innate antiviral immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China; and
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; .,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Gorgoglione B, Ringiesn JL, Pham LH, Shepherd BS, Leaman DW. Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types. Virol J 2020; 17:110. [PMID: 32690033 PMCID: PMC7369537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World Organization for Animal Health. This study assessed the relative capacities of IHNV and VHSV genes to modulate host general transcription and explores the abilities of specific IHNV genes to interfere with the interferon pathway in heterogenous teleost cell-lines. METHODS Optimized protocols allowed for efficient transient transfections in EPC, BF-2, RTG-2 and RTgill-W1 cell lines of plasmids encoding IHNV (M genogroup) and VHSV (-IVb genotype) genes, including N, P, M, G and NV. Their impact on general cellular transcription was measured 48 hours post transfection (hpt) with luciferase constructs driven by a modified β-Actin promoter (pCAG). Their modulation of the innate antiviral immune response was characterized 72 hpt, using luciferase constructs measuring rainbow trout Type I IFN or MX-1 promoter augmentation, upon MAVS co-transfection. RESULTS M was generally confirmed as the strongest constitutive transcriptional suppressor while IHNV P, but not VHSV P, augmented constitutive transcription in fibroblastic cell types. Cell-specific effects were observed for viral G gene, with VHSV G exhibiting suppression of basal transcription in EPC and BF-2 but not in trout cells; while IHNV G was stimulatory in RTG-2, but inhibitory in RTgill-W1. NV consistently stimulated constitutive transcription, with higher augmentation patterns seen in fibroblastic compared to epithelial cells, and for IHNV NV compared to VHSV NV. The innate antiviral immune response, focusing on the IFN pathway, was silenced by IHNV M in all cell lines tested. IHNV N showed a dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN, but with minor effects on MX-1. IHNV P and G played minor IFN-inhibitory roles, consistent and dose-dependent only for G in rainbow trout cells. IHNV NV mediated a consistent stimulatory effect on either Type I IFN or MX-1, but much less pronounced in RTgill-W1. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our understanding of Novirhabdoviruses-host interaction, showing differential innate immune responses in heterogenous cell types. Viral regulators of innate immune signaling are identified, either as dose-dependent suppressors (such as M and N) or stimulators (mainly NV), indicating novel targets for the design of more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, CANR - Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| | - Jeffery L Ringiesn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Loc H Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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Benedicenti O, Wang T, Morel E, Secombes CJ, Soleto I, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. Type I Interferon Regulates the Survival and Functionality of B Cells in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1494. [PMID: 32733485 PMCID: PMC7363951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) orchestrate antiviral responses in jawed vertebrates and can be classified into three types based on different aspects of their genomic organization, structure and receptors through which they signal and function. Generally, type I and type III IFNs include cytokines that directly induce an antiviral response, whereas type II IFNs are well-known for their immunomodulatory role during viral infections. In mammals, type I IFNs have been shown to also regulate many aspects of B cell development and differentiation. Yet, these functions have been only faintly investigated for teleost IFNs. Thus, in the current study, we have examined the effects of a model type I rainbow trout IFN molecule (IFNa) on blood naïve (IgM+IgD+) B cells, comparing them to those exerted by type II IFN (IFNγ). Our results demonstrate that IFNa increases the survival of naïve rainbow trout B cells, in the absence of lymphoproliferative effects, by rescuing them from spontaneous apoptosis. Additionally, IFNa increased the phagocytic capacity of blood IgM+IgD+ B cells and augmented the number of IgM-secreting cells in blood leukocyte cultures. IFNγ, on the other hand, had only minor effects up-regulating IgM secretion, whereas it increased the phagocytic capacity of IgM− cells in the cultures. Finally, given the recent identification of 9 mx genes in rainbow trout, we have also established which of these genes were transcriptionally regulated in blood naïve B cells in response to IFNa. This study points to a previously undescribed role for teleost type I IFNs in the regulation of B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Morel
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Soleto
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Li B, Chen SN, Ren L, Wang S, Liu L, Liu Y, Liu S, Nie P. Identification of type I IFNs and their receptors in a cyprinid fish, the topmouth culter Culter alburnus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:326-335. [PMID: 32387477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fish, type I IFNs are classified into three groups, i.e. group one, group two and group three, and further separated into seven subgroups based on the number of conserved cysteines and phylogenetic relationships. In the present study, four type I IFNs, named as IFNϕ1, IFNϕ2, IFNϕ3, IFNϕ4, as reported in zebrafish, were identified in a cyprinid, the topmouth culter, Culter alburnus, a species introduced recently into China's aquaculture. These IFNs may be classified as IFNa, IFNc, IFNc and IFNd in a recent nomenclature, with IFNa and IFNd having two cysteines in group one, and IFNc four cysteines in group two. These IFNs, together with their possible receptors, IFNϕ1, IFNϕ2, IFNϕ3, IFNϕ4, and CRFB1, CRFB2 and CRFB5 have an open reading frame (ORF) of 540, 552, 567, 516 bp, and 1572, 1392, 1125 bp, respectively. These IFNs have high amino acid sequence identities, being 91.1-93.6% and 66.9-77.3%, with those in grass carp and zebrafish, respectively, and are expressed constitutively in organs/tissues examined in the fish. The expression of these IFNs can be further induced following poly (I:C) stimulation. However, the possible function of these IFNs and their signalling pathway are of interest for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan Province, China
| | - Su Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Lanhao Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan Province, China.
| | - P Nie
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Liu GL, Liu L, Shan LP. Evaluation on the antiviral effect of a hydroxycoumarin against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:389-399. [PMID: 32380168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) caused by the viral pathogen infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a highly contagious disease of salmonid species, resulting in significant economic impact. The previous study showed a hydroxycoumarin derivative 7-[6-(2-methylimidazole) hexyloxy] coumarin (D5) significantly inhibited spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) infection, suggesting that D5 may be useful as a potential anti-IHNV agent. In this study, D5 at the concentration of up to 10 mg/L significantly inhibited IHNV replication in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells with a maximum inhibitory rate of >90%, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) levels, and decreased IHNV-induced apoptosis in virus-infected cells. As the consequence of protection on mitochondria, D5 enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain the antioxidant-oxidant balance of IHNV-infected EPC cells. For in vivo study, D5 via intraperitoneal injection exhibited an anti-IHNV effect in the virus-infected fish by substantially enhancing the survival rate. Meanwhile, up-regulation of six interferon (IFN) related gene expressions demonstrated that D5 may activate IFN-related expressions for inhibiting IHNV replication during the early stage of viral infection, which is beneficial for the continuous antiviral action on controlling low viral loads in rainbow trout juvenile. Thus, D5 effective regulated IHNV-induced undesirable conditions to be an excellent potential therapeutic agent against IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Li-Peng Shan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
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Cheng K, Ma C, Guo X, Huang Y, Tang R, Karrow NA, Wang C. Vitamin D 3 modulates yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) immune function in vivo and in vitro and this involves the vitamin D 3/VDR-type I interferon axis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103644. [PMID: 32061641 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) has been shown to regulate immune function in mammals. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin (1,25(OH)2D3) is the active form of vitamin D3, which is also known as calcitriol. The current study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the innate immune response of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after in vivo and in vitro immune challenge. The in vivo results showed that increasing dietary vitamin D3 decreased mortality, enhanced the immune protective rate, and increased serum lysozyme, catalase and SOD activities in yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella Ictaluri (p < 0.05). The in vitro results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 (0, 1, 10, 100, 200 pM) dose-dependently attenuated the rate of apoptosis and production or reactive oxygen species and increased the phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages stimulated with 10 mg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 100 mg/L of Poly(I:C) (p < 0.05). Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that increasing dietary vitamin D3 content in vivo and increasing the level of 1,25(OH)2D3in vitro partially regulated the expression of VD3/VDR-type I interferon axis genes (vdr, irf-3, ifn-a, jak1, stat1, ifi56 and ifp35) after immune challenge. These results indicated that vitamin D3 content helped yellow catfish to resist oxidative stress and inflammation caused by immune challenge, and immunomodulation involved the VD3/VDR-type I interferon action axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cheng
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunsong Ma
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xun Guo
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Rong Tang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Functional Analysis of IRF1 Reveals its Role in the Activation of the Type I IFN Pathway in Golden Pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072652. [PMID: 32290244 PMCID: PMC7177527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a transcription factor with a novel helix–turn–helix DNA-binding domain, plays a crucial role in innate immunity by regulating the type I IFN signaling pathway. However, the regulatory mechanism through which IRF1 regulates type I IFN in fish is not yet elucidated. In the present study, IRF1 was characterized from golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (designated ToIRF1), and its immune function was identified to elucidate the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ToIFNa3. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of IRF1 is 1763 bp, including a 900-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 299-amino-acid polypeptide. The putative protein sequence has 42.7–71.7% identity to fish IRF1 and possesses a representative conserved domain (a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at the N-terminus). The genomic DNA sequence of ToIRF1 consists of eight exons and seven introns. Moreover, ToIRF1 is constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, with higher levels being observed in immune-relevant tissues (whole blood, gill, and skin). Additionally, Cryptocaryon irritans challenge in vivo increases ToIRF1 expression in the skin as determined by Western blotting (WB); however, protein levels of ToIRF1 in the gill did not change significantly. The subcellular localization indicates that ToIRF1 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm with or without polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) induction. Furthermore, overexpression of ToIRF1 or ToIFNa3 shows that ToIRF1 can notably activate ToIFNa3 and interferon signaling molecule expression. Promoter sequence analysis finds that several interferon stimulating response element (ISRE) binding sites are present in the promoter of ToIFNa3. Additionally, truncation, point mutation, and electrophoretic mobile shift (EMSA) assays confirmed that ToIRF1 M5 ISRE binding sites are functionally important for ToIFNa3 transcription. These results may help to illuminate the roles of teleost IRF1 in the transcriptional mechanisms of type I IFN in the immune process.
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Chen B, Li C, Yao J, Shi L, Liu W, Wang F, Huo S, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Ashraf U, Ye J, Liu X. Zebrafish NIK Mediates IFN Induction by Regulating Activation of IRF3 and NF-κB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1881-1891. [PMID: 32066597 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN mediates the innate immune system to provide defense against viral infections. NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) potentiates the basal activation of endogenous STING, which facilitates the recruitment of TBK1 with the ectopically expressed IRF3 to induce IFN production. Moreover, NIK phosphorylates IKKα and confers its ability to phosphorylate p100 (also known as NF-κB2) in mammals. Our study demonstrated that NIK plays a critical role in IFN production in teleost fish. It was found that NIK interacts with IKKα in the cytoplasm and that IKKα phosphorylates the NIK at the residue Thr432, which is different from the mammals. Overexpression of NIK caused the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB, which in turn led to the production of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, the ectopic expression of NIK was observed to be associated with a reduced replication of the fish virus, whereas silencing of endogenous NIK had an opposite effect in vitro. Furthermore, NIK knockdown significantly reduced the expression of IFN and key ISGs in zebrafish larvae after spring viremia of carp virus infection. Additionally, the replication of spring viremia of carp virus was enhanced in NIK knockdown zebrafish larvae, leading to a lower survival rate. In summary, our findings revealed a previously undescribed function of NIK in activating IFN and ISGs as a host antiviral response. These findings may facilitate the establishment of antiviral therapy to combat fish viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Yao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wanmeng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shitian Huo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yongan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; and
| | - Usama Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China;
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Li L, Chen SN, Laghari ZA, Huo HJ, Hou J, Huang L, Li N, Nie P. Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene and its differential expression regulated by three type I and two type II IFNs in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103604. [PMID: 31899304 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) can induce the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as myxovirus resistance (Mx) protein, to inhibit virus replication. In this study, the expression of Mx gene in mandarin fish, and the IFN-sensitive response elements (ISREs) and gamma-interferon activated sites (GASs) in the promoter of Mx gene were analyzed in relation to the stimulation of three distinct type I IFNs, IFNc, IFNd and IFNh, and two type II IFNs, IFN-γ and IFN-γ related molecule (IFN-γrel). A single Mx gene was found in mandarin fish, and its expression was highly and constitutively observed in all organs/tissues examined. The Mx gene was significantly induced in vivo for 120 h following infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. Furthermore, the overexpression and recombinant of IFNh, IFNc, as well as IFN-γ can significantly induce Mx expression in MFF-1 cells at transcript and protein levels, although all the three type I IFNs and the two type II IFNs can activate the Mx promoter. In addition, ISRE1 which is the proximal one among the three predicted ISREs seems to be the important ISRE for the higher and efficient activation of the Mx promoter. However, the possible interaction between the GASs and type II IFN signalling molecules require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Zubair Ahmed Laghari
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Hui Jun Huo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - P Nie
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China.
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Liu F, Wang T, Petit J, Forlenza M, Chen X, Chen L, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Evolution of IFN subgroups in bony fish - 2. analysis of subgroup appearance and expansion in teleost fish with a focus on salmonids. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:564-573. [PMID: 32001354 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A relatively large repertoire of type I interferon (IFN) genes is apparent in rainbow trout/Atlantic salmon, that includes six different IFN subgroups (IFNa-IFNf) belonging to the three known type I IFN groups (1-3) in bony fish. Whether this is true for other salmonids, and how the various type I subgroups evolved in teleost fish was studied using the extensive genomic resources available for fish. This confirmed that salmonids, at least the Salmoninae, indeed have a complex (in terms of IFN subgroups present) and large (number of genes) IFN repertoire relative to other teleost fish. This is in part a consequence of the salmonid 4 R WGD that duplicated the growth hormone (GH) locus in which type I IFNs are generally located. Divergence of the IFN genes at the two GH loci was apparent but was not seen in common carp, a species that also underwent an independent 4 R WGD. However, expansion of IFN gene number can be found at the CD79b locus of some perciform fish (both freshwater and marine), with expansion of the IFNd gene repertoire. Curiously the primordial gene order of GH-IFNc-IFNb-IFNa-IFNe is largely retained in many teleost lineages and likely reflects the tandem duplications that are taking place to increase IFN gene number. With respect to the evolution of the IFN subgroups, a complex acquisition and/or loss has occurred in different teleost lineages, with complete loss of IFN genes at the GH or CD79b locus in some species, and reduction to a single IFN subgroup in others. It becomes clear that there are many variations to be discovered regarding the mechanisms by which fish elicit protective (antiviral) immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Liu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jules Petit
- Wageningen University & Research, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Science, 6708WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Wageningen University & Research, Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Department of Animal Science, 6708WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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Wang ZX, Zhou Y, Lu LF, Lu XB, Ni B, Liu MX, Guan HX, Li S, Zhang YA, Ouyang S. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus N protein suppresses fish IFN1 production by targeting the MITA. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:523-530. [PMID: 31881328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a vital antiviral factor in host in the early stages after the viral invasion. Meanwhile, viruses have to survive by taking advantage of the cellular machinery and complete their replication. As a result, viruses evolved several immune escape mechanisms to inhibit host IFN expression. However, the mechanisms used to escape the host's IFN system are still unclear for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). In this study, we report that the N protein of IHNV inhibits IFN1 production in rainbow trout by degrading the MITA. Firstly, the upregulation of IFN1 promoter activity stimulated by poly I:C was suppressed by IHNV infection. Consistent with this result, the overexpression of the N protein of IHNV blocked the IFN1 transcription that was activated by poly I:C and MITA. Secondly, MITA was remarkably decreased by the overexpression of N protein at the protein level. Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein targeted MITA and promoted the ubiquitination of MITA. Taken together, these data suggested that the production of rainbow trout IFN1 could be suppressed by the N protein of IHNV via degrading MITA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Meng-Xi Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Hong-Xin Guan
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266337, China; State Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266337, China; Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
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Zang ZX, Dan C, Zhou L, Zhang QY, Gui JF, Zhang YB. Function characterization and expression regulation of two different-sized 3' untranslated region-containing interferon genes from clone F of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. Mol Immunol 2020; 119:18-26. [PMID: 31954283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fish interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral innate immunity is the first line of defense against virus invasion. In the present study, we identify two fish IFN genes (here tentatively named IFNa and IFNc) with different-sized 3' UTRs from clone F strain of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. Carp IFNa has a relatively short 3'UTR without AU-rich elements (AREs) but IFNc has a long one with 9 AREs. Functionally, carp IFNa and IFNc display significantly antiviral potential to viral infection, likely through induction of downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Both carp IFN genes are induced by viral infection, poly(I:C) treatment and IRF3/7, which are ascribed to the IFN-sensitive response elements (ISRE) within their promoters. Carp IFN genes are also induced by each other and by themselves, indicating existence of a positive feedback loop in fish IFN-mediated antiviral immune response. Comparative analyses of 3'UTR-mediated expression regulation at mRNA and protein levels show that the ARE-containing 3'UTR of carp IFNc rather than the short 3'UTR of carp IFNa promotes mRNA decay but instead results in high-level protein expression, indicating that 3'UTR of fish IFN mRNAs might be a potential factor for regulation of IFN-mediated antiviral immune response. Considering a fact that a given protein function is largely related to its protein level, these results suggest that both promoter and 3'UTR contribute to the transcription and translation of fish IFN genes, thus shaping their eventually antiviral potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xing Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Cheng Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Zhu KC, Liu BS, Zhang N, Guo HY, Guo L, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Interferon regulatory factor 2 plays a positive role in interferon gamma expression in golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:107-113. [PMID: 31805410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In fish, interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) is a regulator of the type I IFN-dependent immune response, thereby playing a crucial role in innate immunity. However, the specific mechanism by which IRF2 regulates type II IFN in fish remains unclear. In the present study, first, to analyse the potential role of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) IRF2 (ToIRF2) in the immune response, the mRNA level of ToIRF2 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after parasite infection. ToIRF2 was upregulated at early time points in both local infection sites (skin and gill) and system immune tissues (liver, spleen, and head-kidney) after stimulation with Cryptocaryon irritans. Second, to investigate the modulation effect of ToIRF2 on type II IFN (interferon gamma, IFNγ) expression, a promoter analysis was performed using progressive deletion mutations of ToIFNγ. The expression level of IFNγ-5 was highest among the five truncated mutants in response to ToIRF2, indicating that the core promoter region was located from -189 bp to +120 bp, which included the IRF2 binding sites. Mutation analyses showed that the activity of the ToIFNγ promoter dramatically decreased after the targeted mutation of the M1, M2 or M3 binding sites. Additionally, electrophoretic mobile shift assay (EMSA) confirmed that IRF2 interacted with the M1 binding site in the ToIFNγ promoter region to dominate ToIFNγ expression. Finally, overexpressing ToIRF2 in vitro notably increased ToIFNγ and the transcription of several type II IFN/IRF-based signalling pathway genes. These results suggested that ToIRF2 might be involved in the host defence against C. irritans infection and contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms by which ToIRF2 regulates type II IFN in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Li Y, Mao Y, Yu N, Xu X, Li M, Jiang Z, Wu C, Xu K, Chang K, Wang S, Mao H, Hu C. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) TRAF6 up-regulates IFN1 expression by activating IRF5. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103475. [PMID: 31437525 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) can be activated by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Upon activation, IRF5 translocates into the nucleus, where it binds to IFN promoter and up-regulates IFN expression. However, there are few reports on the molecular mechanism by which TRAF6 up-regulates IFN expression in fish. In this study, we explored how Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) TRAF6 initiated innate immunity by activating IRF5. We found that CiTRAF6, CiIRF5 and CiIFN1 were all significantly up-regulated in LPS-stimulated CIK cells and the expression of CiTRAF6 was earlier than the expressions of CiIRF5 and CiIFN1. These findings suggested that CiIFN1 expression might be induced by CiTRAF6 in fish. CiIFN1 expression, CiIFN1 promoter activity and CO cells viability were all significantly up-regulated in the overexpression experiments, but they were significantly down-regulated in the gene silencing experiments. This indicated that CiTRAF6, along with CiIRF5, regulated CiIFN1 expression. The localization analysis found that both CiTRAF6 and CiIRF5 located in the cytoplasm. Following LPS stimulation, CiIRF5 was observed to translocate to the nucleus. GST-pull down and co-IP experiments revealed that CiTRAF6 interacted with CiIRF5. The colocalization analysis also showed that CiTRAF6 bound with CiIRF5 in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of CiTRAF6 increased the endogenous CiIRF5, promoted its ubiquitination and nuclear translocation. In conclusion, CiTRAF6 bound to CiIRF5 in the cytoplasm, and then activated CiIRF5, resulting in up-regulating the expression of CiIFN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Li
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yuexin Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ningli Yu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeyin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chuxin Wu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Tian Y, Jennings J, Gong Y, Sang Y. Xenopus Interferon Complex: Inscribing the Amphibiotic Adaption and Species-Specific Pathogenic Pressure in Vertebrate Evolution? Cells 2019; 9:E67. [PMID: 31888074 PMCID: PMC7016992 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have revealed previously unknown complexity of the amphibian interferon (IFN) system. Being unique in vertebrate animals, amphibians not only conserve and multiply the fish-like intron-containing IFN genes, but also rapidly evolve amniote-like intronless IFN genes in each tested species. We postulate that the amphibian IFN system confers an essential model to study vertebrate immune evolution in molecular and functional diversity to cope with unprecedented pathophysiological requirement during terrestrial adaption. Studies so far have ascribed a potential role of these IFNs in immune regulation against intracellular pathogens, particularly viruses; however, many knowledge gaps remain elusive. Based on recent reports about IFN's multifunctional properties in regulation of animal physiological and defense responses, we interpret that amphibian IFNs may evolve novel function pertinent to their superior molecular diversity. Such new function revealed by the emerging studies about antifungal and developmental regulation of amphibian IFNs will certainly promote our understanding of immune evolution in vertebrates to address current pathogenic threats causing amphibian decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA; (Y.T.); (J.J.); (Y.G.)
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48
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Liu F, Bols NC, Pham PH, Secombes CJ, Zou J. Evolution of IFN subgroups in bony fish - 1:Group I-III IFN exist in early ray-finned fish, with group II IFN subgroups present in the Holostean spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:163-170. [PMID: 31626921 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study helps clarify when the fish type I IFN groups/subgroups evolved, by examination of the IFN genes present in the Holostean spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus, in relation to the IFN genes present in the Chondrostea (sturgeon). It confirms that all three IFN groups (I-III), and group II subgroups, existed prior to the appearance of teleost fish. Preliminary expression analysis in a gar cell line (GARL) suggests these IFN genes will have a role in antiviral defence in Holostean fish, in that they are induced by poly(I:C). A refined model of IFN evolution within the actinopterygian fish is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Liu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Levraud JP, Jouneau L, Briolat V, Laghi V, Boudinot P. IFN-Stimulated Genes in Zebrafish and Humans Define an Ancient Arsenal of Antiviral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3361-3373. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Maarifi G, Smith N, Maillet S, Moncorgé O, Chamontin C, Edouard J, Sohm F, Blanchet FP, Herbeuval JP, Lutfalla G, Levraud JP, Arhel NJ, Nisole S. TRIM8 is required for virus-induced IFN response in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3511. [PMID: 31799391 PMCID: PMC6867881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role in antiviral innate immunity through their unique capacity to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) upon viral detection. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have recently come forth as important modulators of innate signaling, but their involvement in pDCs has not been investigated. Here, we performed a rationally streamlined small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screen of TRIM proteins in human primary pDCs to identify those that are critical for the IFN response. Among candidate hits, TRIM8 emerged as an essential regulator of IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) function. Mechanistically, TRIM8 protects phosphorylated IRF7 (pIRF7) from proteasomal degradation in an E3 ubiquitin ligase-independent manner by preventing its recognition by the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. Our findings uncover a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of type I IFN production in pDCs by which TRIM8 and Pin1 oppositely regulate the stability of pIRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- CBMIT, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Maillet
- IRIM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Joanne Edouard
- AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Sohm
- AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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