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Alraies Z, Rivera CA, Delgado MG, Sanséau D, Maurin M, Amadio R, Maria Piperno G, Dunsmore G, Yatim A, Lacerda Mariano L, Kniazeva A, Calmettes V, Sáez PJ, Williart A, Popard H, Gratia M, Lamiable O, Moreau A, Fusilier Z, Crestey L, Albaud B, Legoix P, Dejean AS, Le Dorze AL, Nakano H, Cook DN, Lawrence T, Manel N, Benvenuti F, Ginhoux F, Moreau HD, P F Nader G, Piel M, Lennon-Duménil AM. Cell shape sensing licenses dendritic cells for homeostatic migration to lymph nodes. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1193-1206. [PMID: 38834865 PMCID: PMC11224020 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells experience large cell shape changes during environmental patrolling because of the physical constraints that they encounter while migrating through tissues. These cells can adapt to such deformation events using dedicated shape-sensing pathways. However, how shape sensing affects immune cell function is mostly unknown. Here, we identify a shape-sensing mechanism that increases the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and guides dendritic cell migration from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes at steady state. This mechanism relies on the lipid metabolism enzyme cPLA2, requires nuclear envelope tensioning and is finely tuned by the ARP2/3 actin nucleation complex. We also show that this shape-sensing axis reprograms dendritic cell transcription by activating an IKKβ-NF-κB-dependent pathway known to control their tolerogenic potential. These results indicate that cell shape changes experienced by immune cells can define their migratory behavior and immunoregulatory properties and reveal a contribution of the physical properties of tissues to adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Alraies
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | - Doriane Sanséau
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Amadio
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Piperno
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Garett Dunsmore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Yatim
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Kniazeva
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calmettes
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alice Williart
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Henri Popard
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Gratia
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélie Moreau
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, INSERM, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Zoé Fusilier
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Lou Crestey
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | - Patricia Legoix
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Anne S Dejean
- INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITy), Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Louise Le Dorze
- INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITy), Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Hideki Nakano
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Nicolas Manel
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hélène D Moreau
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Guilherme P F Nader
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthieu Piel
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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2
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Pirillo C, Al Khalidi S, Sims A, Devlin R, Zhao H, Pinto R, Jasim S, Shearer PA, Shergold AL, Donnelly H, Bravo-Blas A, Loney C, Perona-Wright G, Hutchinson E, Roberts EW. Cotransfer of antigen and contextual information harmonizes peripheral and lymph node conventional dendritic cell activation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg8249. [PMID: 37478193 PMCID: PMC7616026 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses against infections and cancer are directed by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in lymph nodes distant from the site of challenge. Migratory cDCs, which travel from the tissue to the lymph node, not only drive initial T cell activation but also transfer antigen to lymph node-resident cDCs. These resident cells have essential roles defining the character of the resulting T cell response; however, it is unknown how they can appropriately process and present antigens to suitably direct responses given their spatial separation. Here, using a novel strain of influenza A and a modified melanoma model, we show that tissue and lymph node cDC activation is harmonized and that this is driven by cotransfer of contextual cues. In the tumor, incomplete cDC activation in the tumor microenvironment is mirrored by lymph node-resident cDCs, whereas during influenza infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns cotransferred with antigen drive TLR signaling in resident cDCs and their subsequent robust activation. This cotransfer mechanism explains how individual antigens can be handled distinctly by resident cDCs and how signals driving poor tumoral cDC activation further impact the lymph node. Our findings clarify how tissue context dictates antigenic and, consequently, T cell fate in the lymph node.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pirillo
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | | | - A Sims
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - R Devlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - H Zhao
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - R Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - S Jasim
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - PA Shearer
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - AL Shergold
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - H Donnelly
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | | | - C Loney
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - G Perona-Wright
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - E Hutchinson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - EW Roberts
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
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3
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Lutz MB, Backer RA, Clausen BE. Revisiting Current Concepts on the Tolerogenicity of Steady-State Dendritic Cell Subsets and Their Maturation Stages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1681-1689. [PMID: 33820829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The original concept stated that immature dendritic cells (DC) act tolerogenically whereas mature DC behave strictly immunogenically. Meanwhile, it is also accepted that phenotypically mature stages of all conventional DC subsets can promote tolerance as steady-state migratory DC by transporting self-antigens to lymph nodes to exert unique functions on regulatory T cells. We propose that in vivo 1) there is little evidence for a tolerogenic function of immature DC during steady state such as CD4 T cell anergy induction, 2) all tolerance as steady-state migratory DC undergo common as well as subset-specific molecular changes, and 3) these changes differ by quantitative and qualitative markers from immunogenic DC, which allows one to clearly distinguish tolerogenic from immunogenic migratory DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Immunogenicity Challenges Associated with Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. BioDrugs 2021; 35:125-146. [PMID: 33523413 PMCID: PMC7848667 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route of administration has provided convenient and non-inferior delivery of therapeutic proteins compared to intravenous infusion, but there is potential for enhanced immunogenicity toward subcutaneously administered proteins in a subset of patients. Unwanted anti-drug antibody response toward proteins or monoclonal antibodies upon repeated administration is shown to impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of multiple biologics. Unique immunogenicity challenges of the subcutaneous route have been realized through various preclinical and clinical examples, although subcutaneous delivery has often demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to intravenous administration. Beyond route of administration as a treatment-related factor of immunogenicity, certain product-related risk factors are particularly relevant to subcutaneously administered proteins. This review attempts to provide an overview of the mechanism of immune response toward proteins administered subcutaneously (subcutaneous proteins) and comments on product-related risk factors related to protein structure and stability, dosage form, and aggregation. A two-wave mechanism of antigen presentation in the immune response toward subcutaneous proteins is described, and interaction with dynamic antigen-presenting cells possessing high antigen processing efficiency and migratory activity may drive immunogenicity. Mitigation strategies for immunogenicity are discussed, including those in general use clinically and those currently in development. Mechanistic insights along with consideration of risk factors involved inspire theoretical strategies to provide antigen-specific, long-lasting effects for maintaining the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins.
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5
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Wohn C, Le Guen V, Voluzan O, Fiore F, Henri S, Malissen B. Absence of MHC class II on cDC1 dendritic cells triggers fatal autoimmunity to a cross-presented self-antigen. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaba1896. [PMID: 32169954 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells expressing the XCR1 chemokine receptor (cDC1s) excel at cross-presentation. Here, we developed and used a mouse model in which a Cre recombinase is expressed under the control of the Xcr1 gene while preserving XCR1 expression. We used it to generate mice with conditional deletion of MHC class II (MHCII) molecules on cDC1s. By preventing cDC1s to receive suppressive regulatory T cell inputs via MHCII-restricted interactions, the objective of the present study was to gauge whether MHCII-deficient cDC1s lose their capacity of tolerizing autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Whereas MHCII+ cDC1 readily cross-tolerized strongly autoreactive CD8+ T cells specific for a keratinocyte-derived self-antigen, MHCII-deficient cDC1s converted them into potent effectors capable of triggering a fast-onset lethal autoimmunity associated with severe skin histopathological manifestations. Preventing egress of such pathogenic self-reactive CD8+ T cell effectors from the cutaneous draining lymph nodes abrogated the autoimmune condition. Therefore, our results revealed that the cross-tolerizing capacity of cDC1s is not a property fully acquired at the time they undergo homeostatic maturation but needs to be enforced via MHCII-restricted, suppressive interactions with regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wohn
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Valentin Le Guen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Odessa Voluzan
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France. .,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
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6
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Nüssing S, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Revisiting T Cell Tolerance as a Checkpoint Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589641. [PMID: 33072137 PMCID: PMC7538772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, the majority of patients do not respond to therapy, meaning a deeper understanding of tumor immune evasion strategies is required to boost treatment efficacy. The vast majority of immunotherapy studies have focused on how treatment reinvigorates exhausted CD8+ T cells within the tumor. In contrast, how therapies influence regulatory processes within the draining lymph node is less well studied. In particular, relatively little has been done to examine how tumors may exploit peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance, an under-studied immune checkpoint that under normal circumstances prevents detrimental autoimmune disease by blocking the initiation of T cell responses. Here we review the therapeutic potential of blocking peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance for the treatment of cancer. We first comprehensively review what has been learnt about the regulation of CD8+ T cell peripheral tolerance from the non-tumor models in which peripheral tolerance was first defined. We next consider how the tolerant state differs from other states of negative regulation, such as T cell exhaustion and senescence. Finally, we describe how tumors hijack the peripheral tolerance immune checkpoint to prevent anti-tumor immune responses, and argue that disruption of peripheral tolerance may contribute to both the anti-cancer efficacy and autoimmune side-effects of immunotherapy. Overall, we propose that a deeper understanding of peripheral tolerance will ultimately enable the development of more targeted and refined cancer immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Audsley KM, McDonnell AM, Waithman J. Cross-Presenting XCR1 + Dendritic Cells as Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030565. [PMID: 32121071 PMCID: PMC7140519 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) to generate effective anti-tumor T cell immunity has garnered much attention over the last thirty-plus years. Despite this, limited clinical benefit has been demonstrated thus far. There has been a revival of interest in DC-based treatment strategies following the remarkable patient responses observed with novel checkpoint blockade therapies, due to the potential for synergistic treatment. Cross-presenting DCs are recognized for their ability to prime CD8+ T cell responses to directly induce tumor death. Consequently, they are an attractive target for next-generation DC-based strategies. In this review, we define the universal classification system for cross-presenting DCs, and the vital role of this subset in mediating anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we will detail methods of targeting these DCs both ex vivo and in vivo to boost their function and drive effective anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.); (A.M.M.); (J.W.); Tel.: +61-08-6319-1198 (K.M.A); +61-08-6319-1744 (J.W.)
| | - Alison M. McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.); (A.M.M.); (J.W.); Tel.: +61-08-6319-1198 (K.M.A); +61-08-6319-1744 (J.W.)
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.); (A.M.M.); (J.W.); Tel.: +61-08-6319-1198 (K.M.A); +61-08-6319-1744 (J.W.)
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8
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Hermanrud C, van Capel TMM, Auer M, Karrenbauer V, Deisenhammer F, de Jong EC, Fogdell-Hahn A. Different Interferon Beta Preparations Induce the Same Qualitative Immune Response in Human Skin. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:302-313. [PMID: 30848986 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFNβ) is used as a first-line treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously (s.c.). The subcutaneous route is considered more immunogenic as it is associated with increased antidrug antibody-positive patients. The skin contains dendritic cells (DCs) and it is unclear whether these contribute to immunogenicity. To assess the effect of IFNβ on skin-resident cells, IFNβ was injected intradermally (i.d.) ex vivo using a human skin explant model or s.c. in vivo in MS patients. Ex vivo, intradermal IFNβ injections reduced migration and enhanced surface CD86 expression of dermal DCs, and an increased expression of HLA-DR+ was observed in skin biopsies taken after subcutaneous IFNβ injection (in vivo). In both models, IFNβ elevated the expression of several inflammatory cytokines when compared to the control biopsies. Our results show that 3 different IFNβ preparations, normalized in dose and injection site, induce similar immune responses, suggesting that the differences in immunogenicity are likely due to the route and frequency of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hermanrud
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toni M M van Capel
- 2 Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Auer
- 3 Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Virginija Karrenbauer
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian Deisenhammer
- 3 Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther C de Jong
- 2 Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Esteves E, Bizzarro B, Costa FB, Ramírez-Hernández A, Peti APF, Cataneo AHD, Wowk PF, Timóteo RP, Labruna MB, Silva Junior PI, Silva CL, Faccioli LH, Fogaça AC, Sorgi CA, Sá-Nunes A. Amblyomma sculptum Salivary PGE 2 Modulates the Dendritic Cell- Rickettsia rickettsii Interactions in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30778355 PMCID: PMC6369204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is an important vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and the most lethal tick-borne pathogen affecting humans. To feed on the vertebrate host's blood, A. sculptum secretes a salivary mixture, which may interact with skin resident dendritic cells (DCs) and modulate their function. The present work was aimed at depicting the A. sculptum saliva-host DC network and the biochemical nature of the immunomodulatory component(s) involved in this interface. A. sculptum saliva inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by murine DCs stimulated with LPS. The fractionation of the low molecular weight salivary content by reversed-phase chromatography revealed active fractions eluting from 49 to 55% of the acetonitrile gradient. Previous studies suggested that this pattern of elution matches with that observed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the molecular identity of this lipid mediator was unambiguously confirmed by a new high-resolution mass spectrometry methodology. A productive infection of murine DCs by R. rickettsii was demonstrated for the first time leading to proinflammatory cytokine production that was inhibited by both A. sculptum saliva and PGE2, a result also achieved with human DCs. The adoptive transfer of murine DCs incubated with R. rickettsii followed by treatment with A. sculptum saliva or PGE2 did not change the cytokine profile associated to cellular recall responses while IgG2a-specific antibodies were decreased in the serum of these mice. Together, these findings emphasize the role of PGE2 as a universal immunomodulator of tick saliva. In addition, it contributes to new approaches to explore R. rickettsii-DC interactions both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Esteves
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bizzarro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Borges Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferranti Peti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Pessato Timóteo
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Célio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cristina Fogaça
- Department de Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Arterio Sorgi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Zhang X, Liu Q, Wang J, Li G, Weiland M, Yu FS, Mi QS, Gu J, Zhou L. TIM-4 is differentially expressed in the distinct subsets of dendritic cells in skin and skin-draining lymph nodes and controls skin Langerhans cell homeostasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37498-37512. [PMID: 27224924 PMCID: PMC5122327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-4 (TIM-4), mainly expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages, plays an essential role in regulating immune responses. Langerhans cells (LC), which are the sole DC subpopulation residing at the epidermis, are potent mediators of immune surveillance and tolerance. However, the significance of TIM-4 on epidermal LCs, along with other cutaneous DCs, remains totally unexplored. For the first time, we discovered that epidermal LCs expressed TIM-4 and displayed an increased level of TIM-4 expression upon migration. We also found that dermal CD207+ DCs and lymph node (LN) resident CD207−CD4+ DCs highly expressed TIM-4, while dermal CD207− DCs and LN CD207−CD4− DCs had limited TIM-4 expressions. Using TIM-4-deficient mice, we further demonstrated that loss of TIM-4 significantly upregulated the frequencies of epidermal LCs and LN resident CD207−CD4+ DCs. In spite of this, the epidermal LCs of TIM-4-deficient mice displayed normal phagocytic and migratory abilities, comparable maturation status upon the stimulation as well as normal repopulation under the inflamed state. Moreover, lack of TIM-4 did not affect dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity response. In conclusion, our results indicated that TIM-4 was differentially expressed in the distinct subsets of DCs in skin and skin-draining LNs, and specifically regulated epidermal LC and LN CD207−CD4+ DC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Military Medical University Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Queping Liu
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Jie Wang
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Guihua Li
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Matthew Weiland
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Fu-Shin Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Military Medical University Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States of America
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11
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Degn SE, Alicot E, Carroll MC. B cell tolerance to epidermal ribonuclear-associated neo-autoantigen in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:151-165. [PMID: 28984923 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining how self-antigens are perceived by the immune system is pivotal to understand how tolerance is maintained under homeostatic conditions. Clinically relevant, natural autoantigens targeted by autoantibodies, in e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly have an intrinsic ability to engage not only the B cell receptor (BCR), but also a co-stimulatory pathway in B cells, such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 pathway. Here we developed a novel mouse model displaying inducible expression of a fluorescent epidermal neo-autoantigen carrying an OT-II T cell epitope, B cell antigen and associated ribonucleic acids capable of stimulating TLR-7. The neo-autoantigen was expressed in skin, but did not drain in intact form into draining lymph nodes, even after ultraviolet B (UVB)-stimulated induction of apoptosis in the basal layer. Adoptively transferred autoreactive B cells were excluded follicularly and perished at the T-B border in the spleen, preventing their recirculation and encounter with antigen peripherally. This transitional check-point was bypassed by crossing the reporter to a BCR knock-in line on a C4-deficient background. Adoptively transferred OT-II T cells homed rapidly into cutaneous lymph nodes and up-regulated CD69. Surprisingly, however, tolerance was not broken, as the T cells subsequently down-regulated activation markers and contracted. Our results highlight how sequestration of intracellular and peripheral antigen, the transitional B cell tolerance check-point and T cell regulation co-operate to maintain immunological tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Degn
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - E Alicot
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Xiao L, Van't Land B, van de Worp WRPH, Stahl B, Folkerts G, Garssen J. Early-Life Nutritional Factors and Mucosal Immunity in the Development of Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1219. [PMID: 29033938 PMCID: PMC5626949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an immune-mediated disease with a strong genetic basis but might be influenced by non-genetic factors such as microbiome development that “programs” the immune system during early life as well. Factors influencing pathogenesis, including a leaky intestinal mucosal barrier, an aberrant gut microbiota composition, and altered immune responsiveness, offer potential targets for prevention and/or treatment of T1D through nutritional or pharmacologic means. In this review, nutritional approaches during early life in order to protect against T1D development have been discussed. The critical role of tolerogenic dendritic cells in central and peripheral tolerance has been emphasized. In addition, since the gut microbiota affects the development of T1D through short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-dependent mechanisms, we hypothesize that nutritional intervention boosting SCFA production may be used as a novel prevention strategy. Current retrospective evidence has suggested that exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding might play a protective role against the development of T1D. The beneficial properties of human milk are possibly attributed to its bioactive components such as unique immune-modulatory components human milk oligosaccharides and metabolites derived thereof, including SCFAs. These components might play a key role in healthy immune development and creating a fit and resilient immune system in early and later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter R P H van de Worp
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Gert Folkerts
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Nirschl CJ, Suárez-Fariñas M, Izar B, Prakadan S, Dannenfelser R, Tirosh I, Liu Y, Zhu Q, Devi KSP, Carroll SL, Chau D, Rezaee M, Kim TG, Huang R, Fuentes-Duculan J, Song-Zhao GX, Gulati N, Lowes MA, King SL, Quintana FJ, Lee YS, Krueger JG, Sarin KY, Yoon CH, Garraway L, Regev A, Shalek AK, Troyanskaya O, Anandasabapathy N. IFNγ-Dependent Tissue-Immune Homeostasis Is Co-opted in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell 2017; 170:127-141.e15. [PMID: 28666115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic programs balance immune protection and self-tolerance. Such mechanisms likely impact autoimmunity and tumor formation, respectively. How homeostasis is maintained and impacts tumor surveillance is unknown. Here, we find that different immune mononuclear phagocytes share a conserved steady-state program during differentiation and entry into healthy tissue. IFNγ is necessary and sufficient to induce this program, revealing a key instructive role. Remarkably, homeostatic and IFNγ-dependent programs enrich across primary human tumors, including melanoma, and stratify survival. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) reveals enrichment of homeostatic modules in monocytes and DCs from human metastatic melanoma. Suppressor-of-cytokine-2 (SOCS2) protein, a conserved program transcript, is expressed by mononuclear phagocytes infiltrating primary melanoma and is induced by IFNγ. SOCS2 limits adaptive anti-tumoral immunity and DC-based priming of T cells in vivo, indicating a critical regulatory role. These findings link immune homeostasis to key determinants of anti-tumoral immunity and escape, revealing co-opting of tissue-specific immune development in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nirschl
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, NY 10029 USA; Population Health Science and Policy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin Izar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sanjay Prakadan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MIT, Harvard, and MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ruth Dannenfelser
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - K Sanjana P Devi
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaina L Carroll
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MIT, Harvard, and MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Chau
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melika Rezaee
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, NY 10029 USA
| | | | - George X Song-Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Gulati
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle A Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02458, USA
| | - Young-Suk Lee
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University. New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles H Yoon
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Levi Garraway
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biology and Koch Institute, MIT, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MIT, Harvard, and MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Health Science & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer Immunology and Melanoma, Harvard Cancer Center, Dana Farber Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Alloatti A, Kotsias F, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S. Dendritic cell maturation and cross-presentation: timing matters! Immunol Rev 2017; 272:97-108. [PMID: 27319345 PMCID: PMC6680313 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a population, dendritic cells (DCs) appear to be the best cross‐presenters of internalized antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in the mouse. To do this, DCs have developed a number of unique and dedicated means to control their endocytic and phagocytic pathways: among them, the capacity to limit acidification of their phagosomes, to prevent proteolytic degradation, to delay fusion of phagosomes to lysosomes, to recruit ER proteins to phagosomes, and to export phagocytosed antigens to the cytosol. The regulation of phagocytic functions, and thereby of antigen processing and presentation by innate signaling, represents a critical level of integration of adaptive and innate immune responses. Understanding how innate signals control antigen cross‐presentation is critical to define effective vaccination strategies for CD8+ T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alloatti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Fiorella Kotsias
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, and CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Argentina
| | | | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris Cedex 05, France
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15
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Döhler A, Schneider T, Eckert I, Ribechini E, Andreas N, Riemann M, Reizis B, Weih F, Lutz MB. RelB + Steady-State Migratory Dendritic Cells Control the Peripheral Pool of the Natural Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:726. [PMID: 28690613 PMCID: PMC5479892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus-derived natural Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune disease. Several studies indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) are critically involved in the maintenance and proliferation of nTregs. However, the mechanisms how DCs manage to keep the peripheral pool at constant levels remain poorly understood. Here, we describe that the NF-κB/Rel family transcription factor RelB controls the frequencies of steady-state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) in peripheral lymph nodes and their numbers control peripheral nTreg homeostasis. DC-specific RelB depletion was investigated in CD11c-Cre × RelBfl/fl mice (RelBDCko), which showed normal frequencies of resident DCs in lymph nodes and spleen while the subsets of CD103− Langerin− dermal DCs (dDCs) and Langerhans cells but not CD103+ Langerin+ dDC of the ssmDCs in skin-draining lymph nodes were increased. Enhanced frequencies and proliferation rates were also observed for nTregs and a small population of CD4+ CD44high CD25low memory-like T cells (Tml). Interestingly, only the Tml but not DCs showed an increase in IL-2-producing capacity in lymph nodes of RelBDCko mice. Blocking of IL-2 in vivo reduced the frequency of nTregs but increased the Tml frequencies, followed by a recovery of nTregs. Taken together, by employing RelBDCko mice with increased frequencies of ssmDCs our data indicate a critical role for specific ssmDC subsets for the peripheral nTreg and IL-2+ Tml frequencies during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Döhler
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Riemann
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Serpinb9 is a marker of antigen cross-presenting dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2016; 82:50-56. [PMID: 28024184 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serpinb9 (Sb9, also called Spi6) is an intracellular inhibitor of granzyme B (grB) that protects cytotoxic lymphocytes from grB-mediated death. In addition, Sb9 is also expressed in accessory immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), although its role is debated. Recently, we have demonstrated that Sb9 plays a grB-independent role in cross-presentation of antigens by CD8+ DCs. Here, using a mouse line expressing green fluorescent protein knocked in under the control of the Sb9 promoter, we demonstrate that Sb9 expression is highest in those tissue-resident and migratory DC subsets capable of cross-presentation. Further, we show that CD8+ DCs can be divided into two subsets based on Sb9 expression, and that only the subset expressing higher levels of Sb9 is capable of cross-presentation. These findings add support for role for Sb9 cross-presentation, and indicate that high Sb9 expression is a novel marker of cross-presentation capable DCs.
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17
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Nirschl CJ, Anandasabapathy N. Duality at the gate: Skin dendritic cells as mediators of vaccine immunity and tolerance. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:104-16. [PMID: 26836327 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1066050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Edward Jenner's discovery that intentional exposure to cowpox could provide lifelong protection from smallpox, vaccinations have been a major focus of medical research. However, while the protective benefits of many vaccines have been successfully translated into the clinic, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that differentiate effective vaccines from sub-optimal ones are not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the gatekeepers of the immune system, and are ultimately responsible for the generation of adaptive immunity and lifelong protective memory through interactions with T cells. In addition to lymph node and spleen resident DCs, a number of tissue resident DC populations have been identified at barrier tissues, such as the skin, which migrate to the local lymph node (migDC). These populations have unique characteristics, and play a key role in the function of cutaneous vaccinations by shuttling antigen from the vaccination site to the draining lymph node, rapidly capturing freely draining antigens in the lymph node, and providing key stimuli to T cells. However, while migDCs are responsible for the generation of immunity following exposure to certain pathogens and vaccines, recent work has identified a tolerogenic role for migDCs in the steady state as well as during protein immunization. Here, we examine the roles and functions of skin DC populations in the generation of protective immunity, as well as their role as regulators of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nirschl
- a Department of Dermatology ; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- a Department of Dermatology ; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
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18
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Dietary Vitamin D Increases Percentages and Function of Regulatory T Cells in the Skin-Draining Lymph Nodes and Suppresses Dermal Inflammation. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1426503. [PMID: 27672666 PMCID: PMC5031886 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1426503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin inflammatory responses in individuals with allergic dermatitis may be suppressed by dietary vitamin D through induction and upregulation of the suppressive activity of regulatory T (TReg) cells. Vitamin D may also promote TReg cell tropism to dermal sites. In the current study, we examined the capacity of dietary vitamin D3 to modulate skin inflammation and the numbers and activity of TReg cells in skin and other sites including lungs, spleen, and blood. In female BALB/c mice, dietary vitamin D3 suppressed the effector phase of a biphasic ear swelling response induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in comparison vitamin D3-deficient female BALB/c mice. Vitamin D3 increased the percentage of TReg (CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes (SDLN). The suppressive activity of TReg cells in the SDLN, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and blood was upregulated by vitamin D3. However, there was no difference in the expression of the naturally occurring TReg cell marker, neuropilin, nor the expression of CCR4 or CCR10 (skin-tropic chemokine receptors) on TReg cells in skin, SDLN, lungs, and airway-draining lymph nodes. These data suggest that dietary vitamin D3 increased the percentages and suppressive activity of TReg cells in the SDLN, which are poised to suppress dermal inflammation.
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19
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Novel immunoregulatory role of perforin-positive dendritic cells. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:121-133. [PMID: 27577575 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The recently described generation of a highly defined population of dendritic cells which express perforin and granzyme A (termed "perf-DCs") and their ability to selectively delete cognate CD8+ T cell has raised the possibility that these cells play a role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Using bone marrow transplantation, we generated mice selectively lacking perforin expressing dendritic cells. These mice progressively gain weight and exhibit features resembling metabolic syndrome as well as an enhanced susceptibility to autoimmunity induction. Interestingly, these pathological phenotypes were reversed upon treatment with CD4/CD8 neutralizing antibodies. Thus, it appears that this rare subpopulation of dendritic cells (perf-DCs) displays a major regulatory role in adipose tissue inflammatory processes and in autoimmunity.
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20
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Chandra J, Miao Y, Romoff N, Frazer IH. Epithelium Expressing the E7 Oncoprotein of HPV16 Attracts Immune-Modulatory Dendritic Cells to the Skin and Suppresses Their Antigen-Processing Capacity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152886. [PMID: 27031095 PMCID: PMC4816461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in skin can promote either antigen-specific effector functions or antigen tolerance, and thus determine clearance or persistence of cutaneous viral infections. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can persist in squamous epithelium in immunocompetent individuals, and some persisting HPV infections, particularly with HPV16, promote malignant epithelial transformation. Here, we investigate whether local expression of the HPV16 protein most associated with malignant transformation, HPV16-E7, affects the phenotype and function of APC subsets in the skin. We demonstrate an expanded population of Langerhans cells in HPV16-E7 transgenic skin with distinct cell surface markers which express immune-modulatory enzymes and cytokines not expressed by cells from non transgenic skin. Furthermore, HPV16-E7 transgene expression in keratinocytes attracts new APC subsets to the epidermis. In vivo migration and transport of antigen to the draining lymph node by these APCs is markedly enhanced in HPV16-E7 expressing skin, whereas antigen-processing, as measured by proteolytic cleavage of DQ-OVA and activation of T cells in vivo by APCs, is significantly impaired. These data suggest that local expression of HPV16-E7 in keratinocytes can contribute to persisting infection with this oncogenic virus, by altering the phenotype and function of local APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Chandra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Miao
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Natasha Romoff
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lutz MB. Induction of CD4(+) Regulatory and Polarized Effector/helper T Cells by Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:13-25. [PMID: 26937228 PMCID: PMC4770096 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to play major roles during the induction of T cell immune responses as well as the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Naive CD4(+) T cells have been shown to respond with high plasticity to signals inducing their polarization into effector/helper or regulatory T cells. Data obtained from in vitro generated bone-marrow (BM)-derived DCs as well as genetic mouse models revealed an important but not exclusive role of DCs in shaping CD4(+) T cell responses. Besides the specialization of some conventional DC subsets for the induction of polarized immunity, also the maturation stage, activation of specialized transcription factors and the cytokine production of DCs have major impact on CD4(+) T cells. Since in vitro generated BM-DCs show a high diversity to shape CD4(+) T cells and their high similarity to monocyte-derived DCs in vivo, this review reports data mainly on BM-DCs in this process and only touches the roles of transcription factors or of DC subsets, which have been discussed elsewhere. Here, recent findings on 1) the conversion of naive into anergic and further into Foxp3(-) regulatory T cells (Treg) by immature DCs, 2) the role of RelB in steady state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) for conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) Treg, 3) the DC maturation signature for polarized Th2 cell induction and 4) the DC source of IL-12 for Th1 induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
The undesired destruction of healthy cells, either endogenous or transplanted, by the immune system results in the loss of tissue function or limits strategies to restore tissue function. Current therapies typically involve nonspecific immunosuppression that may prevent the appropriate response to an antigen, thereby decreasing humoral immunity and increasing the risks of patient susceptibility to opportunistic infections, viral reactivation, and neoplasia. The induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance to block undesired immune responses to self- or allogeneic antigens, while maintaining the integrity of the remaining immune system, has the potential to transform the current treatment of autoimmune disease and serve as a key enabling technology for therapies based on cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunrong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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23
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Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26557117 PMCID: PMC4617171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this respect, Langerhans cells have long been considered to be prototypic immunogenic DC in the skin. More recently this view has considerably changed. The generation of in vivo cell ablation and lineage tracing models revealed the complexity of the skin DC network and, in particular, established the existence of a number of phenotypically distinct Langerin+ and negative DC populations in the dermis. Moreover, by now we appreciate that DC also exert important regulatory functions and are required for the maintenance of tolerance toward harmless foreign and self-antigens. This review summarizes our current understanding of the skin-resident DC system in the mouse and discusses emerging concepts on the functional specialization of the different skin DC subsets in regulating T cell responses. Special consideration is given to antigen cross-presentation as well as immune reactions toward contact sensitizers, cutaneous pathogens, and tumors. These studies form the basis for the manipulation of the human counterparts of the murine DC subsets to promote immunity or tolerance for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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24
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Sparber F. Langerhans cells: an update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015; 12:1107-11. [PMID: 25482693 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells belong to the family of dendritic cells, professional antigen-presenting cells, and populate the skin and epithelia of mammals. It was the extensive investigation of this particular dendritic cell subpopulation in earlier days, which contributed crucially to the current understanding of the regulation of antigen processing and presentation, a concept, which was termed "the Langerhans cell paradigm". Extensive research during the last decades has revealed that Langerhans cells might not only be involved in the induction of adaptive immune responses but also in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance in order to prevent auto-immunity. In addition it appeared that Langerhans cells represent a rather extravagant dendritic cell population with a unique origin and homeostatic regulation. This review highlights the most important findings about Langerhans cell ontogeny and homeostasis as well as their function in the immune system.
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25
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Zlotnikov-Klionsky Y, Nathansohn-Levi B, Shezen E, Rosen C, Kagan S, Bar-On L, Jung S, Shifrut E, Reich-Zeliger S, Friedman N, Aharoni R, Arnon R, Yifa O, Aronovich A, Reisner Y. Perforin-Positive Dendritic Cells Exhibit an Immuno-regulatory Role in Metabolic Syndrome and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2015; 43:776-87. [PMID: 26384546 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that immunological mechanisms underlie metabolic control of adipose tissue. Here, we have shown the regulatory impact of a rare subpopulation of dendritic cells, rich in perforin-containing granules (perf-DCs). Using bone marrow transplantation to generate animals selectively lacking perf-DCs, we found that these chimeras progressively gained weight and exhibited features of metabolic syndrome. This phenotype was associated with an altered repertoire of T cells residing in adipose tissue and could be completely prevented by T cell depletion in vivo. A similar impact of perf-DCs on inflammatory T cells was also found in a well-defined model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephlalomyelitis (EAE). Thus, perf-DCs probably represent a regulatory cell subpopulation critical for protection from metabolic syndrome and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bar Nathansohn-Levi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elias Shezen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chava Rosen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sivan Kagan
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Bar-On
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eric Shifrut
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shlomit Reich-Zeliger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ruth Arnon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oren Yifa
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Aronovich
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yair Reisner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzel St 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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26
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Ali MA, Thrower SL, Hanna SJ, Coulman SA, Birchall JC, Wong FS, Dayan CM, Tatovic D. Topical steroid therapy induces pro-tolerogenic changes in Langerhans cells in human skin. Immunology 2015; 146:411-22. [PMID: 26293297 PMCID: PMC4610630 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the efficacy of conditioning skin Langerhans cells (LCs) with agents to promote tolerance and reduce inflammation, with the goal of improving the outcomes of antigen-specific immunotherapy. Topical treatments were assessed ex vivo, using excised human breast skin maintained in organ bath cultures, and in vivo in healthy volunteers by analysing skin biopsies and epidermal blister roof samples. Following topical treatment with a corticosteroid, tumour necrosis factor-α levels were reduced in skin biopsy studies and blister fluid samples. Blister fluid concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins -1α and 1β and interferon-γ inducible protein-10 were also reduced, while preserving levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. Steroid pre-treatment of the skin reduced the ability of LCs to induce proliferation, while supernatants showed an increase in the IL-10/interferon-γ ratio. Phenotypic changes following topical steroid treatment were also observed, including reduced expression of CD83 and CD86 in blister-derived LCs, but preservation of the tolerogenic signalling molecules immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 and programmed death-1. Reduced expression of HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 were also apparent in LCs derived from excised human skin. Topical therapy with a vitamin D analogue (calcipotriol) and steroid, calcipotriol alone or vitamin A elicited no significant changes in the parameters studied. These experiments suggest that pre-conditioning the skin with topical corticosteroid can modulate LCs by blunting their pro-inflammatory signals and potentially enhancing tolerance. We suggest that such modulation before antigen-specific immunotherapy might provide an inexpensive and safe adjunct to current approaches to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alhadj Ali
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sion A Coulman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James C Birchall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Colin Mark Dayan
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Danijela Tatovic
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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27
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King JK, Philips RL, Eriksson AU, Kim PJ, Halder RC, Lee DJ, Singh RR. Langerhans Cells Maintain Local Tissue Tolerance in a Model of Systemic Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:464-76. [PMID: 26071559 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus affect multiple organs, usually in a diverse fashion where only certain organs are affected in individual patients. It is unclear whether the "local" immune cells play a role in regulating tissue specificity in relation to disease heterogeneity in systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we used skin as a model to determine the role of tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) in local and systemic involvement within a systemic lupus disease model. Skin-resident DCs, namely, Langerhans cells (LCs), have been implicated in regulating tolerance or autoimmunity using elegant transgenic models, however, their role in local versus systemic immune regulation is unknown. We demonstrate that although lymphocytes from skin-draining lymph nodes of autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr/lp) (r) (MRL-lpr) mice react spontaneously to a physiological skin self-Ag desmoglein-3, epicutaneous applications of desmoglein-3 induced tolerance that is dependent on LCs. Inducible ablation of LCs in adult preclinical MRL-lpr and MRL/MpJ-Fas(+/+) mice resulted in increased autoantibodies against skin Ags and markedly accelerated lupus dermatitis with increased local macrophage infiltration, but had no effect on systemic autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA Abs or disease in other organs such as kidneys, lung, and liver. Furthermore, skin-draining lymph nodes of LC-ablated MRL-lpr mice had significantly fewer CD4(+) T cells producing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 than LC-intact controls. These results indicate that a skin-resident DC population regulates local tolerance in systemic lupus and emphasize the importance of the local immune milieu in preventing tissue-specific autoimmunity, yet have no effect on systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K King
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachael L Philips
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anna U Eriksson
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Peter J Kim
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ramesh C Halder
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Delphine J Lee
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404
| | - Ram Raj Singh
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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28
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Mokarizadeh A, Hassanzadeh K, Abdi M, Soraya H, Faryabi MR, Mohammadi E, Ahmadi A. Transdermal delivery of bovine milk vesicles in patients with multiple sclerosis: A novel strategy to induce MOG-specific tolerance. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:141-4. [PMID: 25986518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, butyrophilin (BTN) - a protein which shares cross-reactive epitopes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) - has been found in milk. A high amount of milk BTN has been reported in the outer membrane of vesicular structures known as exosome and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). These vesicles can act as Trojan horses, passing their BTN content through epidermis or other biologic barriers of the body. By altering the dose schedule and route of administration, the BTN-bearing vesicles (exosomes and MFGMs) may acquire enough potential to be used in MOG-specific immunotherapy program. Regarding above evidence and considering immunological characteristics of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), transdermal delivery of bovine milk vesicles, whether through topical administration of bovine milk or by using epicutaneous administration techniques, could be considered as an intriguing approach to induce MOG-specific tolerance in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Mokarizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Kambiz Hassanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Faryabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Ahmadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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29
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Wylie B, Seppanen E, Xiao K, Zemek R, Zanker D, Prato S, Foley B, Hart PH, Kroczek RA, Chen W, Waithman J. Cross-presentation of cutaneous melanoma antigen by migratory XCR1 +CD103 - and XCR1 +CD103 + dendritic cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1019198. [PMID: 26405572 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1019198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of which dendritic cells (DCs) cross-present peripheral tumor antigens remains unanswered. We assessed the ability of multiple skin-derived and lymphoid resident DCs to perform this function in a novel orthotopic murine melanoma model where tumor establishment and expansion is within the skin. Two migratory populations defined as CD103-XCR1+ and CD103+XCR1+ efficiently cross-presented melanoma-derived antigen, with the CD103-XCR1+ DCs surprisingly dominating this process. These results are critical for understanding how antitumor CD8+ T cell immunity is coordinated to tumor antigens present within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wylie
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia ; Subiaco, Australia
| | - Elke Seppanen
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia ; Subiaco, Australia
| | - Kun Xiao
- T cell Laboratory; School of Molecular Science; La Trobe University ; Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Zemek
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia ; Subiaco, Australia
| | - Damien Zanker
- T cell Laboratory; School of Molecular Science; La Trobe University ; Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandro Prato
- CSL Limited; Bio21 Institute ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia ; Subiaco, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia ; Subiaco, Australia
| | | | - Weisan Chen
- T cell Laboratory; School of Molecular Science; La Trobe University ; Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia ; Subiaco, Australia
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30
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Homeostatic NF-κB Signaling in Steady-State Migratory Dendritic Cells Regulates Immune Homeostasis and Tolerance. Immunity 2015; 42:627-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Engman C, Wen Y, Meng WS, Bottino R, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo following administration of diabetes-reversing tolerogenic microspheres does not require provision of antigen in the formulation. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:103-23. [PMID: 25773782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel antisense oligonucleotide-formulated microspheres that can reverse hyperglycemia in newly-onset diabetic mice. Dendritic cells taking up the microspheres adopt a restrained co-stimulation ability and migrate to the pancreatic lymph nodes when injected into an abdominal region that is drained by those lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absolute numbers of antigen-specific Foxp3+ T regulatory cells are increased only in the lymph nodes draining the site of administration and that these T-cells proliferate independently of antigen supply in the microspheres. Taken together, our data add to the emerging model where antigen supply may not be a requirement in "vaccines" for autoimmune disease, but the site of administration - subserved by lymph nodes draining the target organ - is in fact critical to foster the generation of antigen-specific regulatory cells. The implications of these observations on "vaccine" design for autoimmunity are discussed and summarized.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/analysis
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hyperglycemia/therapy
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microspheres
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Pancreas/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
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32
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Sparber F. Langerhans-Zellen: ein Update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12506_suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Levin C, Perrin H, Combadiere B. Tailored immunity by skin antigen-presenting cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 11:27-36. [PMID: 25483512 PMCID: PMC4514408 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin vaccination aims at targeting epidermal and dermal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), indeed many subsets of different origin endowed with various functions populate the skin. The idea that the skin could represent a particularly potent site to induce adaptive and protective immune response emerged after the success of vaccinia virus vaccination by skin scarification. Recent advances have shown that multiple subsets of APCs coexist in the skin and participate in immunity to infectious diseases. Induction of an adaptive immune response depends on the initial recognition and capture of antigens by skin APCs and their transport to lymphoid organs. Innovative strategies of vaccination have thus been developed to target skin APCs for tailored immunity, hence this review will discuss recent insights into skin APC subsets characterization and how they can shape adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Levin
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC University Paris 06; UMR S CR7; Centre d’Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses; Paris, France
- INSERM U1135; Paris, France
| | - Helene Perrin
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC University Paris 06; UMR S CR7; Centre d’Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses; Paris, France
- INSERM U1135; Paris, France
| | - Behazine Combadiere
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC University Paris 06; UMR S CR7; Centre d’Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses; Paris, France
- INSERM U1135; Paris, France
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34
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Trivedi S, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. Different HIV pox viral vector-based vaccines and adjuvants can induce unique antigen presenting cells that modulate CD8 T cell avidity. Virology 2014; 468-470:479-489. [PMID: 25261870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung-derived dendritic cell (LDC) recruitment following intranasal (i.n.) vaccination of different poxviral vector-based vaccines/adjuvants were evaluated to decipher how these factors influenced CD8(+) T cell avidity. Compared to the standard i.n. recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV)-HIV vaccination, the FPV-HIV IL-13Rα2 or IL-4Rα antagonist adjuvanted vaccines that induced higher avidity CD8(+) T cells, also recruited significantly elevated MHCII(+) CD11c(+) CD11b(+) CD103(-) CD64(-) MAR-1(-) conventional DC (cDCs) to the lung mucosae (hierarchy: IL-4R antagonist>IL-13Rα2>unadjuvanted). In contrast, elevated CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs were detected in animals that received recombinant HIV vaccinia virus (rVV) or Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) vector-based vaccines. Adoptive transfer studies indicated that CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs significantly dampened HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell avidity compared to CD11b(+) CD103(-) LDCs. Collectively; our observations revealed that rFPV vector prime and transient inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 at the vaccination site favoured the recruitment of unique LDCs, associated with the induction of high quality immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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35
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Abstract
Immune cell populations in the skin are predominantly comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. A lack of consensus regarding how to define these cell types has hampered research in this area. In this Review, we focus on recent advances that, based on ontogeny and global gene-expression profiles, have succeeded in discriminating DCs from macrophages in the skin. We discuss how these studies have enabled researchers to revisit the origin, diversity and T cell-stimulatory properties of these cells, and have led to unifying principles that extend across tissues and species. By aligning the DC and macrophage subsets that are found in mouse skin with those that are present in human skin, these studies also provide crucial information for developing intradermal vaccines and for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
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36
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Accart N, Sergi F, Rooke R. Revisiting Fixation and Embedding Techniques for Optimal Detection of Dendritic Cell Subsets in Tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:661-71. [DOI: 10.1369/0022155414539963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific cell types are maintained by tissue homeostasis and may vary in nature and/or frequency in pathological situations. Moreover, within a cell lineage, some sub-populations, defined by combinations of cell-surface markers, may have specific functions. Dendritic cells are the epitome of such a population as they may be subdivided into discrete sub-groups with defined functions in specific compartments of various organs. Technically, to study the distribution of DC sub-populations, it involves performing multiparametric immunofluorescence on well-conserved organ structures. However, immunodetection may be impacted by protein cross-linking and antigenic epitope masking by the use of 10% neutral-buffered formalin. To circumvent this and to preserve a good morphological tissue structure, we evaluated alternative fixatives such as Periodate Lysine Paraformaldehyde or Tris Zinc fixatives in combination with other embedding techniques. The cryosection protocols were adapted for optimal antigen detection but offered a poor morphological preservation. We therefore developed a new methodology based on Tris Zinc fixative, gelatin-sucrose embedding and freezing. Using multiple DC markers, we demonstrate that this treatment is an optimal protocol for cell-surface marker detection on high-quality tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Accart
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch Graffenstaden, France (NA, FS, RR)
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (NA)
- Fisher Scientific, Illkirch Graffenstaden., France (FS)
| | - Florinda Sergi
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch Graffenstaden, France (NA, FS, RR)
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (NA)
- Fisher Scientific, Illkirch Graffenstaden., France (FS)
| | - Ronald Rooke
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch Graffenstaden, France (NA, FS, RR)
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (NA)
- Fisher Scientific, Illkirch Graffenstaden., France (FS)
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Bourges D, Ross EM, Allen S, Read S, Houghton FJ, Bedoui S, Boon L, Gleeson PA, van Driel IR. Transient systemic inflammation does not alter the induction of tolerance to gastric autoantigens by migratory dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5023-30. [PMID: 24760154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that activation of dendritic cells (DCs) presenting self-antigens during inflammation may lead to activation of autoreactive T cells and the development of autoimmunity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the presentation of the autoantigen recognized in autoimmune gastritis, gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase, which is naturally expressed in the stomach and is constitutively presented in the stomach-draining lymph nodes. Systemic administration to mice of the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA, agonist anti-CD40 Ab, or TLR4 agonist LPS all failed to abrogate the process of peripheral clonal deletion of H(+)/K(+) ATPase-specific CD4 T cells or promote the development of autoimmune gastritis. We demonstrated that migratory DCs from the stomach-draining lymph nodes are the only DC subset capable of constitutively presenting the endogenous gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase autoantigen in its normal physiological context. Analysis of costimulatory molecules indicated that, relative to resident DCs, migratory DCs displayed a partially activated phenotype in the steady state. Furthermore, migratory DCs were refractory to stimulation by transient exposure to TLR agonists, as they failed to upregulate costimulatory molecules, secrete significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines, or induce differentiation of effector T cells. Together, these data show that transient systemic inflammation failed to break tolerance to the gastric autoantigen, as migratory DCs presenting the gastric autoantigen remain tolerogenic under such conditions, demonstrating the robust nature of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Bourges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stacey Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Read
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona J Houghton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Immunology and Infection, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros Holding BV, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
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38
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Dong H, Bullock TNJ. Metabolic influences that regulate dendritic cell function in tumors. Front Immunol 2014; 5:24. [PMID: 24523723 PMCID: PMC3906600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical regulators of both activation and tolerance in the adaptive immune response. The dual nature of DC immunoregulatory function depends on their differentiation and activation status. DC found within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph node often exist in an inactive state, which is thought to limit the adaptive immune response elicited by the growing tumor. The major determinants of DC activation and the functional alterations in DC that result from integrating exogenous stimuli have been well investigated. Extensive efforts have been made to elucidate how the TME contributes to the inactivated/dysfunctional phenotype of tumor-associated DC (TADC). Although performed predominantly on in vitro DC cultures, recent evidence indicates that DC undergo required, coordinated alterations in their metabolism upon activation, and dysregulated metabolism in TADC is associated with their reduced immunostimulatory capacity. In this review, we will focus on the role of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism in DC activation and function and discuss how these metabolic pathways may be regulated in TADC. Further, we consider the need for developing novel experimental approaches to assess metabolic choices in vivo, and the necessity for integrating metabolic regulation into the optimized development of DC for tumor vaccines and immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Experimental Pathology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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39
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Abstract
The skin provides an effective physical and biological barrier against environmental and pathogenic insults whilst ensuring tolerance against commensal microbes. This protection is afforded by the unique anatomy and cellular composition of the skin, particularly the vast network of skin-associated immune cells. These include the long-appreciated tissue-resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, as well as the more recently described dermal γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells. Collectively, these cells orchestrate the defense against a wide range of pathogens and environmental challenges, but also perform a number of homeostatic functions. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of the various roles that leukocyte subsets play in cutaneous immunobiology, and introduce the newer members of the skin immune system. Implications for human disease are discussed.
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40
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Maina V, Marrella V, Mantero S, Cassani B, Fontana E, Anselmo A, Del Prete A, Sozzani S, Vezzoni P, Poliani PL, Villa A. Hypomorphic mutation in the RAG2 gene affects dendritic cell distribution and migration. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1221-30. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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41
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Waithman J, Zanker D, Xiao K, Oveissi S, Wylie B, Ng R, Tögel L, Chen W. Resident CD8(+) and migratory CD103(+) dendritic cells control CD8 T cell immunity during acute influenza infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66136. [PMID: 23750278 PMCID: PMC3672151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the specific DC subsets providing a critical role in presenting influenza antigens to naïve T cell precursors remains contentious and under considerable debate. Here we show that CD8(+) T lymphocyte (TCD8+) responses are severely hampered in C57BL/6 mice deficient in the transcription factor Batf3 after intranasal challenge with influenza A virus (IAV). This transcription factor is required for the development of lymph node resident CD8(+) and migratory CD103(+)CD11b(-) DCs and we found both of these subtypes could efficiently stimulate anti-IAV TCD8+. Using a similar ex vivo approach, many publications on this subject matter excluded a role for resident, non-migratory CD8(+) DC. We postulate the differences reported can partially be explained by how DC are phenotyped, namely the use of MHC class II to segregate subtypes. Our results show that resident CD8(+) DC upregulate this marker during IAV infection and we advise against its use when isolating DC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Waithman
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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42
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Dendritic cells: cellular mediators for immunological tolerance. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:972865. [PMID: 23762100 PMCID: PMC3671285 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In general, immunological tolerance is acquired upon treatment with non-specific immunosuppressive drugs. This indiscriminate immunosuppression of the patient often causes serious side-effects, such as opportunistic infectious diseases. Therefore, the need for antigen-specific modulation of pathogenic immune responses is of crucial importance in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this perspective, dendritic cells (DCs) can have an important immune-regulatory function, besides their notorious antigen-presenting capacity. DCs appear to be essential for both central and peripheral tolerance. In the thymus, DCs are involved in clonal deletion of autoreactive immature T cells by presenting self-antigens. Additionally, tolerance is achieved by their interactions with T cells in the periphery and subsequent induction of T cell anergy, T cell deletion, and induction of regulatory T cells (Treg). Various studies have described, modulation of DC characteristics with the purpose to induce antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), and transplantations. Promising results in animal models have prompted researchers to initiate first-in-men clinical trials. The purpose of current review is to provide an overview of the role of DCs in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmunity, as well as recent concepts of dendritic cell-based therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune diseases.
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43
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Nierkens S, Tel J, Janssen E, Adema GJ. Antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cell subsets: one general or all sergeants? Trends Immunol 2013; 34:361-70. [PMID: 23540650 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation describes the process through which dendritic cells (DCs) acquire exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules. The ability to cross-present has been thought of as a feature of specialized DC subsets. Emerging data, however, suggest that the cross-presenting ability of each DC subset is tuned by and dependent on several factors, such as DC location and activation status, and the type of antigen and inflammatory signals. Thus, we argue that capacity of cross-presentation is not an exclusive trait of one or several distinct DC subtypes, but rather a common feature of the DC family in both mice and humans. Understanding DC subset activation and antigen-presentation pathways might yield improved tools and targets to exploit the unique cross-presenting capacity of DCs in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nierkens
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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44
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Hancock DG, Guy TV, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. Experimental models to investigate the function of dendritic cell subsets: challenges and implications. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:147-54. [PMID: 23286941 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) lineage is remarkably heterogeneous. It has been postulated that specialized DC subsets have evolved in order to select and support the multitude of possible T cell differentiation pathways. However, defining the function of individual DC subsets has proven remarkably difficult, and DC subset control of key T cell fates such as tolerance, T helper cell commitment and regulatory T cell induction is still not well understood. While the difficulty in assigning unique functions to particular DC subsets may be due to sharing of functions, it may also reflect a lack of appropriate physiological in-vivo models for studying DC function. In this paper we review the limitations associated with many of the current DC models and highlight some of the underlying difficulties involved in studying the function of murine DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Hancock
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and the Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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45
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Mohammed J, Gunderson AJ, Khong HH, Koubek RD, Udey MC, Glick AB. TGFβ1 overexpression by keratinocytes alters skin dendritic cell homeostasis and enhances contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:135-43. [PMID: 22832490 PMCID: PMC3491121 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 (TGFβ1) in mouse epidermis causes cutaneous inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Here, we examined acute effects of TGFβ1 overproduction by keratinocytes on skin dendritic cells (DCs). TGFβ1 induction for 2 and 4 days increased numbers and CD86 expression of B220+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and CD207+CD103+, CD207−CD103−CD11b+ and CD207−CD103−CD11b− dermal DCs (dDCs) in skin draining lymph nodes (SDLN). The dermis of TGFβ1-overexpressing mice had significantly more pDCs, CD207+CD103+ dDCs and CD207-CD11b+ dDCs in the absence of increased dermal proliferation. Application of dye, TRITC, in dibutylpthalate (DBP) solution after TGFβ1 induction increased the numbers of TRITC+CD207− dDCs in SDLN, and augmented TRITC/DBP-induced Langerhans cell (LC) migration 72 hrs post-TRITC treatment. Consistent with this, LC migration was increased in vitro by TGFβ1 overexpression in skin explants and by exogenous TGFβ1 in culture media. Transient TGFβ1 induction during DNFB sensitization increased contact hypersensitivity responses by 1.5-fold. Thus, elevated epidermal TGFβ1 alone is sufficient to alter homeostasis of multiple cutaneous DC subsets and enhance DC migration and immune responses to contact sensitizers. These results highlight a role for keratinocyte-derived TGFβ1 in DC trafficking and the initiation of skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
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46
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Deletion of cognate CD8 T cells by immature dendritic cells: a novel role for perforin, granzyme A, TREM-1, and TLR7. Blood 2012; 120:1647-57. [PMID: 22776817 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-410803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (imDCs) can have a tolerizing effect under normal conditions or after transplantation. However, because of the significant heterogeneity of this cell population, it is extremely difficult to study the mechanisms that mediate the tolerance induced or to harness the application of imDCs for clinical use. In the present study, we describe the generation of a highly defined population of imDCs from hematopoietic progenitors and the direct visualization of the fate of TCR-transgenic alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells after encountering cognate or noncognate imDCs. Whereas CD4(+) T cells were deleted via an MHC-independent mechanism through the NO system, CD8(+) T-cell deletion was found to occur through a unique MHC-dependent, perforin-based killing mechanism involving activation of TLR7 and signaling through Triggering Receptor-1 Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM-1). This novel subpopulation of perforin-expressing imDCs was also detected in various lymphoid tissues in normal animals and its frequency was markedly enhanced after GM-CSF administration.
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47
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Mayer CT, Berod L, Sparwasser T. Layers of dendritic cell-mediated T cell tolerance, their regulation and the prevention of autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:183. [PMID: 22783257 PMCID: PMC3388714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decades of Nobel prize-honored research have unequivocally proven a key role of dendritic cells (DCs) at controlling both T cell immunity and tolerance. A tight balance between these opposing DC functions ensures immune homeostasis and host integrity. Its perturbation could explain pathological conditions such as the attack of self tissues, chronic infections, and tumor immune evasion. While recent insights into the complex DC network help to understand the contribution of individual DC subsets to immunity, the tolerogenic functions of DCs only begin to emerge. As these consist of many different layers, the definition of a “tolerogenic DC” is subjected to variation. Moreover, the implication of DCs and DC subsets in the suppression of autoimmunity are incompletely resolved. In this review, we point out conceptual controversies and dissect the various layers of DC-mediated T cell tolerance. These layers include central tolerance, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), anergy/deletion and negative feedback regulation. The mode and kinetics of antigen presentation is highlighted as an additional factor shaping tolerance. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between layers of tolerance as well as their differential regulation during inflammation. Furthermore, potential technical caveats of DC depletion models are considered. Finally, we summarize our current understanding of DC-mediated tolerance and its role for the suppression of autoimmunity. Understanding the mechanisms of DC-mediated tolerance and their complex interplay is fundamental for the development of selective therapeutic strategies, e.g., for the modulation of autoimmune responses or for the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Mayer
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Hannover, Germany
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48
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Yoshino M, Okuyama K, Murata A, Tomura M, Hayashi SI. CCR7-independent transport of skin antigens occurs in the dermis. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1459-67. [PMID: 22622847 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, skin DCs migrate to regional LNs transporting self-antigens (self-Ags). The transport of self-Ags is considered to be critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance. Although the chemokine receptor CCR7 potently induces the migration of skin DCs to regional LNs, Ccr7(-/-) (Ccr7-KO) mice do not show skin auto-immune diseases. To resolve this inconsistency, we examined Ccr7-KO epidermis- or dermis-hyperpigmented transgenic (Tg) mice, in which the transport of skin self-Ags is traceable by melanin granules (MGs). Under CCR7-deficient conditions, the transport of epidermal MGs to regional LNs was impaired at 7 weeks of age. However, epidermal MGs could be transported when they had accumulated in the dermis. Ccr7-KO-dermis-pigmented Tg mice confirmed the presence of CCR7-independent transport from the dermis. Compared with WT-dermis-pigmented Tg mice, the amount of transported melanin and number of MG-laden CD11c(+) cells were both approximately 40% of the WT levels, while the number of MG-laden CD205(+) or CD207(+) cells decreased to about 10% in skin regional LNs of Ccr7-KO-dermis-pigmented Tg mice. Cell sorting highlighted the involvement of CD11c(+) cells in the CCR7-independent transport. Here, we show that CCR7-independent transport of skin self-Ags occurs in the dermis. This system might contribute to the continuous transport of self-Ags, and maintain peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Yoshino
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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49
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Lutz MB. Therapeutic potential of semi-mature dendritic cells for tolerance induction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:123. [PMID: 22629255 PMCID: PMC3355325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major players in the control of adaptive tolerance and immunity. Therefore, their specific generation and adoptive transfer into patients or their in vivo targeting is attractive for clinical applications. While injections of mature immunogenic DCs are tested in clinical trials, tolerogenic DCs still are awaiting this step. Besides the tolerogenic potential of immature DCs, also semi-mature DCs can show tolerogenic activity but both types also bear unfavorable features. Optimal tolerogenic DCs, their molecular tool bar, and their use for specific diseases still have to be defined. Here, the usefulness of in vitro generated and adoptively transferred semi-mature DCs for tolerance induction is outlined. The in vivo targeting of semi-mature DCs as represented by steady state migratory DCs are discussed for treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies. First clinical trials with transcutaneous allergen application may point to their therapeutic use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
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50
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Chu CC, Ali N, Karagiannis P, Di Meglio P, Skowera A, Napolitano L, Barinaga G, Grys K, Sharif-Paghaleh E, Karagiannis SN, Peakman M, Lombardi G, Nestle FO. Resident CD141 (BDCA3)+ dendritic cells in human skin produce IL-10 and induce regulatory T cells that suppress skin inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:935-45. [PMID: 22547651 PMCID: PMC3348099 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human skin-resident IL-10+ regulatory dendritic cells induce T reg cells that suppress allogeneic skin graft inflammation. Human skin immune homeostasis, and its regulation by specialized subsets of tissue-residing immune sentinels, is poorly understood. In this study, we identify an immunoregulatory tissue-resident dendritic cell (DC) in the dermis of human skin that is characterized by surface expression of CD141, CD14, and constitutive IL-10 secretion (CD141+ DDCs). CD141+ DDCs possess lymph node migratory capacity, induce T cell hyporesponsiveness, cross-present self-antigens to autoreactive T cells, and induce potent regulatory T cells that inhibit skin inflammation. Vitamin D3 (VitD3) promotes certain phenotypic and functional properties of tissue-resident CD141+ DDCs from human blood DCs. These CD141+ DDC-like cells can be generated in vitro and, once transferred in vivo, have the capacity to inhibit xeno-graft versus host disease and tumor alloimmunity. These findings suggest that CD141+ DDCs play an essential role in the maintenance of skin homeostasis and in the regulation of both systemic and tumor alloimmunity. Finally, VitD3-induced CD141+ DDC-like cells have potential clinical use for their capacity to induce immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ching Chu
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and National Institutes for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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