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Chen Y, Zeng L, Zhu H, Wu Q, Liu R, Liang Q, Chen B, Dai H, Tang K, Liao C, Huang Y, Yan X, Fan K, Du JZ, Lin R, Wang J. Ferritin Nanocaged Doxorubicin Potentiates Chemo-Immunotherapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Immunogenic Cell Death. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201086. [PMID: 36446639 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using immune checkpoint inhibitors has achieved certain success, only a subset of patients benefits from this therapeutic strategy. The combination of immunostimulatory chemotherapeutics represents a promising strategy to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. However, it is hampered by the poor delivery of conventional chemotherapeutics. Here, it is shown that H-ferritin nanocages loaded with doxorubicin (DOX@HFn) show potent chemo-immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma tumor models. DOX@HFn is constructed with uniform size, high stability, favorable drug loading, and intracellular acidity-driven drug release. The receptor-mediated targeting of DOX@HFn to liver cancer cells promote cellular uptake and tumor penetration in vitro and in vivo. DOX@HFn triggers immunogenic cell death to tumor cells and promotes the subsequent activation and maturation of dendritic cells. In vivo studies in H22 subcutaneous hepatoma demonstrate that DOX@HFn significantly inhibits the tumor growth with >30% tumors completely eliminated, while alleviating the systemic toxicity of free DOX. DOX@HFn also exhibits robust antitumor immune response and tumoricidal effect in a more aggressive Hepa1-6 orthotopic liver tumor model, which is confirmed by the in situ magnetic resonance imaging and transcriptome sequencing. This study provides a facile and robust strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Linyuan Zeng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hongzhang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Qifei Wu
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qian Liang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Haitao Dai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Keyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Changli Liao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Du
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Run Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, China
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2
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Hong GQ, Cai D, Gong JP, Lai X. Innate immune cells and their interaction with T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 33281968 PMCID: PMC7709558 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor and is associated with necroinflammation driven by various immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells. Innate immune cells can directly affect HCC or regulate the T-cell responses that mediate HCC. In addition, innate immune cells and T cells are not isolated, which means the interaction between them is important in the HCC microenvironment. Considering the current unsatisfactory efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with HCC, understanding the relationship between innate immune cells and T cells is necessary. In the present review the roles and clinical value of innate immune cells that have been widely reported to be involved in HCC, including dendritic cells, macrophages (including kupffer cells), neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and innate lymphoid cells and the crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune responses in the antitumor process have been discussed. The present review will facilitate researchers in understanding the importance of innate immune cells in HCC and lead to innovative immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Thyroid Breast Surgery, Tongnan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 402660, P.R. China
| | - Dong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xing Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Thyroid Breast Surgery, Tongnan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 402660, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Xing Lai, Department of Hepatobiliary and Thyroid Breast Surgery, Tongnan District People's Hospital, 271 Datong, Tongnan, Chongqing 402660, P.R. China, E-mail:
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3
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Hu X, Bao M, Huang J, Zhou L, Zheng S. Identification and Validation of Novel Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:541479. [PMID: 33102213 PMCID: PMC7545743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.541479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide due to poor survival outcome. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify effective biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Methods: A total of 389 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC samples and normal were selected based on the Robust Rank Aggregation (RRA) method. We combined DEGs expression and clinical traits to construct a gene co-expression network through WGCNA. Forty hub genes were selected from the key module. Among them, YWHAB, PPAT, NOL10 were eventually identified as prognostic biomarkers using multivariate Cox regression model. Biomarkers expression pattern was investigated by informatic analysis and verified by RNA-seq of 32 patients with HCC. DiseaseMeth 2.0, MEXPRESS, and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) were used to assess the methylation and immune status of biomarkers. GSVA, CCK8, colony formation assay, Edu imaging kit, wound-healing assay, and xenograft tumor model were utilized to investigate the effects of biomarkers on proliferation, metastasis of HCC cells in vitro, and in vivo. The Kaplan–Meier (KM) plotter and ROC curves were used to validate the prognostic and diagnostic value of biomarker expression. Results: All the selected biomarkers were upregulated in HCC samples and higher expression levels were associated with advanced tumor stages and T grades. The regulation of YWHAB, PPAT, NOL10 promoter methylation varied in tumors, and precancerous normal tissues. Immune infiltration analysis suggested that the abnormal regulations of these biomarkers were likely attributed to B cells and dendritic cells. GSVA for these biomarkers showed their great contributions to proliferation of HCC. Specific inhibition of their expression had strong effects on tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. ROC and KM curves confirmed their usefulness of diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Conclusions: These findings identified YWHAB, PPAT, and NOL10 as novel biomarkers and validated their diagnostic and prognostic value for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission of China Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biostatistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission of China Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biostatistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health and Family Planning Commission of China Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Understanding fundamentals of hepatocellular carcinoma to design next-generation chitosan nano-formulations: Beyond chemotherapy stride. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Peng LH, Qin XQ, Tan RR, Liu C, Liu HJ, Qu X. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Regulates the Potential Antigen Uptake Ability of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:463-468. [PMID: 30256701 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we tried to explore whether calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) regulates the potential antigen uptaking ability of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and promoting the differentiation of Th1/Th2. We found that CGRP increased the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled ovalbumin (FITC-OVA) by HBECs using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. MTT assay showed that T cells proliferated in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of OVA-pretreated HBECs and CGRP inhibited the proliferation of T cells. CGRP decreased secretion of IFN-γ, while it had no influence on secretion of IL-4 by ELISA. Our data suggest that CGRP enhanced HBECs antigen uptake ability and inhibits HBECs induced T cells proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Peng
- 1 Department of Physiology, Hunan Yongzhou Vocational Technical College , Yongzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Qin
- 2 Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ru-Rong Tan
- 2 Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Liu
- 2 Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Jun Liu
- 2 Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- 2 Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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An update: Epstein-Barr virus and immune evasion via microRNA regulation. Virol Sin 2017; 32:175-187. [PMID: 28669004 PMCID: PMC6702289 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that ubiquitously establishes
life-long persistence in humans. To ensure its survival and maintain its B cell
transformation function, EBV has developed powerful strategies to evade host immune
responses. Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful
regulators of the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In this review, we summarize
current progress on how EBV utilizes miRNAs for immune evasion. EBV encodes miRNAs
targeting both viral and host genes involved in the immune response. The miRNAs are
found in two gene clusters, and recent studies have demonstrated that lack of these
clusters increases the CD4+ and
CD8+ T cell response of infected cells. These reports
strongly indicate that EBV miRNAs are critical for immune evasion. In addition, EBV
is able to dysregulate the expression of a variety of host miRNAs, which influence
multiple immune-related molecules and signaling pathways. The transport via exosomes
of EBV-regulated miRNAs and viral proteins contributes to the construction and
modification of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. During EBV immune evasion,
viral proteins, immune cells, chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
pro-apoptosis molecules are involved. Our increasing knowledge of the role of miRNAs
in immune evasion will improve the understanding of EBV persistence and help to
develop new treatments for EBV-associated cancers and other diseases.
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7
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Lee JH, Tak WY, Lee Y, Heo MK, Song JS, Kim HY, Park SY, Bae SH, Lee JH, Heo J, Kim KH, Bae YS, Kim YJ. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous dendritic cells for hepatocellular carcinoma, randomized phase II study. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1328335. [PMID: 28811965 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1328335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous phase I/IIA study showed that autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor-associated antigens are well tolerated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase II trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of this DC-based adjuvant immunotherapy with 156 patients, who treated for HCC with no evidence of residual tumor after standard treatment modalities. Patients were randomly assigned to immunotherapy (n = 77; injection of 3 × 107 DC cells, six times over 14 weeks) or control (n = 79; no treatment). The primary end point was recurrence-free survival (RFS), and the secondary endpoints were immune response and safety. The RFS between the immunotherapy and control groups was not significantly different (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.56; p = 0.90). However, post-hoc subgroup analyses revealed that DC immunotherapy significantly reduced the risk of tumor recurrence of non-radiofrequency ablation (non-RFA) group patients (n = 83, HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.94; p = 0.03), whereas unexpectedly increased the risk of recurrence in RFA group (n = 61, p = 0.01). Tumor-specific immune responses were significantly enhanced (both p < 0.01) in the immunotherapy group. Baseline serum interleukin (IL)-15 was statistically correlated with RFS prolongation (HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-1.58; p = 0.001) within the immunotherapy groups. Overall adverse events were more frequent in the immunotherapy group (p < 0.001) but were mainly mild to moderate in severity. In conclusion, adjuvant immunotherapy with DC vaccine reduces the risk of tumor recurrence in HCC patients who underwent standard treatment modalities other than RFA. Baseline IL-15 might be a candidate biomarker for DC-based HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Tak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,JW CreaGene Research Institute, JW CreaGene Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Heo
- JW CreaGene Research Institute, JW CreaGene Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Song
- JW CreaGene Research Institute, JW CreaGene Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hak-Yeop Kim
- JW CreaGene Research Institute, JW CreaGene Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hyeok Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Kim
- JW CreaGene Research Institute, JW CreaGene Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,JW CreaGene Research Institute, JW CreaGene Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Huang X, Chen F, Zhao J, Wang D, Jing S, Li H, Meng C. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-10 Promoter Region Polymorphisms Are Associated with Risk of Lumbar Disc Herniation in a Northern Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 21:17-23. [PMID: 27828714 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assessed the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-10 with the risk of lumbar disc herniation in a Chinese Han population. METHODS We collected blood samples from 267 patients with lumbar disc herniation (case group) and 300 normals (control group) and performed analyses of the IL-6 572C/G and 174G/C SNPs as well as the IL-10 592A/C and 1082G/A SNPs using TaqMan technology. RESULTS The frequencies of the IL-6-572 GG, GC, and CC genotypes were 5.99%, 42.3%, and 51.6%, respectively, in the case group, and 1.6%, 24%, and 64.3%, respectively, in the control group. Thus, the relative risk of the IL-6-572 G genotype (GG plus GC) was 1.69-fold higher for developing lumbar disc herniation compared to the CC genotype (95% confidence interval: 1.16-2.39, p < 0.01). The risks associated with the IL-6-572 CG and GG genotypes were 1.55- and 4.48-fold higher, respectively, versus the CC genotype for developing lumbar disc herniation (p < 0.01). The IL-10-1082 AG genotype was significantly higher in the case group (26.22%) versus the control group (11.67%); whereas the AA genotype was lower in the case group (73.78%) versus the control group (88.33%; p < 0.05). The IL-10-1082 G allele frequency was significantly higher in the case group (13.11%) versus the control group (5.83%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that genetic variants in the promoter regions of the IL-6 and IL-10 genes are associated with lumbar disc herniation risk in this Northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Huang
- 1 Department of Medical College, Qingdao University , Qingdao, China .,2 Department of Orthopedics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital , Zhangqiu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital , Zhangqiu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital , Zhangqiu, China
| | - Dezhang Wang
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital , Zhangqiu, China
| | - Shenfeng Jing
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital , Zhangqiu, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital , Zhangqiu, China
| | - Chunyang Meng
- 3 Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China
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9
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Abstract
Newer immunotherapy agents may break the barrier that tumors create to evade the attack from the immune system. Dendritic cell vaccination has shown encouraging clinical activity and a favorable safety profile in advanced tumor stages. However, optimal cell maturation status, choice of tumor antigens and route of administration have not been established. Single or multiple peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens may also be used for cancer vaccination. Intratumoral delivery of oncolytic viruses expressing immunostimulating cytokines like GM-CSF have produced stimulating clinical results that need further verification. But it is probably T-cell checkpoint modulation with monoclonal antibodies that has attracted the highest expectations. Promising activity has been reported for tremelimumab, a CTLA-4 inhibitor, and a clinical trial testing the PD-1 antibody nivolumab is underway. Future progress will probably come from a better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer-related immunosuppression, improvement in agents and strategies and combination of the available therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD); Avda. Pio XII 36. 31008-Pamplona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD); Avda. Pio XII 36. 31008-Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Palmer
- The Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.,The Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Departments of Oncology & Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada y Clínica Universidad de Navarra. Avda. Pio XII, 55. 31008-Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Oncology & Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada y Clínica Universidad de Navarra. Avda. Pio XII, 55. 31008-Pamplona, Spain
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10
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Huang FP. Autoimmuno-Anti-Tumor Immunity - Understanding the Immune Responses against "self" and "Altered-Self". Front Immunol 2014; 5:582. [PMID: 25452757 PMCID: PMC4231976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ping Huang
- Imperial College London , London , UK ; University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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11
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Batich KA, Swartz AM, Sampson JH. Enhancing dendritic cell-based vaccination for highly aggressive glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:79-94. [PMID: 25327832 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.972361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) have a dismal prognosis despite standard therapy, which can induce potentially deleterious side effects. Arming the immune system is an alternative therapeutic approach, as its cellular effectors and inherent capacity for memory can be utilized to specifically target invasive tumor cells, while sparing collateral damage to otherwise healthy brain parenchyma. AREAS COVERED Active immunotherapy is aimed at eliciting a specific immune response against tumor antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent activators of de novo and recall immune responses and are thus a vehicle for successful immunotherapy. Currently, investigators are optimizing DC vaccines by enhancing maturation status and migratory potential to induce more potent antitumor responses. An update on the most recent DC immunotherapy trials is provided. EXPERT OPINION Targeting of unique antigens restricted to the tumor itself is the most important parameter in advancing DC vaccines. In order to overcome intrinsic mechanisms of immune evasion observed in GBM, the future of DC-based therapy lies in a multi-antigenic vaccine approach. Successful targeting of multiple antigens will require a comprehensive understanding of all immunologically relevant oncological epitopes present in each tumor, thereby permitting a rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Batich
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery ; Durham, NC 27710 , USA
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12
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Seliger B, Massa C. The dark side of dendritic cells: development and exploitation of tolerogenic activity that favor tumor outgrowth and immune escape. Front Immunol 2013; 4:419. [PMID: 24348482 PMCID: PMC3845009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the regulation of the immune responses by providing the information needed to decide between tolerance, ignorance, or active responses. For this reason different therapies aim at manipulating DC to obtain the desired response, such as enhanced cell-mediated toxicity against tumor and infected cells or the induction of tolerance in autoimmunity and transplantation. In the last decade studies performed in these settings have started to identify (some) molecules/factors involved in the acquisition of a tolerogenic DC phenotype as well as the underlying mechanisms of their regulatory function on different immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
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13
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Hargadon KM. Tumor-altered dendritic cell function: implications for anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:192. [PMID: 23874338 PMCID: PMC3708450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity, and the array of immunoregulatory functions exhibited by these cells is dictated by their differentiation, maturation, and activation status. Although a major role for these cells in the induction of immunity to pathogens has long been appreciated, data accumulated over the last several years has demonstrated that DC are also critical regulators of anti-tumor immune responses. However, despite the potential for stimulation of robust anti-tumor immunity by DC, tumor-altered DC function has been observed in many cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals and is often associated with tumor immune escape. Such dysfunction has significant implications for both the induction of natural anti-tumor immune responses as well as the efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies that target endogenous DC in situ or that employ exogenous DC as part of anti-cancer immunization maneuvers. In this review, the major types of tumor-altered DC function will be described, with emphasis on recent insights into the mechanistic bases for the inhibition of DC differentiation from hematopoietic precursors, the altered programing of DC precursors to differentiate into myeloid-derived suppressor cells or tumor-associated macrophages, the suppression of DC maturation and activation, and the induction of immunoregulatory DC by tumors, tumor-derived factors, and tumor-associated cells within the milieu of the tumor microenvironment. The impact of these tumor-altered cells on the quality of the overall anti-tumor immune response will also be discussed. Finally, this review will also highlight questions concerning tumor-altered DC function that remain unanswered, and it will address factors that have limited advances in the study of this phenomenon in order to focus future research efforts in the field on identifying strategies for interfering with tumor-associated DC dysfunction and improving DC-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College , Hampden-Sydney, VA , USA
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Immunotargeting and eradication of orthotopic melanoma using a chemokine-enhanced DNA vaccine. Gene Ther 2013; 20:939-48. [PMID: 23552473 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are attractive candidates for tumor immunotherapy. However, the potential of DNA vaccines in treating established malignant lesions has yet to be demonstrated. Here we demonstrate that transient alteration of either intratumoral or intradermal (ID) chemotactic gradients provide a favorable milieu for DNA vaccine-mediated activation of tumor-specific immune response in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Specifically, we show that priming of established B16 ID melanoma lesions via forced intratumoral expression of CCL21 boosted DNA vaccination-dependent systemic cytotoxic immune response leading to the regression of tumor nodules. In this setting, application of CCL20 was not effective likely due to the engagement of the regulatory T cells. However, priming of the skin at DNA vaccine administration sites outside the tumor bed with both CCL20 and CCL21 chemokines along with structural modifications of the DNA vaccine significantly improved vaccine efficacy. This optimized ID vaccination regimen led to the inhibition of distant established melanomas and prolonged tumor-free survival of mice observed in 60% of vaccinated animals with complete tumor remission in 30%. These effects were mediated by extranodal priming and activation of T cells at vaccine administration sites and progressive accumulation of systemic antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) on successive vaccinations. These results underscore the potential of chemokine-enhanced DNA vaccination to mount therapeutic immune response against established tumors.
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15
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Optimizing dendritic cell-based immunotherapy: tackling the complexity of different arms of the immune system. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:690643. [PMID: 22851815 PMCID: PMC3407661 DOI: 10.1155/2012/690643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier investigations have revealed a surprising complexity and variety in the range of interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Our understanding of the specialized roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in innate and adaptive immune responses has been significantly advanced over the years. Because of their immunoregulatory capacities and because very small numbers of activated DC are highly efficient at generating immune responses against antigens, DCs have been vigorously used in clinical trials in order to elicit or amplify immune responses against cancer and chronic infectious diseases. A better insight in DC immunobiology and function has stimulated many new ideas regarding the potential ways forward to improve DC therapy in a more fundamental way. Here, we discuss the continuous search for optimal in vitro conditions in order to generate clinical-grade DC with a potent immunogenic potential. For this, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adequate immune responses and focus on most favourable DC culture regimens and activation stimuli in humans. We envisage that by combining each of the features outlined in the current paper into a unified strategy, DC-based vaccines may advance to a higher level of effectiveness.
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Wu SD, Ma YS, Fang Y, Liu LL, Fu D, Shen XZ. Role of the microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental problems in immunology is the seemingly schizophrenic ability of the immune system to launch robust immunity against pathogens, while acquiring and maintaining a state of tolerance to the body's own tissues and the trillions of commensal microorganisms and food antigens that confront it every day. A fundamental role for the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in orchestrating immunological tolerance has been appreciated, but emerging studies have highlighted the nature of the innate receptors and the signaling pathways that program DCs to a tolerogenic state. Furthermore, several studies have emphasized the major role played by cellular interactions and the microenvironment in programming tolerogenic DCs. Here, we review these studies and suggest that the innate control of tolerogenic responses can be viewed as different hierarchies of organization, in which DCs, their innate receptors and signaling networks, and their interactions with other cells and local microenvironments represent different levels of the hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Wang J, Ma Y, Jiang H, Zhu H, Liu L, Sun B, Pan S, Krissansen GW, Sun X. Overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau protein synergizes with doxorubicin to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. J Hepatol 2011; 55:359-68. [PMID: 21168458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulate genes involved in carcinogenesis and progression of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein (pVHL) targets HIFα subunits for destruction and participates in modulating the activity of NF-κB. The present study aimed to investigate whether the overexpression of pVHL synergizes with doxorubicin in the treatment of HCC. METHODS Overexpression of pVHL was induced by infecting mouse HCC Hepa1-6 and H22 cells, or injecting subcutaneous Hepa1-6 tumors in C57BL/c mice, with adenoviral vectors encoding mouse VHL gene. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumoral angiogenesis, and gene expression and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB were examined. The therapeutic effects of pVHL were also evaluated in orthotopic Hepa1-6 tumors by intraportal delivery of Ad-VHL. RESULTS Ad-VHL enhanced the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin by inhibiting cell proliferation, and causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The Ad-VHL infection downregulated HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression, and inhibited NF-κB activity and the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Injection of Ad-VHL into HCC tumors augmented doxorubicin-induced suppression of tumor growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis, and by inducing cell apoptosis. Effects on the expression of HIFαs, activity of NF-κB, and their downstream genes were in accordance with the in vitro findings. Intraportal injection of Ad-VHL enhanced the efficacy of doxorubicin to suppress the growth of orthotopic liver tumors. CONCLUSIONS By targeting HIF and NF-κB, overexpression of pVHL enhances the efficacy of doxorubicin, and warrants consideration as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Chan T, Wiltrout RH, Weiss JM. Immunotherapeutic modulation of the suppressive liver and tumor microenvironments. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:879-89. [PMID: 21241810 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an immunologically unique organ, consisting of resident hematopoietic and parenchymal cells which often contribute to a relatively tolerant microenvironment. It is also becoming increasingly clear that tumor-induced immunosuppression occurs via many of the same cellular mechanisms which contribute to the tolerogenic liver microenvironment. Myeloid cells, consisting of dendritic cells (DC), macrophages and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), have been implicated in providing a tolerogenic liver environment and immune dysfunction within the tumor microenvironment which can favor tumor progression. As we increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved for each phenotypic and/or functionally distinct leukocyte subset, immunotherapeutic strategies can be developed to overcome the inherent barriers to the development of improved strategies for the treatment of liver disease and tumors. In this review, we discuss the principal myeloid cell-based contributions to immunosuppression that are shared between the liver and tumor microenvironments. We further highlight immune-based strategies shown to modulate immunoregulatory cells within each microenvironment and enhance anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Chan
- NCI Frederick, Building 560, Room 31-18 Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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20
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Huang FP, Chen YX, To CKW. Guiding the “misguided” - functional conditioning of dendritic cells for the DC-based immunotherapy against tumours. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:18-25. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Wang X, Zhou K, Huang L, Yan Y. Induction of anti-tumor immunity by dendritic cells pulsed with an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal modifies heparanase epitope in mice. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:735-42. [DOI: 10.3109/14653241003615156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Marchi LHL, Paschoalin T, Travassos LR, Rodrigues EG. Gene therapy with interleukin-10 receptor and interleukin-12 induces a protective interferon-γ-dependent response against B16F10-Nex2 melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:110-22. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Alba Soto CD, Solana ME, Poncini CV, Pino-Martinez AM, Tekiel V, González-Cappa SM. Dendritic cells devoid of IL-10 induce protective immunity against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Vaccine 2010; 28:7407-13. [PMID: 20850535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In diverse models of microbial infections, protection is improved by immunization with dendritic cells (DC) loaded with whole pathogen lysate. However, pathogens that modulate DC function as a way to evade immunity may represent a challenge for these vaccination strategies. Thus, DC must be instructed in a particular manner to circumvent this issue and drive an effective immune response. Trypanosoma cruzi or its molecules alter DC function and, as we demonstrated, this phenomenon is associated with the parasite-driven stimulation of IL-10 production by DC. Here, we show that DC from IL-10-deficient mice pulsed in vitro with trypomastigote lysate secreted increased amounts of Th1-related cytokines and stimulated higher allogeneic and antigen-specific lymphocyte responses than their wild-type counterparts. In a model of DC-based immunization, these antigen-pulsed IL-10-deficient DC conferred protection against T. cruzi infection to recipient mice. Efficient immunity was associated with enhanced antigen-specific IFN-gamma production and endogenous DC activation. We illustrate for the first time a DC-based vaccination against T. cruzi and evidence the key role of IL-10 produced by sensitizing DC in inhibiting the induction of protection. These results support the rationale for vaccination strategies that timely suppress the effect of specific cytokines secreted by antigen presenting DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina D Alba Soto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Dendritic/pancreatic carcinoma fusions for clinical use: Comparative functional analysis of healthy- versus patient-derived fusions. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:384-400. [PMID: 20226739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal calf serum (FCS)-independent pancreatic cancer cells were established in plasma protein fraction (PPF)-supplemented medium that is an agent of good manufacturing practice (GMP) grade. Dendritic cells (DCs) were activated with the Toll-like receptor agonist, penicillin-inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes (OK-432) that is also a GMP grade agent. Therefore, sufficient amounts of FCS-independent fusions were successfully generated with decreased potential hazards of FCS. The FCS-independent fusions expressed tumor-associated antigens, HLA-DR, costimulatory molecules, IL-12, and IL-10. Stimulation of T cells with fusions from healthy donors resulted in proliferation of T cells with high expression levels of perforin/granzyme B and IFN-gamma and efficient induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Selection and expansion of T-cell clones were confirmed by TCR Vbeta analysis. However, fusions from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer induced increased expression levels of TGF-beta1 in CD4+ CD25high T cells and low levels of CTLs with decreased IFN-gamma production.
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Abstract
Telomerase is highly expressed in essentially all cancer forms, while the expression in normal tissues is restricted. Moreover, telomerase activity is considered indispensable for tumor immortalization and growth. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the rate-limiting subunit of the telomerase complex, is therefore an attractive target for cancer vaccination. The present review provides an update on the development of GV1001, a peptide vaccine representing a 16-aa hTERT sequence. GV1001 binds multiple HLA class II molecules and harbors putative HLA class I epitopes. The peptide may therefore elicit combined CD4/CD8 T-cell responses, considered important to initiate tumor eradication and long-term memory. Phase I/II trials in advanced pancreatic and pulmonary cancer patients have demonstrated GV1001-specific T-cell responses in > 50% of subjects, without clinically important toxicity. The results indicate a correlation between development of GV1001-specific responses and prolonged survival. However, as in most cancer vaccine trials, a large proportion of immune responders experience no clinical benefit. Long-term survivors harbor durable GV1001-specific T-cell responses with high IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratios and polyfunctional cytokine patterns. Interestingly, the cytokine profiles do not follow a T(H)1/T(H)2 delineation. Here, the author discusses how immunomonitoring may be improved to discriminate between efficient and pointless immune responses, and which questions to address in the further development of GV1001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Amund Kyte
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway. jon.amund.kyte@rr research.no
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Kyte JA, Trachsel S, Risberg B, thor Straten P, Lislerud K, Gaudernack G. Unconventional cytokine profiles and development of T cell memory in long-term survivors after cancer vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1609-26. [PMID: 19221745 PMCID: PMC11030120 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine trials frequently report on immunological responses, without any clinical benefit. This paradox may reflect the challenge of discriminating between effective and pointless immune responses and sparse knowledge on their long-term development. Here, we have analyzed T cell responses in long-term survivors after peptide vaccination. There were three main study aims: (1) to characterize the immune response in patients with a possible clinical benefit. (2) To analyze the long-term development of responses and effects of booster vaccination. (3) To investigate whether the Th1/Th2-delineation applies to cancer vaccine responses. T cell clones were generated from all nine patients studied. We find that surviving patients harbor durable tumor-specific responses against vaccine antigens from telomerase, RAS or TGFbeta receptor II. Analyses of consecutive samples suggest that booster vaccination is required to induce robust T cell memory. The responses exhibit several features of possible clinical advantage, including combined T-helper and cytotoxic functionality, recognition of naturally processed antigens and diverse HLA-restriction and fine-specificity. CD4(-)CD8(-) T cell clones display unconventional cytotoxicity and specifically kill tumor cells expressing mutated TGFbeta receptor II. Cytokine profiling on the long-term survivors demonstrates high IFN gamma/IL10-ratios, favoring immunity over tolerance, and secretion of multiple chemokines likely to mobilize the innate and adaptive immune system. Interestingly, these pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles do not follow a Th1/Th2-delineation. Most IFN gamma(high)/IL4(low)/IL10(low) cultures include high concentrations of hallmark Th2-cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. This does not reflect a mixture of Th1- and Th2-clones, but applies to 19/20 T cell clones confirmed to be monoclonal through TCR clonotype mapping. The present study identifies several factors that may promote clinical efficacy and suggests that cytokine profiling should not rely on the Th1/Th2-paradigm, but assess the overall inflammatory milieu and the balance between key cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Amund Kyte
- Section for Immunotherapy, Department of Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0310, Oslo, Norway.
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Harnessing dendritic cells for the induction of transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14:344-50. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32832c6a1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Palmer DH, Midgley RS, Mirza N, Torr EE, Ahmed F, Steele JC, Steven NM, Kerr DJ, Young LS, Adams DH. A phase II study of adoptive immunotherapy using dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2009; 49:124-32. [PMID: 18980227 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This is a phase II clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccination with mature autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed ex vivo with a liver tumor cell line lysate (HepG2) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is an attractive target for immunotherapy as evidenced by an active recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that are capable of lysing autologous tumor cells in ex vivo studies. DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, with the capacity to take up, process, and present tumor antigens to T cells and stimulate an immune response, thus providing a rational platform for vaccine development. Thirty-five patients with advanced HCC and not suitable for radical or loco-regional therapies received a maximum of six DC vaccinations each at 3-week intervals. In total, 134 DC infusions were administered with no significant toxicity and no evidence of autoimmunity. Twenty-five patients who received at least three vaccine infusions were assessed clinically for response. The radiologically determined disease control rate (combined partial response and stable disease >or=3 months) was 28%. In 17 patients the baseline serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was >or= 1,000 ng/mL; in four of these patients, it fell to <30% of baseline following vaccination. In one patient there was a radiological partial response associated with a fall in AFP to <10% of baseline. Immune responses were assessed using an ELIspot assay of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release. In several cases there was induction of T cell responses to the vaccine and/or AFP following vaccination. CONCLUSION Autologous DC vaccination in patients with HCC is safe and well tolerated with evidence of antitumor efficacy assessed radiologically and serologically, with generation of antigen-specific immune responses in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Palmer
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, CR UK Institute for Cancer Studies, Clinical Research Block.
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