1
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Song C, Kim MY, Cho JY. The Role of Protein Methyltransferases in Immunity. Molecules 2024; 29:360. [PMID: 38257273 PMCID: PMC10819338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects our body from bacteria, viruses, and toxins and removes malignant cells. Activation of immune cells requires the onset of a network of important signaling proteins. Methylation of these proteins affects their structure and biological function. Under stimulation, T cells, B cells, and other immune cells undergo activation, development, proliferation, differentiation, and manufacture of cytokines and antibodies. Methyltransferases alter the above processes and lead to diverse outcomes depending on the degree and type of methylation. In the previous two decades, methyltransferases have been reported to mediate a great variety of immune stages. Elucidating the roles of methylation in immunity not only contributes to understanding the immune mechanism but is helpful in the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. Hence, we review herein the studies on methylation in immunity, aiming to provide ideas for new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Song
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Gaspar AD, Cuddapah S. Nickel-induced alterations to chromatin structure and function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 457:116317. [PMID: 36400264 PMCID: PMC9722551 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni), a heavy metal is prevalent in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic activities. Ni is a carcinogen implicated in the development of lung and nasal cancers in humans. Furthermore, Ni exposure is associated with a number of chronic lung diseases in humans including asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While Ni compounds are weak mutagens, a number of studies have demonstrated the potential of Ni to alter the epigenome, suggesting epigenomic dysregulation as an important underlying cause for its pathogenicity. In the eukaryotic nucleus, the DNA is organized in a three-dimensional (3D) space through assembly of higher order chromatin structures. Such an organization is critically important for transcription and other biological activities. Accumulating evidence suggests that by negatively affecting various cellular regulatory processes, Ni could potentially affect chromatin organization. In this review, we discuss the role of Ni in altering the chromatin architecture, which potentially plays a major role in Ni pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Domnic Gaspar
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Suresh Cuddapah
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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3
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Ren X, Wang R, Yu XT, Cai B, Guo F. Regulation of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in inflammation. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1931477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ren
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-ting Yu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Mancarella D, Plass C. Epigenetic signatures in cancer: proper controls, current challenges and the potential for clinical translation. Genome Med 2021; 13:23. [PMID: 33568205 PMCID: PMC7874645 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are associated with normal biological processes such as aging or differentiation. Changes in global epigenetic signatures, together with genetic alterations, are driving events in several diseases including cancer. Comparative studies of cancer and healthy tissues found alterations in patterns of DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and changes in chromatin accessibility. Driven by sophisticated, next-generation sequencing-based technologies, recent studies discovered cancer epigenomes to be dominated by epigenetic patterns already present in the cell-of-origin, which transformed into a neoplastic cell. Tumor-specific epigenetic changes therefore need to be redefined and factors influencing epigenetic patterns need to be studied to unmask truly disease-specific alterations. The underlying mechanisms inducing cancer-associated epigenetic alterations are poorly understood. Studies of mutated epigenetic modifiers, enzymes that write, read, or edit epigenetic patterns, or mutated chromatin components, for example oncohistones, help to provide functional insights on how cancer epigenomes arise. In this review, we highlight the importance and define challenges of proper control tissues and cell populations to exploit cancer epigenomes. We summarize recent advances describing mechanisms leading to epigenetic changes in tumorigenesis and briefly discuss advances in investigating their translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mancarella
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Priyadarsini S, Whelchel A, Nicholas S, Sharif R, Riaz K, Karamichos D. Diabetic keratopathy: Insights and challenges. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65:513-529. [PMID: 32092364 PMCID: PMC8116932 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular complications from diabetes mellitus are common. Diabetic keratopathy, the most frequent clinical condition affecting the human cornea, is a potentially sight-threatening condition caused mostly by epithelial disturbances that are of clinical and research attention because of their severity. Diabetic keratopathy exhibits several clinical manifestations, including persistent corneal epithelial erosion, superficial punctate keratopathy, delayed epithelial regeneration, and decreased corneal sensitivity, that may lead to compromised visual acuity or permanent vision loss. The limited amount of clinical studies makes it difficult to fully understand the pathobiology of diabetic keratopathy. Effective therapeutic approaches are elusive. We summarize the clinical manifestations of diabetic keratopathy and discuss available treatments and up-to-date research studies in an attempt to provide a thorough overview of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priyadarsini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - A Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - S Nicholas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - R Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - K Riaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - D Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Dementia is an overarching term which describes a group of symptoms that result in long-term decline in cognitive functioning that is significant enough to affect daily function. It is caused by a number of different diseases, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Currently, there are no definitive biomarkers for preclinical or diagnostic use, or which differentiate between underlying disease types. The purpose of this review is to highlight several important areas of research on blood-based biomarkers of dementia, with a specific focus on epigenetic biomarkers. A systematic search of the literature identified 77 studies that compared blood DNA methylation between individuals with dementia and controls and 45 studies that measured microRNA. Very few studies were identified that focused on histone modifications. There were many promising findings from studies in the field of blood-based epigenetic biomarkers of dementia, however, a lack of consistency in study design, technologies, and platforms used for the biomarker measurement, as well as statistical analysis methods, have hampered progress. To date, there are very few findings that have been independently replicated across more than one study, indicating a preponderance of false-positive findings and the field has likely been plagued by positive publication bias. Here, we highlight and discuss several of the limitations of existing studies and provide recommendations for how these could be overcome in future research. A robust framework should be followed to enable development of the most valid and reproducible biomarkers with the strongest clinical utility. Defining a series of biomarkers that may be complimentary to each other could permit a stronger multifactorial biomarker to be developed that would allow for not only accurate dementia diagnosis but preclinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Fransquet
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville , Australia
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7
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Pasquier J, Spurgeon M, Bradic M, Thomas B, Robay A, Chidiac O, Dib MJ, Turjoman R, Liberska A, Staudt M, Fakhro KA, Menzies R, Jayyousi A, Zirie M, Suwaidi JA, Malik RA, Talal T, Rafii A, Mezey J, Rodriguez-Flores J, Crystal RG, Abi Khalil C. Whole-methylome analysis of circulating monocytes in acute diabetic Charcot foot reveals differentially methylated genes involved in the formation of osteoclasts. Epigenomics 2019; 11:281-296. [PMID: 30753117 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess whether DNA methylation of monocytes play a role in the development of acute diabetic Charcot foot (CF). PATIENTS & METHODS We studied the whole methylome (WM) of circulating monocytes in 18 patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and acute CF, 18 T2D patients with equivalent neuropathy and 18 T2D patients without neuropathy, using the enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing technique. RESULTS & CONCLUSION WM analysis demonstrated that CF monocytes are differentially methylated compared with non-CF monocytes, in both CpG-site and gene-mapped analysis approaches. Among the methylated genes, several are involved in the migration process during monocyte differentiation into osteoclasts or are indirectly involved through the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Finally, we demonstrated an association between methylation and gene expression in cis- and trans-association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pasquier
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Mark Spurgeon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA.,Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithica, NY, NY-14850, USA
| | - Martina Bradic
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Binitha Thomas
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amal Robay
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Omar Chidiac
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marie-Joe Dib
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rebal Turjoman
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexandra Liberska
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Microscopy Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michelle Staudt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert Menzies
- Department of Podiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amin Jayyousi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Zirie
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Rayaz A Malik
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Talal Talal
- Department of Podiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Jason Mezey
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA.,Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithica, NY, NY-14850, USA
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Flores
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA.,Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithica, NY, NY-14850, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA.,Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, NY-10021, USA
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Lu H, Lei X, Zhang Q. Liver-specific knockout of histone methyltransferase G9a impairs liver maturation and dysregulates inflammatory, cytoprotective, and drug-processing genes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:740-752. [PMID: 29912608 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1490044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methyltransferase G9a is essential for a key gene silencing mark, histone H3 dimethylation at lysine-9 (H3K9me2). Hepatic G9a expression is down-regulated by xenobiotics and diabetes. However, little is known about the role of G9a in liver. Thus, we generated mice with liver-specific knockout (Liv-KO) of G9a. Adult G9a Liv-KO mice had marked loss of H3K9me2 proteins in liver, without overt liver injury or infiltration of inflammatory cells. However, G9a-null livers had ectopic induction of certain genes normally expressed in neural and immune systems. Additionally, G9a-null livers had moderate down-regulation of cytoprotective genes, markedly altered expression of certain important drug-processing genes, elevated endogenous reactive oxygen species, induction of ER stress marker Chop, but decreased glutathione and nuclear Nrf2. microRNA-383, a negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway, was strongly induced in G9a Liv-KO mice. After LPS treatment, G9a Liv-KO mice had aggravated lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory response. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that G9a regulates liver maturation by silencing neural and proinflammatory genes but maintaining/activating cytoprotective and drug-processing genes, in which the G9a/miR-383/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 (Chop) pathways may play important roles. G9a deficiency due to genetic polymorphism and/or environmental exposure may alter xenobiotic metabolism and aggravate inflammation and liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- a Department of Pharmacology , SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , USA
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- a Department of Pharmacology , SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , USA
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology , SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , USA
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9
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Kociucka B, Stachecka J, Szydlowski M, Szczerbal I. Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4514-4519. [PMID: 29108067 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. The objective of this study was to identify the association between histone modification and the transcript level of genes important for lipid droplet formation and metabolism. Histone modifications at the promoter regions of 6 genes (, , , , , and ) were analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Two modifications involved in activation of gene expression (acetylation of H3 histone at lysine 9 and methylation of H3 histone at lysine 4) as well as methylation of H3 histone at lysine 27, which is known to be related to gene repression, were examined. The level of histone modification was compared with transcript abundance determined using real-time PCR in tissue samples (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and longissimus dorsi muscle) derived from 3 pig breeds significantly differing in fatness traits (Polish Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain). Transcript levels were found to be correlated with histone modifications characteristic to active loci in 4 of 6 genes. A positive correlation between histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation modification and the transcript level of ( = 0.53, < 4.8 × 10), ( = 0.34, < 0.02), and ( = 0.43, < 1.0 × 10) genes was observed. The histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation modification correlated with transcripts of ( = 0.64, < 4.6 × 10) and ( = 0.37, < 0.01) genes. No correlation was found between transcript level of all studied genes and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation level. This is the first study on histone modifications in porcine adipose tissues. We confirmed the relationship between histone modifications and expression of key genes for adipose tissue accumulation in the pig. Epigenetic modulation of the transcriptional profile of these genes (e.g., through nutritional factors) may improve porcine fatness traits in future.
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10
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Michalczyk AA, Janus ED, Judge A, Ebeling PR, Best JD, Ackland MJ, Asproloupos D, Dunbar JA, Ackland ML. Transient epigenomic changes during pregnancy and early postpartum in women with and without type 2 diabetes. Epigenomics 2018; 10:419-431. [PMID: 29561170 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate epigenomic changes in pregnancy and early postpartum in women with and without type 2 diabetes. METHODS Dimethylation of histones H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36 and H3K79 was measured in white blood cells of women at 30 weeks pregnancy, at 8-10 and 20 weeks postpartum and in never-pregnant women. RESULTS Dimethylation levels of all five histones were different between women in pregnancy and early postpartum compared with never-pregnant women and were different between women with and without type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Histone methylation changes are transient in pregnancy and early postpartum and may represent normal physiological responses to hormones. Different epigenomic profiles in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus may correlate with hormonal responses, leading to high risk pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes A Michalczyk
- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Edward D Janus
- University of Melbourne, Western Centre for Health Research & Education, Western Health, St Albans VIC 3021, Australia.,General Internal Medicine Unit, Western Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Alisha Judge
- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - James D Best
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Michael J Ackland
- The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Dino Asproloupos
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - James A Dunbar
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - M Leigh Ackland
- Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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11
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Keating ST, van Diepen JA, Riksen NP, El-Osta A. Epigenetics in diabetic nephropathy, immunity and metabolism. Diabetologia 2018; 61:6-20. [PMID: 29128937 PMCID: PMC6448927 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When it comes to the epigenome, there is a fine line between clarity and confusion-walk that line and you will discover another fascinating level of transcription control. With the genetic code representing the cornerstone of rules for information that is encoded to proteins somewhere above the genome level there is a set of rules by which chemical information is also read. These epigenetic modifications show a different side of the genetic code that is diverse and regulated, hence modifying genetic transcription transiently, ranging from short- to long-term alterations. While this complexity brings exquisite control it also poses a formidable challenge to efforts to decode mechanisms underlying complex disease. Recent technological and computational advances have improved unbiased acquisition of epigenomic patterns to improve our understanding of the complex chromatin landscape. Key to resolving distinct chromatin signatures of diabetic complications is the identification of the true physiological targets of regulatory proteins, such as reader proteins that recognise, writer proteins that deposit and eraser proteins that remove specific chemical moieties. But how might a diverse group of proteins regulate the diabetic landscape from an epigenomic perspective? Drawing from an ever-expanding compendium of experimental and clinical studies, this review details the current state-of-play and provides a perspective of chromatin-dependent mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications, with a special focus on diabetic nephropathy. We hypothesise a codified signature of the diabetic epigenome and provide examples of prime candidates for chemical modification. As for the pharmacological control of epigenetic marks, we explore future strategies to expedite and refine the search for clinically relevant discoveries. We also consider the challenges associated with therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Keating
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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12
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Scheer S, Zaph C. The Lysine Methyltransferase G9a in Immune Cell Differentiation and Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:429. [PMID: 28443098 PMCID: PMC5387087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G9a (KMT1C, EHMT2) is a lysine methyltransferase (KMT) whose primary function is to di-methylate lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2). G9a-dependent H3K9me2 is associated with gene silencing and acts primarily through the recruitment of H3K9me2-binding proteins that prevent transcriptional activation. Gene repression via G9a-dependent H3K9me2 is critically required in embryonic stem (ES) cells for the development of cellular lineages by repressing expression of pluripotency factors. In the immune system, lymphoid cells such as T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) can differentiate from a naïve state into one of several effector lineages that require both activating and repressive mechanisms to maintain the correct gene expression program. Furthermore, the long-term immunity to re-infection is mediated by memory T cells, which also require specific gene expression and repression to maintain a quiescent state. In this review, we examine the molecular machinery of G9a-dependent functions, address the role of G9a in lymphoid cell differentiation and function, and identify potential functions of T cells and ILCs that may be controlled by G9a. Together, this review will highlight the dynamic nature of G9a-dependent H3K9me2 in the immune system and shed light on the nature of repressive epigenetic modifications in cellular lineage choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scheer
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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13
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Song M, Fang F, Dai X, Yu L, Fang M, Xu Y. MKL1 is an epigenetic mediator of TNF-α-induced proinflammatory transcription in macrophages by interacting with ASH2. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:934-945. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi Song
- Department of Physiology; Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Fei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Department of Pathophysiology; Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu China
| | - Xin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Department of Pathophysiology; Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu China
| | - Liming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Department of Pathophysiology; Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Department of Nursing; Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Department of Pathophysiology; Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu China
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14
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Deb DK, Bao R, Li YC. Critical role of the cAMP-PKA pathway in hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic activation of fibrogenic program in the kidney. FASEB J 2017; 31:2065-2075. [PMID: 28148567 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601116r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a major pathogenic factor that promotes diabetic nephropathy, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that high glucose induced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)-mediated H3K9/14 hyperacetylation in approximately 5000 gene promoters in glomerular mesangial cells, including those of Tgfb1, Tgfb3, and Ctgf, the major profibrotic factors that are known to drive diabetic renal fibrogenesis. In these promoters, H3K9/14 hyperacetylation was closely associated with NF-κB or CREB motifs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that hyperglycemia promoted phospho-p65 or phospho-CREB and CBP bindings and RNA polymerase II recruitment to these promoters in mesangial cells as well as in glomeruli that were purified from type I and type II diabetic mice. Under hyperglycemia, cAMP production and PKA activity were markedly increased as a result of glucose transporter 1-mediated glucose influx that drives glucose metabolism and ATP production, which led to increased phosphorylation of p65 and CREB. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase or PKA activity blocked p65 and CREB phosphorylation, CBP recruitment, and histone acetylation in these promoters. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the cAMP-PKA pathway plays a key role in epigenetic regulation of key profibrotic factors in diabetes.-Deb, D. K., Bao, R., Li, Y. C. Critical role of the cAMP-PKA pathway in hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic activation of fibrogenic program in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Deb
- Department of Medicine The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- Center for Research Informatics, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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Zheng Y, Sanchez-Guerra M, Zhang Z, Joyce BT, Zhong J, Kresovich JK, Liu L, Zhang W, Gao T, Chang D, Osorio-Yanez C, Carmona JJ, Wang S, McCracken JP, Zhang X, Chervona Y, Díaz A, Bertazzi PA, Koutrakis P, Kang CM, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA, Hou L. Traffic-derived particulate matter exposure and histone H3 modification: A repeated measures study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:112-119. [PMID: 27918982 PMCID: PMC5605137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airborne particulate matter (PM) may induce epigenetic changes that potentially lead to chronic diseases. Histone modifications regulate gene expression by influencing chromatin structure that can change gene expression status. We evaluated whether traffic-derived PM exposure is associated with four types of environmentally inducible global histone H3 modifications. METHODS The Beijing Truck Driver Air Pollution Study included 60 truck drivers and 60 office workers examined twice, 1-2 weeks apart, for ambient PM10 (both day-of and 14-day average exposures), personal PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and elemental components (potassium, sulfur, iron, silicon, aluminum, zinc, calcium, and titanium). For both PM10 measures, we obtained hourly ambient PM10 data for the study period from the Beijing Municipal Environmental Bureau's 27 representatively distributed monitoring stations. We then calculated a 24h average for each examination day and a moving average of ambient PM10 measured in the 14 days prior to each examination. Examinations measured global levels of H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3), H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3), and H3 lysine 36 tri-methylation (H3K36me3) in blood leukocytes collected after work. We used adjusted linear mixed-effect models to examine percent changes in histone modifications per each μg/m3 increase in PM exposure. RESULTS In all participants each μg/m3 increase in 14-day average ambient PM10 exposure was associated with lower H3K27me3 (β=-1.1%, 95% CI: -1.6, -0.6) and H3K36me3 levels (β=-0.8%, 95% CI: -1.4, -0.1). Occupation-stratified analyses showed associations between BC and both H3K9ac and H3K36me3 that were stronger in office workers (β=4.6%, 95% CI: 0.9, 8.4; and β=4.1%, 95% CI: 1.3; 7.0 respectively) than in truck drivers (β=0.1%, 95% CI: -1.3, 1.5; and β=0.9%, 95% CI: -0.9, 2.7, respectively; both pinteraction <0.05). Sex-stratified analyses showed associations between examination-day PM10 and H3K9ac, and between BC and H3K9me3, were stronger in women (β=10.7%, 95% CI: 5.4, 16.2; and β=7.5%, 95% CI: 1.2, 14.2, respectively) than in men (β=1.4%, 95% CI: -0.9, 3.7; and β=0.9%, 95% CI: -0.9, 2.7, respectively; both pinteraction <0.05). We observed no associations between personal PM2.5 or elemental components and histone modifications. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a possible role of global histone H3 modifications in effects of traffic-derived PM exposures, particularly BC exposure. Future studies should assess the roles of these modifications in human diseases and as potential mediators of air pollution-induced disease, in particular BC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Health Sciences Integrated PhD Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marco Sanchez-Guerra
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian T Joyce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jia Zhong
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob K Kresovich
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dou Chang
- Department of Safety Engineering, China Institute of Industrial Relations, Beijing, China
| | - Citlalli Osorio-Yanez
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Jose Carmona
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - John P McCracken
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yana Chervona
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, NY, USA
| | - Anaite Díaz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Pier A Bertazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Medicine, University of Milan and IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Ahmadzadeh-Amiri A, Ahmadzadeh-Amiri A. Epigenetic Diabetic Vascular Complications. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jpr-3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has become a major health issue worldwide. Chronic hyperglycemia induces a low-grade inflammation that, on top of other mechanisms, leads to endothelial dysfunction. Mounting evidence suggests that DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histones, and long non-coding RNAs play an important role in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of both macro- and micro-vascular complications of diabetes. Long-term exposure to hyperglycemia induces epigenetic changes that could become irreversible, a phenomenon known as the 'metabolic memory.' Whether epigenetic-based therapies could be used to slow or limit the progression of cardiovascular disease remains unclear. While non-coding RNAs are currently investigated as potential biomarkers that predict diabetic cardiovascular disease incidence and progression, their therapeutic role is only hypothetical. In this review, we highlight the latest findings in experimental and clinical studies relevant to epigenetics and cardiovascular disease in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- Cardiovascular Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Hoarau-Véchot
- Cardiovascular Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Fakhro
- Cardiovascular Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Cardiovascular Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
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18
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Peng L, Zhong X. Epigenetic regulation of drug metabolism and transport. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:106-12. [PMID: 26579435 PMCID: PMC4629221 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug metabolism is a biochemical process on modification of pharmaceutical substances through specialized enzymatic systems. Changes in the expression of drug-metabolizing enzyme genes can affect drug metabolism. Recently, epigenetic regulation of drug-metabolizing enzyme genes has emerged as an important mechanism. Epigenetic regulation refers to heritable factors of genomic modifications that do not involve changes in DNA sequence. Examples of such modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. This review examines the widespread effect of epigenetic regulations on genes involved in drug metabolism, and also suggests a network perspective of epigenetic regulation. The epigenetic mechanisms have important clinical implications and may provide insights into effective drug development and improve safety of drug therapy.
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Key Words
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- DNA methylation
- DNMTs, DNA methyltransferases
- Drug metabolism
- Epigenetics
- H3K27me3, histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation
- H3K36me3, histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation
- H3K4me1, histone 3 lysine 4 monomethylation
- H3K4me2, histone 3 lysine 4 dimethylation
- H3K4me3, histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation
- H3K9me2, histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation
- H3K9me3, histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation
- HATs, histone acetyltransferases
- HDAC, histone deacetylases
- Histone modification
- Non-coding RNA
- P450s, cytochrome P450s
- SULTs, sulfotransferases
- TSS, transcription start sites
- Transporter
- UGTs, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- UTR, untranslated region
- lncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs
- miRNAs, microRNAs
- ncRNAs, non-coding RNAs
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19
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Tu P, Li X, Ma B, Duan H, Zhang Y, Wu R, Ni Z, Jiang P, Wang H, Li M, Zhu J, Li M. Liver histone H3 methylation and acetylation may associate with type 2 diabetes development. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:89-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Antignano F, Zaph C. Regulation of CD4 T-cell differentiation and inflammation by repressive histone methylation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:245-52. [PMID: 25582341 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repressive epigenetic modifications such as dimethylation and trimethylation histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and H3K27me3 have been shown to be critical for embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation by silencing cell lineage-promiscuous genes. CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cell differentiation is a powerful model to study the molecular mechanisms associated with cellular lineage choice in adult cells. Naïve T(H) cells have the capacity to differentiate into one of the several phenotypically and functionally distinct and stable lineages. Although some repressive epigenetic mechanisms have a critical role in T(H) cell differentiation in a similar manner to that in ES cells, it is clear that there are disparate functions for certain modifications between ES cells and T(H) cells. Here we review the role of repressive histone modifications in the differentiation and function of T(H) cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
There is a worldwide epidemic of cardiovascular diseases causing not only a public health issue but also accounting for trillions of dollars of healthcare expenditure. Studies pertaining to epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular biology, gene identification and genetic linkage maps have been able to lay a strong foundation for both the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular medicine. Although the concept of 'epigenetics' is not recent, the term in current usage is extended from the initial concept of 'controlling developmental gene expression and signaling pathways in undifferentiated zygotes' to include heritable changes to gene expression that are not from differences in the genetic code. The impact of epigenetics in cardiovascular disease is now emerging as an important regulatory key player at different levels from pathophysiology to therapeutics. This review focuses on the emerging role of epigenetics in major cardiovascular medicine specialties such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Abi Khalil
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
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22
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Sun GD, Cui WP, Guo QY, Miao LN. Histone lysine methylation in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:654148. [PMID: 25215303 PMCID: PMC4158558 DOI: 10.1155/2014/654148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) belongs to debilitating microvascular complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of end-stage renal diseases worldwide. Furthermore, outcomes from the DCCT/EDIC study showed that DN often persists and progresses despite intensive glucose control in many diabetes patients, possibly as a result of prior episode of hyperglycemia, which is called "metabolic memory." The underlying mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of DN remain poorly understood. Activation of multiple signaling pathways and key transcription factors can lead to aberrant expression of DN-related pathologic genes in target renal cells. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms in chromatin such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation can influence the pathophysiology of DN and metabolic memory. Exciting researches from cell culture and experimental animals have shown that key histone methylation patterns and the related histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases can play important roles in the regulation of inflammatory and profibrotic genes in renal cells under diabetic conditions. Because histone methylation is dynamic and potentially reversible, it can provide a window of opportunity for the development of much-needed novel therapeutic potential for DN in the future. In this minireview, we discuss recent advances in the field of histone methylation and its roles in the pathogenesis and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Guang-dong Sun: and
| | - Wen-peng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qiao-yan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Li-ning Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Li-ning Miao:
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24
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Persistent STAT5 phosphorylation and epigenetic dysregulation of GM-CSF and PGS2/COX2 expression in Type 1 diabetic human monocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76919. [PMID: 24204704 PMCID: PMC3799903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT5 proteins are adaptor proteins for histone acetylation enzymes. Histone acetylation at promoter and enhancer chromosomal regions opens the chromatin and allows access of transcription enzymes to specific genes in rapid response cell signals, such as in inflammation. Histone acetylation-mediated gene regulation is involved in expression of 2 key inflammatory response genes: CSF2, encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and PTGS2, encoding prostaglandin synthase 2/cyclooxygenase 2 (PGS2/COX2). Prolonged CSF2 expression, high GM-CSF production, and GM-CSF activation of PTGS2 gene expression all are seen in type 1 diabetes (T1D) monocytes. Persistent phosphorylation activation of monocyte STAT5 (STAT5Ptyr) is also found in individuals with or at-risk for T1D. To examine whether elevated T1D monocyte STAT5Ptyr may be associated with aberrant inflammatory gene expression in T1D, blood monocytes from non-autoimmune controls and T1D patients were analyzed by flow cytometry for STAT5Ptyr activation, and by chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) analyses for STAT5Ptyr’s ability to bind at CSF2 and PTGS2 regulatory sites in association with histone acetylation. In unstimulated monocytes, STAT5Ptyr was elevated in 59.65% of T1D, but only 2.44% of control subjects (p<0.0001). Increased STAT5Ptyr correlated with T1D disease duration (p = 0.0030, r2 = 0.0784). Unstimulated (p = 0.140) and GM-CSF-stimulated (p = 0.0485) T1D monocytes, had greater STAT5Ptyr binding to epigenetic regulatory sites upstream of CSF2 than control monocytes. Increased STAT5Ptyr binding in T1D monocytes was concurrent with binding at these sites of STAT6Ptyr (p = 0.0283), CBP/P300 histone acetylase, acetylated histones H3, SMRT/NCoR histone deacetylase (p = 0.0040), and RNA Polymerase II (p = 0.0040). Our study indicates that in T1D monocytes, STAT5Ptyr activation is significantly higher and that STAT5Ptyr is found bound to CSF2 promoter and PTGS2 enhancer regions coincident with histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II. These findings suggest that the persistent activation of STAT5 by GM-CSF may be involved in altering the epigenetic regulation of these inflammatory response genes in T1D monocytes.
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Attig L, Vigé A, Gabory A, Karimi M, Beauger A, Gross MS, Athias A, Gallou-Kabani C, Gambert P, Ekstrom TJ, Jais JP, Junien C. Dietary alleviation of maternal obesity and diabetes: increased resistance to diet-induced obesity transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66816. [PMID: 23826145 PMCID: PMC3691260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the developmental origins of health and diseases (DOHaD), and in line with the findings of many studies, obesity during pregnancy is clearly a threat to the health and well-being of the offspring, later in adulthood. We previously showed that 20% of male and female inbred mice can cope with the obesogenic effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks after weaning, remaining lean. However the feeding of a control diet (CD) to DIO mice during the periconceptional/gestation/lactation period led to a pronounced sex-specific shift (17% to 43%) from susceptibility to resistance to HFD, in the female offspring only. Our aim in this study was to determine how, in the context of maternal obesity and T2D, a CD could increase resistance on female fetuses. Transcriptional analyses were carried out with a custom-built mouse liver microarray and by quantitative RT-PCR for muscle and adipose tissue. Both global DNA methylation and levels of pertinent histone marks were assessed by LUMA and western blotting, and the expression of 15 relevant genes encoding chromatin-modifying enzymes was analyzed in tissues presenting global epigenetic changes. Resistance was associated with an enhancement of hepatic pathways protecting against steatosis, the unexpected upregulation of neurotransmission-related genes and the modulation of a vast imprinted gene network. Adipose tissue displayed a pronounced dysregulation of gene expression, with an upregulation of genes involved in lipid storage and adipocyte hypertrophy or hyperplasia in obese mice born to lean and obese mothers, respectively. Global DNA methylation, several histone marks and key epigenetic regulators were also altered. Whether they were themselves lean (resistant) or obese (sensitive), the offspring of lean and obese mice clearly differed in terms of several metabolic features and epigenetic marks suggesting that the effects of a HFD depend on the leanness or obesity of the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Attig
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Vigé
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
| | - Anne Gabory
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
| | - Moshen Karimi
- Laboratory for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurore Beauger
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Sylvie Gross
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
| | - Anne Athias
- IFR100 Santé-STIC, Plateau Technique Lipidomique, CHU Bocage Bat B2, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Gallou-Kabani
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Gambert
- IFR100 Santé-STIC, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Dijon, France
| | - Tomas J. Ekstrom
- Laboratory for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Philippe Jais
- Service de Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Junien
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INSERM U781 AP-HP; Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants, Paris, France
- Laboratory for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Komers R, Mar D, Denisenko O, Xu B, Oyama TT, Bomsztyk K. Epigenetic changes in renal genes dysregulated in mouse and rat models of type 1 diabetes. J Transl Med 2013; 93:543-52. [PMID: 23508046 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes are increasingly being recognized as factors in the pathophysiology of diabetes complications, but few chromatin studies have been done in diabetic nephropathy (DN). We hypothesized that changes in mRNA expression of DN-related genes are associated with epigenetic alterations and aberrant expression of histone-modifying enzymes. RT-PCR and a matrix-chromatin immunoprecipitation platform were used to examine renal mRNA expression, RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment, and epigenetic marks at DN-related genes in the mouse (OVE26) and streptozotocin-induced rat models of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes induced renal expression of Cox2, S100A4/FSP-1, and vimentin genes in both the mouse and the rat models of DN. Mcp-1 and laminin γ1 (Lamc1) expression were increased in diabetic mice but not in rats. Comparison of mRNA and Pol II levels suggested that the diabetes-induced expression of these transcripts is mediated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. Decreases in histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27m3, silencing mark) and increases in H3 lysine 4 di-methylation (H3K4m2, activating mark) levels were the most consistent epigenetic alterations in the tested genes. In agreement with these results, immunoblot analysis showed increased protein abundance of renal H3K27m2/3 demethylase KDM6A, but no changes in cognate methyltransferase Ezh2 in kidneys of the OVE26 mice compared with controls. In diabetic rats, Ezh2 expression was higher without changes in KDM6A, demonstrating that mechanisms of DN-induced H3K27m3 loss could be species specific. In summary, we show that altered mRNA expression of some DN-related genes is associated with changes in Pol II recruitment and a corresponding decrease in repressive H3K27m3 at the selected loci, and at least in mice with equivalent changes in renal expression of cognate histone-modifying enzymes. This pattern could contribute to diabetes-mediated transitions in chromatin that facilitate transcriptional changes in the diabetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radko Komers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mistake of predicting the future is perhaps not tending to repressed or past memories. Hamlet's 17th-Century soliloquy 'the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, that flesh is heir to', (3.1. 7-8) is a tale that looks beyond the present by linking the past with the future. The present article examines the resurgence in the field to understand gene-regulating epigenetic changes conferring glycemic memory. RECENT FINDINGS Chromatin modifications are critical in regulating genome structure and function and despite the significant advances of recent years in identifying the enzymes-mediating chemical changes to histone tails and the DNA template, the precise regulation of gene expression remains incomplete in models of health and diabetic complications. SUMMARY Dispelling the myth that all genomes are driven and respond equally, experimental research is now uncovering the function of enzymes conferring chromatin modifications. Whatever the role of the epigenome, showing its involvement in glycemic signaling is the first step to new strategies and targets to develop therapies that prevent, retard or reverse the long-term deleterious end-organ effects of chronic, intermittent and prior hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Ke X, McKnight RA, Caprau D, O'Grady S, Fu Q, Yu X, Callaway CW, Albertine KH, Lane RH. Intrauterine growth restriction affects hippocampal dual specificity phosphatase 5 gene expression and epigenetic characteristics. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1160-9. [PMID: 21828247 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00242.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) predisposes humans toward hippocampal morbidities, such as impaired learning and memory. Hippocampal dual specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5) may be involved in these morbidities because DUSP5 regulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation (Erk). In the rat, IUGR causes postnatal changes in hippocampal gene expression and epigenetic characteristics. However, the impact of IUGR upon hippocampal DUSP5 expression and epigenetic characteristics is not known. We therefore hypothesized that IUGR affects hippocampal 1) DUSP5 expression, DNA CpG methylation, and histone code, and 2) erk1/2 phosphorylation in a well-characterized rat model of IUGR. We found that IUGR significantly decreased DUSP5 expression in the day of life (DOL) 0 and 21 male rat, while decreasing only DUSP5 protein levels in the DOL21 female rat. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses localized the changes in DUSP5 mRNA and protein, many of which occurred in the dentate gyrus. IUGR also caused sex-specific differences in DNA CpG methylation and histone code in two sites of the hippocampal DUSP5 gene, a 5'-flanking specificity protein-1 (SP1) site and exon 2. Finally, when IUGR decreased DUSP5 protein levels, Erk phosphorylation increased. We conclude that IUGR affects hippocampal DUSP5 expression and epigenetic characteristics in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrao Ke
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2202, USA
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Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes as well the associated vascular complications. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in these pathologies. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors play a key role in the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Actions of major pathological mediators of diabetes and its complications such as hyperglycaemia, oxidant stress, and inflammatory factors can lead to dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms that affect chromatin structure and gene expression. Furthermore, persistence of this altered state of the epigenome may be the underlying mechanism contributing to a 'metabolic memory' that results in chronic inflammation and vascular dysfunction in diabetes even after achieving glycaemic control. Further examination of epigenetic mechanisms by also taking advantage of recently developed next-generation sequencing technologies can provide novel insights into the pathology of diabetes and its complications and lead to the discovery of much needed new drug targets for these diseases. In this review, we highlight the role of epigenetics in diabetes and its vascular complications, and recent technological advances that have significantly accelerated the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Epigenetic changes and alteration of Fbn1 and Col3A1 gene expression under hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic conditions. Biochem J 2010; 432:333-41. [PMID: 20836762 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the role of hyperglycaemia on histone H3 modifications and, in turn, altering the expression of genes during the development of diabetes-associated complications. In the present study, we have investigated the hyperinsulinaemia/hyperglycaemia-induced epigenetic changes and alteration of Fbn1 (fibrillin 1) and Col3A1 (collagen type III α1) gene expression. Insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley rats was developed by feeding rats an HFD (high-fat diet) and administering a low dose of STZ (streptozotocin). Hyperglycaemia induced deacetylation and dephosphorylation of histone H3 in the heart and kidneys of diabetic rats. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Fbn1 and Col3A1 increased in the kidneys and decreased in the heart under hyperglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic conditions. Similar to mRNA expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation also showed an increase in the level of histone H3 acetylation of the Fbn1 gene, but not of the Col3A1 gene. Our present findings suggests that the change in expression of the Fbn1 gene is epigenetically regulated, but the expression of the Col3A1 gene may either be independent of epigenetic regulation or may involve other histone modifications. We provide the first evidence regarding the role of hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia in altering histone H3 modifications, which may result in the alteration of extracellular matrix gene expression.
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31
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Villeneuve LM, Natarajan R. The role of epigenetics in the pathology of diabetic complications. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F14-25. [PMID: 20462972 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with significantly accelerated rates of several debilitating microvascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as atherosclerosis and stroke. While several studies have been devoted to the evaluation of genetic factors related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes and associated complications, much less is known about epigenetic changes that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence. Environmental factors and nutrition have been implicated in diabetes and can also affect epigenetic states. Exciting research has shown that epigenetic changes in chromatin can affect gene transcription in response to environmental stimuli, and changes in key chromatin histone methylation patterns have been noted under diabetic conditions. Reports also suggest that epigenetics may be involved in the phenomenon of metabolic memory observed in clinic trials and animal studies. Further exploration into epigenetic mechanisms can yield new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications and uncover potential therapeutic targets and treatment options to prevent the continued development of diabetic complications even after glucose control has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M Villeneuve
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Sayyed SG, Gaikwad AB, Lichtnekert J, Kulkarni O, Eulberg D, Klussmann S, Tikoo K, Anders HJ. Progressive glomerulosclerosis in type 2 diabetes is associated with renal histone H3K9 and H3K23 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation and phosphorylation at serine 10. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:1811-7. [PMID: 20067909 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct histone modifications regulate gene expression in certain diseases but little is known about histone epigenetics in diabetic nephropathy. The current study examined the role of histone epigenetics in development and progression of nephropathy in db/db mice. METHODS We studied kidney damage in 6-month-old non-diabetic mice and type 2 diabetic db/db mice that underwent either sham surgery or uninephrectomy at 6 weeks of age which accelerates glomerulosclerosis in db/db mice via glomerular hyperfiltration. Histone H3K9 and H3K23 acetylation, H3K4 and H3K9 dimethylation and H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 was explored by western blotting of renal histone extracts. RESULTS Uninephrectomy in C57BL/6 mice or onset of diabetes in type 2 diabetes reduced renal H3K23 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation and H3 phosphorylation at serine 10. In contrast, H3K9 and H3K23 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation and H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 were significantly increased in uninephrectomized db/db mice. The disease pattern of these mice is characterized by an increased glomerular cell proliferation, severe glomerulosclerosis, albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate reduction. Treating uninephrectomized db/db mice with a Mcp-1/Ccl2 antagonist prevented the histopathological damage and the aforementioned histone modification abnormalities of advanced diabetic glomerulosclerosis. CONCLUSION We conclude that advanced diabetic nephropathy is associated with increased renal H3K9 and H3K23 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation and H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 that enhance chromatin unfolding and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan G Sayyed
- Nephrological Center, Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are complex diseases associated with multiple complications, and both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in these pathologies. While numerous studies have provided a wealth of knowledge regarding the genetics of diabetes, the mechanistic pathways leading to diabetes and its complications remain only partly understood. Studying the role of epigenetics in diabetic complications can provide valuable new insights to clarify the interplay between genes and the environment. DNA methylation and histone modifications in nuclear chromatin can generate epigenetic information as another layer of gene transcriptional regulation sensitive to environmental signals. Recent evidence shows that key biochemical pathways and epigenetic chromatin histone methylation patterns are altered in target cells under diabetic conditions and might also be involved in the metabolic memory phenomenon noted in clinical trials and animal studies. New therapeutic targets and treatment options could be uncovered from an in-depth study of the epigenetic mechanisms that might perpetuate diabetic complications despite glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M Villeneuve
- Division of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA-91010, USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Author for correspondence: Division of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA-91010, USA, Tel.: +1 626 256 4673 ext. 62289, Fax: +1 626 301 8136,
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Miao F, Smith DD, Zhang L, Min A, Feng W, Natarajan R. Lymphocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes display a distinct profile of chromatin histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation: an epigenetic study in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57:3189-98. [PMID: 18776137 PMCID: PMC2584123 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complexity of interactions between genes and the environment is a major challenge for type 1 diabetes studies. Nuclear chromatin is the interface between genetics and environment and the principal carrier of epigenetic information. Because histone tail modifications in chromatin are linked to gene transcription, we hypothesized that histone methylation patterns in cells from type 1 diabetic patients can provide novel epigenetic insights into type 1 diabetes and its complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) linked to microarray (ChIP-chip) approach to compare genome-wide histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) patterns in blood lymphocytes and monocytes from type 1 diabetic patients versus healthy control subjects. Bioinformatics evaluation of methylated candidates was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tools. RESULTS A subset of genes in the type 1 diabetic cohort showed significant increase in H3K9me2 in lymphocytes but not in monocytes. CLTA4, a type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene, was one of the candidates displaying increased promoter H3K9me2 in type 1 diabetes. IPA identified two high-scoring networks that encompassed genes showing altered H3K9me2. Many of them were associated with autoimmune and inflammation-related pathways, such as transforming growth factor-beta, nuclear factor-kappaB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, toll-like receptor, and interleukin-6. IPA also revealed biological relationships between these networks and known type 1 diabetes candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS The concerted and synergistic alteration of histone methylation within the identified network in lymphocytes might have an effect on the etiology of type 1 diabetes and its complications. These studies provide evidence of a novel association between type 1 diabetes and altered histone methylation of key genes that are components of type 1 diabetes-related biological pathways and also a new understanding of the pathology of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Miao
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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