1
|
Flores-Gonzalez J, Ramón-Luing LA, Falfán-Valencia R, Batista CVF, Soto-Alvarez S, Huerta-Nuñez L, Chávez-Galán L. The presence of cytotoxic CD4 and exhausted-like CD8+ T-cells is a signature of active tuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167219. [PMID: 38734321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Chronic infections induce CD4+ T-cells with cytotoxic functions (CD4 CTLs); at present, it is still unknown whether latent tuberculosis (LTB) and active tuberculosis (ATB) induce CD4 CTLs. Plasma and cells from four patient groups-uninfected contact (UC), LTB, and ATB (divided as sensitive [DS-TB]- or resistant [DR-TB]-drug)-were evaluated by flow cytometry, q-PCR, and proteomics. The data showed that ATB patients had an increased frequency of CD4+ T-cells and a decreased frequency of CD8+ T-cells. The latter displays an exhausted-like profile characterized by CD39, CD279, and TIM-3 expression. ATB had a high frequency of CD4 + perforin+ cells, suggesting a CD4 CTL profile. The expression (at the transcriptional level) of granzyme A, granzyme B, granulysin, and perforin, as well as the genes T-bet (Tbx21) and NKG2D (Klrk1), in enriched CD4+ T-cells, confirmed the cytotoxic signature of CD4+ T-cells during ATB (which was stronger in DS-TB than in DR-TB). Moreover, proteomic analysis revealed the presence of HSP70 (in DS-TB) and annexin A5 (in DR-TB), which are molecules that have been associated with favoring the CD4 CTL profile. Finally, we found that lipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis increased the presence of CD4 CTLs in DR-TB patients. Our data suggest that ATB is characterized by exhausted-like CD8+ T-cells, which, together with a specific microenvironment, favor the presence of CD4 CTLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Flores-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080. Mexico
| | - Lucero A Ramón-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080. Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Cesar V F Batista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicana, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
| | - Silverio Soto-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicana, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
| | - Lidia Huerta-Nuñez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicana, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080. Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eckhardt E, Schinköthe J, Gischke M, Sehl-Ewert J, Corleis B, Dorhoi A, Teifke J, Albrecht D, Geluk A, Gilleron M, Bastian M. Phosphatidylinositolmannoside vaccination induces lipid-specific Th1-responses and partially protects guinea pigs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18613. [PMID: 37903877 PMCID: PMC10616071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs) comprises a heterogeneity of lymphoid cells that respond to an abundance of unconventional epitopes in a non-MHC-restricted manner. Vaccinologists strive to harness this so far underexplored branch of the immune system for new vaccines against tuberculosis. A particular division of DURTs are T cells that recognize their cognate lipid antigen in the context of CD1-molecules. Mycobacteria are characterized by a particular lipid-rich cell wall. Several of these lipids have been shown to be presented to T cells via CD1b-molecules. Guinea pigs functionally express CD1b and are hence an appropriate small animal model to study the role of CD1b-restricted, lipid-specific immune responses. In the current study, guinea pigs were vaccinated with BCG or highly-purified, liposome-formulated phosphatidylinositol-hexa-mannoside (PIM6) to assess the effect of CD1-restricted DURTs on the course of infection after virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) challenge. Robust PIM6-specific T cell-responses were observed both after BCG- and PIM6-vaccination. The cellular response was significantly reduced in the presence of monoclonal, CD1b-blocking antibodies, indicating that a predominant part of this reactivity was CD1b-restricted. When animals were challenged with Mtb, BCG- and PIM6-vaccinated animals showed significantly reduced pathology, smaller necrotic granulomas in lymph node and spleen and reduced bacterial loads. While BCG conferred an almost sterile protection in this setting, compared to control animals' lesions were reduced roughly by two thirds in PIM6-vaccinated. Comprehensive histological and transcriptional analyses in the draining lymph node revealed that protected animals showed reduced transcription-levels of inflammatory cyto- and chemokines and higher levels of CD1b-expression on professional antigen cells compared to controls. Although BCG as a comparator induced by far stronger effects, our observations in the guinea pig model suggest that CD1b-restricted, PIM6-reactive DURTs contribute to immune-mediated containment of virulent Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Eckhardt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Microbiology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jens Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Albrecht
- Institute of Microbiology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Gilleron
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sánchez-Barinas CD, Vergara-Vanegas V, Gamboa-Hernández CM, Ocampo M, Cuello-Oliveros A, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells' immunomodulating effect regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in macrophages. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152346. [PMID: 36805110 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful pathogens affecting humans, being the main cause of tuberculosis. It accounts for most infectious agent-related deaths worldwide; it has been estimated that a third of the world's population are bacillus carriers. This pathogen's evolutionary adaptation is mainly due to its ability to block a host's immune system by preventing it using an effective immune response in cases of active tuberculosis. Peptide-based synthetic vaccines represent an alternative for counteracting tuberculosis; however, although peptide antigens can be identified, they are not recognised by a host's immune system. An approach using dendritic cells as immunomodulating agents for increasing synthetic peptides' antigenic capacity has thus been advanced. Dendritic cells obtained from IL to 4- and GM-CSF-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were pulsed with synthetic Mtb protein peptides which have been reported as participating in mycobacteria-host interactions; their amino acid sequences were modified to improve MHC-II coupling and thus increase their recognition by a host's immune system. pMHC-II/TCR interaction triggered a lymphocyte response which controlled Mtb intracellular growth in infected macrophages. This work has been aimed at contributing to understanding dendritic cells' role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein peptide antigen presentation, thereby increasing individuals' immune response as a means of controlling the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Sánchez-Barinas
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Marisol Ocampo
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3 # 26A - 40, postcode: 110311, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Angela Cuello-Oliveros
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, postcode: 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shao MM, Yi FS, Huang ZY, Peng P, Wu FY, Shi HZ, Zhai K. T Cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis Reveals Signatures of T Cell Responses to Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829694. [PMID: 35197957 PMCID: PMC8859175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires is essential for understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection involving T cell adaptive immunity. The characteristics of TCR sequences and distinctive signatures of T cell subsets in tuberculous patients are still unclear. By combining single-cell TCR sequencing (sc-TCR seq) with single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA seq) and flow cytometry to characterize T cells in tuberculous pleural effusions (TPEs), we identified 41,718 CD3+ T cells in TPEs and paired blood samples, including 30,515 CD4+ T cells and 11,203 CD8+ T cells. Compared with controls, no differences in length and profile of length distribution were observed in complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in TPE. Altered hydrophobicity was demonstrated in CDR3 in CD8+ T cells and a significant imbalance in the TCR usage pattern of T cells with preferential expression of TRBV4-1 in TPE. A significant increase in clonality was observed in TCR repertoires in CD4+ T cells, but not in CD8+ T cells, although both enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed TH1 and cytotoxic signatures. Furthermore, we identified a new subset of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells with CD1-restricted, TH1, and cytotoxic characteristics, and this subset might provide protective immunity against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Shuang Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Yin Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Nanning Fourth People’s Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kan Zhai,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Venkataranganayaka Abhilasha K, Kedihithlu Marathe G. Bacterial lipoproteins in sepsis. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152128. [PMID: 34488139 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are membrane proteins derived from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. They seem to have diverse functions not only on bacterial growth, but also play an important role in host's virulence. Bacterial lipoproteins exert their action on host immune cells via TLR2/1 or TLR2/6. Therefore, bacterial lipoproteins also need to be considered while addressing bacterial pathogenicity besides classical bacterial endotoxin like LPS and other microbial associated molecular patterns such as LTA, and peptidoglycans. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of general bacterial lipoprotein biosynthesis and the need to understand the lipoprotein-mediated pathogenicity in diseases like sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandahalli Venkataranganayaka Abhilasha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India; Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tippalagama R, Singhania A, Dubelko P, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Crinklaw A, Pomaznoy M, Seumois G, deSilva AD, Premawansa S, Vidanagama D, Gunasena B, Goonawardhana NDS, Ariyaratne D, Scriba TJ, Gilman RH, Saito M, Taplitz R, Vijayanand P, Sette A, Peters B, Burel JG. HLA-DR Marks Recently Divided Antigen-Specific Effector CD4 T Cells in Active Tuberculosis Patients. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:523-533. [PMID: 34193602 PMCID: PMC8516689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon Ag encounter, T cells can rapidly divide and form an effector population, which plays an important role in fighting acute infections. In humans, little is known about the molecular markers that distinguish such effector cells from other T cell populations. To address this, we investigated the molecular profile of T cells present in individuals with active tuberculosis (ATB), where we expect Ag encounter and expansion of effector cells to occur at higher frequency in contrast to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-sensitized healthy IGRA+ individuals. We found that the frequency of HLA-DR+ cells was increased in circulating CD4 T cells of ATB patients, and was dominantly expressed in M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells. We tested and confirmed that HLA-DR is a marker of recently divided CD4 T cells upon M. tuberculosis Ag exposure using an in vitro model examining the response of resting memory T cells from healthy IGRA+ to Ags. Thus, HLA-DR marks a CD4 T cell population that can be directly detected ex vivo in human peripheral blood, whose frequency is increased during ATB disease and contains recently divided Ag-specific effector T cells. These findings will facilitate the monitoring and study of disease-specific effector T cell responses in the context of ATB and other infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Tippalagama
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Akul Singhania
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paige Dubelko
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Austin Crinklaw
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mikhail Pomaznoy
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aruna D deSilva
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Dinuka Ariyaratne
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Randy Taplitz
- Department of Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; and
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Julie G Burel
- Vaccine Discovery Division, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Animal models for human group 1 CD1 protein function. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:159-163. [PMID: 33384157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 antigen presenting system is evolutionary conserved and found in mammals, birds and reptiles. Humans express five isoforms, of which CD1a, CD1b and CD1c represent the group 1 CD1-molecules. They are recognized by T cells that express diverse αβ-T cell receptors. Investigation of the role of group 1 CD1 function has been hampered by the fact that CD1a, CD1b and CD1c are not expressed by mice. However, other animals, such as guinea pigs or cattle, serve as alternative models and have established basic aspects of CD1-dependent, antimicrobial immune functions. Group 1 CD1 transgenic mouse models became available about ten years ago. In a series of seminal studies these mouse models coined the mechanistical understanding of the role of the corresponding CD1 restricted T cell responses. This review gives a short overview of available animal studies and the lessons that have been and still can be learned.
Collapse
|
8
|
Benedictus L, Steinbach S, Holder T, Bakker D, Vrettou C, Morrison WI, Vordermeier M, Connelley T. Hydrophobic Mycobacterial Antigens Elicit Polyfunctional T Cells in Mycobacterium bovis Immunized Cattle: Association With Protection Against Challenge? Front Immunol 2020; 11:588180. [PMID: 33281817 PMCID: PMC7688591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic disease of cattle with a detrimental impact on food quality and production. Research on bTB vaccines has predominantly been focused on proteinaceous antigens. However, mycobacteria have a thick and intricate lipid outer layer and lipids as well as lipopeptides are important for immune-evasion and virulence. In humans, lipid extracts of M. tuberculosis have been shown to elicit immune responses effective against M. tuberculosis in vitro. Chloroform-methanol extraction (CME) was applied to M. bovis BCG to obtain a hydrophobic antigen extract (CMEbcg) containing lipids and lipopeptides. CMEbcg stimulated IFN-γ+IL-2+ and IL-17A+IL-22+ polyfunctional T cells and elicited T cell responses with a Th1 and Th17 cytokine release profile in both M. bovis BCG vaccinated and M. bovis challenged calves. Lipopeptides were shown to be the immunodominant antigens in CMEbcg, stimulating CD4 T cells via MHC class II. CMEbcg expanded T cells killed CMEbcg loaded monocytes and the CMEbcg-specific CD3 T cell proliferative response following M. bovis BCG vaccination was the best predictor for reduced pathology following challenge with M. bovis. Although the high predictive value of CMEbcg-specific immune responses does not confirm a causal relationship with protection against M. bovis challenge, when taking into account the in vitro antimycobacterial phenotype of CMEbcg-specific T cells (e.g. Th1/Th17 cytokine profile), it is indicative that CMEbcg-specific immune responses could play a functional role in immunity against M. bovis. Based on these findings we conclude that lipopeptides of M. bovis are potential novel subunit vaccine candidates and that further studies into the functional characterization of lipopeptide-specific immune responses together with their role in protection against bovine tuberculosis are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindert Benedictus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Steinbach
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Holder
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Christina Vrettou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aerts L, Selis E, Corbière V, Smits K, Van Praet A, Dauby N, Petit E, Singh M, Locht C, Dirix V, Mascart F. HBHA-Induced Polycytotoxic CD4+ T Lymphocytes Are Associated with the Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:421-427. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Wehrstedt S, Kubis J, Zimmermann A, Bruns H, Mayer D, Grieshober M, Stenger S. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib reduces the growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis despite impairing T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1892-1903. [PMID: 30242834 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are checkpoints for multiple cellular pathways and dysregulation induces malignancies, most notably chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Inhibition of Abl-tyrosine kinases has evolved as a new concept for the treatment of CML and other malignant diseases. Due to the multiple immune-modulatory pathways controlled by tyrosine kinases, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) will not only affect the biology of malignant cells but also modulate physiological immune functions. To understand the effects of TKIs on host defense against intracellular bacteria, we investigated the immunological impact of the dual Abl/Src TKI dasatinib on the cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Our results demonstrate that dasatinib impaired proliferation, cytokine release (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF), expression of granulysin and degranulation of cytotoxic effector molecules of human Mtb-specific T-lymphocytes by inhibition of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) phosphorylation. Despite this profound inhibition of T-cell function, dasatinib suppressed growth of virulent Mtb in human macrophages co-cultured with autologous Mtb-specific T-cells (49±15%). Functional analysis suggested that growth inhibition is due to dasatinib-triggered lysosomal acidification in Mtb-infected macrophages. These results highlight the significance of innate immune responses, i.e. acidification of lysosomes, which control the multiplication of intracellular bacteria despite the lack of efficient T-cell support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wehrstedt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kubis
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arens K, Filippis C, Kleinfelder H, Goetzee A, Reichmann G, Crauwels P, Waibler Z, Bagola K, van Zandbergen G. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α Therapeutics Differentially Affect Leishmania Infection of Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1772. [PMID: 30108591 PMCID: PMC6079256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) drives the pathophysiology of human autoimmune diseases and consequently, neutralizing antibodies (Abs) or Ab-derived molecules directed against TNFα are essential therapeutics. As treatment with several TNFα blockers has been reported to entail a higher risk of infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis, we established an in vitro model based on Leishmania-infected human macrophages, co-cultured with autologous T-cells, for the analysis and comparison of anti-TNFα therapeutics. We demonstrate that neutralization of soluble TNFα (sTNFα) by the anti-TNFα Abs Humira®, Remicade®, and its biosimilar Remsima® negatively affects infection as treatment with these agents significantly reduces Leishmania-induced T-cell proliferation and increases the number of infected macrophages. By contrast, we show that blockade of sTNFα by Cimzia® does not affect T-cell proliferation and infection rates. Moreover, compared to Remicade®, treatment with Cimzia® does not impair the expression of cytolytic effector proteins in proliferating T-cells. Our data demonstrate that Cimzia® supports parasite control through its conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety as PEGylation of Remicade® improves the clearance of intracellular Leishmania. This effect can be linked to complement activation, with levels of complement component C5a being increased upon treatment with Cimzia® or a PEGylated form of Remicade®. Taken together, we provide an in vitro model of human leishmaniasis that allows direct comparison of different anti-TNFα agents. Our results enhance the understanding of the efficacy and adverse effects of TNFα blockers and they contribute to evaluate anti-TNFα therapy for patients living in countries with a high prevalence of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Arens
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Arthur Goetzee
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Crauwels
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ceniceros A, Dijkhuizen L, Petrusma M, Medema MH. Genome-based exploration of the specialized metabolic capacities of the genus Rhodococcus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:593. [PMID: 28793878 PMCID: PMC5550956 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus are well known for their ability to degrade a large range of organic compounds. Some rhodococci are free-living, saprophytic bacteria; others are animal and plant pathogens. Recently, several studies have shown that their genomes encode putative pathways for the synthesis of a large number of specialized metabolites that are likely to be involved in microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions. To systematically explore the specialized metabolic potential of this genus, we here performed a comprehensive analysis of the biosynthetic coding capacity across publicly available rhododoccal genomes, and compared these with those of several Mycobacterium strains as well as that of their mutual close relative Amycolicicoccus subflavus. RESULTS Comparative genomic analysis shows that most predicted biosynthetic gene cluster families in these strains are clade-specific and lack any homology with gene clusters encoding the production of known natural products. Interestingly, many of these clusters appear to encode the biosynthesis of lipopeptides, which may play key roles in the diverse environments were rhodococci thrive, by acting as biosurfactants, pathogenicity factors or antimicrobials. We also identified several gene cluster families that are universally shared among all three genera, which therefore may have a more 'primary' role in their physiology. Inactivation of these clusters by mutagenesis might help to generate weaker strains that can be used as live vaccines. CONCLUSIONS The genus Rhodococcus thus provides an interesting target for natural product discovery, in view of its large and mostly uncharacterized biosynthetic repertoire, its relatively fast growth and the availability of effective genetic tools for its genomic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ceniceros
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirjan Petrusma
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lakshmikanth CL, Jacob SP, Kudva AK, Latchoumycandane C, Yashaswini PSM, Sumanth MS, Goncalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Silva AR, Singh SA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Prabhu SK, McIntyre TM, Marathe GK. Escherichia coli Braun Lipoprotein (BLP) exhibits endotoxemia - like pathology in Swiss albino mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34666. [PMID: 27698491 PMCID: PMC5048175 DOI: 10.1038/srep34666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promotes sepsis, but bacterial peptides also promote inflammation leading to sepsis. We found, intraperitoneal administration of live or heat inactivated E. coli JE5505 lacking the abundant outer membrane protein, Braun lipoprotein (BLP), was less toxic than E. coli DH5α possessing BLP in Swiss albino mice. Injection of BLP free of LPS purified from E. coli DH5α induced massive infiltration of leukocytes in lungs and liver. BLP activated human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) ex vivo to adhere to denatured collagen in serum and polymyxin B independent fashion, a property distinct from LPS. Both LPS and BLP stimulated the synthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent lipid mediator, in human PMNs. In mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, while both BLP and LPS similarly upregulated TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA; BLP was more potent in inducing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression. Peritoneal macrophages from TLR2−/− mice significantly reduced the production of TNF-α in response to BLP in contrast to macrophages from wild type mice. We conclude, BLP acting through TLR2, is a potent inducer of inflammation with a response profile both common and distinct from LPS. Hence, BLP mediated pathway may also be considered as an effective target against sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Avinash Kundadka Kudva
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 115 Henning Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Calivarathan Latchoumycandane
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | - Mosale Seetharam Sumanth
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Adriana R Silva
- Laboratótio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Sridevi Annapurna Singh
- Department of Protein Chemistry &Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute/CSIR, Mysore - 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratótio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Kumble Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 115 Henning Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Friedland YD, Lee-Pullen TF, Nathan EA, Watts R, Keelan JA, Payne MS, Ireland DJ. T cell cytokine responses to stimulation with Ureaplasma parvum in pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 116:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Becker K, Sander P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoproteins in virulence and immunity - fighting with a double-edged sword. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3800-3819. [PMID: 27350117 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are secreted membrane-anchored proteins characterized by a lipobox motif. This lipobox motif directs post-translational modifications at the conserved cysteine through the consecutive action of three enzymes: Lgt, LspA and Lnt, which results in di- or triacylated forms. Lipoproteins are abundant in all bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and often involved in virulence and immunoregulatory processes. On the one hand, disruption of the biosynthesis pathway of lipoproteins leads to attenuation of M. tuberculosis in vivo, and mycobacteria deficient for certain lipoproteins have been assessed as attenuated live vaccine candidates. On the other hand, several mycobacterial lipoproteins form immunodominant antigens which promote an immune response. Some of these have been explored in DNA or subunit vaccination approaches against tuberculosis. The immune recognition of specific lipoproteins, however, might also benefit long-term survival of M. tuberculosis through immune modulation, while others induce protective responses. Exploiting lipoproteins as vaccines is thus a complex matter which requires deliberative investigation. The dual role of lipoproteins in the immunity to and pathogenicity of mycobacteria is discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lakshmikanth CL, Jacob SP, Chaithra VH, de Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Marathe GK. Sepsis: in search of cure. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:587-602. [PMID: 26995266 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a complex inflammatory disorder believed to originate from an infection by any types of microbes and/or their products. It is the leading cause of death in intensive care units (ICUs) throughout the globe. The mortality rates depend both on the severity of infection and the host's response to infection. METHODS Literature survey on pathobiology of sepsis in general and failure of more than hundred clinical trials conducted so far in search of a possible cure for sepsis resulted in the preparation of this manuscript. FINDINGS Sepsis lacks a suitable animal model that mimics human sepsis. However, based on the results obtained in animal models of sepsis, clinical trials conducted so far have been disappointing. Although involvement of multiple mediators and pathways in sepsis has been recognized, only few components are being targeted and this could be the major reason behind the failure of clinical trials. CONCLUSION Inability to recognize a single critical mediator of sepsis may be the underlying cause for the poor therapeutic intervention of sepsis. Therefore, sepsis is still considered as a disease-in search of cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, 570 006, India
| | | | | | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, 570 006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaufmann E, Spohr C, Battenfeld S, De Paepe D, Holzhauser T, Balks E, Homolka S, Reiling N, Gilleron M, Bastian M. BCG Vaccination Induces Robust CD4+ T Cell Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex–Specific Lipopeptides in Guinea Pigs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2723-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
18
|
Crauwels P, Bohn R, Thomas M, Gottwalt S, Jäckel F, Krämer S, Bank E, Tenzer S, Walther P, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Apoptotic-like Leishmania exploit the host's autophagy machinery to reduce T-cell-mediated parasite elimination. Autophagy 2016; 11:285-97. [PMID: 25801301 PMCID: PMC4502818 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2014.998904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a well-defined cellular process in which a cell dies, characterized by cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation. In parasites like Leishmania, the process of apoptosis-like cell death has been described. Moreover upon infection, the apoptotic-like population is essential for disease development, in part by silencing host phagocytes. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of how apoptosis in unicellular organisms may support infectivity remains unclear. Therefore we investigated the fate of apoptotic-like Leishmania parasites in human host macrophages. Our data showed—in contrast to viable parasites—that apoptotic-like parasites enter an LC3+, autophagy-like compartment. The compartment was found to consist of a single lipid bilayer, typical for LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). As LAP can provoke anti-inflammatory responses and autophagy modulates antigen presentation, we analyzed how the presence of apoptotic-like parasites affected the adaptive immune response. Macrophages infected with viable Leishmania induced proliferation of CD4+ T-cells, leading to a reduced intracellular parasite survival. Remarkably, the presence of apoptotic-like parasites in the inoculum significantly reduced T-cell proliferation. Chemical induction of autophagy in human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM), infected with viable parasites only, had an even stronger proliferation-reducing effect, indicating that host cell autophagy and not parasite viability limits the T-cell response and enhances parasite survival. Concluding, our data suggest that apoptotic-like Leishmania hijack the host cells´ autophagy machinery to reduce T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, the overall population survival is guaranteed, explaining the benefit of apoptosis-like cell death in a single-celled parasite and defining the host autophagy pathway as a potential therapeutic target in treating Leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Key Words
- ANXA5, annexin V
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CM, complete medium
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IL, interleukin
- LAP
- LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis
- Lm, Leishmania
- MACS, magnetic-associated cell sorting
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- T-cell proliferation
- TGFB, transforming growth factor
- anti-inflammatory
- apoptotic-like Leishmania
- autophagy
- hMDM, human monocyte derived macrophage
- human primary macrophages
- immune evasion
- log.ph, logarithmic phase
- stat.ph, stationary phase
- β; TT, tetanus toxoid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Crauwels
- a Division of Immunology ; Paul-Ehrlich-Institute ; Langen , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zenk SF, Vollmer M, Schercher E, Kallert S, Kubis J, Stenger S. Hypoxia promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific up-regulation of granulysin in human T cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:219-29. [PMID: 26613797 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen tension affects local immune responses in inflammation and infection. In tuberculosis mycobacteria avoid hypoxic areas and preferentially persist and reactivate in the oxygen-rich apex of the lung. Oxygen restriction activates antimicrobial effector mechanisms in macrophages and restricts growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.Tb). The effect of oxygen restriction on T cell-mediated antimicrobial effector mechanisms is unknown. Therefore we determined the influence of hypoxia on the expression of granulysin, an antimicrobial peptide of lymphocytes. Hypoxia increased the antigen-specific up-regulation of granulysin mRNA and protein in human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This observation was functionally relevant, because oxygen restriction supported the growth-limiting effect of antigen-specific T cells against virulent M.Tb residing in primary human macrophages. Our results provide evidence that oxygen restriction promotes the expression of granulysin and suggest that this effect-in conjunction with additional T cell-mediated immune responses-supports protection against mycobacteria. The therapeutic modulation of oxygen availability may offer a new strategy for the host-directed therapy of infectious diseases with intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Zenk
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Vollmer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Esra Schercher
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kubis
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ronacher K, Joosten SA, van Crevel R, Dockrell HM, Walzl G, Ottenhoff THM. Acquired immunodeficiencies and tuberculosis: focus on HIV/AIDS and diabetes mellitus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:121-37. [PMID: 25703556 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection within Africa led to marked increases in numbers of cases of tuberculosis (TB), and although the epidemic peaked in 2006, there were still 1.8 million new cases in 2013, with 29.2 million prevalent cases. Half of all TB cases in Africa are in those with HIV co-infection. A brief review of the well-documented main immunological mechanisms of HIV-associated increased susceptibility to TB is presented. However, a new threat is facing TB control, which presents itself in the form of a rapid increase in the number of people living with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in areas that are already hardest hit by the TB epidemic. T2DM increases susceptibility to TB threefold, and the TB burden attributable to T2DM is 15%. This review addresses the much smaller body of research information available on T2DM-TB, compared to HIV-TB comorbidity. We discuss the altered clinical presentation of TB in the context of T2DM comorbidity, changes in innate and adaptive immune responses, including lymphocyte subsets and T-cell phenotypes, the effect of treatment of the different comorbidities, changes in biomarker expression and genetic predisposition to the respective morbidities, and other factors affecting the comorbidity. Although significant gains have been made in improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of T2DM-associated increased susceptibility, knowledge gaps still exist that require urgent attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ronacher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mascart F, Locht C. Integrating knowledge ofMycobacterium tuberculosispathogenesis for the design of better vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1573-85. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
T(H)17-Mediated Protection against Pneumococcal Carriage by a Whole-Cell Vaccine Is Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Surface Lipoproteins. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:909-16. [PMID: 26041040 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00118-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine (WCV) confers T(H)17-mediated immunogenicity and reduces nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in mice. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been shown to be important for generating T(H)17 responses, and several lipidated pneumococcal proteins have TLR2-activating properties. Here we investigated the roles of TLR2 and lipidation of proteins in WCV-induced interleukin-17A (IL-17A) responses and protection against NP carriage. Immunization of Tlr2(-/-) mice with WCV conferred significantly lower IL-17A levels and reduced protection against NP carriage, compared to wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting that host TLR2 engagement is required for effective immunity and protection elicited by WCV immunization. Using a WCV with deletion of lgt, the gene encoding the enzyme required for lipidation and membrane attachment of prolipoproteins, we show that lipidation and membrane localization of these proteins are critical for the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the WCV. To evaluate the roles of diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt)-mediated processes in the recall of WCV-induced protective responses, we colonized WCV-immunized animals with a strain in which lgt was deleted. WCV-immunized animals still had significantly reduced colonization burdens, compared to control animals, which suggests that lipidation and membrane localization of pneumococcal prolipoproteins are less critical for the recall of the immune responses elicited by WCV immunization than for the priming of such responses. Elucidation of underlying immune mechanisms and the optimal characteristics of WCV formulations can help guide vaccine development and enhance our understanding of host-pneumococcus interactions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kallert S, Zenk SF, Walther P, Grieshober M, Weil T, Stenger S. Liposomal delivery of lipoarabinomannan triggers Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T-cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:452-62. [PMID: 26043674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a major cell wall component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). LAM specific human T-lymphocytes release interferon-γ (IFNγ) and have antimicrobial activity against intracellular Mtb suggesting that they contribute to protection. Therefore the induction of LAM-specific memory T-cells is an attractive approach for the design of a new vaccine against tuberculosis. A prerequisite for the activation of LAM-specific T-cells is the efficient uptake and transport of the glycolipid antigen to the CD1 antigen presenting machinery. Based on the hydrophobicity of LAM we hypothesized that packaging of LAM into liposomes will support the activation of T-lymphocytes. We prepared liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, stearylated octaarginine and LAM via thin layer hydration method (LIPLAM). Flow cytometry analysis using fluorescently labelled LIPLAM showed an efficient uptake by antigen presenting cells. LAM delivered via liposomes was biologically active as demonstrated by the down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein expression. Importantly, LIPLAM induced higher IFNγ production by primary human T-lymphocytes than purified LAM (2-16 times) or empty liposomes. These results suggest that the delivery of mycobacterial glycolipids via liposomes is a promising approach to promote the induction of M. tuberculosis specific T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kallert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sebastian F Zenk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Unit Electron Microscopy, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bruns H, Stenger S. New insights into the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human macrophages. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:327-41. [PMID: 24762307 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen. It infects macrophages where it avoids elimination by interfering with host defense mechanisms. Until recently, it was assumed that the acidification of phagosomes is the major strategy of macrophages to eliminate M. tuberculosis. However, there is emerging evidence demonstrating that human macrophages are equipped with additional antimicrobial effector functions. Specifically, autophagy, efferocytosis and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as mechanisms to restrict mycobacterial proliferation. Here we review recent findings on effector functions of human macrophages and mechanisms of the pathogen to interfere with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 - Hematology/Oncology, University of Erlangen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ireland DJ, Keelan JA. The Maternal Serological Response to Intrauterine Ureaplasma sp. Infection and Prediction of Risk of Pre-Term Birth. Front Immunol 2014; 5:624. [PMID: 25538708 PMCID: PMC4260765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-term birth (PTB) associated with intrauterine infection and inflammation (IUI) is the major cause of early PTB less than 32 weeks of gestation. Ureaplasma spp. are common commensals of the urogenital tract in pregnancy and are the most commonly identified microorganisms in amniotic fluid of pre-term pregnancies. While we have an understanding of the causal relationship between intra-amniotic infection, inflammation and PTB, we are still unable to explain why vaginal Ureaplasma sp. colonization is tolerated in some women but causes PTB in others. It is now known that placental tissues are frequently colonized by bacteria even in apparently healthy pregnancies delivered at term; usually this occurs in the absence of a significant local inflammatory response. It appears, therefore, that the site, nature, and magnitude of the immune response to infiltrating microorganisms are key in determining pregnancy outcome. Some evidence exists that the maternal serological response to Ureaplasma sp. colonization may be predictive of adverse pregnancy outcome, although issues such as the importance of virulence factors (serovars) and the timing, magnitude, and functional consequences of the immune response await clarification. This mini-review discusses the evidence linking the maternal immune response to risk of PTB and the potential applications of maternal serological analysis for predicting obstetric outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demelza J Ireland
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
van Els CACM, Corbière V, Smits K, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Poelen MCM, Mascart F, Meiring HD, Locht C. Toward Understanding the Essence of Post-Translational Modifications for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunoproteome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:361. [PMID: 25157249 PMCID: PMC4127798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are prominent effector cells in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but may also contribute to immunopathology. Studies probing the CD4+ T cell response from individuals latently infected with Mtb or patients with active tuberculosis using either small or proteome-wide antigen screens so far revealed a multi-antigenic, yet mostly invariable repertoire of immunogenic Mtb proteins. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have highlighted the occurrence of numerous types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteomes of prokaryotes, including Mtb. The well-known PTMs in Mtb are glycosylation, lipidation, or phosphorylation, known regulators of protein function or compartmentalization. Other PTMs include methylation, acetylation, and pupylation, involved in protein stability. While all PTMs add variability to the Mtb proteome, relatively little is understood about their role in the anti-Mtb immune responses. Here, we review Mtb protein PTMs and methods to assess their role in protective immunity against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Kaat Smits
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Francoise Mascart
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium ; Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Camille Locht
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille , Lille , France ; INSERM U1019 , Lille , France ; CNRS UMR8204 , Lille , France ; Université Lille Nord de France , Lille , France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ocampo M, Curtidor H, Vanegas M, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Specific interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein-derived peptides and target cells inhibits mycobacterial entry in vitro. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:626-41. [PMID: 25041568 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues being one of the diseases having the greatest mortality rates around the world, 8.7 million cases having been reported in 2011. An efficient vaccine against TB having a great impact on public health is an urgent need. Usually, selecting antigens for vaccines has been based on proteins having immunogenic properties for patients suffering TB and having had promising results in mice and non-human primates. Our approach has been based on a functional approach involving the pathogen-host interaction in the search for antigens to be included in designing an efficient, minimal, subunit-based anti-TB vaccine. This means that Mycobacterium tuberculosis has mainly been involved in studies and that lipoproteins represent an important kind of protein on the cell envelope which can also contribute towards this pathogen's virulence. This study has assessed the expression of four lipoproteins from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, that is, Rv1411c (LprG), Rv1911c (LppC), Rv2270 (LppN) and Rv3763 (LpqH), and the possible biological activity of peptides derived from these. Five peptides were found for these proteins which had high specific binding to both alveolar A549 epithelial cells and U937 monocyte-derived macrophages which were able to significantly inhibit mycobacterial entry to these cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Commandeur S, Coppola M, Dijkman K, Friggen AH, van Meijgaarden KE, van den Eeden SJF, Wilson L, van der Ploeg-van Schip JJ, Franken KLMC, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. Clonal analysis of the T-cell response to in vivo expressed Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv2034, using a CD154 expression based T-cell cloning method. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99203. [PMID: 24905579 PMCID: PMC4048274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of death worldwide. A better understanding of the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which are both important to TB protection, is essential to unravel the mechanisms of protection and to identify the key antigens seen by these T cells. We have recently identified a set of in vivo expressed Mtb genes (IVE-TB) which is expressed during in vivo pulmonary infection in mice, and shown that their encoded antigens are potently recognized by polyclonal T cells from tuberculin skin test-positive, in vitro ESAT-6/CFP10-responsive individuals. Here we have cloned T cells specific for one of these newly identified in vivo expressed Mtb (IVE-TB) antigens, Rv2034. T cells were enriched based on the expression of CD154 (CD40L), which represents a new method for selecting antigen-specific (low frequency) T cells independent of their specific function. An Rv2034-specific CD4+ T-cell clone expressed the Th1 markers T-bet, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and the cytotoxicity related markers granzyme B and CD107a as measured by flow cytometry. The clone specifically recognized Rv2034 protein, Rv2034 peptide p81-100 and Mtb lysate. Remarkably, while the recognition of the dominant p81-100 epitope was HLA-DR restricted, the T-cell clone also recognized a neighboring epitope (p88-107) in an HLA-DR- as well as HLA-DQ1-restricted fashion. Importantly, the T-cell clone was able to inhibit Mtb outgrowth from infected monocytes significantly. The characterization of the polyfunctional and Mtb inhibitory T-cell response to IVE-TB Rv2034 at the clonal level provides detailed further insights into the potential of IVE-TB antigens as new vaccine candidate antigens in TB. Our new approach allowed the identification of T-cell subsets that likely play a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, and can be applied to the analysis of T-cell responses in patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariateresa Coppola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke H. Friggen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Geffner L, Basile JI, Yokobori N, Sabio Y García C, Musella R, Castagnino J, Sasiain MC, de la Barrera S. CD4(+) CD25(high) forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T lymphocytes suppress interferon-γ and CD107 expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from tuberculous pleural effusions. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:235-45. [PMID: 24134738 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous pleural effusion is characterized by a T helper type 1 (Th1) profile, but an excessive Th1 response may also cause tissue damage that might be controlled by regulatory mechanisms. In the current study we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Treg ) in the modulation of Th1 responses in patients with tuberculous (TB) pleurisy. Using flow cytometry we evaluated the proportion of Treg (CD4(+) CD25(high) forkhead box protein 3(+) ), interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 expression and CD107 degranulation in peripheral blood (PB) and pleural fluid (PF) from patients with TB pleurisy. We demonstrated that the proportion of CD4(+) CD25(+) , CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) and CD8(+) CD25(+) cells were increased in PF compared to PB samples. Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulation increased the proportion of CD4(+) CD25(low/neg) IL-10(+) in PB and CD4(+) CD25(low/neg) IFN-γ(+) in PF; meanwhile, CD25(high) mainly expressed IL-10 in both compartments. A high proportion of CD4(+) CD107(+) and CD8(+) CD107(+) cells was observed in PF. Treg depletion enhanced the in-vitro M. tuberculosis-induced IFN-γ and CD4(+) and CD8(+) degranulation responses and decreased CD4(+) IL-10(+) cells in PF. Our results demonstrated that in TB pleurisy Treg cells effectively inhibit not only IFN-γ expression but also the ability of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells to degranulate in response to M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Geffner
- IMEX-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soares AP, Kwong Chung CKC, Choice T, Hughes EJ, Jacobs G, van Rensburg EJ, Khomba G, de Kock M, Lerumo L, Makhethe L, Maneli MH, Pienaar B, Smit E, Tena-Coki NG, van Wyk L, Boom WH, Kaplan G, Scriba TJ, Hanekom WA. Longitudinal changes in CD4(+) T-cell memory responses induced by BCG vaccination of newborns. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1084-94. [PMID: 23293360 PMCID: PMC3583271 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved vaccination strategies against tuberculosis are needed, such as approaches to boost immunity induced by the current vaccine, BCG. Design of these strategies has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of the kinetics of the human host response induced by neonatal BCG vaccination. Furthermore, the functional and phenotypic attributes of BCG-induced long-lived memory T-cell responses remain unclear. METHODS We assessed the longitudinal CD4 T-cell response following BCG vaccination of human newborns. The kinetics, function, and phenotype of these cells were measured using flow cytometric whole-blood assays. RESULTS We showed that the BCG-specific CD4 T-cell response peaked 6-10 weeks after vaccination and gradually waned over the first year of life. Highly activated T-helper 1 cells, predominantly expressing interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and/or interleukin 2, were present at the peak response. Following contraction, BCG-specific CD4 T cells expressed high levels of Bcl-2 and displayed a predominant CD45RACCR7 central memory phenotype. However, cytokine and cytotoxic marker expression by these cells was more characteristic of effector memory cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that boosting of BCG-primed CD4 T cells with heterologous tuberculosis vaccines may be best after 14 weeks of age, once an established memory response has developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia P Soares
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cayabyab MJ, Macovei L, Campos-Neto A. Current and novel approaches to vaccine development against tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:154. [PMID: 23230563 PMCID: PMC3515764 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and vaccines are the two most successful medical countermeasures that humans have created against a number of pathogens. However a select few e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) have evaded eradication by vaccines and therapeutic approaches. TB is a global public health problem that kills 1.4 million people per year. The past decade has seen significant progress in developing new vaccine candidates, but the most fundamental questions in understanding disease progression and protective host responses that are responsible for controlling Mtb infection still remain poorly resolved. Current TB treatment requires intense chemotherapy with several antimicrobials, while the only approved vaccine is the classical viable whole-cell based Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) that protects children from severe forms of TB, but fails to protect adults. Taken together, there is a growing need to conduct basic and applied research to develop novel vaccine strategies against TB. This review is focused on the discussion surrounding current strategies and innovations being explored to discover new protective antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems in the hopes of creating an efficacious TB vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cayabyab
- Forsyth Institute Cambridge, MA, USA ; Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seshadri C, Turner MT, Lewinsohn DM, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. Lipoproteins are major targets of the polyclonal human T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23197260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines and basic studies of T cell epitopes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis emphasize water-soluble proteins that are secreted into the extracellular space and presented in the context of MHC class II. Much less is known about the role of Ags retained within the cell wall. We used polyclonal T cells from infected humans to probe for responses to immunodominant Ags in the M. tuberculosis cell wall. We found that the magnitude of response to secreted or cell wall intrinsic compounds was similar among healthy controls, patients with latent tuberculosis, and patients with active tuberculosis. Individual responses to secreted Ags and cell wall extract were strongly correlated (r(2) = 0.495, p = 0.001), suggesting that T cells responding to cell wall and secreted Ags are present at similar frequency. Surprisingly, T cell stimulatory factors intrinsic to the cell wall partition into organic solvents; however, these responses are not explained by CD1-mediated presentation of lipids. Instead, we find that molecules soluble in organic solvents are dependent upon MHC class II and recognized by IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cells. We reasoned that MHC class II-dependent Ags extracting into lipid mixtures might be found among triacylated lipoproteins present in mycobacteria. We used M. tuberculosis lacking prolipoprotein signal peptidase A (lspA), an enzyme required for lipoprotein synthesis, to demonstrate loss of polyclonal T cell responses. Our results demonstrate the use of bacterial genetics to identify lipoproteins as an unexpected and immunodominant class of cell wall-associated Ags targeted by the polyclonal human T cell response to M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Seshadri
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mueller H, Faé KC, Magdorf K, Ganoza CA, Wahn U, Guhlich U, Feiterna-Sperling C, Kaufmann SHE. Granulysin-expressing CD4+ T cells as candidate immune marker for tuberculosis during childhood and adolescence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29367. [PMID: 22216262 PMCID: PMC3246496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin produced by cytolytic T cells directly contributes to immune defense against tuberculosis (TB). We investigated granulysin as a candidate immune marker for childhood and adolescent TB. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from children and adolescents (1–17 years) with active TB, latent TB infection (LTBI), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection and from uninfected controls were isolated and restimulated in a 7-day restimulation assay. Intracellular staining was then performed to analyze antigen-specific induction of activation markers and cytotoxic proteins, notably, granulysin in CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells. Results CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells co-expressing granulysin with specificity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were present in high frequency in TB-experienced children and adolescents. Proliferating memory T cells (CFSElowCD4+CD45RO+) were identified as main source of granulysin and these cells expressed both central and effector memory phenotype. PBMC from study participants after TB drug therapy revealed that granulysin-expressing CD4+ T cells are long-lived, and express several activation and cytotoxicity markers with a proportion of cells being interferon-gamma-positive. In addition, granulysin-expressing T cell lines showed cytolytic activity against Mtb-infected target cells. Conclusions Our data suggest granulysin expression by CD4+ memory T cells as candidate immune marker for TB infection, notably, in childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kellen C. Faé
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Magdorf
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian A. Ganoza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wahn
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maeda Y, Tamura T, Fukutomi Y, Mukai T, Kai M, Makino M. A lipopeptide facilitate induction of Mycobacterium leprae killing in host cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1401. [PMID: 22132248 PMCID: PMC3222628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known of the direct microbicidal activity of T cells in leprosy, so a lipopeptide consisting of the N-terminal 13 amino acids lipopeptide (LipoK) of a 33-kD lipoprotein of Mycobacterium leprae, was synthesized. LipoK activated M. leprae infected human dendritic cells (DCs) to induce the production of IL-12. These activated DCs stimulated autologous CD4+ or CD8+ T cells towards type 1 immune response by inducing interferon-gamma secretion. T cell proliferation was also evident from the CFSE labeling of target CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. The direct microbicidal activity of T cells in the control of M. leprae multiplication is not well understood. The present study showed significant production of granulysin, granzyme B and perforin from these activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when stimulated with LipoK activated, M. leprae infected DCs. Assessment of the viability of M. leprae in DCs indicated LipoK mediated T cell-dependent killing of M. leprae. Remarkably, granulysin as well as granzyme B could directly kill M. leprae in vitro. Our results provide evidence that LipoK could facilitate M. leprae killing through the production of effector molecules granulysin and granzyme B in T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Maeda
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ryan RCM, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces non-apoptotic cell death of human dendritic cells. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:237. [PMID: 22024399 PMCID: PMC3229477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) connect innate and adaptive immunity, and are necessary for an efficient CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We previously described the macrophage cell death response to Mtb infection. To investigate the effect of Mtb infection on human DC viability, we infected these phagocytes with different strains of Mtb and assessed viability, as well as DNA fragmentation and caspase activity. In parallel studies, we assessed the impact of infection on DC maturation, cytokine production and bacillary survival. Results Infection of DCs with live Mtb (H37Ra or H37Rv) led to cell death. This cell death proceeded in a caspase-independent manner, and without nuclear fragmentation. In fact, substrate assays demonstrated that Mtb H37Ra-induced cell death progressed without the activation of the executioner caspases, 3/7. Although the death pathway was triggered after infection, the DCs successfully underwent maturation and produced a host-protective cytokine profile. Finally, dying infected DCs were permissive for Mtb H37Ra growth. Conclusions Human DCs undergo cell death after infection with live Mtb, in a manner that does not involve executioner caspases, and results in no mycobactericidal effect. Nonetheless, the DC maturation and cytokine profile observed suggests that the infected cells can still contribute to TB immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C M Ryan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Influence of medium components on the expression of recombinant lipoproteins in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1539-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
37
|
Lv Y, Yan B, Yang H, Liu J, Zhong W, Li K, Chen Z, Xu C. LMP2/LMP7 gene variant: a risk factor for intestinal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the Chinese population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:1145-50. [PMID: 21303409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Low molecular mass protein-2 (LMP2) and low molecular mass protein-7 (LMP7) genes play a critical role in foreign antigen processing on the major histocompatibility complex-I CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte pathway. This study was designed to investigate whether the sequence variants in the LMP2/LMP7 coding region were associated with intestinal Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection or with the co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS A total of 168 patients with intestinal tuberculosis and 235 normal controls were recruited for this study. Two polymorphisms of LMP2 (Arg60-His) and LMP7 (Gln145-Lys) were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The associations of the LMP2/LMP7 genotype and haplotype with intestinal M. tuberculosis infection were assessed by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that LMP7 position codon 145 Lys/Lys and Gln/Lys alleles in the coding region were associated with the infection of intestinal M. tuberculosis (P=0.003, odds ratio [OR]= 3.86 and P < 0.001, OR = 2.28, respectively). Meanwhile, the Arg-Lys and Cys-Lys haplotypes exhibited significant relation to the intestinal M. tuberculosis infection (P= 0.006, OR=1.87; P=0.021, OR=1.83, respectively). No significant associations were observed for any of the single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes or haplotypes with the co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the genetic variant within the LMP2/LMP7 gene would increase the risk of intestinal M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lv
- Department of Anti-Infection and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang H, Peng P, Miao S, Zhao Y, Mao F, Wang L, Bai Y, Xu Z, Wei S, Shi C. Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing an ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein induces anti-mycobacterial immune responses and protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:349-57. [PMID: 20883320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The currently used vaccine against tuberculosis, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy, so new vaccine development is crucial. In this study, we evaluated a recombinant vaccine prepared from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis (rMS) that expresses a fusion of early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa antigen (ESAT6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10). C57BL/6 mice were immunized with the rMS expressing the ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein (rM.S-e6c10) or with BCG. The mice in the rM.S-e6c10 group had a significantly higher titre of anti-ESAT6-CFP10 antibodies than did animals in the BCG or saline groups. Spleen cells from rM.S-e6c10-immunized mice exhibited a cytotoxic response to ESAT6 and CFP10-expressed target cells, but spleen cells from animals in the other groups did not. Levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 production by purified T cells from spleens were significantly higher in rM.S-e6c10 group than in BCG group. Finally, after M. tuberculosis (MTB)-challenged mice, dramatic reduction in the numbers of MTB colony-forming units (CFUs) in the lungs was observed for the mice immunized with the rMS. The protective efficacy of rM.S-e6c10 and BCG vaccination was similar based on measures of MTB burden and lung pathology. Our data indicate that the recombinant M. smegmatis vaccine expressing the ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein has potential in clinic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are a set of membrane proteins with many different functions. Due to this broad-ranging functionality, these proteins have a considerable significance in many phenomena, from cellular physiology through cell division and virulence. Here we give a general overview of lipoprotein biogenesis and highlight examples of the roles of lipoproteins in bacterial disease caused by a selection of medically relevant Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lipoproteins have been shown to play key roles in adhesion to host cells, modulation of inflammatory processes, and translocation of virulence factors into host cells. As such, a number of lipoproteins have been shown to be potential vaccines. This review provides a summary of some of the reported roles of lipoproteins and of how this knowledge has been exploited in some cases for the generation of novel countermeasures to bacterial diseases.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
There has never been a greater need for a new protective tuberculosis vaccine. Bacille Calmette-Guerin remains the cornerstone of any vaccine strategy, but improving its immunogenicity and efficacy has now become an urgent global health priority. This review discusses the main vaccines currently in clinical development and other novel vaccine strategies in the pipeline. It addresses the key questions in vaccine design, including antigen selection, route of vaccine delivery and immune correlates of vaccine-induced protection. There is an opportunity to identify such correlates from ongoing and future Phase II/III trials and, as these emerge, they can be used to validate the most relevant and predictive animal models with which to develop the next generation of new vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Minassian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Level 2, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gao H, Li K, Yu S, Xiong S. A novel DNA vaccine containing multiple TB-specific epitopes cast in a natural structure elicits enhanced Th1 immunity compared with BCG. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:541-9. [PMID: 19780967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is expected to make a major contribution to the goal of eliminating tuberculosis worldwide by 2050. Because the protection afforded by the currently available tuberculosis vaccine, BCG, is insufficient, new vaccine strategies are urgently needed. Protective immunity against MTB depends on generation of a Th1-type cellular immune response characterized by secretion of IFN-gamma from antigen-specific T cells. Epitope-driven vaccines are created from sub-sequences of proteins (epitopes) derived by scanning the protein sequences of pathogens and selecting epitopes with patterns of amino acids which permit binding to human MHC molecules. Guided by the crystal structure of HSP65 and its characteristics, four functional T cell epitopes elaborately elicited from ESAT-6, Ag85A, CFP-10 and Ag85B were cast into the intermediate domain of HSP65. A panel of a novel chimeric vaccine, ECANS, expressing HSP65 and combined T cell epitopes was created. Gene cloning and sequencing, DNA vaccination and humoral and cellular responses were studied. After being immunized with DNA vaccine three times, all mice injected with ECANS had specific cellular immune responses. In addition, lymphocytes obtained from the spleen of ECANS immunized mice at week eight exhibited significantly greater specific lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-gamma secretion and CTL activity than those of mice that had been immunized with BCG. DNA vaccine with ECANS can successfully induce enhanced specific cellular immune response to PPD, and further study of its protective effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gao
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cooper AM. T cells in mycobacterial infection and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:378-84. [PMID: 19646851 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increase in our understanding of the complexity of the T cell response to mycobacterial infection recently. Improved tools have allowed the determination of the location and kinetics of naïve T cell activation in the mouse as well the variety of function of mycobacteria-specific cells in humans. There is also an increased appreciation of the balance required during mycobacterial infection between anti-bacterial activity and control of the immunopathologic response. The integration of the T cell functional data with the consequences of infection should improve rational vaccine design.
Collapse
|
43
|
Bruns H, Meinken C, Schauenberg P, Härter G, Kern P, Modlin RL, Antoni C, Stenger S. Anti-TNF immunotherapy reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1167-77. [PMID: 19381021 DOI: 10.1172/jci38482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of tuberculosis is increased during treatment of autoimmune diseases with anti-TNF antibodies. This is a significant clinical complication, but also provides a unique model to study immune mechanisms in human tuberculosis. Given the key role for cell-mediated immunity in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we hypothesized that anti-TNF treatment impairs T cell-directed antimicrobial activity. Anti-TNF therapy reduced the expression in lymphocytes of perforin and granulysin, 2 components of the T cell-mediated antimicrobial response to intracellular pathogens. Specifically, M. tuberculosis-reactive CD8+CCR7-CD45RA+ effector memory T cells (TEMRA cells) expressed the highest levels of granulysin, lysed M. tuberculosis, and infected macrophages and mediated an antimicrobial activity against intracellular M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, TEMRA cells expressed cell surface TNF and bound the anti-TNF therapeutic infliximab in vitro, making them susceptible to complement-mediated lysis. Immune therapy with anti-TNF was associated with reduced numbers of CD8+ TEMRA cells and decreased antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis, which could be rescued by the addition of CD8+ TEMRA cells. These results suggest that anti-TNF therapy triggers a reduction of CD8+ TEMRA cells with antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis, providing insight into the mechanism whereby key effector T cell subsets contribute to host defense against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bruns
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Frevert U, Moreno A, Calvo-Calle JM, Klotz C, Nardin E. Imaging effector functions of human cytotoxic CD4+ T cells specific for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:119-32. [PMID: 18723023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria vaccines, comprised of irradiated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites or a synthetic peptide containing T and B cell epitopes of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), elicit multifunctional cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells in immunised volunteers. Both lytic and non-lytic CD4(+)T cell clones recognised a series of overlapping epitopes within a 'universal' T cell epitope EYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVT of CSP (NF54 isolate) that was presented in the context of multiple DR molecules. Lytic activity directly correlated with T cell receptor (TCR) functional avidity as measured by stimulation indices and recognition of naturally occurring variant peptides. CD4(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was contact-dependent and did not require de novo synthesis of cytotoxic mediators, suggesting a granule-mediated mechanism. Live cell imaging of the interaction of effector and target cells demonstrated that CD4(+) cytotoxic T cells recognise target cells with their leading edge, reorient their cytotoxic granules towards the zone of contact, and form a stable immunological synapse. CTL attacks induced chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies in target cells. Together, these findings suggest that CD4(+) CTLs trigger target cell apoptosis via classical perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, similar to CD8(+) CTLs, and these multifunctional sporozoite- and peptide-induced CD4(+) T cells have the potential to play a direct role as effector cells in targeting the exoerythrocytic forms within the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Frevert
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, 341 E 25 St, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|