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Toshchakov VY. Peptide-Based Inhibitors of the Induced Signaling Protein Interactions: Current State and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:784-798. [PMID: 38880642 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792405002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Formation of the transient protein complexes in response to activation of cellular receptors is a common mechanism by which cells respond to external stimuli. This article presents the concept of blocking interactions of signaling proteins by the peptide inhibitors, and describes the progress achieved to date in the development of signaling inhibitors that act by blocking the signal-dependent protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Krasnodar Region, 354340, Russia.
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2
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Kou M, Wang L. Surface toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells and its immunomodulatory effect. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259989. [PMID: 37724102 PMCID: PMC10505433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been considered as a crucial intracellular pattern recognition receptor in the immune system, which can directly or indirectly mediate innate and adaptive immune responses by recognizing CpG DNA in endosomes to initiate its downstream signaling. However, TLR9 can also be expressed on the membrane surface of some immune and non-immune cells, called surface TLR9 (sTLR9), which covers the TLR9 and its immunomodulatory role with a mysterious veil. In this review, we mainly focus on the sTLR9 expressed on neutrophils, B cells and erythrocytes, and its immunomodulatory roles displayed alone or in coordination with endosomal TLR9 (eTLR9), providing a theoretical reference for the application of its modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Kou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Panzer B, Kopp CW, Neumayer C, Koppensteiner R, Jozkowicz A, Poledniczek M, Gremmel T, Jilma B, Wadowski PP. Toll-like Receptors as Pro-Thrombotic Drivers in Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:1865. [PMID: 37508529 PMCID: PMC10377790 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Panzer
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia P Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Javmen A, Zou J, Nallar SC, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR, Gewirtz AT, Toshchakov VY. TLR5-Derived, TIR-Interacting Decoy Peptides to Inhibit TLR Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1419-1427. [PMID: 36946775 PMCID: PMC10121880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
TLR5, which is activated by flagellin, plays an important role in initiating immune response to a broad spectrum of motile bacterial pathogens. TLRs induce intracellular signaling via dimerization of their TIR domains followed by adapter recruitment through multiple interactions of receptor and adapter TIRs. Here, a library of cell-permeable decoy peptides derived from the TLR5 TIR was screened for TLR5 signaling inhibition in the HEK-Blue-mTLR5 reporter cell line. The peptide demonstrating the strongest inhibition, 5R667, corresponded to the second helix of the region between the third and fourth β-strands (helix C″). In addition to the TLR5-induced cytokine expression, 5R667 inhibited cytokine expression elicited by TLR4, TLR2, and TLR9. 5R667 also suppressed the systemic cytokine induction elicited by LPS administration in mice. 5R667 binding specificity was studied by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in a cell-based assay. 5R667 demonstrated a multispecific binding pattern with respect to TIR domains: It bound TIRs of TLR adapters of the MyD88-dependent pathway, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein/MyD88 adapter-like (TIRAP) and MyD88, and also the TIR of TLR5. TR667, the peptide derived from the TIRAP region, which is structurally homologous to 5R667, demonstrated binding and inhibitory properties similar to that of 5R667. The surface-exposed residues within TIR regions represented by 5R667 and TR667 form motifs, which are nearly 90% conserved in vertebrate evolution and are distinctive of TLR5 and TIRAP TIR domains. Thus, we have identified an evolutionary conserved adapter recruitment motif within TLR5 TIR, the function of which can be inhibited by selective cell-permeable decoy peptides, which can serve as pan-specific TLR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Javmen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jun Zou
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shreeram C. Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Y. Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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5
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Franco AR, Artusa V, Peri F. Use of Fluorescent Chemical Probes in the Study of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Trafficking. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:57-74. [PMID: 37603174 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent chemical probes are used nowadays as a chemical resource to study the physiology and pharmacology of several important endogenous receptors. Different fluorescent groups have been coupled with known ligands of these receptors, allowing the visualization of their localization and trafficking. One of the most important molecular players of innate immunity and inflammation are the Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). These Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRR) have as natural ligands microbial-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and also endogenous molecules called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These ligands activate TLRs to start a response that will determine the host's protection and overall cell survival but can also lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmune syndromes. TLRs action is tightly related to their subcellular localization and trafficking. Understanding this trafficking phenomenon can enlighten critical molecular pathways that might allow to decipher the causes of different diseases. In this chapter, the study of function, localization and trafficking of TLRs through the use of chemical probes will be discussed. Furthermore, an example protocol of the use of fluorescent chemical probes to study TLR4 trafficking using high-content analysis will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Franco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Artusa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:2899271. [PMID: 36926280 PMCID: PMC10014160 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2899271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied receptors among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They act as microbial sensors, playing major roles in the regulation of the innate immune system. TLRs mediate their cellular functions through the activation of MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent signaling pathways. Myd88, or myeloid differentiation primary response 88, is a cytosolic adaptor protein essential for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by all TLRs except TLR3. While the crucial role of Myd88 is well described, the contribution of other adaptors in mediating TLR signaling and function has been underestimated. In this review, we highlight important results demonstrating that TIRAP and TRAM adaptors are also required for full signaling activity and responses induced by most TLRs.
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Su N, Hu CB, Shao T, Jin CY, Li H, Ji JF, Qin LL, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Functional role of CD40 and CD154 costimulatory signals in IgZ-mediated immunity against bacterial infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Toshchakov VY, Javmen A. Targeting the TLR signalosome with TIR domain-derived cell-permeable decoy peptides: the current state and perspectives. Innate Immun 2020; 26:35-47. [PMID: 31955621 PMCID: PMC6974878 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919844310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to engineer pharmaceuticals that target the signal-dependent
interactions of signaling proteins should revolutionize drug development. One
approach to the rational design of protein interaction inhibitors uses decoy
peptides, i.e. segments of protein primary sequence, which are derived from
interfaces that mediate functional protein interactions. Decoy peptides often
retain the ability of the full-length prototype to bind the docking site of the
folded protein and thereby block the signal transduction. This review summarizes
advances made in the last decade in the development of cell-permeable decoy
peptide (CPDP) inhibitors to target the Toll/IL-1R resistance (TIR)
domain-mediated protein interactions in TLR signaling, in connection with the
recent progress in understanding of the TLR signalosome assembly mechanisms. We
present a large collection of currently available, TIR-targeting CPDPs and
propose their classification based on the types of TIR–TIR interactions they
target. The binding behavior of different CPDP-TIR pairs, studied in cell-based
assays and in binary in vitro systems using recombinant TIR
domains, is also reviewed. The available affinity data provide benchmarks for
rapid preliminary evaluation of future inhibitors. We review literature that
evaluates the in vivo potency of select CPDPs and attempt to
outline the areas of forthcoming progress, towards the development of CPDP-based
TLR inhibitors of pharmaceutical grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Artur Javmen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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A peptide derived from the core β-sheet region of TIRAP decoys TLR4 and reduces inflammatory and autoimmune symptoms in murine models. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102645. [PMID: 32014819 PMCID: PMC6997517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TLRs are some of the actively pursued drug-targets in immune disorders. Owing to a recent surge in the cognizance of TLR structural biology and signalling pathways, numerous therapeutic modulators, ranging from low-molecular-weight organic compounds to polypeptides and nucleic acid agents have been developed. METHODS A penetratin-conjugated small peptide (TIP3), derived from the core β-sheet of TIRAP, was evaluated in vitro by monitoring the TLR-mediated cytokine induction and quantifying the protein expression using western blot. The therapeutic potential of TIP3 was further evaluated in TLR-dependent in vivo disease models. FINDINGS TIP3 blocks the TLR4-mediated cytokine production through both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways. A similar inhibitory-effect was exhibited for TLR3 but not on other TLRs. A profound therapeutic effect was observed in vivo, where TIP3 successfully alleviated the inflammatory response in mice model of collagen-induced arthritis and ameliorated the disease symptoms in psoriasis and SLE models. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that TIP3 may be a potential lead candidate for the development of effective therapeutics against TLR-mediated autoimmune disorders. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019M3A9A8065098, 2019M3D1A1078940 and 2019R1A6A1A11051471). The funders did not have any role in the design of the present study, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, or the writing of the manuscript.
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Toshchakov VY, Neuwald AF. A survey of TIR domain sequence and structure divergence. Immunogenetics 2020; 72:181-203. [PMID: 32002590 PMCID: PMC7075850 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-interleukin-1R resistance (TIR) domains are ubiquitously present in all forms of cellular life. They are most commonly found in signaling proteins, as units responsible for signal-dependent formation of protein complexes that enable amplification and spatial propagation of the signal. A less common function of TIR domains is their ability to catalyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide degradation. This survey analyzes 26,414 TIR domains, automatically classified based on group-specific sequence patterns presumably determining biological function, using a statistical approach termed Bayesian partitioning with pattern selection (BPPS). We examine these groups and patterns in the light of available structures and biochemical analyses. Proteins within each of thirteen eukaryotic groups (10 metazoans and 3 plants) typically appear to perform similar functions, whereas proteins within each prokaryotic group typically exhibit diverse domain architectures, suggesting divergent functions. Groups are often uniquely characterized by structural fold variations associated with group-specific sequence patterns and by herein identified sequence motifs defining TIR domain functional divergence. For example, BPPS identifies, in helices C and D of TIRAP and MyD88 orthologs, conserved surface-exposed residues apparently responsible for specificity of TIR domain interactions. In addition, BPPS clarifies the functional significance of the previously described Box 2 and Box 3 motifs, each of which is a part of a larger, group-specific block of conserved, intramolecularly interacting residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Andrew F Neuwald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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11
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Javmen A, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR, Toshchakov VY. Frontline Science: Targeting the TLR7 signalosome assembly. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 108:1697-1706. [PMID: 31642126 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0819-180r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TLRs sense a broad range of microbial molecules and initiate antimicrobial immune response. The members of the TLR family use cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1R homology (TIR) domain to initiate intracellular signaling. The activated TLRs dimerize their TIRs and recruit adapter proteins to the dimer, through multiple interactions of receptor and adapter TIR domains. Although TLRs play an essential role in innate immunity, the aberrant TLR signaling may cause pathogenic inflammation. This study has screened a library of cell-permeable decoy peptides (CPDPs) derived from the TLR7 TIR for interference with TLR7 signaling and identified new CPDPs that target the TLR7 signalosome assembly. Peptides 7R1, 7R6, 7R9, and 7R11 inhibited the TLR7-induced signaling in murine and human macrophages. The most potent inhibitory peptide of the four, 7R11, significantly reduced the systemic cytokine levels elicited by administration of a TLR7 agonist to mice. TLR7 TIR surface regions that correspond to inhibitory peptides generally corresponded to four TIR sites that mediate signalosome assembly for other TLRs. The cell-based Förster resonance energy transfer/fluorescence lifetime imaging confirmed that 7R9 and 7R11 interact with adapter TIRs. These findings clarify the molecular mechanisms that trigger the adapter recruitment to activated TLR7 and suggest that 7R9 and 7R11 have a significant translational potential as candidate or lead therapeutics for treatment of TLR7-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Javmen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Marongiu L, Gornati L, Artuso I, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Below the surface: The inner lives of TLR4 and TLR9. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:147-160. [PMID: 30900780 PMCID: PMC6597292 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1218-483rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect invading microbes by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, TLRs activate a signaling cascade that leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. The localization of TLRs, either on the plasma membrane or in the endolysosomal compartment, has been considered to be a fundamental aspect to determine to which ligands the receptors bind, and which transduction pathways are induced. However, new observations have challenged this view by identifying complex trafficking events that occur upon TLR-ligand binding. These findings have highlighted the central role that endocytosis and receptor trafficking play in the regulation of the innate immune response. Here, we review the TLR4 and TLR9 transduction pathways and the importance of their different subcellular localization during the inflammatory response. Finally, we discuss the implications of TLR9 subcellular localization in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Artuso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Trifonov L, Nudelman V, Zhenin M, Matsree E, Afri M, Schmerling B, Cohen G, Jozwiak K, Weitman M, Korshin E, Senderowitz H, Shainberg A, Hochhauser E, Gruzman A. Structurally Simple, Readily Available Peptidomimetic 1-Benzyl-5-methyl-4-( n-octylamino)pyrimidin-2(1 H)-one Exhibited Efficient Cardioprotection in a Myocardial Ischemia (MI) Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11309-11326. [PMID: 30507195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TLR4, a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, serves as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune response to microbial pathogens. TLR4 also regulates the inflammatory reaction to ischemic injury in the heart. The TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) is an adapter that recruits the Toll/interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain, which contains adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), to activate TLR4, following TRIF-dependent cytokine gene transcription. On the basis of a known TRAM-derived decoy peptide, 10 of its peptidomimetics were synthesized. One of them, 1-benzyl-5-methyl-4-( n-octylamino)pyrimidin-2(1 H)-one (21), exhibited high potency and efficacy in vitro. In vitro results and in silico analysis provided evidence for the possible direct interaction of 21 with the TLR4 complex. Administered in mice, 21 was able to block the pathophysiological manifestation of MI, restoring the concomitant tissue damage, with a 100% survival rate. Thus, inhibition of TLR4-mediated inflammation in postischemic myocardium could be used as an approach for developing cardioprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vadim Nudelman
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Jabotinsky Street , Petach Tikva 49100 , Israel
| | | | - Erez Matsree
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Jabotinsky Street , Petach Tikva 49100 , Israel
| | | | | | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute , The Dead-Sea & Arava Science Center , Masada 86910 , Israel
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy , Medical University of Lublin , W. Chodzki 4a , Lublin 20-093 , Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Edith Hochhauser
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Jabotinsky Street , Petach Tikva 49100 , Israel
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