1
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Huang H, Narayanan HV, Hoffmann A. Synergy and antagonism in the integration of BCR and CD40 signals that control B-cell proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.28.605521. [PMID: 39131345 PMCID: PMC11312454 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.28.605521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In response to infection or vaccination, a successful antibody response must enrich high-affinity antigen-reactive B-cells through positive selection, but eliminate auto-reactive B-cells through negative selection. B-cells receive signals from the B-cell receptor (BCR) which binds the antigen, and the CD40 receptor which is stimulated by neighboring T-cells that also recognize the antigen. How BCR and CD40 signaling are integrated quantitatively to jointly determine B-cell fate decision and proliferation remains unclear. To investigate this, we developed a differential-equations-based model of the BCR and CD40 signaling networks activating NFκB. Our model accurately recapitulates the NFκB dynamics of B-cells stimulated through their BCR and CD40 receptors, correctly predicting that costimulation induces more NFκB activity. However, when linking it to established cell fate decision models of cell survival and cell cycle control, it predicted potentiated population expansion that was not observed experimentally. We found that this discrepancy was due to a time-dependent functional antagonism exacerbated by BCR-induced caspase activity that can trigger apoptosis in founder cells, unless NFκB-induced survival gene expression protects B-cells in time. Guided by model predictions, sequential co-stimulation experiments revealed how the temporal dynamics of BCR and CD40 signaling control the fate decision between negative and positive selection of B-cell clonal expansion. Our quantitative findings highlight a complex non-monotonic integration of BCR and CD40 signals that is controlled by a balance between NFκB and cell-death pathways, and suggest a mechanism for regulating the stringency of B-cell selection during an antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Huang
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (MIMG)
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio)
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Haripriya Vaidehi Narayanan
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (MIMG)
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio)
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (MIMG)
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio)
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2
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Biemond M, Vremec D, Gray DHD, Hodgkin PD, Heinzel S. Programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) ligand Fc fusion proteins reduce T-cell proliferation in vitro independently of PD-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:117-130. [PMID: 38069638 PMCID: PMC10952853 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor on T cells shown to restrain T-cell proliferation. PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade has emerged as a highly promising approach in cancer treatment. Much of our understanding of the function of PD-1 is derived from in vitro T-cell activation assays. Here we set out to further investigate how T cells integrate inhibitory signals such as PD-1 in vitro using the PD-1 agonist, PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) fusion protein (PD-L1.Fc), coimmobilized alongside anti-CD3 agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) on plates to deliver PD-1 signals to wild-type and PD-1-/- CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, we found that the PD-L1.Fc fusion protein inhibited T-cell proliferation independently of PD-1. This PD-L1.Fc inhibition was observed in the presence and absence of CD28 and interleukin-2 signaling. Binding of PD-L1.Fc was restricted to PD-1-expressing T cells and thus inhibition was not mediated by the interaction of PD-L1.Fc with CD80 or other yet unknown binding partners. Furthermore, a similar PD-1-independent reduction of T-cell proliferation was observed with plate-bound PD-L2.Fc. Hence, our results suggest that the coimmobilization of PD-1 ligand fusion proteins with anti-CD3 mAb leads to a reduction of T-cell engagement with plate-bound anti-CD3 mAb. This study demonstrates a nonspecific mechanism of T-cell inhibition when PD-L1.Fc or PD-L2.Fc fusion proteins are delivered in a plate-bound coimmobilization assay and highlights the importance of careful optimization of assay systems and reagents when interpreting their influence on T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Biemond
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
- Present address:
Department of ImmunologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - David Vremec
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Daniel HD Gray
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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3
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Farchione AJ, Cheon H, Hodgkin PD, Bryant VL. Quantifying Human Naïve B Cell Proliferation Kinetics and Differentiation in Controlled In Vitro Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2826:167-187. [PMID: 39017893 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Division tracking dyes like Cell Trace Violet (CTV) enable the quantification of cell proliferation, division, and survival kinetics of human naïve B cell responses in vitro. Human naïve B cells exhibit distinct responses to different stimuli, with CpG and anti-Ig inducing a T cell-independent (TI) response, while CD40L and IL-21 promote a T cell-dependent (TD) response that induces isotype switching and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Both stimulation methods yield valuable insights into the intrinsic programming of B cell health within individuals, making them useful for clinical investigations. For instance, quantitative analysis from these B cell populations could reveal biologically meaningful measurements such as the average number of division rounds and the time to cells' fate. Here, we describe a novel in vitro culture setup for CTV-labelled human naïve B cells and a method for obtaining precise time-based data on proliferation, division-linked isotype switching, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Farchione
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - HoChan Cheon
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department Clinical Immunology and Allergy, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Kong IY, Trezise S, Light A, Todorovski I, Arnau GM, Gadipally S, Yoannidis D, Simpson KJ, Dong X, Whitehead L, Tempany JC, Farchione AJ, Sheikh AA, Groom JR, Rogers KL, Herold MJ, Bryant VL, Ritchie ME, Willis SN, Johnstone RW, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL, Vervoort SJ, Hawkins ED. Epigenetic modulators of B cell fate identified through coupled phenotype-transcriptome analysis. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2519-2530. [PMID: 35831623 PMCID: PMC9751284 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput methodologies are the cornerstone of screening approaches to identify novel compounds that regulate immune cell function. To identify novel targeted therapeutics to treat immune disorders and haematological malignancies, there is a need to integrate functional cellular information with the molecular mechanisms that regulate changes in immune cell phenotype. We facilitate this goal by combining quantitative methods for dissecting complex simultaneous cell phenotypic effects with genomic analysis. This combination strategy we term Multiplexed Analysis of Cells sequencing (MAC-seq), a modified version of Digital RNA with perturbation of Genes (DRUGseq). We applied MAC-seq to screen compounds that target the epigenetic machinery of B cells and assess altered humoral immunity by measuring changes in proliferation, survival, differentiation and transcription. This approach revealed that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) inhibitors promote antibody secreting cell (ASC) differentiation in both murine and human B cells in vitro. This is further validated using T cell-dependent immunization in mice. Functional dissection of downstream effectors of PRC2 using arrayed CRISPR screening uncovered novel regulators of B cell differentiation, including Mybl1, Myof, Gas7 and Atoh8. Together, our findings demonstrate that integrated phenotype-transcriptome analyses can be effectively combined with drug screening approaches to uncover the molecular circuitry that drives lymphocyte fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Y. Kong
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephanie Trezise
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gisela Mir Arnau
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Sreeja Gadipally
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - David Yoannidis
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Kaylene J. Simpson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1055.10000000403978434Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Xueyi Dong
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Jessica C. Tempany
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Anthony J. Farchione
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Amania A. Sheikh
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Joanna R. Groom
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Kelly L. Rogers
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Marco J. Herold
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Vanessa L. Bryant
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Simon N. Willis
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Ricky W. Johnstone
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Philip D. Hodgkin
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephen L. Nutt
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephin J. Vervoort
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia ,grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Edwin D. Hawkins
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
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5
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Pone EJ, Hernandez-Davies JE, Jan S, Silzel E, Felgner PL, Davies DH. Multimericity Amplifies the Synergy of BCR and TLR4 for B Cell Activation and Antibody Class Switching. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882502. [PMID: 35663959 PMCID: PMC9161726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained signaling through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) is thought to occur only when antigen(s) crosslink or disperse multiple BCR units, such as by multimeric antigens found on the surfaces of viruses or bacteria. B cell-intrinsic Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling synergizes with the BCR to induce and shape antibody production, hallmarked by immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) of constant heavy chains from IgM/IgD to IgG, IgA or IgE isotypes, and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of variable heavy and light chains. Full B cell differentiation is essential for protective immunity, where class switched high affinity antibodies neutralize present pathogens, memory B cells are held in reserve for future encounters, and activated B cells also serve as semi-professional APCs for T cells. But the rules that fine-tune B cell differentiation remain partially understood, despite their being essential for naturally acquired immunity and for guiding vaccine development. To address this in part, we have developed a cell culture system using splenic B cells from naive mice stimulated with several biotinylated ligands and antibodies crosslinked by streptavidin reagents. In particular, biotinylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, and biotinylated anti-IgM were pre-assembled (multimerized) using streptavidin, or immobilized on nanoparticles coated with streptavidin, and used to active B cells in this precisely controlled, high throughput assay. Using B cell proliferation and Ig class switching as metrics for successful B cell activation, we show that the stimuli are both synergistic and dose-dependent. Crucially, the multimerized immunoconjugates are most active over a narrow concentration range. These data suggest that multimericity is an essential requirement for B cell BCR/TLRs ligands, and clarify basic rules for B cell activation. Such studies highlight the importance in determining the choice of single vs multimeric formats of antigen and PAMP agonists during vaccine design and development.
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6
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Postmitotic G1 phase survivin drives mitogen-independent cell division of B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115567119. [PMID: 35476510 PMCID: PMC9170024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115567119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing dogma is that renewed mitogenic signaling is essential to traverse G1 phase of the cell cycle after each division. B lymphocytes undergo multiple mitotic divisions, termed clonal expansion, to expand antigen-specific cells that mediate effective immunity. Here we demonstrate that B cells that have undergone one cell division continue to proliferate even in absence of further mitogenic signals. This mitogen-independent proliferation is accompanied by an altered G1 phase marked by transcriptomic and proteomic features of G2/M. Survivin, a G2/M-specific oncogene, is required in G1 to achieve mitogen-independent proliferation. B and T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system undergo proliferative bursts to generate pools of antigen-specific cells for effective immunity. Here we show that in contrast to the canonical view that G1 progression signals are essential after mitosis to reenter S phase, B lymphocytes sustain several rounds of mitogen-independent cell division following the first mitosis. Such division appears to be driven by unique characteristics of the postmitotic G1 phase that has features of S and G2/M phases. Birc5 (survivin), a protein associated with chromosome segregation in G2/M, is expressed in the G1 phase of divided B cells and is necessary for mitogen-independent divisions. The partially active G1 phase and propensity for apoptosis inherited after each division may underlie rapid proliferation and cell death, which are hallmarks of B cell proliferative responses.
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7
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Cheon H, Kan A, Prevedello G, Oostindie SC, Dovedi SJ, Hawkins ED, Marchingo JM, Heinzel S, Duffy KR, Hodgkin PD. Cyton2: A Model of Immune Cell Population Dynamics That Includes Familial Instructional Inheritance. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:723337. [PMID: 36303793 PMCID: PMC9581048 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.723337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes are the central actors in adaptive immune responses. When challenged with antigen, a small number of B and T cells have a cognate receptor capable of recognising and responding to the insult. These cells proliferate, building an exponentially growing, differentiating clone army to fight off the threat, before ceasing to divide and dying over a period of weeks, leaving in their wake memory cells that are primed to rapidly respond to any repeated infection. Due to the non-linearity of lymphocyte population dynamics, mathematical models are needed to interrogate data from experimental studies. Due to lack of evidence to the contrary and appealing to arguments based on Occam’s Razor, in these models newly born progeny are typically assumed to behave independently of their predecessors. Recent experimental studies, however, challenge that assumption, making clear that there is substantial inheritance of timed fate changes from each cell by its offspring, calling for a revision to the existing mathematical modelling paradigms used for information extraction. By assessing long-term live-cell imaging of stimulated murine B and T cells in vitro, we distilled the key phenomena of these within-family inheritances and used them to develop a new mathematical model, Cyton2, that encapsulates them. We establish the model’s consistency with these newly observed fine-grained features. Two natural concerns for any model that includes familial correlations would be that it is overparameterised or computationally inefficient in data fitting, but neither is the case for Cyton2. We demonstrate Cyton2’s utility by challenging it with high-throughput flow cytometry data, which confirms the robustness of its parameter estimation as well as its ability to extract biological meaning from complex mixed stimulation experiments. Cyton2, therefore, offers an alternate mathematical model, one that is, more aligned to experimental observation, for drawing inferences on lymphocyte population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- HoChan Cheon
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Andrey Kan
- Immunology Division, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Simone C. Oostindie
- Immunology Division, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Edwin D. Hawkins
- Department of Medical Biology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Division of Inflammation, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia M. Marchingo
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Immunology Division, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken R. Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Ken R. Duffy, ; Philip D. Hodgkin,
| | - Philip D. Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ken R. Duffy, ; Philip D. Hodgkin,
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8
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Delaloy C, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Bonaud A, Espéli M. Single cell resolution of Plasma Cell fate programming in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:10-23. [PMID: 34694625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognised. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion. However, a proper characterization of plasma cell heterogeneity has remained elusive partly due to technical issues and cellular features that are specific to this cell type. Cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic signals could be at the origin of this heterogeneity. Recent advances in technologies like single cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq or ChIP-seq on low cell numbers helped to elucidate the fate decision in other cell lineages and similar approaches could be implemented to evaluate the heterogeneous fate of activated B cells in health and disease. Here, we summarized published work shedding some lights on the stimuli and genetic program shaping B cell terminal differentiation at the single cell level in mice and men. We also discuss the fate and heterogeneity of plasma cells during immune responses, vaccination and in the frame of human plasma cell disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delaloy
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, LabEx IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35043, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amélie Bonaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marion Espéli
- French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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9
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Patterson DG, Kania AK, Price MJ, Rose JR, Scharer CD, Boss JM. An IRF4-MYC-mTORC1 Integrated Pathway Controls Cell Growth and the Proliferative Capacity of Activated B Cells during B Cell Differentiation In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1798-1811. [PMID: 34470852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is an essential component of B cell differentiation to Ab-secreting plasma cells, with critical reprogramming occurring during the initial stages of B cell activation. However, a complete understanding of the factors that coordinate early reprogramming events in vivo remain to be determined. In this study, we examined the initial reprogramming by IRF4 in activated B cells using an adoptive transfer system and mice with a B cell-specific deletion of IRF4. IRF4-deficient B cells responding to influenza, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-Ficoll, and LPS divided but stalled during the proliferative response. Gene expression profiling of IRF4-deficient B cells at discrete divisions revealed IRF4 was critical for inducing MYC target genes, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. Moreover, IRF4-deficient B cells maintained an inflammatory gene expression signature. Complementary chromatin accessibility analyses established a hierarchy of IRF4 activity and identified networks of dysregulated transcription factor families in IRF4-deficient B cells, including E-box binding bHLH family members. Indeed, B cells lacking IRF4 failed to fully induce Myc after stimulation and displayed aberrant cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, IRF4-deficient B cells showed reduced mTORC1 activity and failed to initiate the B cell activation unfolded protein response and grow in cell size. Myc overexpression in IRF4-deficient cells was sufficient to overcome the cell growth defect. Together, these data reveal an IRF4-MYC-mTORC1 relationship critical for controlling cell growth and the proliferative response during B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon G Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and.,The Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anna K Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and.,The Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Madeline J Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and.,The Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - James R Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and.,The Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and.,The Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and .,The Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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10
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Chan WF, Coughlan HD, Zhou JHS, Keenan CR, Bediaga NG, Hodgkin PD, Smyth GK, Johanson TM, Allan RS. Pre-mitotic genome re-organisation bookends the B cell differentiation process. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1344. [PMID: 33637722 PMCID: PMC7910489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During cellular differentiation chromosome conformation is intricately remodelled to support the lineage-specific transcriptional programs required for initiating and maintaining lineage identity. When these changes occur in relation to cell cycle, division and time in response to cellular activation and differentiation signals has yet to be explored, although it has been proposed to occur during DNA synthesis or after mitosis. Here, we elucidate the chromosome conformational changes in B lymphocytes as they differentiate and expand from a naive, quiescent state into antibody secreting plasma cells. We find gene-regulatory chromosome reorganization in late G1 phase before the first division, and that this configuration is remarkably stable as the cells massively and rapidly clonally expand. A second wave of conformational change occurs as cells terminally differentiate into plasma cells, coincident with increased time in G1 phase. These results provide further explanation for how lymphocyte fate is imprinted prior to the first division. They also suggest that chromosome reconfiguration occurs prior to DNA replication and mitosis, and is linked to a gene expression program that controls the differentiation process required for the generation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Fuk Chan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah D Coughlan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie H S Zhou
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine R Keenan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Naiara G Bediaga
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy M Johanson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys S Allan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Three-dimensional genome rewiring during the development of antibody-secreting cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1109-1119. [PMID: 32453419 PMCID: PMC7329350 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of B lymphocytes into antibody-secreting plasma cells is central to the adaptive immune system in that it confers protective and specific antibody response against invading pathogen. This developmental process involves extensive morphological and functional alterations that begin early after antigenic stimulation. These include chromatin restructuring that is critical in regulating gene expression, DNA rearrangement and other cellular processes. Here we outline the recent understanding of the three-dimensional architecture of the genome, specifically focused on its contribution to the process of B cell activation and terminal differentiation into antibody-secreting cells.
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12
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Kong IY, Rimes JS, Light A, Todorovski I, Jones S, Morand E, Knight DA, Bergman YE, Hogg SJ, Falk H, Monahan BJ, Stupple PA, Street IP, Heinzel S, Bouillet P, Johnstone RW, Hodgkin PD, Vervoort SJ, Hawkins ED. Temporal Analysis of Brd4 Displacement in the Control of B Cell Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108290. [PMID: 33086063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
JQ1 is a BET-bromodomain inhibitor that has immunomodulatory effects. However, the precise molecular mechanism that JQ1 targets to elicit changes in antibody production is not understood. Our results show that JQ1 induces apoptosis, reduces cell proliferation, and as a consequence, inhibits antibody-secreting cell differentiation. ChIP-sequencing reveals a selective displacement of Brd4 in response to acute JQ1 treatment (<2 h), resulting in specific transcriptional repression. After 8 h, subsequent alterations in gene expression arise as a result of the global loss of Brd4 occupancy. We demonstrate that apoptosis induced by JQ1 is solely attributed to the pro-apoptotic protein Bim (Bcl2l11). Conversely, cell-cycle regulation by JQ1 is associated with multiple Myc-associated gene targets. Our results demonstrate that JQ1 drives temporal changes in Brd4 displacement that results in a specific transcriptional profile that directly affects B cell survival and proliferation to modulate the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Y Kong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joel S Rimes
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Jones
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deborah A Knight
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ylva E Bergman
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hendrik Falk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul A Stupple
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ian P Street
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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13
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Horton MB, Hawkins ED, Heinzel S, Hodgkin PD. Speculations on the evolution of humoral adaptive immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:439-448. [PMID: 32133683 PMCID: PMC7383592 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The protection of a multicellular organism from infection, at both cell and humoral levels, has been a tremendous driver of gene selection and cellular response strategies. Here we focus on a critical event in the development of humoral immunity: The transition from principally innate responses to a system of adaptive cell selection, with all the attendant mechanical problems that must be solved in order for it to work effectively. Here we review recent advances, but our major goal is to highlight that the development of adaptive immunity resulted from the adoption, reuse and repurposing of an ancient, autonomous cellular program that combines and exploits three titratable cellular fate timers. We illustrate how this common cell machinery recurs and appears throughout biology, and has been essential for the evolution of complex organisms, at many levels of scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles B Horton
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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14
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Hennessy RJ, Pham K, Delconte R, Rautela J, Hodgkin PD, Huntington ND. Quantifying NK cell growth and survival changes in response to cytokines and regulatory checkpoint blockade helps identify optimal culture and expansion conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1341-1354. [PMID: 31079418 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0718-296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes critical for immune surveillance, particularly in eradication of metastatic cancer cells and acute antiviral responses. In contrast to T cells, NK cell-mediated immunity is rapid, with spontaneous cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine production upon pathogen detection. The renaissance in cancer immunology has cast NK cell biology back into the spotlight with an urgent need for deeper understanding of the regulatory networks that govern NK cell antitumor activity. To this end, we have adapted and refined a series of quantitative cellular calculus methods, previously applied to T and B lymphocytes, to dissect the biologic outcomes of NK cells following stimulation with cytokines (IL-15, IL-12, IL-18) or deletion of genes that regulate NK cell proliferation (Cish), survival (Bcl2l11), and activation-induced-cell-death (AICD; Fas). Our methodology is well suited to delineate effects on division rate, intrinsic apoptosis, and AICD, permitting variables such as population half-life, rate of cell division, and their combined influence on population numbers in response to stimuli to be accurately measured and modelled. Changes in these variables that result from gene deletion, concentration of stimuli, time, and cell density give insight into the dynamics of NK cell responses and serve as a platform to dissect the mechanism of action of putative checkpoints in NK cell activation and novel NK cell immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hennessy
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Pham
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Delconte
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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15
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Meli G, Weber TS, Duffy KR. Sample path properties of the average generation of a Bellman-Harris process. J Math Biol 2019; 79:673-704. [PMID: 31069504 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by a recently proposed design for a DNA coded randomised algorithm that enables inference of the average generation of a collection of cells descendent from a common progenitor, here we establish strong convergence properties for the average generation of a super-critical Bellman-Harris process. We further extend those results to a two-type Bellman-Harris process where one type can give rise to the other, but not vice versa. These results further affirm the estimation method's potential utility by establishing its long run accuracy on individual sample-paths, and significantly expanding its remit to encompass cellular development that gives rise to differentiated offspring with distinct population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfelice Meli
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Tom S Weber
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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16
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Baptista BJA, Granato A, Canto FB, Montalvão F, Tostes L, de Matos Guedes HL, Coutinho A, Bellio M, Vale AM, Nobrega A. TLR9 Signaling Suppresses the Canonical Plasma Cell Differentiation Program in Follicular B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2281. [PMID: 30546358 PMCID: PMC6279956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative potency and quality of mouse B cell response to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling varies significantly depending on the B cell subset and on the TLR member being engaged. Although it has been shown that marginal zone cells respond faster than follicular (FO) splenic B cells to TLR4 stimulus, FO B cells retain full capacity to proliferate and generate plasmablasts and plasma cells (PBs/PCs) with 2–3 days delayed kinetics. It is not clear whether this scenario could be extended to other members of the TLR family. Here, using quantitative cell culture conditions optimized for B cell growth and differentiation, we show that TLR9 signaling by CpG, while promoting vigorous proliferation, completely fails to induce differentiation of FO B cells into PBs/PCs. Little or absent Ig secretion following TLR9 stimulus was accompanied by lack of expression of cell surface markers and canonical transcription factors involved in PB/PC differentiation. Moreover, not only TLR9 did not induce plasmocyte differentiation, but it also strongly inhibited the massive PB/PC differentiation of FO B cells triggered by LPS/TLR4. Our study reveals unexpected opposite roles for TLR4 and TLR9 in the control of plasma cell differentiation program and disagrees with previous conclusions obtained in high-density cultures conditions on the generation of plasmocytes by TRL9 signaling. The potential implications of these findings on the role of TLR9 in controlling self-tolerance, clonal sizes and regulation of humoral responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio B Canto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Montalvão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tostes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Herbert L de Matos Guedes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Bellio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre M Vale
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Dowling MR, Kan A, Heinzel S, Marchingo JM, Hodgkin PD, Hawkins ED. Regulatory T Cells Suppress Effector T Cell Proliferation by Limiting Division Destiny. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2461. [PMID: 30425712 PMCID: PMC6218578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the strength of an effector T cell response is regulated is a fundamental problem in immunology with implications for immunity to pathogens, autoimmunity, and immunotherapy. The initial magnitude of the T cell response is determined by the sum of independent signals from antigen, co-stimulation and cytokines. By applying quantitative methods, the contribution of each signal to the number of divisions T cells undergo (division destiny) can be measured, and the resultant exponential increase in response magnitude accurately calculated. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells suppress self-reactive T cell responses and limit pathogen-directed immune responses before bystander damage occurs. Using a quantitative modeling framework to measure T cell signal integration and response, we show that Tregs modulate division destiny, rather than directly increasing the rate of death or delaying interdivision times. The quantitative effect of Tregs could be mimicked by modulating the availability of stimulatory co-stimuli and cytokines or through the addition of inhibitory signals. Thus, our analysis illustrates the primary effect of Tregs on the magnitude of effector T cell responses is mediated by modifying division destiny of responding cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Dowling
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrey Kan
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Al-Maskari M, Care MA, Robinson E, Cocco M, Tooze RM, Doody GM. Site-1 protease function is essential for the generation of antibody secreting cells and reprogramming for secretory activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14338. [PMID: 30254311 PMCID: PMC6156501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) and activation of XBP1 is necessary for high secretory efficiency and functional differentiation of antibody secreting cells (ASCs). The UPR additionally includes a branch in which membrane-bound transcription factors, exemplified by ATF6, undergo intramembrane-proteolysis by the sequential action of site-1 (MBTPS1/S1P) and site-2 proteases (MBTPS2/S2P) and release of the cytoplasmic domain as an active transcription factor. Such regulation is shared with a family of CREB3-related transcription factors and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Of these, we identify that the CREB3 family member CREB3L2 is strongly induced and activated during the transition from B-cell to plasma cell state. Inhibition of site-1 protease leads to a profound reduction in plasmablast number linked to induction of autophagy. Plasmablasts generated in the presence of site-1 protease inhibitor segregated into CD38high and CD38low populations, the latter characterized by a marked reduction in the capacity to secrete IgG. Site-1 protease inhibition is accompanied by a distinctive change in gene expression associated with amino acid, steroid and fatty acid synthesis pathways. These results demonstrate that transcriptional control of metabolic programs necessary for secretory activity can be targeted via site-1 protease inhibition during ASC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Al-Maskari
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Care
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Robinson
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Cocco
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Gina M Doody
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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19
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Pham K, Kan A, Whitehead L, Hennessy RJ, Rogers K, Hodgkin PD. Converse Smith-Martin cell cycle kinetics by transformed B lymphocytes. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2041-2051. [PMID: 30205749 PMCID: PMC6260211 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1511511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using direct live cell imaging have reported that individual B lymphocytes have correlated transit times between their G1 and S/G2/M phases. This finding is in contradiction with the influential model of Smith and Martin that assumed the bulk of the total cell cycle time variation arises in the G1 phase of the cell cycle with little contributed by the S/G2/M phase. Here we extend these studies to examine the relation between cell cycle phase lengths in two B lymphoma cell lines. We report that transformed B lymphoma cells undergo a short G1 period that displays little correlation with the time taken for the subsequent S/G2/M phase. Consequently, the bulk of the variation noted for total division times within a population is found in the S/G2/M phases and not the G1 phase. Models that reverse the expected source of variation and assume a single deterministic time in G1 followed by a lag + exponential distribution for S/G2/M fit the data well. These models can be improved further by adopting two sequential distributions or by using the stretched lognormal model developed for primary lymphocytes. We propose that shortening of G1 transit times and uncoupling from other cell cycle phases may be a hallmark of lymphocyte transformation that could serve as an observable phenotypic marker of cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pham
- a Division of Immunology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - A Kan
- a Division of Immunology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia.,c Department of Computing and Information Systems , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - L Whitehead
- a Division of Immunology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - R J Hennessy
- a Division of Immunology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - K Rogers
- a Division of Immunology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - P D Hodgkin
- a Division of Immunology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
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20
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Abstract
Problem-solving strategies in immunology currently utilize a series of ad hoc, qualitative variations on a foundation of Burnet's formulation of clonal selection theory. These modifications, including versions of two-signal theory, describe how signals regulate lymphocytes to make important decisions governing self-tolerance and changes to their effector and memory states. These theories are useful but are proving inadequate to explain the observable genesis and control of heterogeneity in cell types, the nonlinear passage of cell fate trajectories and how the input from multiple environmental signals can be integrated at different times and strengths. Here, I argue for a paradigm change to place immune theory on a firmer philosophical and quantitative foundation to resolve these difficulties. This change rejects the notion of identical cell subsets and substitutes the concept of a cell as comprised of autonomous functional mechanical components subject to stochastic variations in construction and operation. The theory aims to explain immunity in terms of cell population dynamics, dictated by the operation of cell machinery, such as randomizing elements, division counters, and fate timers. The effect of communicating signals alone and in combination within this system is determined with a cellular calculus. A series of models developed with these principles can resolve logical cell fate and signaling paradoxes and offer a reinterpretation for how self-non-self discrimination and immune response class are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Hodgkin
- Immunology DivisionThe Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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21
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Heinzel S, Marchingo JM, Horton MB, Hodgkin PD. The regulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:32-38. [PMID: 29414529 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced proliferation and clonal expansion of antigen specific lymphocytes is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Recent studies identify two distinct control phases. In the first T and B lymphocytes integrate antigen and additional costimuli to motivate a programmed proliferative burst that ceases with a return to cell quiescence and eventual death. This proliferative burst is autonomously timed, ensuring an appropriate response magnitude whilst preventing uncontrolled expansion. This initial response is subject to further modification and extension by a range of signals that modify, expand and direct the emergence of a rich array of new cell types. Thus, both robust clonal expansion of a small number of antigen specific T cells, and the concurrent emergence of extensive cellular diversity, confers immunity to a vast array of different pathogens. The in vivo response to a given pathogen is made up by the sum of all responding clones and is reproducible and pathogen specific. Thus, a precise description of the regulatory principles governing lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival is essential to a unified understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heinzel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Miles B Horton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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23
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Marchingo JM, Prevedello G, Kan A, Heinzel S, Hodgkin PD, Duffy KR. T-cell stimuli independently sum to regulate an inherited clonal division fate. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13540. [PMID: 27869196 PMCID: PMC5121331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of antigen and costimulation, T cells undergo a characteristic response of expansion, cessation and contraction. Previous studies have revealed that population-level reproducibility is a consequence of multiple clones exhibiting considerable disparity in burst size, highlighting the requirement for single-cell information in understanding T-cell fate regulation. Here we show that individual T-cell clones resulting from controlled stimulation in vitro are strongly lineage imprinted with highly correlated expansion fates. Progeny from clonal families cease dividing in the same or adjacent generations, with inter-clonal variation producing burst-size diversity. The effects of costimulatory signals on individual clones sum together with stochastic independence; therefore, the net effect across multiple clones produces consistent, but heterogeneous population responses. These data demonstrate that substantial clonal heterogeneity arises through differences in experience of clonal progenitors, either through stochastic antigen interaction or by differences in initial receptor sensitivities. Why do populations of highly similar T cells have heterogeneous division destinies in response to antigenic stimulus? Here the authors develop a multiplex-dye assay and a mathematical framework to test clonal heterogeneity and show distinction in division destiny is a result of inter-clonal variability as lineage imprinting ensures clones share similar proliferation fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Marchingo
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G Prevedello
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare W23 WK26, Ireland
| | - A Kan
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S Heinzel
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare W23 WK26, Ireland
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24
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Heinzel S, Binh Giang T, Kan A, Marchingo JM, Lye BK, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD. A Myc-dependent division timer complements a cell-death timer to regulate T cell and B cell responses. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:96-103. [PMID: 27820810 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes integrate activating signals to control the size of their proliferative response. Here we report that such control was achieved by timed changes in the production rate of cell-cycle-regulating proto-oncoprotein Myc, with division cessation occurring when Myc levels fell below a critical threshold. The changing pattern of the level of Myc was not affected by cell division, which identified the regulating mechanism as a cell-intrinsic, heritable temporal controller. Overexpression of Myc in stimulated T cells and B cells did not sustain cell proliferation indefinitely, as a separate 'time-to-die' mechanism, also heritable, was programmed after lymphocyte activation and led to eventual cell loss. Together the two competing cell-intrinsic timed fates created the canonical T cell and B cell immune-response pattern of rapid growth followed by loss of most cells. Furthermore, small changes in these timed processes by regulatory signals, or by oncogenic transformation, acted in synergy to greatly enhance cell numbers over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heinzel
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tran Binh Giang
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrey Kan
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bryan K Lye
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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25
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Zambrano K, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Buchholz R, Jäck HM, Hübner H, Schuh W. Prolonged Ex vivo expansion and differentiation of naïve murine CD43−B splenocytes. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:978-89. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Zambrano
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth D-95447 Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 Bayreuth D-95447 Germany
| | - Rainer Buchholz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III; Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Glückstr. 6 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Holger Hübner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nürnberg; Paul-Gordan-Straße 3 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine III; Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Glückstr. 6 Erlangen D-91054 Germany
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26
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Abstract
Mathematical and statistical methods enable multidisciplinary approaches that catalyse discovery. Together with experimental methods, they identify key hypotheses, define measurable observables and reconcile disparate results. We collect a representative sample of studies in T-cell biology that illustrate the benefits of modelling–experimental collaborations and that have proven valuable or even groundbreaking. We conclude that it is possible to find excellent examples of synergy between mathematical modelling and experiment in immunology, which have brought significant insight that would not be available without these collaborations, but that much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castro
- Universidad Pontificia Comillas , E28015 Madrid , Spain
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Theoretical Biology and Biophysics , Los Alamos, NM 87545 , USA
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27
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Manipulation of B-cell responses with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6838. [PMID: 25913720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are approved for treating certain haematological malignancies, however, recent evidence also illustrates they are modulators of the immune system. In experimental models, HDACi are particularly potent against malignancies originating from the B-lymphocyte lineage. Here we examine the ability of this class of compounds to modify both protective and autoimmune antibody responses. In vitro, HDACi affect B-cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in an HDAC-class-dependent manner. Strikingly, treatment of lupus-prone Mrl/lpr mice with the HDACi panobinostat significantly reduces autoreactive plasma-cell numbers, autoantibodies and nephritis, while other immune parameters remain largely unaffected. Immunized control mice treated with panobinostat or the clinically approved HDACi vorinostat have significantly impaired primary antibody responses, but these treatments surprisingly spare circulating memory B cells. These studies indicate that panobinostat is a potential therapy for B-cell-driven autoimmune conditions and HDACi do not induce major long-term detrimental effects on B-cell memory.
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28
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Abstract
The regulation of antibody production is linked to the generation and maintenance of plasmablasts and plasma cells from their B cell precursors. Plasmablasts are the rapidly produced and short-lived effector cells of the early antibody response, whereas plasma cells are the long-lived mediators of lasting humoral immunity. An extraordinary number of control mechanisms, at both the cellular and molecular levels, underlie the regulation of this essential arm of the immune response. Despite this complexity, the terminal differentiation of B cells can be described as a simple probabilistic process that is governed by a central gene-regulatory network and modified by environmental stimuli.
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29
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Wang H, Yuan Z, Liu P, Zhou T. Division time-based amplifiers for stochastic gene expression. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:2417-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While cell-to-cell variability is a phenotypic consequence of gene expression noise, sources of this noise may be complex – apart from intrinsic sources such as the random birth/death of mRNA and stochastic switching between promoter states, there are also extrinsic sources of noise such as cell division where division times are either constant or random.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Wang
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
- Department of Mathematics College of Information Science and Technology Hainan University
| | - Zhanjiang Yuan
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
| | - Peijiang Liu
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshou Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
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30
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Marchingo JM, Kan A, Sutherland RM, Duffy KR, Wellard CJ, Belz GT, Lew AM, Dowling MR, Heinzel S, Hodgkin PD. T cell signaling. Antigen affinity, costimulation, and cytokine inputs sum linearly to amplify T cell expansion. Science 2014; 346:1123-7. [PMID: 25430770 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T cell responses are initiated by antigen and promoted by a range of costimulatory signals. Understanding how T cells integrate alternative signal combinations and make decisions affecting immune response strength or tolerance poses a considerable theoretical challenge. Here, we report that T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory signals imprint an early, cell-intrinsic, division fate, whereby cells effectively count through generations before returning automatically to a quiescent state. This autonomous program can be extended by cytokines. Signals from the TCR, costimulatory receptors, and cytokines add together using a linear division calculus, allowing the strength of a T cell response to be predicted from the sum of the underlying signal components. These data resolve a long-standing costimulation paradox and provide a quantitative paradigm for therapeutically manipulating immune response strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Marchingo
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrey Kan
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn M Sutherland
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Cameron J Wellard
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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31
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Kan A, Hodgkin PD. Mechanisms of cell division as regulators of acute immune response. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2014; 8:215-21. [PMID: 25136383 PMCID: PMC4127173 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-014-9149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The acute adaptive immune response is complex, proceeding through phases of activation of quiescent lymphocytes, rapid expansion by cell division and cell differentiation, cessation of division and eventual death of greater than 95 % of the newly generated population. Control of the response is not central but appears to operate as a distributed process where global patterns reliably emerge as a result of collective behaviour of a large number of autonomous cells. In this review, we highlight evidence that competing intracellular timed processes underlie the distribution of individual fates and control cell proliferation, cessation and loss. These principles can be captured in a mathematical model to illustrate consistency with previously published experimentally observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kan
- />Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- />Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Philip D. Hodgkin
- />Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- />Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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32
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Purssell E. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors inhibit antibody response through interference with MAPK/ERK pathways and BLIMP-1 inhibition. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:372-7. [PMID: 25012778 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of illness in children, and although not harmful in itself, fever and its associated symptoms are often treated with antipyretic drugs. A number of national and other guidelines now recommend against their routine use; a conclusion that was initially supported by a study showing that the prophylactic use of paracetamol might reduce antibody response to some vaccine antigens, although data from booster vaccinations are more equivocal. Although in vivo data on the cause of this inhibition are scarce, in vitro data suggests that the cause may be due to inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase pathways, and a subsequent reduction in the process of plasma cell differentiation at the beginning of the antibody response. This suggests that in high-risk patients these drugs could be avoided in the early part of an infection when plasma-cell differentiation is occurring. More data are needed to define this period; until then existing data support the recommendation against the routine use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Purssell
- King's College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, United Kingdom.
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33
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34
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Abstract
Stochastic variation in cell cycle time is a consistent feature of otherwise similar cells within a growing population. Classic studies concluded that the bulk of the variation occurs in the G1 phase, and many mathematical models assume a constant time for traversing the S/G2/M phases. By direct observation of transgenic fluorescent fusion proteins that report the onset of S phase, we establish that dividing B and T lymphocytes spend a near-fixed proportion of total division time in S/G2/M phases, and this proportion is correlated between sibling cells. This result is inconsistent with models that assume independent times for consecutive phases. Instead, we propose a stretching model for dividing lymphocytes where all parts of the cell cycle are proportional to total division time. Data fitting based on a stretched cell cycle model can significantly improve estimates of cell cycle parameters drawn from DNA labeling data used to monitor immune cell dynamics.
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35
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Hawkins ED, Turner ML, Wellard CJ, Zhou JHS, Dowling MR, Hodgkin PD. Quantal and graded stimulation of B lymphocytes as alternative strategies for regulating adaptive immune responses. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2406. [PMID: 24009041 PMCID: PMC3778729 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes undergo a typical response pattern following stimulation in vivo: they proliferate, differentiate to effector cells, cease dividing and predominantly die, leaving a small proportion of long-lived memory and effector cells. This pattern results from cell-intrinsic processes following activation and the influence of external regulation. Here we apply quantitative methods to study B-cell responses in vitro. Our results reveal that B cells stimulated through two Toll-like receptors (TLRs) require minimal external direction to undergo the basic pattern typical of immunity. Altering the stimulus strength regulates the outcome in a quantal manner by varying the number of cells that participate in the response. In contrast, the T-cell-dependent CD40 activation signal induces a response where division times and differentiation rates vary in relation to stimulus strength. These studies offer insight into how the adaptive antibody response may have evolved from simple autonomous response patterns to the highly regulable state that is now observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hawkins
- 1] Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia [3]
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36
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De Boer RJ, Perelson AS. Quantifying T lymphocyte turnover. J Theor Biol 2013; 327:45-87. [PMID: 23313150 PMCID: PMC3640348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell populations are maintained by production of naive T cells in the thymus, clonal expansion of activated cells, cellular self-renewal (or homeostatic proliferation), and density dependent cell life spans. A variety of experimental techniques have been employed to quantify the relative contributions of these processes. In modern studies lymphocytes are typically labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), deuterium, or the fluorescent dye carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), their division history has been studied by monitoring telomere shortening and the dilution of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) or the dye CFSE, and clonal expansion has been documented by recording changes in the population densities of antigen specific cells. Proper interpretation of such data in terms of the underlying rates of T cell production, division, and death has proven to be notoriously difficult and involves mathematical modeling. We review the various models that have been developed for each of these techniques, discuss which models seem most appropriate for what type of data, reveal open problems that require better models, and pinpoint how the assumptions underlying a mathematical model may influence the interpretation of data. Elaborating various successful cases where modeling has delivered new insights in T cell population dynamics, this review provides quantitative estimates of several processes involved in the maintenance of naive and memory, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell pools in mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J De Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
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37
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Banks HT, Kapraun DF, Thompson WC, Peligero C, Argilaguet J, Meyerhans A. A novel statistical analysis and interpretation of flow cytometry data. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2013; 7:96-132. [PMID: 23826744 PMCID: PMC3753657 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2013.812753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed class of models incorporating the cyton model of population generation structure into a conservation-based model of intracellular label dynamics is reviewed. Statistical aspects of the data collection process are quantified and incorporated into a parameter estimation scheme. This scheme is then applied to experimental data for PHA-stimulated CD4+T and CD8+T cells collected from two healthy donors. This novel mathematical and statistical framework is shown to form the basis for accurate, meaningful analysis of cellular behaviour for a population of cells labelled with the dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester and stimulated to divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Banks
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation and Center for Quantitative Sciences in Biomedicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, USA.
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38
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Banks HT, Thompson WC, Peligero C, Giest S, Argilaguet J, Meyerhans A. A division-dependent compartmental model for computing cell numbers in CFSE-based lymphocyte proliferation assays. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2012; 9:699-736. [PMID: 23311419 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2012.9.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Some key features of a mathematical description of an immune response are an estimate of the number of responding cells and the manner in which those cells divide, differentiate, and die. The intracellular dye CFSE is a powerful experimental tool for the analysis of a population of dividing cells, and numerous mathematical treatments have been aimed at using CFSE data to describe an immune response [30,31,32,37,38,42,48,49]. Recently, partial differential equation structured population models, with measured CFSE fluorescence intensity as the structure variable, have been shown to accurately fit histogram data obtained from CFSE flow cytometry experiments [18,19,52,54]. In this report, the population of cells is mathematically organized into compartments, with all cells in a single compartment having undergone the same number of divisions. A system of structured partial differential equations is derived which can be fit directly to CFSE histogram data. From such a model, cell counts (in terms of the number of divisions undergone) can be directly computed and thus key biological parameters such as population doubling time and precursor viability can be determined. Mathematical aspects of this compartmental model are discussed, and the model is fit to a data set. As in [18,19], we find temporal and division dependence in the rates of proliferation and death to be essential features of a structured population model for CFSE data. Variability in cellular autofluorescence is found to play a significant role in the data, as well. Finally, the compartmental model is compared to previous work, and statistical aspects of the experimental data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Banks
- Center for Research in Scientic Computation, Center for Quantitative Sciences in Biomedicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, United States.
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39
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de Andrés B, Prado C, Palacios B, Alía M, Jagtap S, Serrano N, Cortegano I, Marcos MAR, Gaspar ML. Dynamics of the splenic innate-like CD19⁺CD45Rlo cell population from adult mice in homeostatic and activated conditions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2300-8. [PMID: 22837485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the adult spleen, CD19⁺CD45R(-/lo) (19⁺45R(lo)) lymphocytes of embryonic origin exist as a distinct population to that of the conventional B cell lineage. These cells display a plasmablast phenotype, and they spontaneously secrete IgG1 and IgA, whereas the bone marrow population of 19⁺45R(lo) cells contains B1 progenitors. In this study, we show that 19⁺45R(lo) cells are also present in Peyer's patches and in the spleen throughout the life span of wild-type mice, beginning at postnatal day 7. Although this population is heterogeneous, the surface phenotype of most of these cells distinguishes them from follicular, transitional, marginal zone, and B1 cells. In CBA/CaHN mice, few 19⁺45R(lo) cells were detected at postnatal day 7, and none was observed in the adult spleen. Splenic 19⁺45R(lo) cells exhibited homeostatic BrdU uptake in vivo and actively transcribed cell cycle genes. When transferred to immunodeficient RAG2⁻/⁻γchain⁻/⁻ recipient mice, 19⁺45R(lo) cells survived and differentiated into IgG1- and IgA-plasma cells. Moreover, in vitro stimulation of splenic 19⁺45R(lo) cells with LPS, CpG, BAFF/IL4, and CD40/IL4 induced cell proliferation, IgG1/IgA secretion and the release of IL-10, suggesting a potential immunoregulatory role for this subset of innate-like B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén de Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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Meyer-Hermann M, Mohr E, Pelletier N, Zhang Y, Victora GD, Toellner KM. A theory of germinal center B cell selection, division, and exit. Cell Rep 2012; 2:162-74. [PMID: 22840406 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity antibodies are generated in germinal centers in a process involving mutation and selection of B cells. Information processing in germinal center reactions has been investigated in a number of recent experiments. These have revealed cell migration patterns, asymmetric cell divisions, and cell-cell interaction characteristics, used here to develop a theory of germinal center B cell selection, division, and exit (the LEDA model). According to this model, B cells selected by T follicular helper cells on the basis of successful antigen processing always return to the dark zone for asymmetric division, and acquired antigen is inherited by one daughter cell only. Antigen-retaining B cells differentiate to plasma cells and leave the germinal center through the dark zone. This theory has implications for the functioning of germinal centers because compared to previous models, high-affinity antibodies appear one day earlier and the amount of derived plasma cells is considerably larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department for Systems Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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41
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Hagn M, Belz GT, Kallies A, Sutton VR, Thia KY, Tarlinton DM, Hawkins ED, Trapani JA. Activated mouse B cells lack expression of granzyme B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3886-92. [PMID: 22427643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that human B cells express and secrete the cytotoxic protease granzyme B (GrB) after stimulation with IL-21 and BCR cross-linking. To date, there are few clues on the function of GrB in B cell biology. As experimental transgenic murine systems should provide insights into these issues, we assayed for GrB in C57BL/6 B cells using an extensive array of physiologically relevant stimuli but were unable to detect either GrB expression or its proteolytic activity, even when Ag-specific transgenic BCRs were engaged. Similar results were also obtained with B cells from DBA/2, CBA, or BALB/c mice. In vivo, infection with either influenza virus or murine γ-herpesvirus induced the expected expression of GrB in CTLs, but not in B cell populations. We also investigated a possible role of GrB on the humoral immune response to the model Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, but GrB-deficient mice produced normal amounts of Ab with typical affinity maturation and a heightened secondary response, demonstrating conclusively the redundancy of GrB for Ab responses. Our results highlight the complex evolutionary differences that have shaped the immune systems of mice and humans. The physiological consequences of GrB expression in human B cells remain unclear, and the current study suggests that experimental mouse models will not be helpful in addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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42
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Duffy KR, Wellard CJ, Markham JF, Zhou JHS, Holmberg R, Hawkins ED, Hasbold J, Dowling MR, Hodgkin PD. Activation-Induced B Cell Fates Are Selected by Intracellular Stochastic Competition. Science 2012; 335:338-41. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1213230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Dement-Brown J, Newton CS, Ise T, Damdinsuren B, Nagata S, Tolnay M. Fc receptor-like 5 promotes B cell proliferation and drives the development of cells displaying switched isotypes. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:59-67. [PMID: 22028333 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological roles of B cell membrane proteins in the FCRL family are enigmatic. FCRL proteins, including FCRL5, were shown to modulate early BCR signaling, although the subsequent, functional consequences of receptor engagement are poorly understood. We found that FCRL5 surface protein itself was induced temporarily upon BCR stimulation of human, naive B cells, indicating precise control over timing of FCRL5 engagement. Cross-linking of FCRL5 on cells induced to express FCRL5 enhanced B cell proliferation significantly. This enhancement required costimulation of the BCR and TLR9, two signals required for optimal proliferation of naive B cells, whereas T cell help in the form of anti-CD40 and IL-2 was dispensable. In addition, we found that FCRL5 stimulation generated a high proportion of cells displaying surface IgG and IgA. Optimal development of cells expressing switched isotypes required T cell help, in addition to stimuli found necessary for enhanced proliferation. Surprisingly, cells that developed upon FCRL5 stimulation simultaneously displayed surface IgM, IgG, and IgA. Cells expressing multiple Ig isotypes were described in hairy cell leukemia, a disease in which FCRL5 is overexpressed. Enhanced proliferation and downstream isotype expression upon FCRL5 stimulation could reflect a physiological role for FCRL5 in the expansion and development of antigen-primed B cells. In addition, FCRL5 may promote growth of malignant cells in hairy cell leukemia and other FCRL5-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dement-Brown
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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Nutt SL, Taubenheim N, Hasbold J, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD. The genetic network controlling plasma cell differentiation. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:341-9. [PMID: 21924923 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation by antigen, mature B cells undergo immunoglobulin class switch recombination and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the endpoint of the B cell developmental lineage. Careful quantitation of these processes, which are stochastic, independent and strongly linked to the division history of the cell, has revealed that populations of B cells behave in a highly predictable manner. Considerable progress has also been made in the last few years in understanding the gene regulatory network that controls the B cell to plasma cell transition. The mutually exclusive transcriptomes of B cells and plasma cells are maintained by the antagonistic influences of two groups of transcription factors, those that maintain the B cell program, including Pax5, Bach2 and Bcl6, and those that promote and facilitate plasma cell differentiation, notably Irf4, Blimp1 and Xbp1. In this review, we discuss progress in the definition of both the transcriptional and cellular events occurring during late B cell differentiation, as integrating these two approaches is crucial to defining a regulatory network that faithfully reflects the stochastic features and complexity of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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Banks HT, Sutton KL, Thompson WC, Bocharov G, Doumic M, Schenkel T, Argilaguet J, Giest S, Peligero C, Meyerhans A. A new model for the estimation of cell proliferation dynamics using CFSE data. J Immunol Methods 2011; 373:143-60. [PMID: 21889510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CFSE analysis of a proliferating cell population is a popular tool for the study of cell division and divisionlinked changes in cell behavior. Recently Banks et al. (2011), Luzyanina et al. (2009), Luzyanina et al. (2007), a partial differential equation (PDE) model to describe lymphocyte dynamics in a CFSE proliferation assay was proposed. We present a significant revision of this model which improves the physiological understanding of several parameters. Namely, the parameter used previously as a heuristic explanation for the dilution of CFSE dye by cell division is replaced with a more physical component, cellular autofluorescence. The rate at which label decays is also quantified using a Gompertz decay process. We then demonstrate a revised method of fitting the model to the commonly used histogram representation of the data. It is shown that these improvements result in a model with a strong physiological basis which is fully capable of replicating the behavior observed in the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Banks
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, USA.
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Roberts TL, Turner ML, Dunn JA, Lenert P, Ross IL, Sweet MJ, Stacey KJ. B cells do not take up bacterial DNA: an essential role for antigen in exposure of DNA to toll-like receptor-9. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:517-25. [PMID: 20921967 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Murine dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages respond to bacterial CpG DNA through toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Although it is frequently assumed that bacterial DNA is a direct stimulus for B cells, published work does not reliably show responses of purified B cells. Here we show that purified splenic B cells did not respond to Escherichia coli DNA with induction of CD86, despite readily responding to single-stranded (ss) phosphodiester CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). This was due to a combination of weak responses to both long and double-stranded (ds) DNA. B-cell DNA uptake was greatly reduced with increasing DNA length. This contrasts with macrophages where DNA uptake and subsequent responses were enhanced with increasing DNA length. However, when DNA was physically linked to hen egg lysozyme (HEL), HEL-specific B cells showed efficient uptake of DNA, and limited proliferation in response to the HEL-DNA complex. We propose that, in the absence of other signals, B cells have poor uptake and responses to long dsDNA to prevent polyclonal activation. Conversely, when DNA is physically linked to a B-cell receptor (BCR) ligand, its uptake is increased, allowing TLR9-dependent B-cell activation in an antigen-specific manner. We could not generate fragments of E. coli DNA by limited DNaseI digestion that could mimic the stimulatory effect of ss CpG ODN on naïve B cells. We suggest that the frequently studied polyclonal B-cell responses to CpG ODN are relevant to therapeutic applications of phosphorothioate-modified CpG-containing ODN, but not to natural responses to foreign or host dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Roberts
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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47
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Goodnow CC, Vinuesa CG, Randall KL, Mackay F, Brink R. Control systems and decision making for antibody production. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:681-8. [PMID: 20644574 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper synthesizes recent progress toward understanding the integrated control systems and fail-safes that guide the quality and quantity of antibody produced by B cells. We focus on four key decisions: (1) the choice between proliferation or death in perifollicular B cells in the first 3 days after antigen encounter; (2) differentiation of proliferating perifollicular B cells into extrafollicular plasma cells or germinal center B cells; (3) positive selection of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) affinity for foreign antigen versus negative selection of BCR affinity for self antigen in germinal center B cells; and (4) survival versus death of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Understanding the engineering of these control systems represents a challenging future step for treating disorders of antibody production in autoimmunity, allergy and immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Goodnow
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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48
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Elevated Mcl-1 perturbs lymphopoiesis, promotes transformation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and enhances drug resistance. Blood 2010; 116:3197-207. [PMID: 20631380 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-281071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse human cancers with poor prognosis, including many lymphoid and myeloid malignancies, exhibit high levels of Mcl-1. To explore the impact of Mcl-1 overexpression on the hematopoietic compartment, we have generated vavP-Mcl-1 transgenic mice. Their lymphoid and myeloid cells displayed increased resistance to a variety of cytotoxic agents. Myelopoiesis was relatively normal, but lymphopoiesis was clearly perturbed, with excess mature B and T cells accumulating. Rather than the follicular lymphomas typical of vavP-BCL-2 mice, aging vavP-Mcl-1 mice were primarily susceptible to lymphomas having the phenotype of a stem/progenitor cell (11 of 30 tumors) or pre-B cell (12 of 30 tumors). Mcl-1 overexpression dramatically accelerated Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. Most vavP-Mcl-1/ Eμ-Myc mice died around birth, and transplantation of blood from bitransgenic E18 embryos into unirradiated mice resulted in stem/progenitor cell tumors. Furthermore, lethally irradiated mice transplanted with E13 fetal liver cells from Mcl-1/Myc bitransgenic mice uniformly died of stem/progenitor cell tumors. When treated in vivo with cyclophosphamide, tumors coexpressing Mcl-1 and Myc transgenes were significantly more resistant than conventional Eμ-Myc lymphomas. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Mcl-1 overexpression renders hematopoietic cells refractory to many cytotoxic insults, perturbs lymphopoiesis and promotes malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Wellard C, Markham J, Hawkins E, Hodgkin P. The effect of correlations on the population dynamics of lymphocytes. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:443-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
B cells represent an important link between the adaptive and innate immune systems as they express both antigen-specific B-cell receptors (BCRs) as well as various Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Several checkpoints in B-cell development ensure that self-specific cells are eliminated from the mature B-cell repertoire to avoid harmful autoreactive responses. These checkpoints are controlled by BCR-mediated events but are also influenced by TLR-dependent signals from the innate immune system. Additionally, B-cell-intrinsic and extrinsic TLR signaling are critical for inflammatory events required for the clearance of microbial infections. Factors secreted by TLR-activated macrophages or dendritic cells directly influence the fate of protective and autoreactive B cells. Additionally, naive and memory B cells respond differentially to TLR ligands, as do different B-cell subsets. We review here recent literature describing intrinsic and extrinsic effects of TLR stimulation on the fate of B cells, with particular attention to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve P Crampton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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