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Guo J, Ai X, Jia B, Zhong X, Liu L, Hu Q, Xie J, Hong X, Chen Y, Liu D. Galectin-9 as an indicator of functional limitations and radiographic joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1419676. [PMID: 38957462 PMCID: PMC11217821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1419676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have revealed that Galectin-9 (Gal-9) acts as an apoptosis modulator in autoimmunity and rheumatic inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of Gal-9 as a biomarker in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), especially as an indicator of functional limitations and radiographic joint damage. Methods A total of 146 patients with RA and 52 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Clinical data including disease activity, physical function, and radiographic joint damage were assessed. Functional limitation was defined as the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index >1. Subjects with joint erosion >0 or joint space narrowing >0 were considered to have radiographic joint damage. Serum Gal-9 levels were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between Gal-9 and high disease activity and functional limitations, and a prediction model was established to construct predictive nomograms. Results Serum levels of Gal-9 were significantly increased in patients with RA compared to those in healthy controls (median 13.1 ng/mL vs. 7.6 ng/mL). Patients with RA who were older (>65 years), had a longer disease duration (>5 years), longer morning stiffness (>60mins), elevated serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, and difficult-to-treat RA had significantly higher Gal-9 levels than those in the corresponding control subgroups (all p <0.05). Patients with RA were divided into two subgroups according to the cut-off value of Gal-9 of 11.6 ng/mL. Patients with RA with Gal-9 >11.6 ng/mL had a significantly higher core clinical disease activity index, HAQ scores, Sharp/van der Heijde modified Sharp scores, as well as a higher percentage of advanced joint damage (all p<0.05) than patients with Gal-9 ≤11.6 ng/mL. Accordingly, patients with RA presenting either functional limitations or radiographic joint damage had significantly higher serum Gal-9 levels than those without (both p <0.05). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a serum level of Gal-9 >11.6 ng/mL was an independent risk factor for high disease activity (OR=3.138, 95% CI 1.150-8.567, p=0.026) and presence of functional limitations (OR=2.455, 95% CI 1.017-5.926, p=0.046), respectively. Conclusion Gal-9 could be considered as a potential indicator in patients with RA, especially with respect to functional limitations and joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Baixue Jia
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixiong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiu Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Ahmed J, Nishizaki D, Miyashita H, Lee S, Nesline MK, Pabla S, Conroy JM, DePietro P, Sicklick JK, Kato S, Kurzrock R. TIM-3 transcriptomic landscape with clinical and immunomic correlates in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:2493-2506. [PMID: 38859842 PMCID: PMC11162668 DOI: 10.62347/mqff6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
TIM-3, an inhibitory checkpoint receptor, may invoke anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) resistance. The predictive impact of TIM-3 RNA expression in various advanced solid tumors among patients treated with ICIs is yet to be determined, and their prognostic significance also remains unexplored. We investigated TIM-3 transcriptomic expression and clinical outcomes. We examined TIM-3 RNA expression data through the OmniSeq database. TIM-3 transcriptomic patterns were calibrated against a reference population (735 tumors), adjusted to internal housekeeping genes, and calculated as percentiles. Overall, 514 patients (31 cancer types; 489 patients with advanced/metastatic disease and clinical annotation) were assessed. Ninety tumors (17.5% of 514) had high (≥75th percentile RNA rank) TIM-3 expression. Pancreatic cancer had the greatest proportion of TIM-3 high expressors (36% of 55 patients). Still, there was variability within cancer types with, for instance, 12.7% of pancreatic cancers harboring low TIM-3 (<25th percentile) levels. High TIM-3 expression independently and significantly correlated with high PD-L2 RNA expression (odds ratio (OR) 9.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.91-19.4, P<0.001) and high VISTA RNA expression (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.43-5.13, P=0.002), all in multivariate analysis. High TIM-3 RNA did not correlate with overall survival (OS) from time of metastatic disease in the 272 patients who never received ICIs, suggesting that it is not a prognostic factor. However, high TIM-3 expression predicted longer median OS (but not progression-free survival) in 217 ICI-treated patients (P=0.0033; median OS, 2.84 versus 1.21 years (high versus not-high TIM-3)), albeit not retained in multivariable analysis. In summary, TIM-3 RNA expression was variable between and within malignancies, and high levels associated with high PD-L2 and VISTA checkpoints and with pancreatic cancer. Individual tumor immunomic assessment and co-targeting co-expressed checkpoints merits exploration in prospective trials as part of a precision immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Ahmed
- Developmental Therapeutics Clinic, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of HealthBethesda, MD, The United Sates
| | - Daisuke Nishizaki
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer CenterLa Jolla, CA, The United States
| | - Hirotaka Miyashita
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Hematology and Medical OncologyLebanon, NH, The United States
| | - Suzanna Lee
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer CenterLa Jolla, CA, The United States
| | | | | | | | - Paul DePietro
- OmniSeq Inc. (Labcorp)Buffalo, NY, The United States
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San DiegoSan Diego, CA, The United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan Diego, CA, The United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, The United States
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer CenterLa Jolla, CA, The United States
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- WIN ConsortiumParis, France
- MCW Cancer Center and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, The United States
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Yıldırım C. Galectin-9, a pro-survival factor inducing immunosuppression, leukemic cell transformation and expansion. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:571. [PMID: 38662155 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow and blood originating from self-renewing cancerous immature blast cells or transformed leukocytes. Despite improvements in treatments, leukemia remains still a serious disease with poor prognosis because of disease heterogeneity, drug resistance and relapse. There is emerging evidence that differentially expression of co-signaling molecules play a critical role in tumor immune evasion. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is one of the key proteins that leukemic cells express, secrete, and use to proliferate, self-renew, and survive. It also suppresses host immune responses controlled by T and NK cells, enabling leukemic cells to evade immune surveillance. The present review provides the molecular mechanisms of Gal-9-induced immune evasion in leukemia. Understanding the complex immune evasion machinery driven by Gal-9 expressing leukemic cells will enable the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for efficient immunotherapy in leukemic patients. Combined treatment approaches targeting T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)/Gal-9 and other immune checkpoint pathways can be considered, which may enhance the efficacy of host effector cells to attack leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Yıldırım
- Atatürk Vocational School of Health Services, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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4
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Shete A, Ghate M, Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Patil S, Shidhaye P, Bai G, Matsuba T, Pharande P, Mahajan B, Randive A, Mukherjee A, Hattori T. Dynamics of Matricellular Protein Levels in Blood Predict Recovery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Viruses 2024; 16:664. [PMID: 38793546 PMCID: PMC11126111 DOI: 10.3390/v16050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation in tuberculosis (TB) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV/TB) modifies their clinical course. We prospectively measured osteopontin (OPN), full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9), and total-Gal9 (T-Gal9) levels in 32 patients with HIV/TB coinfection treated with anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapies over 6-18 months to determine the amelioration of inflammatory conditions in response to the therapies. We observed a significant time-dependent decrease in FL-Gal9 in both pulmonary TB (PTB, n = 20) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB, n = 12) patients. The levels of T-Gal9, OPN, and CRP decreased significantly after treatment in only PTB patients. We calculated the inflammatory score (INS) indicating immunologic recovery based on the decline in OPN, FL-Gal9, T-Gal9, and CRP levels. Baseline levels of T-Gal9 and OPN positively correlated with INS in all TB and only PTB patients, respectively, indicating that their levels predict better recovery. In contrast, FL-Gal9 levels at the second visit negatively correlated with INS in EPTB patients. The decrease rate in OPN levels at the second visit also correlated positively with INS in PTB patients. Women showed a higher INS and lower levels of FL-Gal9 than men. The patients with moderate grade severity on chest X-ray had higher CD4 cell numbers than those with limited grade severity. Monitoring these markers will help to predict and assess the response to therapy as well as to devise strategies to reduce the complications caused by chronic immune activation in patients with HIV/TB coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-0018, Japan;
| | - Sandip Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Pallavi Shidhaye
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Gaowa Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China;
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University of Medical Sciences, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan;
| | - Pratiksha Pharande
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Bharati Mahajan
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Aarti Randive
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-0018, Japan;
- Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka City 420-0881, Japan
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5
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Nie H, Saini P, Miyamoto T, Liao L, Zielinski RJ, Liu H, Zhou W, Wang C, Murphy B, Towers M, Yang T, Qi Y, Kannan T, Kossenkov A, Tateno H, Claiborne DT, Zhang N, Abdel-Mohsen M, Zhang R. Targeting branched N-glycans and fucosylation sensitizes ovarian tumors to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2853. [PMID: 38565883 PMCID: PMC10987604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a crucial strategy employed by cancer cells to evade cellular immunity. However, it's unclear whether homologous recombination (HR) status-dependent glycosylation can be therapeutically explored. Here, we show that the inhibition of branched N-glycans sensitizes HR-proficient, but not HR-deficient, epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). In contrast to fucosylation whose inhibition sensitizes EOCs to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy regardless of HR-status, we observe an enrichment of branched N-glycans on HR-proficient compared to HR-deficient EOCs. Mechanistically, BRCA1/2 transcriptionally promotes the expression of MGAT5, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing branched N-glycans. The branched N-glycans on HR-proficient tumors augment their resistance to anti-PD-L1 by enhancing its binding with PD-1 on CD8+ T cells. In orthotopic, syngeneic EOC models in female mice, inhibiting branched N-glycans using 2-Deoxy-D-glucose sensitizes HR-proficient, but not HR-deficient EOCs, to anti-PD-L1. These findings indicate branched N-glycans as promising therapeutic targets whose inhibition sensitizes HR-proficient EOCs to ICB by overcoming immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Nie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Pratima Saini
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Taito Miyamoto
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Liping Liao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Rafal J Zielinski
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Heng Liu
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Brennah Murphy
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Martina Towers
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Tyler Yang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Toshitha Kannan
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Daniel T Claiborne
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Dixon KO, Lahore GF, Kuchroo VK. Beyond T cell exhaustion: TIM-3 regulation of myeloid cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadf2223. [PMID: 38457514 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) is an important immune checkpoint molecule initially identified as a marker of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since then, our understanding of its role in immune responses has significantly expanded. Here, we review emerging evidence demonstrating unexpected roles for TIM-3 as a key regulator of myeloid cell function, in addition to recent work establishing TIM-3 as a delineator of terminal T cell exhaustion, thereby positioning TIM-3 at the interface between fatigued immune responses and reinvigoration. We share our perspective on the antagonism between TIM-3 and T cell stemness, discussing both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms underlying this relationship. Looking forward, we discuss approaches to decipher the underlying mechanisms by which TIM-3 regulates stemness, which has remarkable potential for the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Dixon
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez Lahore
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lv Y, Ma X, Ma Y, Du Y, Feng J. A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9). Genes Dis 2023; 10:2366-2382. [PMID: 37554219 PMCID: PMC10404877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, advances in immunological knowledge have led to the identification of novel immune checkpoints, reinvigorating cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors, has become the leader in the precision treatment of cancer, bringing a new dawn to the treatment of most cancer patients. Galectin-9 (LGALS9), a member of the galectin family, is a widely expressed protein involved in immune regulation and tumor pathogenesis, and affects the prognosis of various types of cancer. Galectin-9 regulates immune homeostasis and tumor cell survival through its interaction with its receptor Tim-3. In the review, based on a brief description of the signaling mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities of galectin-9 and Tim-3, we summarize the targeted expression patterns of galectin-9 in a variety of malignancies and the promising mechanisms of anti-galectin-9 therapy in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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8
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Mendieta-Carmona V, Delgado-López G, Reyes-Leyva J, Gutiérrez-Quiroz CT, Vazquez-Zamora VJ, Picazo-Mendoza DA, Montiel-Jarquín AJ, Martinez-Morales LP, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Galectin-9 Expression is Correlated to Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression and Overall Survival. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:891-904. [PMID: 37927328 PMCID: PMC10625380 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s433710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether galectin-9 gene (LGALS9) expression is correlated with cervical cancer progression, clinicopathological characteristics, and overall survival. To determine the biological processes and the abundance of tumour infiltrating immune cells related to the expression of LGALS9. Patients and Methods The study was conducted in two phases: 1) The expression level of LGALS9 was determined using the data of 193 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Biological processes and tumour infiltrating cells associated to LGALS9 expression were evaluated using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and tumour immune estimation resource (TIMER). 2) Independently, galectin-9 was identified in 40 SCC samples by immunohistochemistry and optical density quantified using ImagePro® software. Results The LGALS9 gene showed increased expression in cervical cancer samples. A higher expression level in SCC was related to better overall survival and to early clinical stages. GSEA showed that tumours with higher expression of LGALS9 were enriched in immune pathways such as interferon_alpha_response, and complement, the analysis of TIMER database showed a positive correlation between the expression level of LGALS9 and the abundance of tumour infiltrating immune cells. In addition, higher expression of galectin-9 was found in biopsies of SCC patients at early clinical stages, showing a trend of better survival. Conclusion Higher expression levels of LGALS9 and galectin-9 in SCC were related to early clinical stages and better prognosis. GSEA and TIMER analysis suggested that galectin-9 could play an antitumor role in cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriano Mendieta-Carmona
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México (Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1 Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco, Puebla, México
| | - Guadalupe Delgado-López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco, Puebla, México
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | | | | | - Alvaro José Montiel-Jarquín
- Hospital de Especialidades, General Manuel Ávila Camacho, Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social, Puebla, México
| | | | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco, Puebla, México
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Xiong H, Xue G, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zhao Q, Zhao R, Zhou N, Xie Y. Effect of exogenous galectin-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, on the severity of TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109645. [PMID: 36610329 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a complex pathogenesis that is yet to be completely understood. However, a strong correlation between Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and IBD has been observed. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) has been reported to regulate TLR4/NF-κB by interacting with Galectin-9 (Gal-9), and recombinant Gal-9 can activate Tim-3; however, its potential properties in IBD and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to determine how Gal-9 affects experimental colitis in mice. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) were used to establish colitis in mice, and the severity of the illness was assessed based on body weight, colon length, and histology. Therefore, we explored the effects of Gal-9 treatment on colitis. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of Gal-9 on the expression of Tim-3 and TLR4/NF-κB pathway in colonic tissues and the serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Tim-3 expression in the colon was notably decreased in mice with TNBS-induced colitis, whereas TLR4/NF-kB expression was significantly increased. Intraperitoneal injection of Gal-9 dramatically decreased the disease activity index and attenuated the level of intestinal mucosal inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis mice (p < 0.05). Intraperitoneal administration of Gal-9 significantly increased Tim-3 expression in the colon and decreased the serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, Gal-9 treatment significantly downregulated the expression of TLR4 signaling pathway-related proteins. In contrast, Gal-9 did not reduce the severity of DSS-induced colitis. In summary, exogenous Gal-9 increased Tim-3 expression, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and alleviated TNBS-induced colitis in mice but not DSS-induced colitis in mice, revealing its potential therapeutic ramifications for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Guohui Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiujiang NO.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Nanjin Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; JiangXi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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10
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Dutta S, Ganguly A, Chatterjee K, Spada S, Mukherjee S. Targets of Immune Escape Mechanisms in Cancer: Basis for Development and Evolution of Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020218. [PMID: 36829496 PMCID: PMC9952779 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has emerged as a novel therapeutic tool for cancer therapy in the last decade. Unfortunately, a small number of patients benefit from approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, multiple studies are being conducted to find new ICIs and combination strategies to improve the current ICIs. In this review, we discuss some approved immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1, PD-1, and CTLA-4, and also highlight newer emerging ICIs. For instance, HLA-E, overexpressed by tumor cells, represents an immune-suppressive feature by binding CD94/NKG2A, on NK and T cells. NKG2A blockade recruits CD8+ T cells and activates NK cells to decrease the tumor burden. NKG2D acts as an NK cell activating receptor that can also be a potential ICI. The adenosine A2A and A2B receptors, CD47-SIRPα, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, and VISTA are targets that also contribute to cancer immunoresistance and have been considered for clinical trials. Their antitumor immunosuppressive functions can be used to develop blocking antibodies. PARPs, mARTs, and B7-H3 are also other potential targets for immunosuppression. Additionally, miRNA, mRNA, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated immunotherapeutic approaches are being investigated with great interest. Pre-clinical and clinical studies project these targets as potential immunotherapeutic candidates in different cancer types for their robust antitumor modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Dutta
- The Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology (CITI), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar 814152, India
| | | | - Sheila Spada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.M.)
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11
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Inhibition of galectins in cancer: Biological challenges for their clinical application. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1104625. [PMID: 36703969 PMCID: PMC9872792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins play relevant roles in tumor development, progression and metastasis. Accordingly, galectins are certainly enticing targets for medical intervention in cancer. To date, however, clinical trials based on galectin inhibitors reported inconclusive results. This review summarizes the galectin inhibitors currently being evaluated and discusses some of the biological challenges that need to be addressed to improve these strategies for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Laderach
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina,*Correspondence: Diego José Laderach,
| | - Daniel Compagno
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Wang Y, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hui Z, Wang P, Sun Y. Galectin-9 expression clinically associated with mature dendritic cells infiltration and T cell immune response in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1319. [PMID: 36527024 PMCID: PMC9756675 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-9 is a member of the galectin family and has been reported to have a tumor-promoting or antitumor effect in response to the immune microenvironment. However, the immunomodulatory effect of galectin-9 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. The antigen presentation and antitumor immune effects of galectin-9 in CRC were examined in this study. METHODS The expression of galectin-9, dendritic cell markers (CD208 and CD1a), T-cell markers (CD3 and CD8) and mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6) was assessed using immunohistochemistry in CRC samples. The correlation between galectin-9 and immune cells or immunomodulatory factors was also evaluated via multiple gene expression databases. RESULTS The level of galectin-9 was decreased in mismatch repair-proficient patients compared with mismatch repair-deficient patients (p = 0.0335). GSEA showed that the regulatory mechanism of galectin-9 in CRC was related to a variety of immune pathways. Galectin-9 expression was strongly correlated with immune cell infiltration and immunomodulators (all p < 0.0001). In the relationship between galectin-9 expression and the infiltration of DCs, there was a negative correlation in CD1a + immature DCs (R = -0.263, p = 0.042). A strong positive correlation was observed in CD208 + mature DCs (R = 0.391, p < 0.01). Patients with high galectin-9 expression also exhibited abundant CD8 + T-cell and CD3 + T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings provide evidence that galectin-9 may increase the antitumor immune response of patients with CRC. DCs play an important role in galectin-9-mediated antitumor immune responses, which provides further insight into the development of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Huanhu West Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170 China ,Department of Neurology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300170 China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Huanhu West Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Huanhu West Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Zhenzhen Hui
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Peijing Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Huanhu West Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yan Sun
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060 China ,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Huanhu West Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060 China
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13
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Catalano M, Shabani S, Venturini J, Ottanelli C, Voltolini L, Roviello G. Lung Cancer Immunotherapy: Beyond Common Immune Checkpoints Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6145. [PMID: 36551630 PMCID: PMC9777293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an ever-expanding field in lung cancer treatment research. Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress in identifying immunotherapy targets and creating specific therapeutic agents, leading to a major paradigm shift in lung cancer treatment. However, despite the great success achieved with programmed death protein 1/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies and with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), only a minority of lung cancer patients respond to treatment, and of these many subsequently experience disease progression. In addition, immune-related adverse events sometimes can be life-threatening, especially when anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 are used in combination. All of this prompted researchers to identify novel immune checkpoints targets to overcome these limitations. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibitory Motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) are promising molecules now under investigation. This review aims to outline the current role of immunotherapy in lung cancer and to examine efficacy and future applications of the new immune regulating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catalano
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Shabani
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo Venturini
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ottanelli
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Voltolini
- Thoraco-Pulmonary Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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14
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Lau LS, Mohammed NBB, Dimitroff CJ. Decoding Strategies to Evade Immunoregulators Galectin-1, -3, and -9 and Their Ligands as Novel Therapeutics in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15554. [PMID: 36555198 PMCID: PMC9778980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding proteins that play a variety of roles in normal physiology. In cancer, their expression levels are typically elevated and often associated with poor prognosis. They are known to fuel a variety of cancer progression pathways through their glycan-binding interactions with cancer, stromal, and immune cell surfaces. Of the 15 galectins in mammals, galectin (Gal)-1, -3, and -9 are particularly notable for their critical roles in tumor immune escape. While these galectins play integral roles in promoting cancer progression, they are also instrumental in regulating the survival, differentiation, and function of anti-tumor T cells that compromise anti-tumor immunity and weaken novel immunotherapies. To this end, there has been a surge in the development of new strategies to inhibit their pro-malignancy characteristics, particularly in reversing tumor immunosuppression through galectin-glycan ligand-targeting methods. This review examines some new approaches to evading Gal-1, -3, and -9-ligand interactions to interfere with their tumor-promoting and immunoregulating activities. Whether using neutralizing antibodies, synthetic peptides, glyco-metabolic modifiers, competitive inhibitors, vaccines, gene editing, exo-glycan modification, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, these methods offer new hope of synergizing their inhibitory effects with current immunotherapeutic methods and yielding highly effective, durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Norhan B. B. Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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15
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Jiang Z, Zhang W, Sha G, Wang D, Tang D. Galectins Are Central Mediators of Immune Escape in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225475. [PMID: 36428567 PMCID: PMC9688059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers and is highly immune tolerant. Although there is immune cell infiltration in PDAC tissues, most of the immune cells do not function properly and, therefore, the prognosis of PDAC is very poor. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are intimately involved in the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells and, in particular, play a crucial role in the immune evasion of tumor cells. Galectins induce abnormal functions and reduce numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), natural killer cells (NK), T cells and B cells. It further promotes fibrosis of tissues surrounding PDAC, enhances local cellular metabolism, and ultimately constructs tumor immune privileged areas to induce immune evasion behavior of tumor cells. Here, we summarize the respective mechanisms of action played by different Galectins in the process of immune escape from PDAC, focusing on the mechanism of action of Galectin-1. Galectins cause imbalance between tumor immunity and anti-tumor immunity by coordinating the function and number of immune cells, which leads to the development and progression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengting Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Gengyu Sha
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18952783556
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16
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Loghry HJ, Sondjaja NA, Minkler SJ, Kimber MJ. Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952104. [PMID: 36032131 PMCID: PMC9402972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by filarial nematodes including Brugia malayi. Over 860 million people worldwide are infected or at risk of infection in 72 endemic countries. The absence of a protective vaccine means that current control strategies rely on mass drug administration programs that utilize inadequate drugs that cannot effectively kill adult parasites, thus established infections are incurable. Progress to address deficiencies in the approach to LF control is hindered by a poor mechanistic understanding of host-parasite interactions, including mechanisms of host immunomodulation by the parasite, a critical adaptation for establishing and maintaining infections. The canonical type 2 host response to helminth infection characterized by anti-inflammatory and regulatory immune phenotypes is modified by filarial nematodes during chronic LF. Current efforts at identifying parasite-derived factors driving this modification focus on parasite excretory-secretory products (ESP), including extracellular vesicles (EVs). We have previously profiled the cargo of B. malayi EVs and identified B. malayi galectin-1 and galectin-2 as among the most abundant EV proteins. In this study we further investigated the function of these proteins. Sequence analysis of the parasite galectins revealed highest homology to mammalian galectin-9 and functional characterization identified similar substrate affinities consistent with this designation. Immunological assays showed that Bma-LEC-2 is a bioactive protein that can polarize macrophages to an alternatively activated phenotype and selectively induce apoptosis in Th1 cells. Our data shows that an abundantly secreted parasite galectin is immunomodulatory and induces phenotypes consistent with the modified type 2 response characteristic of chronic LF infection.
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17
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Chen L, Qin Y, Lin B, Yu X, Zheng S, Zhou X, Liu X, Wang Y, Huang B, Jin J, Wang L. Clinical value of the sTim‑3 level in chronic kidney disease. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:606. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxiong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Lin'an District, Affiliated Lin'an People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
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18
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Lv B, Wang Y, Ma D, Cheng W, Liu J, Yong T, Chen H, Wang C. Immunotherapy: Reshape the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844142. [PMID: 35874717 PMCID: PMC9299092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc. The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro-tumor, determine the trend of anti-tumor immunity. Although the immune system can eliminate tumor through the cancer-immune cycle, tumors appear to eventually evade from immune surveillance by shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Immunotherapy reshapes the TIME and restores the tumor killing ability of anti-tumor immune cells. Herein, we review the function of immune cells within the TIME and discuss the contribution of current mainstream immunotherapeutic approaches to remolding the TIME. Changes in the immune microenvironment in different forms under the intervention of immunotherapy can shed light on better combination treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhe Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongjiang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Yong
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect T cells from galectin-9-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101821. [PMID: 35283189 PMCID: PMC9006662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target immune checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 in human cancers have achieved impressive clinical success; however, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond to these treatments. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a β-galactoside-binding protein, has been shown to induce T-cell death and facilitate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by binding to immunomodulatory receptors such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain–containing molecule 3 and the innate immune receptor dectin-1, suggesting that it may have potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the development of two novel Gal-9-neutralizing antibodies that specifically react with the N-carbohydrate-recognition domain of human Gal-9 with high affinity. We also show using cell-based functional assays that these antibodies efficiently protected human T cells from Gal-9-induced cell death. Notably, in a T-cell/tumor cell coculture assay of cytotoxicity, these antibodies significantly promoted T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate potent inhibition of human Gal-9 by neutralizing antibodies, which may open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy.
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20
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Kuske M, Haist M, Jung T, Grabbe S, Bros M. Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1710. [PMID: 35406483 PMCID: PMC8996886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.J.); (S.G.)
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21
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Galectin-9 Triggers Neutrophil-Mediated Anticancer Immunity. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010066. [PMID: 35052746 PMCID: PMC8772786 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In earlier studies, galectin-9 (Gal-9) was identified as a multifaceted player in both adaptive and innate immunity. Further, Gal-9 had direct cytotoxic and tumor-selective activity towards cancer cell lines of various origins. In the current study, we identified that treatment with Gal-9 triggered pronounced membrane alterations in cancer cells. Specifically, phosphatidyl serine (PS) was rapidly externalized, and the anti-phagocytic regulator, CD47, was downregulated within minutes. In line with this, treatment of mixed neutrophil/tumor cell cultures with Gal-9 triggered trogocytosis and augmented antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of cancer cells. Interestingly, this pro-trogocytic effect was also due to the Gal-9-mediated activation of neutrophils with upregulation of adhesion markers and mobilization of gelatinase, secretory, and specific granules. These activation events were accompanied by a decrease in cancer cell adhesion in mixed cultures of leukocytes and cancer cells. Further, prominent cytotoxicity was detected when leukocytes were mixed with pre-adhered cancer cells, which was abrogated when neutrophils were depleted. Taken together, Gal-9 treatment potently activated neutrophil-mediated anticancer immunity, resulting in the elimination of epithelial cancer cells.
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22
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Yan L, Yang Y, Li YM, Fan JW, Wang XD, Bai YJ, Wang LL, Shi YY, Li Y. Soluble Tim-3/Gal-9 as predictors of adverse outcomes after kidney transplantation: a cohort study. Clin Biochem 2021; 102:19-25. [PMID: 34968481 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous study, serum soluble T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin structure-3 (stim-3) and galactosin-9 (sGal-9) were found to be associated with renal function after kidney transplantation. However, it is unclear whether these two indicators can predict adverse outcomes after transplantation. METHODS Ninety-one recipients of kidney transplantation were enrolled and divided into a stable group and an adverse outcome group (consisting of biopsy-proven rejection, graft loss, death and clinically diagnosed rejection). The expression levels of sTim-3 and sGal-9 before (pre-Tim-3 and pre-Gal-9) and one month after transplantation (post-Tim-3 and post-Gal-9) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The level of pre-Tim-3 was significantly higher in the stable group than in the adverse outcome group [median (range), 2275 (840-4236) pg/mL vs. 1589 (353-3094) pg/mL, P=0.002]. The level of post-Gal-9 was significantly lower in the stable group than in the adverse outcome group [median (range), 4869 (1418-13080) pg/mL vs. 6852: (4128-10760) pg/mL, P=0.003]. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for pre-Tim-3 and post-Gal-9 were 0.737 (P=0.002) and 0.751 (P=0.003), respectively, better than AUC of post-eGFR (0.633) (P=0.071), according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Through Cox regression analysis, including pre-Tim-3, post-Gal-9, post-eGFR, sex, age, BMI of recipients and donors, pre-Tim-3 and post-Gal-9 were independent risk factors for adverse outcomes after kidney transplantation (P=0.016, P=0.033, respectively). CONCLUSION Serum sTim-3 and sGal-9 can predict adverse outcomes within two years after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya-Mei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji-Wen Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian-Ding Wang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang-Juan Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan-Lan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun-Ying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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23
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An Y, Xu S, Liu Y, Xu X, Philips CA, Chen J, Méndez-Sánchez N, Guo X, Qi X. Role of Galectins in the Liver Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:744518. [PMID: 34778306 PMCID: PMC8578830 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.744518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins, are related to the development and progression of various human diseases such as cancer, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. However, its role in liver diseases is unclear. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs were pooled to evaluate the association of the galectins with the outcomes and risk of liver diseases by a random effects model. Results: Thirty three studies involving 43 cohorts and 4,168 patients with liver diseases were included. In the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), high expression of galectin-1 and -3 in the tissues was significantly associated with worse overall survival (galectin-1: HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.61-2.34, p < 0.001; galectin-3: HR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.62-6.68, p < 0.001) and positive vascular invasion (galectin-1: OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.18-2.58, p = 0.005; galectin-3: OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.58-5.60, p = 0.001); but, high expression of galectin-4 and -9 in the tissues was significantly associated with better overall survival (galectin-4: HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.36-0.79, p = 0.002; galectin-9: HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.44-0.71, p < 0.001) and negative vascular invasion (galectin-4: OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.19-0.72, p = 0.003; galectin-9: OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.37-0.97, p = 0.037). Serum galectin-3 level was significantly higher in HCC (MD = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.79-4.32, p < 0.001), liver failure (MD = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.23-0.66, p < 0.001), liver cirrhosis (MD = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.15-2.51, p < 0.001), and chronic active hepatitis B (MD = 18.95, 95% CI = 10.91-27.00, p < 0.001); serum galectin-9 level was significantly higher in HCC (MD = 3.74, 95% CI = 2.57-4.91, p < 0.001) and autoimmune hepatitis (MD = 8.80, 95% CI = 7.61-9.99, p < 0.001). Conclusion: High galectin-1 and -3 and low galectin-4 and -9 expression indicate worse outcomes of patients with HCC. Serum galectin-3 and -9 levels are positively associated with the risk of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Postgraduate College, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shixue Xu
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangbo Xu
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Postgraduate College, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cyriac Abby Philips
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Laboratory, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Center, Kochi, India
| | - Jiang Chen
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation and Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xiaozhong Guo
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Meta-Analysis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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24
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Unraveling How Tumor-Derived Galectins Contribute to Anti-Cancer Immunity Failure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184529. [PMID: 34572756 PMCID: PMC8469970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review compiles our current knowledge of one of the main pathways activated by tumors to escape immune attack. Indeed, it integrates the current understanding of how tumor-derived circulating galectins affect the elicitation of effective anti-tumor immunity. It focuses on several relevant topics: which are the main galectins produced by tumors, how soluble galectins circulate throughout biological liquids (taking a body-settled gradient concentration into account), the conditions required for the galectins’ functions to be accomplished at the tumor and tumor-distant sites, and how the physicochemical properties of the microenvironment in each tissue determine their functions. These are no mere semantic definitions as they define which functions can be performed in said tissues instead. Finally, we discuss the promising future of galectins as targets in cancer immunotherapy and some outstanding questions in the field. Abstract Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand how lymphocytes are activated in a tumor microenvironment and, above all, how to prevent these cells from becoming dysfunctional. Tumors produce galectins-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9 as one of the major molecular mechanisms to evade immune control of tumor development. These galectins impact different steps in the establishment of the anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we carry out a critical dissection on the mechanisms through which tumor-derived galectins can influence the production and the functionality of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This knowledge may help us design more effective immunotherapies to treat human cancers.
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25
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Guo H, Li B, Diao L, Wang H, Chen P, Jiang M, Zhao L, He Y, Zhou C. An immune-based risk-stratification system for predicting prognosis in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC). Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1947665. [PMID: 34290908 PMCID: PMC8279095 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1947665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is an uncommon subtype of lung cancer, and immune checkpoint blockade promises in clinical benefit. However, virtually nothing is known about the expression of common immune checkpoints in PSC. Here, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect nine immune-related proteins in 97 PSC patients. Based on the univariable Cox regression, random forests were used to establish risk models for OS and DFS. Moreover, we used the GSEA, CIBERSORT, and ImmuCellAI to analyze the enriched pathways and microenvironment. Univariable analysis revealed that CD4 (P = 0.008), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; P = 0.003), galectin-9 (Gal-9) on tumor cells (TCs; P = 0.021) were independent for DFS, while CD4 (P = 0.020), PD-1 (P = 0.004), Gal-9 (P = 0.033), and HLA on TILs (P = 0.031) were significant for OS. Meanwhile, the expression level of CD8 played a marginable role in DFS (P = 0.061), limited by the number of patients. The combination of Gal-9 on TC with CD4 and PD-1 on TILs demonstrated the most accurate prediction for DFS (AUC: 0.636-0.791, F1-score: 0.635–0.799), and a dramatic improvement to TNM-stage (P < 0.001 for F1-score of 1-y, 3-y, and 5-yDFS). A similar finding was also observed in the predictive ability of CD4 for OS (AUC: 0.602-0.678, F1-score: 0.635–0.679). CD4 was negatively associated with the infiltration of neutrophils (P = 0.015). PDCD1 (coding gene of PD-1) was positively correlated to the number of exhausted T cells (Texs; P = 0.020) and induced regulatory T cells (iTregs; P = 0.021), and LGALS9 (coding gene of Gal-9) was positively related to the level of dendritic cells (DCs; P = 0.021). Further, a higher combinational level of CD4, PDCD1 on TILs, and LAGLS9 on TCs were proved to be infiltrated with more M1-type macrophages (P < 0.05). We confirmed the expression status of nine immune-related proteins and established a TNM-Immune system for OS and DFS in PSC to assist clinical risk-stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binglei Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Diao
- Department of Automation, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minlin Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lishu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Zhao L, Cheng S, Fan L, Zhang B, Xu S. TIM-3: An update on immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107933. [PMID: 34224993 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) was originally found to be expressed on the surface of Th1 cells, acting as a negative regulator and binding to the ligand galectin-9 to mediate Th1 cell the apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that TIM-3 is also expressed on other immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes. In addition, TIM-3 ligands also include Psdter, High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and Carcinoembryonic antigen associated cell adhesion molecules (Ceacam-1), which have different effects upon biding to different ligands on immune cells. Studies have shown that TIM-3 plays an important role in autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections and tumors. A large amount of experimental data supports TIM-3 as an immune checkpoint, and targeting TIM-3 is a promising treatment method in current immunotherapy, especially the new combination of other immune checkpoint blockers. In this review, we summarize the role of TIM-3 in different diseases and its possible signaling pathway mechanisms, providing new insights for better breakthrough immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shaoyun Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Shengwei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
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27
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Lee BH, Park Y, Kim JH, Kang KW, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Kim BS. Prognostic Value of Galectin-9 Relates to Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Patients With Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669817. [PMID: 34195077 PMCID: PMC8238373 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression can be negatively or positively associated with cancer patient prognosis, depending on the cancer type. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear in multiple myeloma. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of Gal-9 and its relationship with the expression of PD-L1 molecule, the most widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Gal-9 and PD-L1 levels in bone marrow aspirate samples were evaluated using immunofluorescence assays. Gal-9 positivity was defined as having ≥1% Gal-9-expressing plasma cells. PD-L1 expression was categorized as low or high based on its median value. The median OS of patients with positive and negative Gal-9 expression was 42 months and not reached, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed in OS between the two groups (P = 0.10). Patients with high PD-L1 expression had OS times of 14 and 43 months in the positive and negative Gal-9 expression groups, respectively. In the high PD-L1 expression group, patients expressing Gal-9 had significantly worse OS than those negative for it (P = 0.019). Multivariable Cox analysis confirmed that Gal-9 expression could independently predict shortened OS (hazard ratio, 1.090; 95% confidence interval, 1.015–1.171; P = 0.018) in patients with high PD-L1 expression. However, in the low PD-L1 expression group, patients with high Gal-9 expression exhibited a trend toward better OS (P = 0.816). Our results indicate that the prognostic value of Gal-9 may be related to PD-L1 expression in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hea Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Au KM, Medik Y, Ke Q, Tisch R, Wang AZ. Immune Checkpoint-Bioengineered Beta Cell Vaccine Reverses Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101253. [PMID: 33963786 PMCID: PMC8222180 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease that results from autoreactive T cells destroying insulin-producing pancreatic beta (β) cells. The development of T1DM is associated with the deficiency of co-inhibitory immune checkpoint ligands (e.g., PD-L1, CD86, and Gal-9) in β cells. Here, a new translational approach based on metabolic glycoengineering and bioorthogonal click chemistry, which bioengineers β cells with co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules that induce antigen-specific immunotolerance and reverse early-onset hyperglycemia is reported. To achieve this goal, a subcutaneous injectable acellular pancreatic extracellular matrix platform for localizing the bioengineered β cells while creating a pancreas-like immunogenic microenvironment, in which the autoreactive T cells can interface with the β cells, is devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Man Au
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yusra Medik
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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29
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Jeethy Ram T, Lekshmi A, Somanathan T, Sujathan K. Galectin-3: A factotum in carcinogenesis bestowing an archery for prevention. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:77-96. [PMID: 33998569 DOI: 10.3233/tub-200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the foremost hurdles in oncology at the moment. This review aims to pinpoint the functional aspects of a unique multifaceted glycosylated molecule in both intracellular and extracellular compartments of a cell namely galectin-3 along with its metastatic potential in different types of cancer. All materials reviewed here were collected through the search engines PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Among the 15 galectins identified, the chimeric gal-3 plays an indispensable role in the differentiation, transformation, and multi-step process of tumor metastasis. It has been implicated in the molecular mechanisms that allow the cancer cells to survive in the intravascular milieu and promote tumor cell extravasation, ultimately leading to metastasis. Gal-3 has also been found to have a pivotal role in immune surveillance and pro-angiogenesis and several studies have pointed out the importance of gal-3 in establishing a resistant phenotype, particularly through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, some recent findings suggest the use of gal-3 inhibitors in overcoming therapeutic resistance. All these reports suggest that the deregulation of these specific lectins at the cellular level could inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. A more systematic study of glycosylation in clinical samples along with the development of selective gal-3 antagonists inhibiting the activity of these molecules at the cellular level offers an innovative strategy for primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jeethy Ram
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Division of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K Sujathan
- Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Liu S, Wu M, Wang F. Research Progress in Prognostic Factors and Biomarkers of Ovarian Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:3976-3996. [PMID: 34093804 PMCID: PMC8176232 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a serious threat to women's health; its early diagnosis rate is low and prone to metastasis and recurrence. The current conventional treatment for ovarian cancer is a combination of platinum and paclitaxel chemotherapy based on surgery. The recurrence and progression of ovarian cancer with poor prognosis is a major challenge in treatment. With rapid advances in technology, understanding of the molecular pathways involved in ovarian cancer recurrence and progression has increased, biomarker-guided treatment options can greatly improve the prognosis of patients. This review systematically discusses and summarizes existing and new information on prognostic factors and biomarkers of ovarian cancer, which is expected to improve the clinical management of patients and lead to effective personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
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Lee JB, Ha SJ, Kim HR. Clinical Insights Into Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:681320. [PMID: 34025438 PMCID: PMC8139127 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), notably anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) as well as inhibitors of CTLA-4, programmed death 1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has revolutionized treatment options for solid tumors. However, the lack of response to treatment, in terms of de novo or acquired resistance, and immune related adverse events (IRAE) remain as hurdles. One mechanisms to overcome the limitations of ICIs is to target other immune checkpoints associated with tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoints such as lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3), inducible T cell costimulatory (ICOS), and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) are feasible and promising options for treating solid tumors, and clinical trials are currently under active investigation. This review aims to summarize the clinical aspects of the immune checkpoints and introduce novel agents targeting these checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jii Bum Lee
- Division of Hemato-oncology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Yu M, Zhou S, Ding Y, Guo H, Li Y, Huang Q, Zheng X, Xiu Y. Molecular characterization and functional study of a tandem-repeat Galectin-9 from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:23-30. [PMID: 33617959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin which could modulate a variety of biological functions including recognition, aggregation and clearance of pathogen. In this study, one Galectin-9 (named PoGalectin-9) was identified from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. PoGalectin-9 belongs to the tandem-repeat type, containing one 127-amino acids CRD domain within N terminal and one 122-amino acids CRD domain within C-terminal. The open reading frame of PoGalectin-9 cDNA was 921 bp encoding 306 amino acids. Sequence similarity comparison confirmed that PoGalectin-9 shared high homology with other Galectin-9. The tissue distribution and expression profiles after bacterial infection were also investigated. PoGalectin-9 was widely distributed in all of the examined tissues of Japanese flounder but was predominantly expressed in the spleen, kidney and intestine. After Edwardsiella tarda challenge, the expression of PoGalectin-9 was up-regulated in spleen and down regulated in kidney. ELISA experiment showed that recombinant PoGalectin-9 (rPoGalectin-9) exhibit binding capacity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN), which is significantly correlated with the concentration of rPoGalectin-9. Meanwhile, the rPoGalectin-9 protein showed strong agglutinating activities against both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. Bacterial binding experiments showed that rPoGalectin-9 could bind all examined bacteria. In conclusion, the present study indicate that PoGalectin-9 might play important roles during the immune responses of Japanese flounder against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xujia Zheng
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yunji Xiu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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The TIM3/Gal9 signaling pathway: An emerging target for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 510:67-78. [PMID: 33895262 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has shown unprecedented and durable clinical response in a wide range of cancers. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is an inhibitory checkpoint protein that is highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In various cancers, the interaction of TIM3 and Galectin 9 (Gal9) suppresses anti-tumor immunity mediated by innate as well as adaptive immune cells. Thus, the blockade of the TIM3/Gal9 interaction is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. In addition, co-blockade of the TIM3/Gal9 pathway along with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway increases the therapeutic efficacy by overcoming non-redundant immune resistance induced by each checkpoint. Here, we summarize the physiological roles of the TIM3/Gal9 pathway in adaptive and innate immune systems. We highlight the recent clinical and preclinical studies showing the involvement of the TIM3/Gal9 pathway in various solid and blood cancers. In addition, we discuss the potential of using TIM3 and Gal9 as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in different cancers. An in-depth mechanistic understanding of the blockade of the TIM3/Gal9 signaling pathway in cancer could help in identifying patients who respond to this therapy as well as designing combination therapies.
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Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Hattori T. Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030430. [PMID: 33804076 PMCID: PMC7998537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-866-22-9454
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Rakova J, Truxova I, Holicek P, Salek C, Hensler M, Kasikova L, Pasulka J, Holubova M, Kovar M, Lysak D, Kline JP, Racil Z, Galluzzi L, Spisek R, Fucikova J. TIM-3 levels correlate with enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity and improved clinical outcome in AML patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1889822. [PMID: 33758676 PMCID: PMC7946028 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1889822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can restore CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) functions in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, ICIs targeting programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) have limited clinical efficacy in patients with AML. Natural killer (NK) cells are central players in AML-targeting immune responses. However, little is known on the relationship between co-inhibitory receptors expressed by NK cells and the ability of the latter to control AML. Here, we show that hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2, best known as TIM-3) is highly expressed by NK cells from AML patients, correlating with improved functional licensing and superior effector functions. Altogether, our data indicate that NK cell frequency as well as TIM-3 expression levels constitute prognostically relevant biomarkers of active immunity against AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Holicek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Salek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Monika Holubova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kovar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Lysak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Justin P. Kline
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zdenek Racil
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Effect of the use of Galectin-9 and blockade of TIM-3 receptor in the latent cellular reservoir of HIV-1. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02214-20. [PMID: 33361434 PMCID: PMC8092815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02214-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of latent HIV-1 is a necessary step for the purging of the viral reservoir, although it does not seem to be enough. The stimulation of HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be just as essential for this purpose. In this study, we aimed to show the effect of galectin-9 (Gal-9), known to revert HIV-1 latency, in combination with the blockade of TIM-3, a natural receptor for Gal-9 and an exhaustion marker. We confirmed the ability of Gal-9 to reactivate latent HIV-1 in Jurkat-LAT-GFP cells, as well as in an IL-7-based cellular model. This reactivation was not mediated via the TIM-3 receptor, but rather by the recognition of the Gal-9 of a specific oligosaccharide pattern of resting memory CD4+ T cells' surfaces. The potency of Gal-9 in inducing transcription of latent HIV-1 was equal to or greater than that of other latency-reversing agents (LRA). Furthermore, the combination of Gal-9 with other LRA did not show synergistic effects in the reactivation of the latent virus. To evaluate the impact of TIM-3 inhibition on the CTL-response, different co-culture experiments with CD4+T, CD8+ T, and NK cells were performed. Our data showed that blocking TIM-3 was associated with control of viral replication in both in vitro and ex vivo models in cells from PLWH on antiretroviral therapy. A joint strategy of the use of Gal-9 to reactivate latent HIV-1 and the inhibition of TIM-3 to enhance the HIV-1 CTL specific-response was associated with control of the replication of the virus that was being reactivated, thus potentially contributing to the elimination of the viral reservoir. Our results place this strategy as a promising approach to be tested in future studies. Reactivation of latent-HIV-1 by Gal-9 and reinvigoration of CD8+ T cells by TIM-3 blockade could be used separately or in combination.ImportanceHIV-1 infection is a health problem of enormous importance that still causes significant mortality. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has demonstrated efficacy in the control of HIV-1 replication, decreasing the morbidity and mortality of the infection, but it cannot eradicate the virus. In our work, we tested a protein, galectin-9 (Gal-9), an HIV-1 latency-reversing agent, using an in vitro cellular model of latency and in cells from people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy. Our results confirmed the potential role of Gal-9 as a molecule with a potent HIV-1 reactivation capacity. More importantly, using a monoclonal antibody against T cell immunoglobulin and the mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) receptor we were able to enhance the HIV-1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific response to eliminate the CD4+ T cells in which the virus had been reactivated. When used together, i.e., Gal-9 and TIM-3 blockade, control of the replication of HIV-1 was observed, suggesting a decrease in the cellular reservoir.
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Moar P, Tandon R. Galectin-9 as a biomarker of disease severity. Cell Immunol 2021; 361:104287. [PMID: 33494007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside binding lectin known for its immunomodulatory role in various microbial infections. Gal-9 is expressed in all organ systems and localized in the nucleus, cell surface, cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix. It mediates host-pathogen interactions and regulates cell signalling via binding to its receptors. Gal-9 is involved in many physiological functions such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, communication and death. However, recent studies have emphasized on the elevated levels of Gal-9 in autoimmune disorders, viral infections, parasitic invasion, cancer, acute liver failure, atopic dermatitis, chronic kidney disease, type-2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and benign infertility-related gynecological disorders. In this paper we have reviewed the potential of Gal-9 as a reliable, sensitive and non-invasive biomarker of disease severity. Tracking changes in Gal-9 levels and its implementation as a biomarker in clinical practice will be an important tool to monitor disease activity and facilitate personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapy has shown an unprecedented response in treatment of tumors. However, challenges such as lack of cytotoxic lymphocytes to mount an immune response or development of resistance to therapy can limit efficacy. Here, we discuss alternative checkpoints that can be targeted to improve cytotoxic lymphocyte function while harnessing other components of the immune system. RECENT FINDINGS Blockade of alternative checkpoints has improved anti-tumor immunity in mouse models and is being tested clinically with encouraging findings. In addition to modulating T cell function directly, alternative checkpoints can also regulate activity of myeloid cells and regulatory T cells to affect anti-tumor response. Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve treatment of tumors by activating multiple arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Pant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology, and Institute of NanoBiotechnology, Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ravi Medikonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology, and Institute of NanoBiotechnology, Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology, and Institute of NanoBiotechnology, Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 123, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Chen P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Sun C, Wu C, He Y, Zhou C. Galectin-9-based immune risk score model helps to predict relapse in stage I-III small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001391. [PMID: 33082168 PMCID: PMC7577067 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy, immunotherapy might have unique advantages to some extent. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays an important role in antitumor immunity, while little is known of its function in SCLC. Materials and methods By mean of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we tested the expression level of Gal-9 and other immune markers on both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 102 surgical-resected early stage SCLC clinical samples. On the basis of statistical analysis and machine learning results, the Gal-9-based immune risk score model was constructed and its predictive performance was evaluated. Then, we thoroughly explored the effects of Gal-9 and immune risk score on SCLC immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in different cohorts and platforms. Results In the SCLC cohort for IHC, the expression level of Gal-9 on TILs was statistically correlated with the levels of program death-1 (p=0.001), program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (p<0.001), CD3 (p<0.001), CD4 (p<0.001), CD8 (p<0.001), and FOXP3 (p=0.047). High Gal-9 protein expression on TILs indicated better recurrence-free survival (30.4 months, 95% CI: 23.7–37.1 vs 39.4 months, 95% CI: 31.6–47.3, p=0.009). The immune risk score model which consisted of Gal-9 on TILs, CD4, and PD-L1 on TILs was established and validated so as to differentiate high-risk or low-risk patients with SCLC. The prognostic predictive performance of immune risk score model was better than single immune biomarker (area under the curve 0.671 vs 0.621–0.644). High Gal-9-related enrichment pathways in SCLC were enriched in immune system diseases and rheumatic disease. Furthermore, we found that patients with SCLC with low immune risk score presented higher fractions of activated memory CD4 T cells than patients with high immune risk score (p=0.048). Conclusions Gal-9 is markedly related to tumor-immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in SCLC. This study emphasized the predictive value and promising clinical applications of Gal-9 in stage I–III SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Kuri-Cervantes L, Adeniji OS, Ma T, Dweep H, Battivelli E, Verdin E, Palmer CS, Tateno H, Kossenkov AV, Roan NR, Betts MR, Abdel-Mohsen M. Sialyl-Lewis X Glycoantigen Is Enriched on Cells with Persistent HIV Transcription during Therapy. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107991. [PMID: 32755584 PMCID: PMC7432956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the phenotype of persistent HIV-infected cells, transcriptionally active and/or transcriptionally inactive, is imperative for developing a cure. The relevance of cell-surface glycosylation to HIV persistence has never been explored. We characterize the relationship between cell-surface glycomic signatures and persistent HIV transcription in vivo. We find that the cell surface of CD4+ T cells actively transcribing HIV, despite suppressive therapy, harbors high levels of fucosylated carbohydrate ligands, including the cell extravasation mediator Sialyl-LewisX (SLeX), compared with HIV-infected transcriptionally inactive cells. These high levels of SLeX are induced by HIV transcription in vitro and are maintained after therapy in vivo. Cells with high-SLeX are enriched with markers associated with HIV susceptibility, signaling pathways that drive HIV transcription, and pathways involved in leukocyte extravasation. We describe a glycomic feature of HIV-infected transcriptionally active cells that not only differentiates them from their transcriptionally inactive counterparts but also may affect their trafficking abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Opeyemi S Adeniji
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tongcui Ma
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Harsh Dweep
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Eric Verdin
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Clovis S Palmer
- The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | | | - Nadia R Roan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Center for AIDS Research (Penn CFAR), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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41
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Zhang CX, Huang DJ, Baloche V, Zhang L, Xu JX, Li BW, Zhao XR, He J, Mai HQ, Chen QY, Zhang XS, Busson P, Cui J, Li J. Galectin-9 promotes a suppressive microenvironment in human cancer by enhancing STING degradation. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:65. [PMID: 32632113 PMCID: PMC7338349 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is known to enhance the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in murine models. Its contribution to the expansion of MDSCs in human malignancies remain to be investigated. We here report that Gal-9 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells enhances the generation of MDSCs (CD33+CD11b+HLA-DR−) from CD33+ bystander cells. The underlying mechanisms involve both the intracellular and secreted Gal-9. Inside carcinoma cells, Gal-9 up-regulates the expression of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are critical for MDSC differentiation, including IL-1β and IL-6. This effect is mediated by accelerated STING protein degradation resulting from direct interaction of the Gal-9 carbohydrate recognition domain 1 with the STING C-terminus and subsequent enhancement of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM29-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination of STING. Moreover, we showed that extracellular Gal-9 secreted by carcinoma cells can enter the myeloid cells and trigger the same signaling cascade. Consistently, high concentrations of tumor and plasma Gal-9 are associated with shortened survival of NPC patients. Our findings unearth that Gal-9 induces myeloid lineage-mediated immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments by suppressing STING signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xia Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Jia Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Xiao Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Wen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Rui Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China. .,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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42
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Sahlolbei M, Dehghani M, Kheiri Yeghane Azar B, Vafaei S, Roviello G, D'Angelo A, Madjd Z, Kiani J. Evaluation of targetable biomarkers for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:223-232. [PMID: 32546036 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1776274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the cutting edge techniques for treating cancer is the use of the patient's immune system to prevail cancerous disease. The versatility of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell approach in conjugation with promising treatments in haematological cancer has led to countless cases of research literature for the treatment of solid cancer. A systematic search of online databases as well as gray literature and reference lists of retrieved studies were carried out up to March 2019 to identify experimental animal studies that investigated the antigens targeted by CAR T-cell for pancreatic cancer treatment. Studies were evaluated for methodological quality using the SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation bias risk tool (SYRCLE's ROB tool). Pooled cytotoxicity ratio/percentage and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the inverse-variance method while random-effects meta-analysis was used, taking into account conceptual heterogeneity. Heterogeneity was assessed with the Cochran Q statistic and quantified with the I2 statistic using Stata 13.0. Of the 485 identified studies, 56 were reviewed in-depth with 16 preclinical animal studies eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and 11 studies included in our meta-analysis. CAR immunotherapy significantly increased the cytotoxicity assay (percentage: 65%; 95% CI: 46%, 82%). There were no evidence for significant heterogeneity across studies [P = 0.38 (Q statistics), I2 = 7.14%] and for publication bias. The quality assessment of included studies revealed that the evidence was moderate to low quality and none of studies was judged as having a low risk of bias across all domains. CAR T-cell therapy is effective for pancreatic cancer treatment in preclinical animal studies. Further high-quality studies are needed to confirm our finding and a standard approach of this type of studies is necessary according to our assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sahlolbei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dehghani
- Department of, Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behghat Kheiri Yeghane Azar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Compagno D, Tiraboschi C, Garcia JD, Rondón Y, Corapi E, Velazquez C, Laderach DJ. Galectins as Checkpoints of the Immune System in Cancers, Their Clinical Relevance, and Implication in Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050750. [PMID: 32408492 PMCID: PMC7277089 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are small proteins with pleiotropic functions, which depend on both their lectin (glycan recognition) and non-lectin (recognition of other biomolecules besides glycans) interactions. Currently, 15 members of this family have been described in mammals, each with its structural and ligand recognition particularities. The galectin/ligand interaction translates into a plethora of biological functions that are particular for each cell/tissue type. In this sense, the cells of the immune system are highly sensitive to the action of these small and essential proteins. While galectins play central roles in tumor progression, they are also excellent negative regulators (checkpoints) of the immune cell functions, participating in the creation of a microenvironment that promotes tumor escape. This review aims to give an updated view on how galectins control the tumor’s immune attack depending on the tumor microenvironment, because determining which galectins are essential and the role they play will help to develop future clinical trials and benefit patients with incurable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Compagno
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Correspondence: or (D.C.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Carolina Tiraboschi
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
| | - José Daniel Garcia
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Yorfer Rondón
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Enrique Corapi
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Carla Velazquez
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Facultad de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego José Laderach
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (C.T.); (J.D.G.); (Y.R.); (E.C.); (C.V.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Lujan 6700, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: or (D.C.); (D.J.L.)
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44
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Tim-3: A co-receptor with diverse roles in T cell exhaustion and tolerance. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101302. [PMID: 31604535 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell inhibitory co-receptors play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between physiologic immune responses and maladaptive ones. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) is a unique inhibitory co-receptor in that its expression is chiefly restricted to interferon (IFN)γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Early reports firmly established its importance in maintaining peripheral tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity. However, it has become increasingly clear that Tim-3 expression on T cells, together with other check-point molecules, in chronic infections and cancers can hinder productive immune responses. In this review, we outline what is currently known about the regulation of Tim-3 expression, its ligands and signaling. We discuss both its salutary and deleterious function in immune disorders, as well as the T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that regulate its function.
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45
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Esophageal Cancer Development: Crucial Clues Arising from the Extracellular Matrix. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020455. [PMID: 32079295 PMCID: PMC7072790 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been reported as playing a relevant role in esophageal cancer (EC) development, with this compartment being related to several aspects of EC genesis and progression. This sounds very interesting due to the complexity of this highly incident and lethal tumor, which takes the sixth position in mortality among all tumor types worldwide. The well-established increase in ECM stiffness, which is able to trigger mechanotransduction signaling, is capable of regulating several malignant behaviors by converting alteration in ECM mechanics into cytoplasmatic biochemical signals. In this sense, it has been shown that some molecules play a key role in these events, particularly the different collagen isoforms, as well as enzymes related to its turnover, such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In fact, MMPs are not only involved in ECM stiffness, but also in other events related to ECM homeostasis, which includes ECM remodeling. Therefore, the crucial role of distinct MMPs isoform has already been reported, especially MMP-2, -3, -7, and -9, along EC development, thus strongly associating these proteins with the control of important cellular events during tumor progression, particularly in the process of invasion during metastasis establishment. In addition, by distinct mechanisms, a vast diversity of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, such as laminin, fibronectin, tenascin C, galectin, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid exert remarkable effects in esophageal malignant cells due to the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways mainly involved in cytoskeleton alterations during adhesion and migration processes. Finally, the wide spectrum of interactions potentially mediated by ECM may represent a singular intervention scenario in esophageal carcinogenesis natural history and, due to the scarce knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in EC development, the growing body of evidence on ECM’s role along esophageal carcinogenesis might provide a solid base to improve its management in the future.
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46
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Detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with galectin-9 serum levels. Oncogene 2020; 39:3102-3113. [PMID: 32055023 PMCID: PMC7142017 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) responds poorly to checkpoint blockade, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1. Galectin-9, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, promotes immune suppression through T-cell inhibition, and programming of tolerogenic macrophages. Of all cancers tested, PDAC showed the highest expression of LGALS9 (galectin-9) mRNA. We analyzed formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens from 83 patients with PDAC stained for galectin-9. Using flow cytometry, we determined galectin-9 expression on immune cells from tumor and matched blood samples from 12 patients with resectable PDAC. Furthermore, we analyzed galectin-9 serum levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using serum samples from 70 patients with PDAC, from 36 individuals with benign pancreatic disease, and from 28 healthy controls. Galectin-9 was highly expressed in human PDAC compared with normal pancreas and present on both tumor and immune cells. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells, especially CD3+ T cells, showed upregulation of galectin-9 compared with immune cells from matched blood. Blood γδ T cells from PDAC patients had higher galectin-9 expression than γδ T cells from healthy individuals. Galectin-9 polarized macrophages toward a protumoral M2 phenotype leading to suppressed T-cell cytokine secretion. Furthermore, serum concentration of galectin-9 was able to discriminate PDAC from benign pancreatic disease and healthy individuals, and was prognostic for stage IV patients. Galectin-9 is a new biomarker for the detection of PDAC.
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Oral Administration of Fucoidan Can Exert Anti-Allergic Activity after Allergen Sensitization by Enhancement of Galectin-9 Secretion in Blood. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020258. [PMID: 32050429 PMCID: PMC7072523 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study revealed that fucoidan inhibited mast cell degranulation through the upregulation of galectin-9 in blood. The purpose of this study is to elucidate its mechanism using ovalbumin (OVA) induced anaphylaxis model mice (BALB/c, Female, 5-week-old) and mast cell line (RBL-2H3 cells). Oral administration of fucoidan after sensitization with OVA/Al(OH)3 inhibited reduction of rectal temperature induced by activation of mast cells. Fucoidan increased galectin-9 mRNA expression only in colonic epithelial cells. These results suggested that fucoidan could suppress the allergic symptoms in sensitized mice by inducing galectin-9 production from colonic epithelial cells. In addition, to check the influence of galectin 9 on the degranulation of mast cells, RBL-2H3 cell lines were treated directly with recombinant galectin-9. As expected, galectin-9 inhibited degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells pre-bound with IgE. Moreover, the residual amounts of IgE on RBL-2H3 cells were decreased by an addition of galectin-9. It was demonstrated that galectin-9 could remove IgE even if IgE was already bound to mast cells and suppress the mast cells degranulation induced by antigen. This study shows that fucoidan might become an effective therapeutic agent for patients already developed type I allergic diseases.
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48
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Zhao L, Yu G, Han Q, Cui C, Zhang B. TIM-3: An emerging target in the liver diseases. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12825. [PMID: 31486085 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is found expression in the surface of terminally differentiated T cells and belongs to the TIM family of type Ⅰ transmembrane proteins. It binds to the ligand Galectin-9 and mediates T cell apoptosis. As the research progresses, TIM-3 is also expressed in Th17, NK, monocyte, which binds to ligand and induce immune peripheral tolerance in both mice and man. Numerous researches have demonstrated that TIM-3 influences liver diseases, including liver-associated chronic viral infection, liver fibrosis, liver cancer et al and suggest new approaches to intervention. Currently, targeted therapy of TIM-3 is a new treatment in the field of immunization. Although many studies have proven that TIM-3 has an inhibitory effect in vivo, the specific mechanism is not clear. Herein, we summarize the important role of TIM-3 in the regulation of liver disease and prospects for future clinical research. TIM-3 will provide new targets for improving clinical liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoyi Yu
- Editorial Office of Journal of Qingdao University (Medical Science), Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Congxian Cui
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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49
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Yang M, Du W, Yi L, Wu S, He C, Zhai W, Yue C, Sun R, Menk AV, Delgoffe GM, Jiang J, Lu B. Checkpoint molecules coordinately restrain hyperactivated effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1708064. [PMID: 32076578 PMCID: PMC6999836 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1708064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy has prolonged overall survival for cancer patients but the response rates are low. The resistance to ICB is likely due to compensatory upregulation of additional immune inhibitory molecules. In this study, we first systematically examined Tim-3 expression in immune cells in mouse tumors and found that Tim-3 was specifically up-regulated in a large number of Treg, conventional CD4+, CD8+ T cells, dendritic cell 1 (DC1), and macrophage 1 (M1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, Tim-3+ T cells in the TME were phenotypically effector but not “exhausted” T cells because Tim-3+ PD-1+ CD8+ T cells had a higher number of mitochondria, greater levels of glycolysis, and higher tumor-specific cytolytic activities compared to Tim-3− PD-1− CD8+ T cells. The combination treatment with Tim-3 and PD-1 mAbs resulted in a synergistic antitumor activity but also increased the expression of Lag-3 and GITR in TIL, demonstrating cross-regulation between multiple checkpoint molecules. Furthermore, we found that the antitumor efficacy with triple combination of Tim-3, PD-1, and Lag3 mAbs was much greater than any two antibodies. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that simultaneous targeting of Tim-3, PD-1, and Lag-3 cooperatively increased the levels of granzyme B and tumor-specific cytolytic activities of CD8+ TIL. Our data indicate that multiple checkpoint molecules are coordinately upregulated to inhibit the function of hyperactivated T cells in the TME and requirement for the simultaneous blockade of PD-1, Tim-3 and Lag3 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Wenwen Du
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lixian Yi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.,Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaoxian Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Wensi Zhai
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Cuihua Yue
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Runzi Sun
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou China
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
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50
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Kim HW, Ju DB, Kye YC, Ju YJ, Kim CG, Lee IK, Park SM, Choi IS, Cho KK, Lee SH, Kim SC, Jung ID, Han SH, Yun CH. Galectin-9 Induced by Dietary Probiotic Mixture Regulates Immune Balance to Reduce Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3063. [PMID: 32038618 PMCID: PMC6987441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics can be an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), while their mechanism of action is still unclear. Here, we induced AD in mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and administrated YK4, a probiotic mixture consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, L. plantarum CBT LP3, Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3, and B. lactis CBT BL3. Then, we have validated the underlying mechanism for the alleviation of AD by YK4 from the intestinal and systematic immunological perspectives. Administration of YK4 in AD mice alleviated the symptoms of AD by suppressing the expression of skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin and serum immunoglobulin E eliciting excessive T-helper (Th) 2 cell-mediated responses. YK4 inhibited Th2 cell population through induce the proportion of Th1 cells in spleen and Treg cells in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph node (mLN). CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) in mLN and the spleen were significantly increased in AD mice administered with YK4 when compared to AD mice. Furthermore, galectin-9 was significantly increased in the gut of AD mice administered with YK4. In vitro experiments were performed using bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) and CD4+ T cells to confirm the immune mechanisms of YK4 and galectin-9. The expression of CD44, a receptor of galectin-9, together with programmed death-ligand 1 was significantly upregulated in BMDCs following treatment with YK4. IL-10 and IL-12 were upregulated when BMDCs were treated with YK4. Cytokines together with co-receptors from DCs play a major role in the differentiation and activation of CD4+ T cells. Proliferation of Tregs and Th1 cell activation were enhanced when CD4+T cells were co-cultured with YK4-treated BMDCs. Galectin-9 appeared to contribute at least partially to the proliferation of Tregs. The results further suggested that DCs treated with YK4 induced the differentiation of naïve T cells toward Th1 and Tregs. At the same time, YK4 alleviated AD symptoms by inhibiting Th2 response. Thus, the present study suggested a potential role of YK4 as an effective immunomodulatory agent in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wool Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Bin Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Chul Kye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Gyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Soon Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kwang Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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