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Ali MS, Lee EB, Quah Y, Sayem SAJ, Abbas MA, Suk K, Lee SJ, Park SC. Modulating effects of heat-killed and live Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 on the immune response and gut microbiota of cyclophosphamide-treated rats. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-18. [PMID: 38682319 PMCID: PMC11060015 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2344765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the potential immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed (hLR) and live Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 (LR; formerly Lactobacillus reuteri PSC102) in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and Sprague-Dawley rats. RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells were stimulated with hLR and LR for 24 h. Cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with three doses of hLR (L-Low, M-Medium, and H-High) and LR for 3 weeks. The phagocytic capacity, production of nitric oxide (NO), and expression of cytokines in RAW264.7 cells were measured, and the different parameters of immunity in rats were determined. hLR and LR treatments promoted phagocytic activity and induced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and Cox-2 in macrophage cells. In the in vivo experiment, hLR and LR treatments significantly increased the immune organ indices, alleviated the spleen injury, and ameliorated the number of white blood cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and mid-range absolute counts in immunosuppressive rats. hLR and LR increased neutrophil migration and phagocytosis, splenocyte proliferation, and T lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and CD28+). The levels of immune factors (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) in the hLR and LR groups were upregulated compared with those in the CTX-treatment group. hLR and LR treatments could also modulate the gut microbiota composition, thereby increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes but decreasing the level of Proteobacteria. hLR and LR protected against CTX-induced adverse reactions by modulating the immune response and gut microbiota composition. Therefore, they could be used as potential immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sekendar Ali
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yixian Quah
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Syed Al Jawad Sayem
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Aleem Abbas
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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2
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Mecca M, Picerno S, Cortellino S. The Killer's Web: Interconnection between Inflammation, Epigenetics and Nutrition in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2750. [PMID: 38473997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key contributor to both the initiation and progression of tumors, and it can be triggered by genetic instability within tumors, as well as by lifestyle and dietary factors. The inflammatory response plays a critical role in the genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of tumor cells, as well as in the cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment. Cells in the microenvironment acquire a phenotype that promotes immune evasion, progression, and metastasis. We will review the mechanisms and pathways involved in the interaction between tumors, inflammation, and nutrition, the limitations of current therapies, and discuss potential future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisabel Mecca
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Simona Picerno
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cortellino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Responsible Research Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, CB, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM), Clinical and Translational Oncology, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy
- S.H.R.O. Italia Foundation ETS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Ye L, Peng L, Shi R, Guo S, He J, Yang H, Dai Q. Current treatment strategies targeting histone deacetylase inhibitors in acute lymphocytic leukemia: a systematic review. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1324859. [PMID: 38450195 PMCID: PMC10915758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1324859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is a hematological malignancy that primarily affects children. Long-term chemotherapy is effective, but always causes different toxic side effects. With the application of a chemotherapy-free treatment strategy, we intend to demonstrate the most recent results of using one type of epigenetic drug, histone deacetylase inhibitors, in ALL and to provide preclinical evidence for further clinical trials. In this review, we found that panobinostat (LBH589) showed positive outcomes as a monotherapy, whereas vorinostat (SAHA) was a better choice for combinatorial use. Preclinical research has identified chidamide as a potential agent for investigation in more clinical trials in the future. In conclusion, histone deacetylase inhibitors play a significant role in the chemotherapy-free landscape in cancer treatment, particularly in acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuefang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luyun Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajing He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingkai Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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4
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Falkowski L, Buddenkotte J, Datsi A. Epigenetics in T-cell driven inflammation and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:250-260. [PMID: 36641367 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For decades, scientists have been investigating how processes such as gene expression, stem cell plasticity, and cell differentiation can be modulated. The discovery of epigenetics helped unravel these processes and enabled the identification of major underlying mechanisms that, for example, are central for T cell maturation. T cells go through various stages in their development evolving from progenitor cells into double positive CD4/CD8 T cells that finally leave the thymus as naïve T cells. One major mechanism driving T cell maturation is the modulation of gene activity by temporally sequenced transcription of spatially exposed gene loci. DNA methylation, demethylation, and acetylation are key processes that enable a sequenced gene expression required for T cell differentiation. In vivo, differentiated T cells are subjected to enormous pressures originating from the microenvironment. Signals from this environment, particularly from an inflammatory or a tumor microenvironment, can push T cells to differentiate into specific effector and memory T cells, and even prompt T cells to adopt a state of dysfunctional exhaustion, en route of an epigenetically controlled mechanism. Fundamentals of these processes will be discussed in this review highlighting potential therapeutic interventions, in particular those beneficial to revive exhausted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Falkowski
- Institute for Transplantational Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantational Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Khantakova JN, Sennikov SV. T-helper cells flexibility: the possibility of reprogramming T cells fate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284178. [PMID: 38022605 PMCID: PMC10646684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various disciplines cooperate to find novel approaches to cure impaired body functions by repairing, replacing, or regenerating cells, tissues, or organs. The possibility that a stable differentiated cell can reprogram itself opens the door to new therapeutic strategies against a multitude of diseases caused by the loss or dysfunction of essential, irreparable, and specific cells. One approach to cell therapy is to induce reprogramming of adult cells into other functionally active cells. Understanding the factors that cause or contribute to T cell plasticity is not only of clinical importance but also expands the knowledge of the factors that induce cells to differentiate and improves the understanding of normal developmental biology. The present review focuses on the advances in the conversion of peripheral CD4+ T cells, the conditions of their reprogramming, and the methods proposed to control such cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Khantakova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
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Hu Y, Guo H, He L, Wang Q, Li Y, Weng J, Zhang R. The Correlation Between IFNG Gene Methylation and Th1|Th2 Cell Balance in ROU and the Interventional Study of Jiaweidaochi Powder. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6737-6751. [PMID: 36917437 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of recurrent oral ulcers (ROU) is complex, with a long duration of illness and challenging to cure. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),"heat accumulation in the heart-spleen" is one of the main causative factors. Jiaweidaochi powder (JWDCP) is based on the ancient Chinese medicine formula JWDCS, with the addition of Tongcao and gypsum and the removal of Mu Tong. It is generally used to treat "heat accumulation in the heart-spleen." Previous studies have demonstrated that it effectively reduces recurrence rates and is anti-inflammatory in modulating immunity. The ROU rats' model for JWDCP intervention treatment had been established, and histological tests revealed that JWDCP has a therapeutic effect on the pathological changes in the oral mucosa. In addition, the methylation levels of peripheral blood IFNG gene were detected by bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP), and the methylation levels of the IFNG promoter region in the model group and each dose group were lower than those in the control group. However, no significant methylation differences were observed. Furthermore, the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that JWDCP could reduce IFN-γ and IL-4 protein concentrations, with high GATA-3 mRNA production, T-bet mRNAproduction was upgraded, elevated IL-4 mRNA levels, and reduced IFN-γ mRNA levels after treatment (P < 0.001). The expression of transcription factor T-betmRNA and GATA-3 gene mRNA was accompanied by changes in IFN-γmRNA and IL-4mRNA, demonstrating that Th2 type differentiation in RAS suppresses the body's immunity and that the imbalance of transcription factor expression further leads to Th1/Th2 drift. JWDCP is likely to reduce the protein concentration by regulating the imbalance of transcription factors and enhancing antioxidant capacity, thus achieving therapeutic effects. Treatment of recurrent oral ulcer models is not sufficient to reset IFNG methylation levels, correlating with the refractoriness of ROU, further confirming the complexity of epigenetic mechanisms and that epigenetic alterations in specific mediators may persist locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Graduate School, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Lu He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xingyi People's Hospital, Xingyi, 562400, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jiankun Weng
- Department of Graduate School, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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7
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Guo R, Li J, Hu J, Fu Q, Yan Y, Xu S, Wang X, Jiao F. Combination of epidrugs with immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: From theory to therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110417. [PMID: 37276826 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized treatment strategies in multiple types of cancer. However, the resistance and relapse as associated with the extreme complexity of cancer-immunity interactions remain a major challenge to be resolved. Owing to the epigenome plasticity of cancer and immune cells, a growing body of evidence has been presented indicating that epigenetic treatments have the potential to overcome current limitations of immunotherapy, thus providing a rationalefor the combination of ICIs with epigenetic agents (epidrugs). In this review, we first make an overview about the epigenetic regulations in tumor biology and immunodevelopment. Subsequently, a diverse array of inhibitory agents under investigations targeted epigenetic modulators (Azacitidine, Decitabine, Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Belinostat, Panobinostat, Tazemetostat, Enasidenib and Ivosidenib, etc.) and immune checkpoints (Atezolizmab, Avelumab, Cemiplimab, Durvalumb, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab and Pembrolizmab, etc.) to increase anticancer responses were described and the potential mechanisms were further discussed. Finally, we summarize the findings of clinical trials and provide a perspective for future clinical studies directed at investigating the combination of epidrugs with ICIs as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Yunfei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Health Service Training, 970 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yantai 264002, PR China.
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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8
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Epigenetic Perspective of Immunotherapy for Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030365. [PMID: 36766706 PMCID: PMC9913322 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has brought new hope for cancer patients in recent times. However, despite the promising success of immunotherapy, there is still a need to address major challenges including heterogeneity in response among patients, the reoccurrence of the disease, and iRAEs (immune-related adverse effects). The first critical step towards solving these issues is understanding the epigenomic events that play a significant role in the regulation of specific biomolecules in the context of the immune population present in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) during various treatments and responses. A prominent advantage of this step is that it would enable researchers to harness the reversibility of epigenetic modifications for their druggability. Therefore, we reviewed the crucial studies in which varying epigenomic events were captured with immuno-oncology set-ups. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic possibilities of their utilization for the betterment of immunotherapy in terms of diagnosis, progression, and cure for cancer patients.
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Lee YY, Irfan M, Quah Y, Saba E, Kim SD, Park SC, Jeong MG, Kwak YS, Rhee MH. The increasing hematopoietic effect of the combined treatment of Korean Red Ginseng and Colla corii asini on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:591-598. [PMID: 34803429 PMCID: PMC8587481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the bone marrow. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a chemotherapy drug that suppresses the immune system. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and Colla corii asini (CCA) have been traditionally used for boosting the immune system. Methods HSCs in the bone marrow, and immune cell subtype in splenocytes, PBMCs, and thymocytes were investigated. Serum levels of hematopoietic-related markers were analyzed using ELISA. Protein expression in spleen tissue was analyzed using western blot analysis. Hematoxylin & eosin staining in the femurs of mice were also conducted. Results The combination of KRG and CCA with a ratio of 3:2 increased HSCs, CD3 and CD8+ T cells in the circulation, and CD3 T cells in the spleen. A ratio of 2:3 (KRG:CCA) increased the thymic regulatory T cells and recovered the CD3 T cells in the spleen and circulation while recovering proteins in the JAK-STAT pathway in the spleen. Overall, blood cell population and differentiating factors vital for cell differentiation were also significantly recovered by all combinations especially in ratios of 3:2 and 2:3. Conclusion A ratio of 3:2 (KRG:CCA) is the most ideal combination as it recovered the HSC population in the bone marrow of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yixian Quah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Jeong
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Renaude E, Kroemer M, Borg C, Peixoto P, Hervouet E, Loyon R, Adotévi O. Epigenetic Reprogramming of CD4 + Helper T Cells as a Strategy to Improve Anticancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669992. [PMID: 34262562 PMCID: PMC8273698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidences highlight the role of various CD4+ helper T cells (CD4+ Th) subpopulations in orchestrating the immune responses against cancers. Epigenetics takes an important part in the regulation of CD4+ Th polarization and plasticity. In this review, we described the epigenetic factors that govern CD4+ T cells differentiation and recruitment in the tumor microenvironment and their subsequent involvement in the antitumor immunity. Finally, we discussed how to manipulate tumor reactive CD4+ Th responses by epigenetic drugs to improve anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Renaude
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, Besançon, France
| | - Marie Kroemer
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, Besançon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Paul Peixoto
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,EPIGENEXP Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Hervouet
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,EPIGENEXP Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,DImaCell Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Romain Loyon
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Adotévi
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, Besançon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
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11
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Munro SK, Balakrishnan B, Lissaman AC, Gujral P, Ponnampalam AP. Cytokines and pregnancy: Potential regulation by histone deacetylases. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:321-337. [PMID: 33904218 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are important regulators of pregnancy and parturition. Aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines during pregnancy contributes towards preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The regulation of cytokine expression in human cells is highly complex, involving interactions between environment, transcription factors, and feedback mechanisms. Recent developments in epigenetic research have made tremendous advancements in exploring histone modifications as a key epigenetic regulator of cytokine expression and the effect of their signaling molecules on various organ systems in the human body. Histone acetylation and subsequent deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs) are major epigenetic regulators of protein expression in the human body. The expression of various proinflammatory cytokines, their role in normal and abnormal pregnancy, and their epigenetic regulation via HDACs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl K Munro
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Biju Balakrishnan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Abbey C Lissaman
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Palak Gujral
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna P Ponnampalam
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Kim SI, Cassella CR, Byrne KT. Tumor Burden and Immunotherapy: Impact on Immune Infiltration and Therapeutic Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:629722. [PMID: 33597954 PMCID: PMC7882695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.629722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape in medical oncology, but its efficacy has been variable across patients. Biomarkers to predict such differential response to immunotherapy include cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability. A growing number of studies also suggest that baseline tumor burden, or tumor size, predicts response to immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the changes in immune profile and therapeutic responses that occur with increasing tumor size. We also overview therapeutic approaches to reduce tumor burden and favorably modulate the immune microenvironment of larger tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I Kim
- Program in Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher R Cassella
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Patrick AE, Wang W, Brokamp E, Graham TB, Aune TM, Duis JB. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with a mutation in GATA3. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:156. [PMID: 31238969 PMCID: PMC6593533 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GATA3 is a transcription factor that is important during development and plays a role in differentiation and activity of immune cells, particularly T cells. Abnormal T cell function is found in autoimmune arthritis. We present the first known case of autoimmune arthritis associated with a novel GATA3 mutation. METHODS Whole exome sequencing of the proband was performed on a clinical basis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from the proband, healthy sibling, and parent. cDNA prepared from RNA was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Intracellular proteins were assessed by immunoblot of PBMC homogenates. GATA3 in vitro activity was measured in HeLa cell cultures expressing a mammalian expression vector containing GATA3 or mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis. GATA3 transcriptional activity was examined using a luciferase reporter assay system. T helper cell ex vivo function was evaluated by stimulating PBMCs to differentiate into effector T cells along Th0, Th1, Th2, and Th17 lineages, and re-stimulating effector cells to secrete cytokines. Cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The proband is the first known case of autoimmune arthritis associated with a mutation in GATA3. The proband M401VfsX106 protein is expressed and has a dominant negative function on GATA3 transcriptional activity. The proband PBMCs have markedly increased differentiation along the Th1 and Th17 pathways, with decreased differentiation along the Th2 pathway. Unexpectedly, Th0 cells from the proband express high levels of IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS Our research presents the first known case of autoimmune arthritis associated with a mutation in GATA3. This work expands the phenotypic spectrum of GATA3 mutations. It reveals the novel insight that decreased and altered GATA3 activity coincides with autoimmune arthritis. This work suggests that modulation of GATA3 may be a therapeutic approach for patients with autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Patrick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- GeneDx, Inc, 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA
| | - Elly Brokamp
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas Brent Graham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M Aune
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Jessica B Duis
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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14
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Immunoepigenetics Combination Therapies: An Overview of the Role of HDACs in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092241. [PMID: 31067680 PMCID: PMC6539010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-standing efforts to identify the multifaceted roles of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have positioned these agents as promising drug candidates in combatting cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases. The same has also encouraged the evaluation of multiple HDACi candidates in preclinical studies in cancer and other diseases as well as the FDA-approval towards clinical use for specific agents. In this review, we have discussed how the efficacy of immunotherapy can be leveraged by combining it with HDACis. We have also included a brief overview of the classification of HDACis as well as their various roles in physiological and pathophysiological scenarios to target key cellular processes promoting the initiation, establishment, and progression of cancer. Given the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) towards the outcome of anticancer therapies, we have also discussed the effect of HDACis on different components of the TME. We then have gradually progressed into examples of specific pan-HDACis, class I HDACi, and selective HDACis that either have been incorporated into clinical trials or show promising preclinical effects for future consideration. Finally, we have included examples of ongoing trials for each of the above categories of HDACis as standalone agents or in combination with immunotherapeutic approaches.
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15
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Kartikasari AER, Prakash MD, Cox M, Wilson K, Boer JC, Cauchi JA, Plebanski M. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines-T Cell Responses and Epigenetic Modulation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3109. [PMID: 30740111 PMCID: PMC6357987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in developing efficient therapeutic cancer vaccines, as this type of therapy allows targeted killing of tumor cells as well as long-lasting immune protection. High levels of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are associated with better prognosis in many cancers, and it is expected that new generation vaccines will induce effective production of these cells. Epigenetic mechanisms can promote changes in host immune responses, as well as mediate immune evasion by cancer cells. Here, we focus on epigenetic modifications involved in both vaccine-adjuvant-generated T cell immunity and cancer immune escape mechanisms. We propose that vaccine-adjuvant systems may be utilized to induce beneficial epigenetic modifications and discuss how epigenetic interventions could improve vaccine-based therapies. Additionally, we speculate on how, given the unique nature of individual epigenetic landscapes, epigenetic mapping of cancer progression and specific subsequent immune responses, could be harnessed to tailor therapeutic vaccines to each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apriliana E R Kartikasari
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica D Prakash
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Momodou Cox
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsty Wilson
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Cauchi
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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16
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Dogra P, Ghoneim HE, Abdelsamed HA, Youngblood B. Generating long-lived CD8(+) T-cell memory: Insights from epigenetic programs. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1548-62. [PMID: 27230488 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-based immunological memory has the potential to provide the host with life-long protection against pathogen reexposure and thus offers tremendous promise for the design of vaccines targeting chronic infections or cancer. In order to exploit this potential in the design of new vaccines, it is necessary to understand how and when memory T cells acquire their poised effector potential, and moreover, how they maintain these properties during homeostatic proliferation. To gain insight into the persistent nature of memory T-cell functions, investigators have turned their attention to epigenetic mechanisms. Recent efforts have revealed that many of the properties acquired among memory T cells are coupled to stable changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that the delineating features among memory T cells subsets are also linked to distinct epigenetic events, such as permissive and repressive histone modifications and DNA methylation programs, providing exciting new hypotheses regarding their cellular ancestry. Here, we review recent studies focused on epigenetic programs acquired during effector and memory T-cell differentiation and discuss how these data may shed new light on the developmental path for generating long-lived CD8(+) T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Dogra
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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17
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Mazzone R, Zwergel C, Mai A, Valente S. Epi-drugs in combination with immunotherapy: a new avenue to improve anticancer efficacy. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:59. [PMID: 28572863 PMCID: PMC5450222 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint factors, such as programmed cell death protein-1/2 (PD-1, PD-2) or cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) receptors, are targets for monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) developed for cancer immunotherapy. Indeed, modulating immune inhibitory pathways has been considered an important breakthrough in cancer treatment. Although immune checkpoint blockade therapy used to treat malignant diseases has provided promising results, both solid and haematological malignancies develop mechanisms that enable themselves to evade the host immune system. To overcome some major limitations and ensure safety in patients, recent strategies have shown that combining epigenetic modulators, such as inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) or DNA methyltransferases (DNMTi), with immunotherapeutics can be useful. Preclinical data generated using mouse models strongly support the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Indeed, co-treatment with pan- or class I-selective HDACi or DNMTi improved beneficial outcomes in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Based on the evidence of a pivotal role for HDACi and DNMTi in modulating various components belonging to the immune system, recent clinical trials have shown that both HDACi and DNMTi strongly augmented response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in different tumour types. This review describes the current strategies to increase immunotherapy responses, the effects of HDACi and DNMTi on immune modulation, and the advantages of combinatorial therapy over single-drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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18
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Johnson MO, Siska PJ, Contreras DC, Rathmell JC. Nutrients and the microenvironment to feed a T cell army. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:505-513. [PMID: 27712958 PMCID: PMC5154770 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells have dramatic functional and proliferative shifts in the course of maintaining immune protection from pathogens and cancer. To support these changes, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming upon stimulation and again after antigen clearance. Depending on the extrinsic cell signals, T cells can differentiate into functionally distinct subsets that utilize and require diverse metabolic programs. Effector T cells (Teff) enhance glucose and glutamine uptake, whereas regulatory T cells (Treg) do not rely on significant rates of glycolysis. The dependence of these subsets on specific metabolic programs makes T cells reliant on these signaling pathways and nutrients. Metabolic pathways, such as those regulated by mTOR and Myc, augment T cell glycolysis and glutaminolysis programs to promote T cell activity. These pathways respond to signals and control metabolism through both transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications also play an important role by stabilizing the transcription factors that define subset specific reprogramming. In addition, circadian rhythm cycling may also influence energy use, immune surveillance, and function of T cells. In this review, we focus on the metabolic and nutrient requirements of T cells, and how canonical pathways of growth and metabolism regulate nutrients that are essential for T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Diana C Contreras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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19
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Shashkova EV, Trivedi J, Cline-Smith AB, Ferris C, Buchwald ZS, Gibbs J, Novack D, Aurora R. Osteoclast-Primed Foxp3+ CD8 T Cells Induce T-bet, Eomesodermin, and IFN-γ To Regulate Bone Resorption. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:726-35. [PMID: 27324129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology arose from the recognition that cytokines produced by lymphocytes can affect bone homeostasis. We have previously shown that osteoclasts, cells that resorb bone, act as APCs. Cross-presentation of Ags by osteoclasts leads to expression of CD25 and Foxp3, markers of regulatory T cells in the CD8 T cells. Octeoclast-induced Foxp3(+) CD25(+) regulatory CD8 T cells (OC-iTcREG) suppress priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells by dendritic cells. OC-iTcREG also limit bone resorption by osteoclasts, forming a negative feedback loop. In this study, we show that OC-iTcREG express concurrently T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ. Pharmacological inhibition of IκK blocked IFN-γ, T-bet, and Eomes production by TcREG Furthermore, we show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NF-κB enrichment in the T-bet and Eomes promoters. We demonstrate that IFN-γ produced by TcREG is required for suppression of osteoclastogenesis and for degradation of TNFR-associated factor 6 in osteoclast precursors. The latter prevents signaling by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand needed for osteoclastogenesis. Knockout of IFN-γ rendered TcREG inefficient in preventing actin ring formation in osteoclasts, a process required for bone resorption. TcREG generated in vivo using IFN-γ(-/-) T cells had impaired ability to protect mice from bone resorption and bone loss in response to high-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The results of this study demonstrate a novel link between NF-κB signaling and induction of IFN-γ in TcREG and establish an important role for IFN-γ in TcREG-mediated protection from bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jahnavi Trivedi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Anna B Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Chloe Ferris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
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20
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Shen L, Orillion A, Pili R. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as immunomodulators in cancer therapeutics. Epigenomics 2016; 8:415-28. [PMID: 26950532 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) are anticancer agents being developed in preclinical and clinical settings due to their capacity to modulate gene expression involved in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, through modification of both chromatin histone and nonhistone proteins. Most HDACIs in clinical development have cytotoxic or cytostatic properties and their direct inhibitory effects on tumor cells are well documented. Numerous studies have revealed that HDACIs have potent immunomodulatory activity in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients, providing guidance to apply these agents in cancer immunotherapies. Here, we summarize recent reports addressing the effects of HDACIs on tumor cell immunogenicity, and on different components of the host immune system. In addition, we discuss the complexity of the immunomodulatory activity of these agents, which depends on the class specificity of the HDACIs, different experimental settings and the target immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Genitourinary Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ashley Orillion
- Genitourinary Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.,Genitourinary Program, Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Roberto Pili
- Genitourinary Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.,Genitourinary Program, Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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21
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Nakashima H, Nguyen T, Chiocca EA. Combining HDAC inhibitors with oncolytic virotherapy for cancer therapy. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:183-91. [PMID: 27512681 PMCID: PMC4918398 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes play a critical role in the epigenetic regulation of cellular functions and signaling pathways in many cancers. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been validated for single use or in combination with other drugs in oncologic therapeutics. An even more novel combination therapy with HDACi is to use them with an oncolytic virus. HDACi may lead to an amplification of tumor-specific lytic effects by facilitating increased cycles of viral replication, but there may also be direct anticancer effects of the drug by itself. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of the combination of oncolytic viruses with HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Gray SM, Kaech SM, Staron MM. The interface between transcriptional and epigenetic control of effector and memory CD8⁺ T-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:157-68. [PMID: 25123283 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to many intracellular pathogens requires the proliferation, differentiation, and function of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). While the majority of effector CTLs die upon clearance of the pathogen, a small proportion of them survive to become long-lived memory CTLs. Memory CTLs can provide protective immunity against re-exposure to the same pathogen and are the principle motivation behind T-cell- based vaccine design. While a large body of cellular immunologic research has proven invaluable to define effector and memory CTLs by their different phenotypes and functions, an emerging focus in the field has been to understand how environmental cues regulate CTL differentiation on a genomic level. Genome-wide studies to profile transcriptional and epigenetic changes during infection have revealed that dynamic changes in DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications accompany transcriptional signatures that define and regulate CTL differentiation states. In this review, we emphasize the importance of epigenetic regulation of CD8(+) T-cell differentiation and the likely role that transcription factors play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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23
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Christie D, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:125-72. [PMID: 24839135 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1Th1 , Th2Th2 , Th17Th17 , and inducible regulatory T cellsregulatory T cells , each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factorstranscription factors . In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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24
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Baud A, Hermsen R, Guryev V, Stridh P, Graham D, McBride MW, Foroud T, Calderari S, Diez M, Ockinger J, Beyeen AD, Gillett A, Abdelmagid N, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Jagodic M, Tuncel J, Norin U, Beattie E, Huynh N, Miller WH, Koller DL, Alam I, Falak S, Osborne-Pellegrin M, Martinez-Membrives E, Canete T, Blazquez G, Vicens-Costa E, Mont-Cardona C, Diaz-Moran S, Tobena A, Hummel O, Zelenika D, Saar K, Patone G, Bauerfeind A, Bihoreau MT, Heinig M, Lee YA, Rintisch C, Schulz H, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Lathrop M, Lansu N, Toonen P, Ruzius FP, de Bruijn E, Hauser H, Adams DJ, Keane T, Atanur SS, Aitman TJ, Flicek P, Malinauskas T, Jones EY, Ekman D, Lopez-Aumatell R, Dominiczak AF, Johannesson M, Holmdahl R, Olsson T, Gauguier D, Hubner N, Fernandez-Teruel A, Cuppen E, Mott R, Flint J. Combined sequence-based and genetic mapping analysis of complex traits in outbred rats. Nat Genet 2013; 45:767-75. [PMID: 23708188 PMCID: PMC3821058 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mapping on fully sequenced individuals is transforming understanding of the relationship between molecular variation and variation in complex traits. Here we report a combined sequence and genetic mapping analysis in outbred rats that maps 355 quantitative trait loci for 122 phenotypes. We identify 35 causal genes involved in 31 phenotypes, implicating new genes in models of anxiety, heart disease and multiple sclerosis. The relationship between sequence and genetic variation is unexpectedly complex: at approximately 40% of quantitative trait loci, a single sequence variant cannot account for the phenotypic effect. Using comparable sequence and mapping data from mice, we show that the extent and spatial pattern of variation in inbred rats differ substantially from those of inbred mice and that the genetic variants in orthologous genes rarely contribute to the same phenotype in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelie Baud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN
| | - Roel Hermsen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Guryev
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, RuG, UMCG, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Delyth Graham
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA
| | - Martin W. McBride
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Sophie Calderari
- INSERM UMRS872, Cordeliers Research Centre, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Medecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Margarita Diez
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Johan Ockinger
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Amennai D. Beyeen
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Alan Gillett
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Nada Abdelmagid
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | | | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Jonatan Tuncel
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Norin
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Beattie
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA
| | - Ngan Huynh
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA
| | - William H. Miller
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA
| | - Daniel L. Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Imranul Alam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Samreen Falak
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | | | - Esther Martinez-Membrives
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Canete
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Blazquez
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elia Vicens-Costa
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Mont-Cardona
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Diaz-Moran
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolf Tobena
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Hummel
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | - Diana Zelenika
- Commissariat à l’énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Kathrin Saar
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | - Giannino Patone
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | - Anja Bauerfeind
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Bihoreau
- Commissariat à l’énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
- Department of Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
- Pediatric Allergology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Rintisch
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
| | - David A. Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, One Baylor Plaza, MSC-226, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, One Baylor Plaza, MSC-226, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, One Baylor Plaza, MSC-226, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, One Baylor Plaza, MSC-226, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Commissariat à l’énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Nico Lansu
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Toonen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Paul Ruzius
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ewart de Bruijn
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Hauser
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Santosh S. Atanur
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Aitman
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Ekman
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina Lopez-Aumatell
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, 17176 Stockholm
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- INSERM UMRS872, Cordeliers Research Centre, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Medecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin D-13092, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Fernandez-Teruel
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Mott
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN
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25
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Yang T, Ramocki MB, Neul JL, Lu W, Roberts L, Knight J, Ward CS, Zoghbi HY, Kheradmand F, Corry DB. Overexpression of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 impairs T(H)1 responses. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:163ra158. [PMID: 23220634 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The DNA binding protein methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) critically influences neuronal and brain function by modulating gene expression, and children with overexpression of the MECP2 gene exhibit postnatal neurological syndromes. We demonstrate that some children with MECP2 duplication also display variable immunological abnormalities that include reductions in memory T and B cells and natural killer cells and immunoglobulin assay responses. Moreover, whereas mice with MeCP2 overexpression were unable to control infection with the intra-macrophage parasite Leishmania major and secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from involved lymph nodes, they were able to control airway fungal infection by Aspergillus niger and mount protective T helper cell type 2 (T(H)2)-dependent allergic responses. Relative to normal T cells, T(H) cells from children and mice with MECP2 duplication displayed similar impairments in IFN-γ secretion and T(H)1 responses that were due to both MeCP2-dependent suppression of IFN-γ transcription and sequestration of the IFN-γ locus as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Thus, overexpressed MeCP2 aberrantly suppresses IFN-γ secretion from T(H) cells, potentially leading to a partially immunodeficient state. Our findings establish a rational basis for identifying, treating, and preventing infectious complications potentially affecting children with MECP2 duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Yang
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Aune TM, Collins PL, Collier SP, Henderson MA, Chang S. Epigenetic Activation and Silencing of the Gene that Encodes IFN-γ. Front Immunol 2013; 4:112. [PMID: 23720660 PMCID: PMC3655339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activation and repression of genes that are developmentally regulated or exhibit cell-type specific expression patterns is largely achieved by modifying the chromatin template at a gene locus. Complex formation of stable epigenetic histone marks, loss or gain of DNA methylation, alterations in chromosome conformation, and specific utilization of both proximal and distal transcriptional enhancers and repressors all contribute to this process. In addition, long non-coding RNAs are a new species of regulatory RNAs that either positively or negatively regulate transcription of target gene loci. IFN-γ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with critical functions in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. This review focuses on our current understanding of how the chromatin template is modified at the IFNG locus during developmental processes leading to its transcriptional activation and silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Aune
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
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27
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Kabesch M, Adcock IM. Epigenetics in asthma and COPD. Biochimie 2012; 94:2231-41. [PMID: 22874820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are likely to play a role in many complex diseases, the extent of which we only beginning to understand. COPD and asthma are two respiratory diseases subject to strong environmental influences depending on underlying genetic susceptibility. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA may be involved in these processes by modulating environmental effects to influence disease development. Given their demonstrated modifiable nature, epigenetic mechanisms may open new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Here we give an overview of recent developments in the field of respiratory epigenetics in relation to asthma and COPD in the context of our current understanding of mechanisms leading to such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Moggs JG, Terranova R, Kammüller ME, Chibout SD, Chapman V, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Regulation of allergic responses to chemicals and drugs: possible roles of epigenetic mechanisms. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:60-9. [PMID: 22705809 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of immune and allergic responses. Such regulatory mechanisms have potentially important implications for the acquisition of sensitization to chemical and drug allergens; and in determining the vigor, characteristics, and longevity of allergic responses. Importantly, the discovery of long-lasting epigenetic alterations in specific immunoregulatory genes provides a mechanistic basis for immune cell memory, and thereby the potential of chemical allergens to influence the subsequent orientation of the adaptive immune system. In this article, we consider the implications of epigenetic mechanisms for the development of sensitization to chemical and drug allergens and the form that allergic reactions will take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Moggs
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4057, Switzerland.
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29
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Thomas RM, Gamper CJ, Ladle BH, Powell JD, Wells AD. De novo DNA methylation is required to restrict T helper lineage plasticity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22900-9. [PMID: 22584578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD4+ T cells are highly plastic and can differentiate into discrete lineages with unique functions during an immune response. Once differentiated, helper T cells maintain a stable transcriptional memory of their initial lineage choice and resist redifferentiation. During embryogenesis, de novo DNA methylation operates on the hypomethylated genome of the blastocyst to achieve tissue-specific patterns of gene expression. Similarly, the ifnγ promoter is hypomethylated in naïve T cells, but Th2, Th17, and iTreg differentiation is accompanied by substantial de novo DNA methylation at this locus. To determine whether de novo DNA methylation is required to restrict T helper lineage plasticity, we used mice with T cell-specific deletion of the methyltransferase DNMT3a. Induction of lineage-specific cytokines occurred normally in the absence of DNMT3a, however, DNMT3a-deficient Th2, Th17, and iTreg completely failed to methylate the ifnγ promoter. This was accompanied by an increase in the transcriptionally permissive trimethyl H3K4 mark, and a reduction in inhibitory H3K27 methylation at the ifnγ locus. Failed de novo methylation resulted in failed silencing of the ifnγ gene, as DNMT3a-deficient Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells produced significant levels of IFNγ following restimulation in the presence of IL-12. Therefore, DNMT3a-mediated DNA methylation restricts T helper plasticity by establishing an epigenetically silent chromatin structure at regulatory regions of the ifnγ gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan M Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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30
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Ji N, Sosa RA, Forsthuber TG. More than just a T-box: the role of T-bet as a possible biomarker and therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:435-41. [PMID: 21395384 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-bet was initially described as a T-box transcription factor with an essential role in orchestrating Th1 cell differentiation. Subsequently, it was determined that T-bet controls the expression of numerous cytokines and their receptors, adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors, and therefore determines the differentiation and development status of many types of immune cells. The critical role of T-bet in autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, implicates it as a potential biomarker for pathogenic T cells as well as a therapeutic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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31
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Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies show that inhibition of histone/protein deacetylases (HDAC) can have important anti-neoplastic effects through cytotoxic and proapoptotic mechanisms. There are also increasing data from nononcologic settings that HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) can exhibit useful anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, unrelated to cytotoxicity or apoptosis. These effects can be cell-, tissue-, or context-dependent and can involve modulation of specific inflammatory signaling pathways as well as epigenetic mechanisms. We review recent advances in the understanding of how HDACi alter immune and inflammatory processes, with a particular focus on the effects of HDACi on T-cell biology, including the activation and functions of conventional T cells and the unique T-cell subset, composed of Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells. Although studies are still needed to tease out details of the various biologic roles of individual HDAC isoforms and their corresponding selective inhibitors, the anti-inflammatory effects of HDACi are already promising and may lead to new therapeutic avenues in transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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32
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Modulation of antigen-presenting cells by HDAC inhibitors: implications in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:55-65. [PMID: 22105512 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to support the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in the treatment of diverse conditions from autoimmunity to cancer. In this context, HDACi have been ascribed many immunomodulatory effects, assigning novel and promising roles to these compounds. This review summarizes the current observations arising from both pre-clinical and clinical studies in these pathological conditions. However, it is left to be explained how a single agent can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in either physiological or pathological conditions. This question is explored in greater detail by focusing on the effects of HDACi on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), key regulators of immune activation. In particular, HDACi modulation of molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation, as well as co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules, and cytokines will be discussed in the context of both professional and non-professional APCs. Professional APCs encompass classic immune cells; however, it is increasingly evident that other somatic cells, including cancer cells, are not immunologically inert and can display functions similar to professional APCs, a challenging feature that needs to be explored as a potential therapeutic target. In this way, professional and non-professional APCs can regulate their particular micro-environmental niche, affecting either a pro- or anti-inflammatory milieu.
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33
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Glauben R, Siegmund B. Inhibition of histone deacetylases in inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Med 2011; 17:426-33. [PMID: 21365125 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, comprised of our own data and that of others, provides a summary overview of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition on intestinal inflammation as well as inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis. Experimental colitis in mice represents an excellent in vivo model to define the specific cell populations and target tissues modulated by inhibitors of HDAC. Oral administration of either suberyolanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or ITF2357 results in an amelioration in these models, as indicated by a significantly reduced colitis disease score and histological score. This effect was paralleled by suppression of proinflammatory cytokines at the site of inflammation as well as specific changes in the composition of cells within the lamina propria. In addition, tumor number and size was significantly reduced in two models of inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, namely interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice and the azoxymethane-dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model, respectively. The mechanisms affected by HDAC inhibition, contributing to this antiinflammatory and antiproliferative potency will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, with regard to the relevance in human inflammatory bowel disease, the doses of ITF2357 considered safe in humans and the corresponding serum concentrations are consistent with the efficacious dosing used in our in vivo as well as in vitro experiments. Thus, the data strongly suggest that HDAC inhibitors could serve as a therapeutic option in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Glauben
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Balasubramani A, Shibata Y, Crawford GE, Baldwin AS, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. Modular utilization of distal cis-regulatory elements controls Ifng gene expression in T cells activated by distinct stimuli. Immunity 2010; 33:35-47. [PMID: 20643337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Distal cis-regulatory elements play essential roles in the T lineage-specific expression of cytokine genes. We have mapped interactions of three trans-acting factors-NF-kappaB, STAT4, and T-bet-with cis elements in the Ifng locus. We find that RelA is critical for optimal Ifng expression and is differentially recruited to multiple elements contingent upon T cell receptor (TCR) or interleukin-12 (IL-12) plus IL-18 signaling. RelA recruitment to at least four elements is dependent on T-bet-dependent remodeling of the Ifng locus and corecruitment of STAT4. STAT4 and NF-kappaB therefore cooperate at multiple cis elements to enable NF-kappaB-dependent enhancement of Ifng expression. RelA recruitment to distal elements was similar in T helper 1 (Th1) and effector CD8(+) T (Tc1) cells, although T-bet was dispensable in CD8 effectors. These results support a model of Ifng regulation in which distal cis-regulatory elements differentially recruit key transcription factors in a modular fashion to initiate gene transcription induced by distinct activation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Balasubramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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35
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Collins PL, Chang S, Henderson M, Soutto M, Davis GM, McLoed AG, Townsend MJ, Glimcher LH, Mortlock DP, Aune TM. Distal regions of the human IFNG locus direct cell type-specific expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1492-501. [PMID: 20574006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genes, such as IFNG, which are expressed in multiple cell lineages of the immune system, may employ a common set of regulatory elements to direct transcription in multiple cell types or individual regulatory elements to direct expression in individual cell lineages. By employing a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic system, we demonstrate that IFNG employs unique regulatory elements to achieve lineage-specific transcriptional control. Specifically, a one 1-kb element 30 kb upstream of IFNG activates transcription in T cells and NKT cells but not in NK cells. This distal regulatory element is a Runx3 binding site in Th1 cells and is needed for RNA polymerase II recruitment to IFNG, but it is not absolutely required for histone acetylation of the IFNG locus. These results support a model whereby IFNG uses cis-regulatory elements with cell type-restricted function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Collins
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical Center North T3219, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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36
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Cruickshank MN, Besant P, Ulgiati D. The impact of histone post-translational modifications on developmental gene regulation. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1087-105. [PMID: 20204433 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomic DNA is orderly compacted to fit into the nucleus and to inhibit accessibility of specific sequences. DNA is manipulated in many different ways by bound RNA and proteins within the composite material known as chromatin. All of the biological processes that require access to genomic DNA (such as replication, recombination and transcription) therefore are dependent on the precise characteristics of chromatin in eukaryotes. This distinction underlies a fundamental property of eukaryotic versus prokaryotic gene regulation such that chromatin structure must be regulated to precisely repress or relieve repression of particular regions of the genome in an appropriate spatio-temporal manner. As well as playing a key role in structuring genomic DNA, histones are subject to site-specific modifications that can influence the organization of chromatin structure. This review examines the molecular processes regulating site-specific histone acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation with an emphasis on how these processes underpin differentiation-regulated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Cruickshank
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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37
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Histone deacetylases and the immunological network: implications in cancer and inflammation. Oncogene 2009; 29:157-73. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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