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Patel SR, Lundgren TS, Spencer HT, Doering CB. The Immune Response to the fVIII Gene Therapy in Preclinical Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:494. [PMID: 32351497 PMCID: PMC7174743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies to factor VIII (fVIII), referred to as "inhibitors," remain the most challenging complication post-fVIII replacement therapy. Preclinical development of novel fVIII products involves studies incorporating hemophilia A (HA) and wild-type animal models. Though immunogenicity is a critical aspect of preclinical pharmacology studies, gene therapy studies tend to focus on fVIII expression levels without major consideration for immunogenicity. Therefore, little clarity exists on whether preclinical testing can be predictive of clinical immunogenicity risk. Despite this, but perhaps due to the potential for transformative benefits, clinical gene therapy trials have progressed rapidly. In more than two decades, no inhibitors have been observed. However, all trials are conducted in previously treated patients without a history of inhibitors. The current review thus focuses on our understanding of preclinical immunogenicity for HA gene therapy candidates and the potential indication for inhibitor treatment, with a focus on product- and platform-specific determinants, including fVIII transgene sequence composition and tissue/vector biodistribution. Currently, the two leading clinical gene therapy vectors are adeno-associated viral (AAV) and lentiviral (LV) vectors. For HA applications, AAV vectors are liver-tropic and employ synthetic, high-expressing, liver-specific promoters. Factors including vector serotype and biodistribution, transcriptional regulatory elements, transgene sequence, dosing, liver immunoprivilege, and host immune status may contribute to tipping the scale between immunogenicity and tolerance. Many of these factors can also be important in delivery of LV-fVIII gene therapy, especially when delivered intravenously for liver-directed fVIII expression. However, ex vivo LV-fVIII targeting and transplantation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) has been demonstrated to achieve durable and curative fVIII production without inhibitor development in preclinical models. A critical variable appears to be pre-transplantation conditioning regimens that suppress and/or ablate T cells. Additionally, we and others have demonstrated the potential of LV-fVIII HSPC and liver-directed AAV-fVIII gene therapy to eradicate pre-existing inhibitors in murine and canine models of HA, respectively. Future preclinical studies will be essential to elucidate immune mechanism(s) at play in the context of gene therapy for HA, as well as strategies for preventing adverse immune responses and promoting immune tolerance even in the setting of pre-existing inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R. Patel
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taran S. Lundgren
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Lupus érythémateux systémique et lymphopénie : aspects cliniques et physiopathologiques. Rev Med Interne 2017; 38:603-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Visperas A, Vignali DAA. Are Regulatory T Cells Defective in Type 1 Diabetes and Can We Fix Them? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:3762-3770. [PMID: 27815439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical regulators of peripheral immune tolerance. Treg insufficiency can lead to autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Increasing evidence in mouse models of T1D, as well as other autoimmune disorders, suggests that there are defects in Treg-mediated suppression. Indeed, whereas Treg frequency in the peripheral blood of T1D patients is unaltered, their suppressive abilities are diminished compared with Tregs in healthy controls. Although expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 is a prerequisite for Treg development and function, there are many additional factors that can alter their stability, survival, and function. Much has been learned in other model systems, such as tumors, about the mechanism and pathways that control Treg stability and function. This review poses the question of whether we can use these findings to develop new therapeutic approaches that might boost Treg stability, survival, and/or function in T1D and possibly other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Visperas
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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4
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Rigoni R, Fontana E, Guglielmetti S, Fosso B, D'Erchia AM, Maina V, Taverniti V, Castiello MC, Mantero S, Pacchiana G, Musio S, Pedotti R, Selmi C, Mora JR, Pesole G, Vezzoni P, Poliani PL, Grassi F, Villa A, Cassani B. Intestinal microbiota sustains inflammation and autoimmunity induced by hypomorphic RAG defects. J Exp Med 2016; 213:355-75. [PMID: 26926994 PMCID: PMC4813669 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigoni et al. report that hypomorphic Rag2R229Q mutation is associated with altered microbiota composition and defects in the gut–blood barrier and suggest that intestinal microbes may play a critical role in the distinctive immune dysregulation of Omenn syndrome. Omenn syndrome (OS) is caused by hypomorphic Rag mutations and characterized by a profound immunodeficiency associated with autoimmune-like manifestations. Both in humans and mice, OS is mediated by oligoclonal activated T and B cells. The role of microbial signals in disease pathogenesis is debated. Here, we show that Rag2R229Q knock-in mice developed an inflammatory bowel disease affecting both the small bowel and colon. Lymphocytes were sufficient for disease induction, as intestinal CD4 T cells with a Th1/Th17 phenotype reproduced the pathological picture when transplanted into immunocompromised hosts. Moreover, oral tolerance was impaired in Rag2R229Q mice, and transfer of wild-type (WT) regulatory T cells ameliorated bowel inflammation. Mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency in the gut resulted in enhanced absorption of microbial products and altered composition of commensal communities. The Rag2R229Q microbiota further contributed to the immunopathology because its transplant into WT recipients promoted Th1/Th17 immune response. Consistently, long-term dosing of broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABXs) in Rag2R229Q mice ameliorated intestinal and systemic autoimmunity by diminishing the frequency of mucosal and circulating gut-tropic CCR9+ Th1 and Th17 T cells. Remarkably, serum hyper-IgE, a hallmark of the disease, was also normalized by ABX treatment. These results indicate that intestinal microbes may play a critical role in the distinctive immune dysregulation of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Rigoni
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia School of Medicine, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Virginia Maina
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Taverniti
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Castiello
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacchiana
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Musio
- Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute, C. Besta, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute, C. Besta, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - J Rodrigo Mora
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Vezzoni
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia School of Medicine, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna Villa
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cassani
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Pioli PD, Whiteside SK, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Snai2 and Snai3 transcriptionally regulate cellular fitness and functionality of T cell lineages through distinct gene programs. Immunobiology 2016; 221:618-33. [PMID: 26831822 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are essential contributors to the adaptive immune system and consist of multiple lineages that serve various effector and regulatory roles. As such, precise control of gene expression is essential to the proper development and function of these cells. Previously, we identified Snai2 and Snai3 as being essential regulators of immune tolerance partly due to the impaired function of CD4(+) regulatory T cells in Snai2/3 conditional double knockout mice. Here we extend those previous findings using a bone marrow transplantation model to provide an environmentally unbiased view of the molecular changes imparted onto various T lymphocyte populations once Snai2 and Snai3 are deleted. The data presented here demonstrate that Snai2 and Snai3 transcriptionally regulate the cellular fitness and functionality of not only CD4(+) regulatory T cells but effector CD8(α+) and CD4(+) conventional T cells as well. This is achieved through the modulation of gene sets unique to each cell type and includes transcriptional targets relevant to the survival and function of each T cell lineage. As such, Snai2 and Snai3 are essential regulators of T cell immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Pioli
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Sarah K Whiteside
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Janis J Weis
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - John H Weis
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
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6
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Sheu TT, Chiang BL, Yen JH, Lin WC. Premature CD4+ T cell aging and its contribution to lymphopenia-induced proliferation of memory cells in autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89379. [PMID: 24586733 PMCID: PMC3935863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), a mechanism to maintain a constant number of T cells in circulation, occurs in both normal aging and autoimmune disease. The incidence of most autoimmune diseases increases with age, and premature CD4(+) T cell aging has been reported in several autoimmune diseases. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that premature CD4(+) T cell aging can cause autoimmune disease by examining whether premature CD4(+) T cell aging exists and causes LIP in our mouse model. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were used because, in addition to Treg defects, the LIP of T cells has been shown to plays a causative role in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in these mice. We found that with advancing age, NOD mice exhibited an accelerated decrease in the number of CD4(+) T cells due to the loss of naïve cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of memory cells, leading to a reduced naïve/memory ratio. In addition, both the percentage of CD28(+) cells in CD4(+) T cells and IL-2 production decreased, while the percentage of FAS(+)CD44(+) increased, suggesting that NOD mice exhibit premature CD4(+) T cell aging. This process preferentially contributed to LIP of memory cells. Therefore, our results suggest that premature CD4(+) T cell aging underlies the development of IDDM in NOD mice. Given that CD28 and IL-2 play important roles in Treg function, the relationships between premature CD4(+) T cell aging and lymphopenia as well as Treg defects in autoimmune-prone NOD mice are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Sheu
- Department of Immunology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chi Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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7
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Mohyeddin Bonab M, Mohajeri M, Sahraian MA, Yazdanifar M, Aghsaie A, Farazmand A, Nikbin B. Evaluation of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:266-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Zheng P, Chang X, Lu Q, Liu Y. Cytopenia and autoimmune diseases: a vicious cycle fueled by mTOR dysregulation in hematopoietic stem cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:182-7. [PMID: 23375848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing but poorly understood defect in autoimmune diseases is dysfunction of the hematopoietic cells. Leukopenia is often associated with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. In addition, homeostatic proliferation of T cells, which is a host response to T-cell lymphopenia, has been implicated as potential cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in human and experimental models of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mice and the BB rats. Conversely, successful treatments of aplastic anemia by immune suppression suggest that the hematologic abnormality may have a root in autoimmune diseases. Traditionally, the link between autoimmune diseases and defects in hematopoietic cells has been viewed from the prism of antibody-mediated hemolytic cytopenia. While autoimmune destruction may well be part of pathogenesis of defects in hematopoietic system, it is worth considering the hypothesis that either leukopenia or pancytopenia may also result directly from defective hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). We have recently tested this hypothesis in the autoimmune Scurfy mice which has mutation Foxp3, the master regulator of regulatory T cells. Our data demonstrated that due to hyperactivation of mTOR, the HSC in the Scurfy mice are extremely poor in hematopoiesis. Moreover, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor rescued HSC defects and prolonged survival of the Scurfy mice. Our data raised the intriguing possibility that targeting mTOR dysregulation in the HSC may help to break the vicious cycle between cytopenia and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Katoh H, Zheng P, Liu Y. FOXP3: genetic and epigenetic implications for autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:72-8. [PMID: 23313429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3 plays an essential role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and, thus, in preventing autoimmune diseases. Inactivating mutations of FOXP3 cause immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells attenuate autoimmunity as well as immunity against cancer and infection. More recent studies demonstrated that FOXP3 is an epithelial cell-intrinsic tumor suppressor for breast, prostate, ovary and other cancers. Corresponding to its broad function, FOXP3 regulates a broad spectrum of target genes. While it is now well established that FOXP3 binds to and regulates thousands of target genes in mouse and human genomes, the fundamental mechanisms of its broad impact on gene expression remain to be established. FOXP3 is known to both activate and repress target genes by epigenetically regulating histone modifications of target promoters. In this review, we first focus on germline mutations found in the FOXP3 gene among IPEX patients, then outline possible molecular mechanisms by which FOXP3 epigenetically regulates its targets. Finally, we discuss clinical implications of the function of FOXP3 as an epigenetic modifier. Accumulating results reveal an intriguing functional convergence between FOXP3 and inhibitors of histone deacetylases. The essential epigenetic function of FOXP3 provides a foundation for experimental therapies against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Katoh
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Schallenberg S, Petzold C, Riewaldt J, Kretschmer K. Regulatory T Cell-Based Immunotherapy. MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN AGING AND REGENERATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2506-8.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the forkhead box transcription factor Foxp3 have a vital function in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and the prevention of fatal multi-organ autoimmunity throughout life. In the last decade, Foxp3+ Treg cells have raised the hope for novel cell-based therapies to achieve tolerance in clinical settings of unwanted immune responses such as autoimmunity and graft rejection. Conceptually, the antigen-specific enhancement of Treg cell function is of particular importance because such strategies will minimize the requirements for pharmaceutical immunosuppression, sparing desired protective host immune responses to infectious and malignant insults. This chapter discusses current concepts of Treg cell-based immunotherapy with particular emphasis on antigen-specific Treg cell induction from conventional CD4+ T cells to deal with organ-specific autoimmunity.
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11
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Li HW, Sachs J, Pichardo C, Bronson R, Zhao G, Sykes M. Nonalloreactive T cells prevent donor lymphocyte infusion-induced graft-versus-host disease by controlling microbial stimuli. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5572-81. [PMID: 23136200 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mice, graft-versus-host reactions, associated with powerful graft-versus-tumor effects, can be achieved without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by delayed administration of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) to established mixed chimeras. However, GVHD sometimes occurs after DLI in established mixed chimeric patients. In contrast to mice, in which T cell recovery from the thymus occurs prior to DLI administration, human T cell reconstitution following T cell-depleted hematopoietic cell transplantation is slow, resulting in lymphopenia at the time of DLI. We demonstrate in this study that T cell lymphopenia is an independent risk factor for GVHD following DLI in the absence of known inflammatory stimuli. DLI-induced GVHD was prevented in lymphopenic recipients by prior administration of a small number of nonalloreactive polyclonal T cells, insufficient to prevent lymphopenia-associated expansion of subsequently administered T cells, through a regulatory T cell-independent mechanism. GVHD was not inhibited by T cells with irrelevant specificity. Moreover, administration of antibiotics reduced the severity of GVHD in lymphopenic hosts. Accumulation of DLI-derived effector T cells and host hematopoietic cell elimination were markedly diminished by regulatory T cell-depleted, nonalloreactive T cells. Finally, thymectomized mixed chimeras showed increased GVHD following delayed DLI. Collectively, our data demonstrate that in the absence of known conditioning-induced inflammatory stimuli, T cell lymphopenia is a risk factor for GVHD in mixed chimeras receiving delayed DLI. Our data suggest that the predisposition to GVHD can at least in part be explained by the presence of occult inflammatory stimuli due to the absence of T cells to control microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei Li
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Pishel I, Shytikov D, Orlova T, Peregudov A, Artyuhov I, Butenko G. Accelerated aging versus rejuvenation of the immune system in heterochronic parabiosis. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:239-48. [PMID: 22533440 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immune disorders in aging is explained by many factors, including thymus dysfunction, decrease in the proportion and function of naïve T cells, and so forth. There are several approaches to preventing these changes, such as thymus rejuvenation, stem cells recovery, modulation of hormone production, and others. Our investigations of heterochronic parabiosis have shown that benefits of a young immune system, e.g., actively working thymus and regular migration of young hematopoietic stem cells between parabiotic partners, appeared unable to restore the immune system of the old partner. At the same time, we have established a progressive immune impairment in the young heterochronic partners. The mechanism of age changes in the immune system in this model, which may lead to reduced life expectancy, has not been fully understood. The first age-related manifestation in the young partners observed 3 weeks after the surgery was a dramatic increase of CD8(+)44(+) cells population in the spleen. A detailed analysis of further changes revealed a progressive decline of most immunological functions observable for up to 3 months after the surgery. This article reviews possible mechanisms of induction of age-related changes in the immune system of young heterochronic partners. The data obtained suggest the existence of certain factors in the old organisms that trigger aging, thus preventing the rejuvenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Pishel
- Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Riewaldt J, Düber S, Boernert M, Krey M, Dembinski M, Weiss S, Garbe AI, Kretschmer K. Severe Developmental B Lymphopoietic Defects in Foxp3-Deficient Mice are Refractory to Adoptive Regulatory T Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2012; 3:141. [PMID: 22679447 PMCID: PMC3367401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells in tolerance and autoimmunity is well-established. However, although of considerable clinical interest, the role of Treg cells in the regulation of hematopoietic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Thus, we analysed B and T lymphopoiesis in the scurfy (Sf) mouse model of Treg cell deficiency. In these experiments, the near-complete block of B lymphopoiesis in the BM of adolescent Sf mice was attributed to autoimmune T cells. We could exclude a constitutive lympho-hematopoietic defect or a B cell-intrinsic function of Foxp3. Efficient B cell development in the BM early in ontogeny and pronounced extramedullary B lymphopoietic activity resulted in a peripheral pool of mature B cells in adolescent Sf mice. However, marginal zone B and B-1a cells were absent throughout ontogeny. Developmental B lymphopoietic defects largely correlated with defective thymopoiesis. Importantly, neonatal adoptive Treg cell therapy suppressed exacerbated production of inflammatory cytokines and restored thymopoiesis but was ineffective in recovering defective B lymphopoiesis, probably due to a failure to compensate production of stroma cell-derived IL-7 and CXCL12. Our observations on autoimmune-mediated incapacitation of the BM environment in Foxp3-deficient mice will have direct implications for the rational design of BM transplantation protocols for patients with severe genetic deficiencies in functional Foxp3+ Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Riewaldt
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Argüello RJ, Balbaryski J, Barboni G, Candi M, Gaddi E, Laucella S. Altered frequency and phenotype of CD4+ forkhead box protein 3+ T cells and its association with autoantibody production in human immunodeficiency virus-infected paediatric patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:224-33. [PMID: 22471284 PMCID: PMC3390524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between immune dysfunction and the development of autoimmune pathology in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is not clear. The frequency and phenotype of regulatory T cells, as well as the presence of autoantibodies, were evaluated in a paediatric cohort of HIV-infected patients without clinical evidence of autoimmune disease. Lower absolute counts but higher percentages of total CD4(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) T cells were recorded in children with severe immunosuppression than in those without evidence of immunosuppression. The frequencies of classical CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells were not altered, whereas CD4(+) FoxP3(+) CD25(-) T cells were found increased significantly in patients with severe immunosuppression. Like classical regulatory T cells, CD4(+) FoxP3(+) CD25(-) T cells display higher cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) but lower CD127 expression compared with CD4(+) FoxP3(-) CD25(+) T cells. An improvement in CD4(+) T cell counts, along with a decrease in viral load, was associated with a decrease in CD4(+) FoxP3(+) CD25(-) T cells. The majority of the patients with severe immunosuppression were positive for at least one out of seven autoantibodies tested and displayed hypergammaglobulinaemia. Conversely, HIV-infected children without evidence of immunosuppression had lower levels of autoantibodies and total immunoglobulins. A decline in CD4(+) FoxP3(+) T cell numbers or a variation in their phenotype may induce a raise in antigen exposure with polyclonal B cell activation, probably contributing to the generation of autoantibodies in the absence of clinical autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Argüello
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chang SE, Guo L, Tian J, Liu Y, Guo Z, Zheng B, Han S. Autoimmune bone marrow environment severely inhibits B cell development by inducing extensive cell death and inhibiting proliferation. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:210-7. [PMID: 22053866 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.632455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous scurfy (sf) mutation in mice results in a complete loss of Tregs, leading to a lethal, multi-system autoimmune syndrome. We have carefully examined B lymphopoiesis in sf mice. Paradoxically, the B cell numbers at all developmental stages including pro-B, pre-B, immature and mature B cells are significantly decreased in the BM and spleen of sf mice, compared to that of wild-type littermate controls. The developing B cells in sf mice exhibit profoundly elevated cell death induced by down-regulation of Bcl-XL expression and up-regulation of Fas expression. In addition, the clonal expansion of pre-B and immature B cells in sf mice is significantly reduced compared to wild-type controls. Foxp3 expression is not detectable in all stages of developing B cells in wild-type mice, indicating that the defects are B-cell extrinsic, which is further supported by the recovery of B cell maturation in BM chimeric mice. Remarkably, IFN-γ production is significantly elevated in numerous cell types in the BM of sf mice. Taken together, these results indicate that the autoimmune inflammatory marrow environment has dramatic inhibitory effects on B cell development by inducing apoptosis and suppressing proliferation of developing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-En Chang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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Zhang B, Jia H, Liu J, Yang Z, Jiang T, Tang K, Li D, Huang C, Ma J, Shen GX, Ye D, Huang B. Depletion of regulatory T cells facilitates growth of established tumors: a mechanism involving the regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by lipoxin A4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7199-206. [PMID: 21068404 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to facilitate tumor development by suppressing protective antitumor immune responses. However, recent clinical and laboratory studies show that Tregs are a favorable element against cancer. In this study, we provide evidence that Tregs have both promoting and inhibiting effects on tumors, depending on the stage of tumor development. By using 0.5 mg cyclophosphamide, we constructed a murine liver cancer model in which Tregs were continuously and selectively depleted. Under such conditions, we found that tumor growth was inhibited at early stages but accelerated later on. Analysis of the tumor microenvironment disclosed that long-term Treg depletion by 0.5 mg cyclophosphamide treatment induced Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Ablation of MDSCs by anti-Gr-1 Ab blocked Treg depletion-induced promotion of tumor growth. Furthermore, lipoxygenases 5 and 12, two enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of the lipid anti-inflammatory mediator lipoxin A(4), were upregulated or downregulated by Treg depletion or adoptive transfer. Correspondingly, the levels of lipoxin A(4) were increased or decreased. Lipoxin A(4) thus regulated the induction of MDSCs in response to Treg depletion. These findings suggest that Tregs may play different roles at different stages of tumor growth: promoting early and inhibiting late tumor growth. Our study also suggests that the interplay among Tregs, MDSCs, and lipoxin A(4) tunes the regulation of tumor-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Choi JM, Shin JH, Sohn MH, Harding MJ, Park JH, Tobiasova Z, Kim DY, Maher SE, Chae WJ, Park SH, Lee CG, Lee SK, Bothwell ALM. Cell-permeable Foxp3 protein alleviates autoimmune disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease and allergic airway inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18575-80. [PMID: 20937878 PMCID: PMC2972952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3 is a key transcription factor for differentiation and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells that is critical for maintaining immunological self-tolerance. Therefore, increasing Treg function by Foxp3 transduction to regulate an inflammatory immune response is an important goal for the treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Here we have generated a cell-permeable Foxp3 protein by fusion with the unique human HHph-1-PTD (protein transduction domain), examined its regulatory function in T cells, and characterized its therapeutic effect in autoimmune and allergic disease models. HHph-1-Foxp3 was rapidly and effectively transduced into cells within 30 min and conferred suppressor function to CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells as well as directly inhibiting T-cell activation and proliferation. Systemic delivery of HHph-1 Foxp3 remarkably inhibited the autoimmune symptoms of scurfy mice and the development of colitis induced by scurfy or wild-type CD4 T cells. Moreover, intranasal delivery of HHph-1-Foxp3 strongly suppressed ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. These results demonstrate the clinical potential of the cell-permeable recombinant HHph-1-Foxp3 protein in autoimmune and hypersensitive allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jae-Hun Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonnggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 102-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Martha J. Harding
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Zuzana Tobiasova
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen E. Maher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Wook-Jin Chae
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Alfred L. M. Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Chen C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zheng P. Mammalian target of rapamycin activation underlies HSC defects in autoimmune disease and inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4091-101. [PMID: 20972332 DOI: 10.1172/jci43873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a signaling molecule that senses environmental cues, such as nutrient status and oxygen supply, to regulate cell growth, proliferation, and other functions. Unchecked, sustained mTOR activity results in defects in HSC function. Inflammatory conditions, such as autoimmune disease, are often associated with defective hematopoiesis. Here, we investigated whether hyperactivation of mTOR in HSCs contributes to hematopoietic defects in autoimmunity and inflammation. We found that in mice deficient in Foxp3 (scurfy mice), a model of autoimmunity, the development of autoimmune disease correlated with progressive bone marrow loss and impaired regenerative capacity of HSCs in competitive bone marrow transplantation. Similarly, LPS-mediated inflammation in C57BL/6 mice led to massive bone marrow cell death and impaired HSC function. Importantly, treatment with rapamycin in both models corrected bone marrow hypocellularity and partially restored hematopoietic activity. In cultured mouse bone marrow cells, treatment with either of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 or TNF-α was sufficient to activate mTOR, while preventing mTOR activation in vivo required simultaneous inhibition of CCL2, IL-6, and TNF-α. These data strongly suggest that mTOR activation in HSCs by inflammatory cytokines underlies defective hematopoiesis in autoimmune disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Feng T, Wang L, Schoeb TR, Elson CO, Cong Y. Microbiota innate stimulation is a prerequisite for T cell spontaneous proliferation and induction of experimental colitis. J Exp Med 2010; 207:1321-32. [PMID: 20498021 PMCID: PMC2882839 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how the microbiota regulates T cell proliferation and whether spontaneous T cell proliferation is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we show that stimulation of innate pathways by microbiota-derived ligands and antigen-specific T cell stimulation are both required for intestinal inflammation. Microbiota-derived ligands promoted spontaneous T cell proliferation by activating dendritic cells (DCs) to produce IL-6 via Myd88, as shown by the spontaneous proliferation of T cells adoptively transferred into specific pathogen-free (SPF) RAG-/- mice, but not in germfree RAG-/- mice. Reconstitution of germfree RAG-/- mice with cecal bacterial lysate-pulsed DCs, but not with IL-6-/- or Myd88-/- DCs, restored spontaneous T cell proliferation. CBir1 TCR transgenic (CBir1 Tg) T cells, which are specific for an immunodominant microbiota antigen, induced colitis in SPF RAG-/- mice. Blocking the spontaneous proliferation of CBir1 Tg T cells by co-transferring bulk OT II CD4+ T cells abrogated colitis development. Although transferred OT II T cells underwent spontaneous proliferation in RAG-/- mice, the recipients failed to develop colitis because of the lack of cognate antigen in the intestinal lumen. Collectively, our data demonstrate that induction of colitis requires both spontaneous proliferation of T cells driven by microbiota-derived innate signals and antigen-specific T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Trenton R. Schoeb
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Wolf D, Wolf AM, Tzankov A. Comment on “Cutting Edge: Depletion of Foxp3+ Cells Leads to Induction of Autoimmunity by Specific Ablation of Regulatory T Cells in Genetically Targeted Mice”. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4051. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1090014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kawahata K, Kanzaki T, Imamura M, Akahira L, Michishita K, Dohi M, Yamamoto K. Regulatory T cells in the control of T cell homeostasis. Inflamm Regen 2010. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.30.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kim J, Lahl K, Hori S, Loddenkemper C, Chaudhry A, deRoos P, Rudensky A, Sparwasser T. Cutting Edge: Depletion of Foxp3+ Cells Leads to Induction of Autoimmunity by Specific Ablation of Regulatory T Cells in Genetically Targeted Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7631-4. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Lymphocyte proliferation in immune-mediated diseases. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:430-8. [PMID: 19699149 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defects in T cell homeostatic mechanisms can result in T cell lymphopenia, defined as decreased numbers of lymphocytes. Lymphopenia results in homeostatic proliferation in order to maintain T cell homeostasis. It has been proposed that homeostatic proliferation can expand the pool of autoreactive T cells that promote autoimmunity, and indeed recent studies have further substantiated this observation in both animal models and humans. Conversely, homeostatic proliferation can promote tumor immunity by allowing tumor-specific T cells to accumulate. In this review, we discuss how the outcome of homeostatic proliferation can function both in a deleterious manner in autoimmunity and a beneficial way in tumor immunity. We also discuss the roles of various cytokines and T regulatory cells that control homeostatic proliferation.
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Michalek K, Morshed SA, Latif R, Davies TF. TSH receptor autoantibodies. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:113-6. [PMID: 19332151 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies (TSHR-Abs) of the stimulating variety are the hallmark of Graves' disease. The presence of immune defects leading to synthesis of TSHR-Abs causes hyperthyroidism and is associated with other extrathyroidal manifestations. Further characterization of these antibodies has now been made possible by the generation of monoclonal antibodies with this unique stimulating capacity as well as similar TSHR-Abs not associated with hyperthyroidism. Their present classification divides TSHR-Abs into stimulating, blocking (competing with TSH binding) and neutral (no signaling). Recent studies using monoclonal TSHR-Abs has revealed that stimulating and blocking antibodies bind to the receptor using mostly conformational epitopes, whilst neutral antibodies utilize exclusively linear peptides. Subtle differences in epitopes for stimulating and blocking antibodies account for the diversity of their biological actions. Recently non-classical signaling elicited by neutral antibodies has also been described, raising the need for a new classification of TSHR-Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Michalek
- Thyroid Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although it may seem paradoxical, primary immunodeficiency disorders are frequently complicated by autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. These conditions pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians caring for these patients. There have been a number of new insights into how immunodeficiencies can predispose to autoimmunity, and rheumatologists should understand the basis for and manifestations of autoimmunity in primary immunodeficiency disorders to more effectively care for these patients. RECENT FINDINGS A number of mechanisms have recently been found to link primary immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity, including increased homeostatic proliferation in primary immunodeficiencies associated with lymphopenia and defects in regulatory T cells in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Primary immunodeficiencies that affect the innate immune system can also lead to inappropriate inflammation through impairing negative regulatory mechanisms in innate immune cells. SUMMARY The realization that primary immunodeficiencies can also impair negative regulation of immune responses has provided a new framework for the understanding of autoimmunity associated with these conditions. These insights may lead to new, more targeted therapies for autoimmune complications in primary immunodeficiency patients.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:85-92. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32832355a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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