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Heil L, Jewell S, Lines JL, Garvy BA. The Altered Neonatal CD8 + T Cell Immunodominance Hierarchy during Influenza Virus Infection Impacts Peptide Vaccination. Viruses 2024; 16:1271. [PMID: 39205245 PMCID: PMC11359775 DOI: 10.3390/v16081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonates are more susceptible to influenza virus infection than adults, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality and delayed clearance of the virus. Generating effective CD8+ T cell responses may be important for improving vaccination outcomes in vulnerable populations, but neonatal T cells frequently respond differently than adult cells. We sought to understand CD8+ T cell specificity and immunodominance during neonatal influenza infection and how any differences from the adult hierarchy might impact peptide vaccine effectiveness. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice displayed an altered CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy during influenza infection, preferentially responding to an epitope in the influenza protein PA rather than the co-dominant adult response to NP and PA. Heterosubtypic infections in mice first infected as pups also displayed altered immunodominance and reduced protection compared to mice first infected as adults. Adoptive transfer of influenza-infected bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells promoted an NP-specific CD8+ T cell response in influenza-virus-infected pups and increased viral clearance. Finally, pups responded to PA (224-233), but not NP (366-374) during peptide vaccination. PA (224-233)-vaccinated mice were not protected during viral challenge. Epitope usage should be considered when designing vaccines that target T cells when the intended patient population includes infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Heil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Samantha Jewell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State University, Henderson, NV 89002, USA
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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2
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Bergeron HC, Hansen MR, Tripp RA. Interferons-Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2179. [PMID: 37764023 PMCID: PMC10535750 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are an assemblage of signaling proteins made and released by various host cells in response to stimuli, including viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are major causes of respiratory disease that induce or antagonize IFN responses depending on various factors. In this review, the role and function of type I, II, and III IFN responses to respiratory virus infections are considered. In addition, the role of the viral proteins in modifying anti-viral immunity is noted, as are the specific IFN responses that underly the correlates of immunity and protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.C.B.); (M.R.H.)
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3
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Wang L, Rajavel M, Wu CW, Zhang C, Poindexter M, Fulgar C, Mar T, Singh J, Dhillon JK, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Abarca R, Li W, Pinkerton KE. Effects of life-stage and passive tobacco smoke exposure on pulmonary innate immunity and influenza infection in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:439-456. [PMID: 35139765 PMCID: PMC8976777 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2032518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the effects of perinatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure for early childhood influenza infection. The aim of the present study was to examine whether perinatal versus adult ETS exposure might provoke more severe systemic and pulmonary innate immune responses in mice inoculated with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus (IAV) compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). BALB/c mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or ETS for 6 weeks during the perinatal or adult period of life. Immediately following the final exposure, mice were intranasally inoculated with IAV or PBS. Significant inflammatory effects were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of neonates inoculated with IAV (FA+IAV or ETS+IAV) compared to PBS (ETS+PBS or FA+PBS), and in the lung parenchyma of neonates administered ETS+IAV versus FA+IAV. Type I and III interferons were also elevated in the spleens of neonates, but not adults with ETS+IAV versus FA+IAV exposure. Both IAV-inoculated neonate groups exhibited significantly more CD4 T cells and increasing numbers of CD8 and CD25 T cells in lungs relative to their adult counterparts. Taken together, these results suggest perinatal ETS exposure induces an exaggerated innate immune response, which may overwhelm protective anti-inflammatory defenses against IAV, and enhances severity of infection at early life stages (e.g., in infants and young children).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maya Rajavel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Wen Wu
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhang
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Morgan Poindexter
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ciara Fulgar
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Mar
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Singh
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jaspreet K. Dhillon
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Western China School of Public Health Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinyu Yuan
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Radek Abarca
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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4
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Sakleshpur S, Steed AL. Influenza: Toward understanding the immune response in the young. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:953150. [PMID: 36061377 PMCID: PMC9437304 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.953150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually influenza causes a global epidemic resulting in 290,000 to 650,000 deaths and extracts a massive toll on healthcare and the economy. Infants and children are more susceptible to infection and have more severe symptoms than adults likely mitigated by differences in their innate and adaptive immune responses. While it is unclear the exact mechanisms with which the young combat influenza, it is increasingly understood that their immune responses differ from adults. Specifically, underproduction of IFN-γ and IL-12 by the innate immune system likely hampers viral clearance while upregulation of IL-6 may create excessive damaging inflammation. The infant's adaptive immune system preferentially utilizes the Th-2 response that has been tied to γδ T cells and their production of IL-17, which may be less advantageous than the adult Th-1 response for antiviral immunity. This differential immune response of the young is considered to serve as a unique evolutionary adaptation such that they preferentially respond to infection broadly rather than a pathogen-specific one generated by adults. This unique function of the young immune system is temporally, and possibly mechanistically, tied to the microbiota, as they both develop in coordination early in life. Additional research into the relationship between the developing microbiota and the immune system is needed to develop therapies effective at combating influenza in the youngest and most vulnerable of our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sakleshpur
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ashley L Steed
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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Flanagan T, Billac GB, Landry AN, Sebastian MN, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Psychedelics in a Rat Model of Asthma Reveals the Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacophore. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:488-502. [PMID: 33860179 PMCID: PMC8033619 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs can exert potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, anti-inflammatory effects do not appear to correlate with behavioral activity, suggesting different underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that the distinct structural features of psychedelics underlie functionally selective mechanisms at the target 5-HT2A receptor to elicit maximal anti-inflammatory effects. In order to test this hypothesis, we developed a new rat-based screening platform for allergic asthma. Next, we investigated 21 agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor from the three primary chemotypes (phenylalkylamine, ergoline, and tryptamine) for their ability to prevent airways hyperresponsiveness as a measure of pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, we assessed each drug for in vitro activation of the canonical signaling pathway, calcium mobilization, from the 5-HT2A receptor. We find that the drug 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H) represents the pharmacophore for anti-inflammatory activity and identify structural modifications that are either permissive or detrimental to anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, there is no correlation between the ability of a particular psychedelic to activate intracellular calcium mobilization and to prevent the symptoms of asthma or with behavioral potencies. Our results support the notions that specific structural features mediate functional selectivity underlying anti-inflammatory activity and that relevant receptor activated pathways necessary for anti-inflammatory activity are different from canonical signaling pathways. Our results inform on the nature of interactions between ligands at the 5-HT2A receptor as they relate to anti-inflammatory activity and are crucial for the development of new 5-HT2A receptor agonists for anti-inflammatory therapeutics in the clinic that may be devoid of behavioral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
W. Flanagan
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Gerald B. Billac
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Alexus N. Landry
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Melaine N. Sebastian
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department
of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Charles D. Nichols
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana Stat University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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6
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Bhattacharya S, Mereness JA, Baran AM, Misra RS, Peterson DR, Ryan RM, Reynolds AM, Pryhuber GS, Mariani TJ. Lymphocyte-Specific Biomarkers Associated With Preterm Birth and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Immunol 2021; 11:563473. [PMID: 33552042 PMCID: PMC7859626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many premature babies who are born with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) go on to develop Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) and later Post-Prematurity Respiratory Disease (PRD) at one year corrected age, characterized by persistent or recurrent lower respiratory tract symptoms frequently related to inflammation and viral infection. Transcriptomic profiles were generated from sorted peripheral blood CD8+ T cells of preterm and full-term infants enrolled with consent in the NHLBI Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP) at the University of Rochester and the University at Buffalo. We identified outcome-related gene expression patterns following standard methods to identify markers for oxygen utilization and BPD as outcomes in extremely premature infants. We further identified predictor gene sets for BPD based on transcriptomic data adjusted for gestational age at birth (GAB). RNA-Seq analysis was completed for CD8+ T cells from 145 subjects. Among the subjects with highest risk for BPD (born at <29 weeks gestational age (GA); n=72), 501 genes were associated with oxygen utilization. In the same set of subjects, 571 genes were differentially expressed in subjects with a diagnosis of BPD and 105 genes were different in BPD subjects as defined by physiologic challenge. A set of 92 genes could predict BPD with a moderately high degree of accuracy. We consistently observed dysregulation of TGFB, NRF2, HIPPO, and CD40-associated pathways in BPD. Using gene expression data from both premature and full-term subjects (n=116), we identified a 28 gene set that predicted the PRD status with a moderately high level of accuracy, which also were involved in TGFB signaling. Transcriptomic data from sort-purified peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from 145 preterm and full-term infants identified sets of molecular markers of inflammation associated with independent development of BPD in extremely premature infants at high risk for the disease and of PRD among the preterm and full-term subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jared A Mereness
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Andrea M Baran
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Derick R Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rita M Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Gloria S Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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7
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Shultz PK, Crofts KF, Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. Neuraminidase-specific antibody responses are generated in naive and vaccinated newborn nonhuman primates following virus infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141655. [PMID: 33264104 PMCID: PMC7819742 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals younger than 6 months of age are at significant risk from influenza virus infection; however, there is currently no vaccine approved for this age group. Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) has emerged as a potential additional target for vaccine strategies. In this study, we sought to understand the ability of newborns to mount an antibody response to NA. Here we employed a nonhuman primate model, given the similarities to humans in immune system and development. We measured antibody to NA following infection with an H1N1 virus or following vaccination and challenge. Administration of an inactivated virus vaccine was not capable of eliciting detectable NA-specific antibody, even in the presence of adjuvants previously shown to increase total virus-specific IgG. However, both naive and vaccinated newborns generated a NA-specific antibody response following virus infection. Interestingly, the presence of the vaccine-induced response did not prevent generation of systemic antibody to NA following challenge, although the respiratory response was reduced in a significant portion of newborns. These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate the newborn response to the influenza NA protein as well as the impact of previous vaccination on generation of these antibodies following virus infection.
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8
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Prigge AD, Ma R, Coates BM, Singer BD, Ridge KM. Age-Dependent Differences in T-Cell Responses to Influenza A Virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:415-423. [PMID: 32609537 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0169tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections from influenza A virus (IAV) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in children relative to adults. T cells play a critical role in the host response to IAV by supporting the innate and humoral responses, mediating cytotoxic activity, and promoting recovery. There are age-dependent differences in the number, subsets, and localization of T cells, which impact the host response to pathogens. In this article, we first review how T cells recognize IAV and examine differences in the resting T-cell populations between juveniles and adults. Next, we describe how the juvenile CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T-cell responses compare with those in adults and discuss the potential physiologic and clinical consequences of the differences. Finally, we explore the roles of two unconventional T-cell types in the juvenile response to influenza, natural-killer T cells and γδ T cells. A clear understanding of age-dependent differences in the T-cell response is essential to developing therapies to prevent or reverse the deleterious effects of IAV in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Prigge
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics.,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruihua Ma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Bria M Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics.,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics.,Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, and
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
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9
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Alexander-Miller MA. Challenges for the Newborn Following Influenza Virus Infection and Prospects for an Effective Vaccine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568651. [PMID: 33042150 PMCID: PMC7524958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are at significantly increased risk of severe disease following infection with influenza virus. This is the collective result of their naïve status, altered immune responsiveness, and the lack of a vaccine that is effective in these individuals. Numerous studies have revealed impairments in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system of newborns. The consequence of these alterations is a quantitative and qualitative decrease in both antibody and T cell responses. This review summarizes the hurdles newborns experience in mounting an effective response that can clear influenza virus and limit disease following infection. In addition, the challenges, as well as the opportunities, for developing vaccines that can elicit protective responses in these at risk individuals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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10
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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11
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Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. Higher Frequency and Increased Expression of Molecules Associated with Suppression on T Regulatory Cells from Newborn Compared with Adult Nonhuman Primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2128-2136. [PMID: 32878911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a critical role in controlling the immune response, often limiting pathogen-specific cells to curb immune-mediated damage. Studies in human infants have reported an increased representation of Tregs in these individuals. However, how these cells differ from those in adults at various sites and how they respond to activation signals is relatively unknown. In this study, we used a newborn nonhuman primate model to assess Treg populations present at multiple sites with regard to frequency and phenotype in comparison with those present in adult animals. We found that Foxp3+ cells were more highly represented in the T cell compartment of newborn nonhuman primates for all sites examined (i.e., the spleen, lung, and circulation). In the spleen and circulation, newborn-derived Tregs expressed significantly higher levels of Foxp3 and CD25 compared with adults, consistent with an effector phenotype. Strikingly, the phenotype of Tregs in the lungs of adult and infant animals was relatively similar, with both adult and newborn Tregs exhibiting a more uniform PD-1+CD39+ phenotype. Finally, in vitro, newborn Tregs exhibited an increased requirement for TCR engagement for survival. Further, these cells upregulated CD39 more robustly than their adult counterpart. Together, these data provide new insights into the quantity of Tregs in newborns, their activation state, and their potential to respond to activation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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12
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Flanagan TW, Sebastian MN, Battaglia DM, Foster TP, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. 5-HT 2 receptor activation alleviates airway inflammation and structural remodeling in a chronic mouse asthma model. Life Sci 2019; 236:116790. [PMID: 31626791 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although the bulk of research into the biology of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors has focused on its role in the CNS, selective activation of these receptors in peripheral tissues can produce profound anti-inflammatory effects. We previously demonstrated that the small molecule 5-HT2 receptor agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] inhibits TNF-α-mediated proinflammatory signaling cascades and inflammation via 5-HT2A receptor activation and prevents the development of, and inflammation associated with, acute allergic asthma in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) model. Here, we investigated the ability of (R)-DOI to reverse inflammation and symptoms associated with established asthma in a newly developed model of chronic asthma. METHODS An 18-week ovalbumin challenge period was performed to generate persistent, chronic asthma in BALB/c mice. Four once daily intranasal treatments of (R)-DOI were administered one week after allergen cessation, with respiratory parameters being measured by whole-body plethysmography (WBP). Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in homogenized lung tissue, bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluid was analyzed for chemokine modulation by multiplex assays, and Periodic Acid-Schiff and Masson's Trichrome staining was performed to determine goblet cell infiltration and overall changes to lung morphology. KEY FINDINGS 5-HT2 activation via (R)-DOI attenuates elevated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, reduces pulmonary inflammation and mucus production, and reduces airway structural remodeling and collagen deposition by nearly 70%. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these data provide support for the therapeutic potential of (R)-DOI and 5-HT2 receptor activation for the treatment of asthma, and identifies (R)-DOI as a novel therapeutic compound against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Melaine N Sebastian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Diana M Battaglia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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13
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Fike AJ, Kumova OK, Tardif VJ, Carey AJ. Neonatal influenza-specific effector CTLs retain elevated CD31 levels at the site of infection and have decreased IFN-γ production. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:539-549. [PMID: 30536476 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0518-191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms that regulate neonatal immune suppression are poorly characterized. CD31 (PECAM1) is highly expressed on neonatal lymphocytes and is a known modulator of TCR signaling. To further characterize the role of CD31 in the neonatal CTL response, 3-d and 7-d-old murine neonates were infected with influenza virus and compared to adults. The majority of the pulmonary viral-specific CTLs in the 3-d-old murine neonate retain CD31 expression, whereas adult CTLs have decreased CD31 expression. In addition, CD31+ neonatal viral-specific CTLs demonstrate decreased IFN-γ production, decreased proliferative capacity, and increased likelihood of death. At the peak of infection, sorted neonatal effector CTLs continue to transcribe CD31, indicating a developmental regulation of expression. To explore potential mechanisms for this reduced function, we compared the expression of the transcription factors Eomesodermin (Eomes) and T-bet; there was a significant increase in Eomes paired with a reduction in T-bet in CD31+ neonatal effector CTLs in the lung. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated neonatal CTLs significantly reduce IFN-γ production upon CD31 signaling. Altogether, these data indicate that neonatal CTLs may retain elevated levels of CD31 to maintain peripheral T cell suppression during the bridge to ex utero life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fike
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ogan K Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Virginie J Tardif
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison J Carey
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Lee GA, Lin TN, Chen CY, Mau SY, Huang WZ, Kao YC, Ma RY, Liao NS. Interleukin 15 blockade protects the brain from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:562-570. [PMID: 29959050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is followed by a complex interplay between the brain and the immune system in which ischemia-reperfusion leads to a detrimental inflammatory response that causes brain injury. In the brain, IL-15 is expressed by astrocytes, neurons and microglia. Previous study showed that ischemia-reperfusion induces expression of IL-15 by astrocytes. Transgenic over-expression of IL-15 in astrocytes aggravates ischemia-reperfusion brain damage by increasing the levels and promoting the effector functions of CD8+ T and NK cells. Treatment of neonatal rats with IL-15 neutralizing antibody before hypoxia-ischemia induction reduces the infarct volume. However, as stroke-induced inflammatory responses differ between neonate and adult brain, the effects of IL-15 blockade on the injury and immune response arising from stroke in adult animals has remained unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of post-ischemia/reperfusion IL-15 blockade on the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in adult mice. Using a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model, we compared infarct size and the infiltrating immune cells in the brain of wild type (WT) mice and Il15-/- mice lacking NK and memory CD8+ T cells. We also evaluated the effects of IL-15 neutralizing antibody treatment on brain infarct volume, motor function, and the status of brain-infiltrating immune cells in WT mice. Il15-/- mice show a smaller infarct volume and lower numbers of activated brain-infiltrating NK, CD8+ T, and CD4+ T cells compared to WT mice after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Post-ischemia/reperfusion IL-15 blockade reduces infarct size and improves motor and locomotor activity. Furthermore, IL-15 blockade reduces the effector function of NK, CD8+ T, and CD4+ T cells in the ischemia-reperfusion brain of WT mice. Ablation of IL-15 responses after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion ameliorates brain injury in adult mice. Therefore, targeting IL-15 is a potential effective therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Mau
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Zhen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Kao
- Translational Imaging Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Ma
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Guo XZJ, Dash P, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Zamora AE, Boyd DF, Duan S, Bajracharya R, Awad WA, Apiwattanakul N, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD, Thomas PG. Lung γδ T Cells Mediate Protective Responses during Neonatal Influenza Infection that Are Associated with Type 2 Immunity. Immunity 2018; 49:531-544.e6. [PMID: 30170813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared to adults, infants suffer higher rates of hospitalization, severe clinical complications, and mortality due to influenza infection. We found that γδ T cells protected neonatal mice against mortality during influenza infection. γδ T cell deficiency did not alter viral clearance or interferon-γ production. Instead, neonatal influenza infection induced the accumulation of interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-producing γδ T cells, which was associated with IL-33 production by lung epithelial cells. Neonates lacking IL-17A-expressing γδ T cells or Il33 had higher mortality upon influenza infection. γδ T cells and IL-33 promoted lung infiltration of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and regulatory T cells, resulting in increased amphiregulin secretion and tissue repair. In influenza-infected children, IL-17A, IL-33, and amphiregulin expression were correlated, and increased IL-17A levels in nasal aspirates were associated with better clinical outcomes. Our results indicate that γδ T cells are required in influenza-infected neonates to initiate protective immunity and mediate lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhi J Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David F Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Resha Bajracharya
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Walid A Awad
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nopporn Apiwattanakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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16
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Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Zens KD, Connors T, Farber DL. Tissue compartmentalization of T cell responses during early life. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:593-604. [PMID: 28894935 PMCID: PMC5743209 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immune system in early life is tasked with transitioning from a relatively protected environment to one in which it encounters a wide variety of innocuous antigens and dangerous pathogens. The immaturity of the developing immune system, and particularly the distinct functionality of T lymphocytes in early life, has been implicated in increased susceptibility to infection. Previous work has demonstrated that immune responses in early life are skewed toward limited inflammation and atopy; however, there is mounting evidence that such responses are context- and tissue-dependent. The regulation, differentiation, and maintenance of infant T cell responses, particularly as it relates to tissue compartmentalization, remains poorly understood. How the tissue environment impacts early-life immune responses and whether the development of localized protective immune memory cell subsets are established is an emerging area of research. As infectious diseases affecting the respiratory and digestive tracts are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in infants and young children, a deeper understanding of site-specific immunity is essential to addressing these challenges. Here, we review the current paradigms of T cell responses during infancy as they relate to tissue localization and discuss implications for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra D Zens
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Thomas Connors
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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18
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Zens KD, Chen JK, Guyer RS, Wu FL, Cvetkovski F, Miron M, Farber DL. Reduced generation of lung tissue-resident memory T cells during infancy. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2915-2932. [PMID: 28855242 PMCID: PMC5626403 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zens et al. demonstrate a deficiency in the establishment of protective lung tissue-resident memory T cells following respiratory infection during infancy that is T cell intrinsic and can be ameliorated by reduced expression of T-bet during infection. These findings reveal a potential mechanism for increased susceptibility to infection in infancy and identify T-bet as a mediator of TRM generation in early life. Infants suffer disproportionately from respiratory infections and generate reduced vaccine responses compared with adults, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In adult mice, lung-localized, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) mediate optimal protection to respiratory pathogens, and we hypothesized that reduced protection in infancy could be due to impaired establishment of lung TRM. Using an infant mouse model, we demonstrate generation of lung-homing, virus-specific T effectors after influenza infection or live-attenuated vaccination, similar to adults. However, infection during infancy generated markedly fewer lung TRMs, and heterosubtypic protection was reduced compared with adults. Impaired TRM establishment was infant–T cell intrinsic, and infant effectors displayed distinct transcriptional profiles enriched for T-bet–regulated genes. Notably, mouse and human infant T cells exhibited increased T-bet expression after activation, and reduction of T-bet levels in infant mice enhanced lung TRM establishment. Our findings reveal that infant T cells are intrinsically programmed for short-term responses, and targeting key regulators could promote long-term, tissue-targeted protection at this critical life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra D Zens
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jun Kui Chen
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rebecca S Guyer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Felix L Wu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Filip Cvetkovski
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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19
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Shrestha B, You D, Saravia J, Siefker DT, Jaligama S, Lee GI, Sallam AA, Harding JN, Cormier SA. IL-4Rα on dendritic cells in neonates and Th2 immunopathology in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:153-161. [PMID: 28389622 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1216-536r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis in children, and severe RSV infection early in life has been associated with asthma development. Using a neonatal mouse model, we have shown that down-regulation of IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) with antisense oligonucleotides in the lung during neonatal infection protected from RSV immunopathophysiology. Significant down-regulation of IL-4Rα was observed on pulmonary CD11b+ myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) suggesting a role for IL-4Rα on mDCs in the immunopathogenesis of neonatal RSV infection. Here, we demonstrated that neonatal CD11b+ mDCs expressed higher levels of IL-4Rα than their adult counterparts. Because CD11b+ mDCs mainly present antigens to CD4+ T cells, we hypothesized that increased expression of IL-4Rα on neonatal CD11b+ mDCs was responsible for Th2 - biased RSV immunopathophysiology. Indeed, when IL-4Rα was selectively deleted from CD11b+ mDCs, the immunopathophysiology typically observed following RSV reinfection was ablated, including Th2 inflammation, airway-mucus hyperproduction, and pulmonary dysfunction. Further, overexpression of IL-4Rα on adult CD11b+ DCs and their adoptive transfer into adult mice was able to recapitulate the Th2-biased RSV immunopathology typically observed only in neonates infected with RSV. IL-4Rα levels on CD11c+ cells were inversely correlated with maturation status of CD11b+ mDCs upon RSV infection. Our data demonstrate that developmentally regulated IL-4Rα expression is critical for the maturity of pulmonary CD11b+ mDCs and the Th2-biased immunopathogenesis of neonatal RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David T Siefker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Greg I Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Asmaa A Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Harding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and .,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
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20
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Regulatory T cells and IL10 suppress pulmonary host defense during early-life exposure to radical containing combustion derived ultrafine particulate matter. Respir Res 2017; 18:15. [PMID: 28086957 PMCID: PMC5237352 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to respiratory tract viral infections in infants. Recent identification of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in the PM from a variety of combustion sources suggests its role in the enhancement of disease severity of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Our previous studies demonstrated that acute exposure to EPFRs induces pulmonary immunosuppression allowing for enhanced influenza disease severity. Here, we determine the mechanism of EPFR-induced immunosuppression and its impact on the immune response towards influenza infection. Methods Neonatal mice (3 days old) were acutely exposed to DCB (combustion derived PM with chemisorbed EPFR) for seven consecutive days. Four days post-exposure (dpe), mice were infected with influenza virus. Pulmonary T cell phenotypes including regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The role of IL10 in EPFR-induced exacerbation of influenza disease severity was determined by administering recombinant IL10 (rIL10) to wild type mice or by using IL10 deficient (IL10−/−) neonatal mice. Mice were assessed for morbidity by measuring percent weight change and pulmonary viral load. Results Neonatal mice exposed to EPFRs had a significant increase in pulmonary Tregs and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL10 following influenza infection, which coincided with decreased protective T cell responses to influenza infection at 6 dpi. Depletion of Tregs in EPFR-exposed neonatal mice resulted in increased protective, adaptive T cell responses, whereas adoptive transfer of Tregs from EPFR-exposed neonates to air-exposed neonatal mice suppressed adaptive T cell responses towards influenza infection. Further, treatment with rIL10 could recapitulate EPFR-induced exacerbation of morbidity and pulmonary viral load compared to air exposed and influenza infected mice, whereas, EPFR-exposed IL10−/− neonates exhibited significant reductions in morbidity, pulmonary viral load and adaptive T cell responses following influenza infection. Conclusions Neonatal exposure to EPFRs induced Tregs and IL10 resulting in suppressed adaptive T cell responses and enhanced influenza disease severity in neonatal mice. Depletion of Tregs increased adaptive T cell responses and deficiency of IL10 reduced morbidity and conferred enhanced protection against influenza virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0487-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Zinna S, Lakshmanan A, Tan S, McClaughry R, Clarkson M, Soo S, Szatkowski L, Sharkey D. Outcomes of Nosocomial Viral Respiratory Infections in High-Risk Neonates. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-1675. [PMID: 27940783 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Neonatal respiratory disease, particularly bronchopulmonary dysplasia, remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants. Recent evidence suggests nosocomially acquired viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) are not uncommon in the NICU. The goal of this study was to assess the association between nosocomial VRTIs, neonatal respiratory disease, and the health care related costs. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted in 2 tertiary NICUs during a 6-year period in Nottingham, United Kingdom. Case subjects were symptomatic neonatal patients with a confirmed real-time polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of a VRTI. Matched controls had never tested positive for a VRTI. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test for associations with key respiratory outcomes. RESULTS There were 7995 admissions during the study period, with 92 case subjects matched to 183 control subjects. Baseline characteristics were similar, with a median gestation of 29 weeks. Rhinovirus was found in 74% of VRTIs. During VRTIs, 51% of infants needed escalation of respiratory support, and case subjects required significantly more respiratory pressure support overall (25 vs 7 days; P < .001). Case subjects spent longer in the hospital (76 vs 41 days; P < .001), twice as many required home oxygen (37%; odds ratio: 3.94 [95% confidence interval: 1.92-8.06]; P < .001), and in-hospital care costs were significantly higher (£49 664 [$71 861] vs £22 155 [$32 057]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial VRTIs in neonatal patients are associated with significant greater respiratory morbidity and health care costs. Prevention efforts must be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shairbanu Zinna
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Arthi Lakshmanan
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - Shiu Soo
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lisa Szatkowski
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Don Sharkey
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and .,Academic Child Health and
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22
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A Role of Influenza Virus Exposure History in Determining Pandemic Susceptibility and CD8+ T Cell Responses. J Virol 2016; 90:6936-6947. [PMID: 27226365 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Novel influenza viruses often cause differential infection patterns across different age groups, an effect that is defined as heterogeneous demographic susceptibility. This occurred during the A/H2N2 pandemic, when children experienced higher influenza attack rates than adults. Since the recognition of conserved epitopes across influenza subtypes by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) limit influenza disease, we hypothesized that conservation of CTL antigenic peptides (Ag-p) in viruses circulating before the pH2N2-1957 may have resulted in differential CTL immunity. We compared viruses isolated in the years preceding the pandemic (1941 to 1957) to which children and adults were exposed to viruses circulating decades earlier (1918 to 1940), which could infect adults only. Consistent with phylogenetic models, influenza viruses circulating from 1941 to 1957, which infected children, shared with pH2N2 the majority (∼89%) of the CTL peptides within the most immunogenic nucleoprotein, matrix 1, and polymerase basic 1, thus providing evidence for minimal pH2N2 CTL escape in children. Our study, however, identified potential CTL immune evasion from pH2N2 irrespective of age, within HLA-A*03:01(+) individuals for PB1471-L473V/N476I variants and HLA-B*15:01(+) population for NP404-414-V408I mutant. Further experiments using the murine model of B-cell-deficient mice showed that multiple influenza infections resulted in superior protection from influenza-induced morbidity, coinciding with accumulation of tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung. Our study suggests that protection against H2N2-1957 pandemic influenza was most likely linked to the number of influenza virus infections prior to the pandemic challenge rather than differential preexisting CTL immunity. Thus, the regimen of a CTL-based vaccine/vaccine-component may benefit from periodic boosting to achieve fully protective, asymptomatic influenza infection. IMPORTANCE Due to a lack of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, children are particularly susceptible to influenza infections caused by novel viral strains. Preexisting T cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions, however, can provide protection against influenza viruses, promote rapid recovery and better clinical outcomes. When we asked whether high susceptibility of children (compared to adults) to the pandemic H2N2 influenza strain was associated with immune evasion from T-cell immunity, we found high conservation within T-cell antigenic regions in pandemic H2N2. However, the number of influenza infections prior to the challenge was linked to protective, asymptomatic infections and establishment of tissue-resident memory T cells. Our study supports development of vaccines that prime and boost T cells to elicit cross-strain protective T cells, especially tissue-resident memory T cells, for lifelong immunity against distinct influenza viruses.
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23
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Carey AJ, Gracias DT, Thayer JL, Boesteanu AC, Kumova OK, Mueller YM, Hope JL, Fraietta JA, van Zessen DBH, Katsikis PD. Rapid Evolution of the CD8+ TCR Repertoire in Neonatal Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2602-13. [PMID: 26873987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is little consensus regarding the most appropriate animal model to study acute infection and the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell (CTL) responses in neonates. TCRβ high-throughput sequencing in naive CTL of differently aged neonatal mice was performed, which demonstrated differential Vβ family gene usage. Using an acute influenza infection model, we examined the TCR repertoire of the CTL response in neonatal and adult mice infected with influenza type A virus. Three-day-old mice mounted a greatly reduced primary NP(366-374)-specific CTL response when compared with 7-d-old and adult mice, whereas secondary CTL responses were normal. Analysis of NP(366-374)-specific CTL TCR repertoire revealed different Vβ gene usage and greatly reduced public clonotypes in 3-d-old neonates. This could underlie the impaired CTL response in these neonates. To directly test this, we examined whether controlling the TCR would restore neonatal CTL responses. We performed adoptive transfers of both nontransgenic and TCR-transgenic OVA(257-264)-specific (OT-I) CD8(+) T cells into influenza-infected hosts, which revealed that naive neonatal and adult OT-I cells expand equally well in neonatal and adult hosts. In contrast, nontransgenic neonatal CD8(+) T cells when transferred into adults failed to expand. We further demonstrate that differences in TCR avidity may contribute to decreased expansion of the endogenous neonatal CTL. These studies highlight the rapid evolution of the neonatal TCR repertoire during the first week of life and show that impaired neonatal CTL immunity results from an immature TCR repertoire, rather than intrinsic signaling defects or a suppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102;
| | - Donald T Gracias
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Jillian L Thayer
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Ogan K Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L Hope
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - David B H van Zessen
- Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
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24
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Siefker DT, Adkins B. Rapid CD8 + Function Is Critical for Protection of Neonatal Mice from an Extracellular Bacterial Enteropathogen. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:141. [PMID: 28119902 PMCID: PMC5220481 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human and murine neonates are characteristically highly susceptible to bacterial infections. However, we recently discovered that neonatal mice are surprisingly highly resistant to oral infection with Yersinia enterocolitica. This resistance was linked with activation of both innate and adaptive responses, involving innate phagocytes, CD4+ cells, and B cells. We have now extended these studies and found that CD8+ cells also contribute importantly to neonatal protection from Y. enterocolitica. Strikingly, neonatal CD8+ cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) are rapidly mobilized, increasing in proportion, number, and IFNγ production as early as 48 h post infection. This early activation appears to be critical for protection since B2m-/- neonates are significantly more susceptible than wt neonates to primary Y. enterocolitica infection. In the absence of CD8+ cells, Y. enterocolitica rapidly disseminated to peripheral tissues. Within 48 h of infection, both the spleens and livers of B2m-/-, but not wt, neonates became heavily colonized, likely leading to their deaths from sepsis. In contrast to primary infection, CD8+ cells were dispensable for the generation of immunological memory protective against secondary infection. These results indicate that CD8+ cells in the neonatal MLN contribute importantly to protection against an extracellular bacterial enteropathogen but, notably, they appear to act during the early innate phase of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Siefker
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Becky Adkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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Abstract
Premature infants suffer significant respiratory morbidity during infancy with long-term negative consequences on health, quality of life, and health care costs. Enhanced susceptibility to a variety of infections and inflammation play a large role in early and prolonged lung disease following premature birth, although the mechanisms of susceptibility and immune dysregulation are active areas of research. This article reviews aspects of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses that are altered by preterm birth and that impact chronic respiratory morbidity in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria S. Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 651, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 651, Rochester, NY 14642.
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Oliphant S, Lines JL, Hollifield ML, Garvy BA. Regulatory T Cells Are Critical for Clearing Influenza A Virus in Neonatal Mice. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:580-9. [PMID: 26501792 PMCID: PMC4677544 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that neonatal mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV) develop interstitial pneumonia characterized by reduced lung cytokine and chemokine responses. The failure of T cells to infiltrate the airways of neonates correlated with delayed clearance of sublethal IAV infections compared to adults. We hypothesized that negative regulators in the neonatal lungs such as cytokines or T regulatory (Treg) cells are responsible for these differences. Neonates either deficient in interleukin-10 (IL-10) or with T cells unresponsive to transforming growth factor-β signaling due to absence of SMAD family member 4 (Smad4) had similar IAV clearance kinetics to wild-type pups and no difference in T-cell responses. In contrast, functional depletion of Treg cells with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody resulted in increased proportions of activated CD4(+) T cells in the lungs, but failure to clear IAV. Similarly, scurfy pups (mutation in forkhead box P3 [Foxp3] rendering them deficient in Treg cells) had increased proportions of activated T cells in the lungs compared to littermate controls. Scurfy pups also had increased proportions of IL-13-producing CD4(+) T cells. Interestingly, like anti-CD25-treated pups, scurfy pups had significantly elevated viral loads compared to controls. Based on these data, we conclude that Tregs are critical for clearance of IAV in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Oliphant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Melissa L. Hollifield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Sherman MP, Pritzl CJ, Xia C, Miller MM, Zaghouani H, Hahm B. Lactoferrin acts as an adjuvant during influenza vaccination of neonatal mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:766-70. [PMID: 26478433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Health policy precludes neonatal vaccination against influenza. Hence, morbidity and mortality are high under 6 months of age. Lactoferrin may activate diminished numbers of dysfunctional dendritic cells and reverse neonatal vaccine failures. Aluminum hydroxide/ALUM recruits neutrophils that secrete lactoferrin at deposition sites of antigen. We theorized lactoferrin + influenza antigen initiates an equivalent antibody response compared to ALUM. Three-day-old mice received subcutaneously 30 μg of H1N1 hemagglutinin + 200 μg of bovine lactoferrin versus hemagglutinin + ALUM. Controls received hemagglutinin, lactoferrin, or ALUM. After 21 days, sera measured anti-H1N1 (ELISA) and neutralizing antibody (plaque assays). ELISA detected equal antibody production with lactoferrin + hemagglutinin compared to hemagglutinin + ALUM; both sera also neutralized H1N1 virus at a 1:20 dilution (p < 0.01). Controls had no anti-H1N1 antibody. Neonates given lactoferrin had no anaphylaxis when challenged four weeks later. Lactoferrin is a safe and effective adjuvant for inducing antibody against influenza in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Sherman
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Curtis J Pritzl
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Chuan Xia
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Habib Zaghouani
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. While it is apparent that adequate activation of the innate immune system is essential for pathogen clearance and host survival, an excessive inflammatory response to infection is detrimental to the young host. A review of the literature indicates that innate immune responses change throughout childhood. Whether these changes are genetically programmed or triggered by environmental cues is unknown. The objectives of this review are to summarize the role of innate immunity in influenza A virus infection in the young child and to highlight possible differences between children and adults that may make children more susceptible to severe influenza A infection. A better understanding of age-related differences in innate immune signaling will be essential to improve care for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria M. Coates
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Division of Critical Care Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly L. Staricha
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristin M. Wiese
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois4Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Pulmonary immunity during respiratory infections in early life and the development of severe asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11 Suppl 5:S297-302. [PMID: 25525736 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201402-086aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma affects 10% of the population in Westernized countries, being most common in children. It is a heterogeneous condition characterized by chronic allergic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to normally innocuous antigens. Combination therapies with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators effectively manage mild to moderate asthma, but there are no cures, and patients with severe asthma do not respond to these treatments. The inception of asthma is linked to respiratory viral (respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus) and bacterial (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma) infections. The examination of mouse models of early-life infections and allergic airway disease (AAD) provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of disease inception that may lead to the development of more effective therapeutics. For example, early-life, but not adult, Chlamydia respiratory infections in mice permanently modify immunity and lung physiology. This increases the severity of AAD by promoting IL-13 expression, mucus hypersecretion, and AHR. We have identified novel roles for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and IL-13 in promoting infection-induced pathology in early life and subsequent chronic lung disease. Genetic deletion of TRAIL or IL-13 variously protected against neonatal infection-induced inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, altered lung structure, AHR, and impaired lung function. Therapeutic neutralization of these factors prevented infection-induced severe AAD. Other novel mechanisms and avenues for intervention are also being explored. Such studies indicate the immunological mechanisms that may underpin the association between early-life respiratory infections and the development of more severe asthma and may facilitate the development of tailored preventions and treatments.
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Nau F, Miller J, Saravia J, Ahlert T, Yu B, Happel KI, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. Serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor activation prevents allergic asthma in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L191-8. [PMID: 25416380 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00138.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lung characterized by airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and mucus hyperproduction. Current mainstream therapies include bronchodilators that relieve bronchoconstriction and inhaled glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation. The small molecule hormone and neurotransmitter serotonin has long been known to be involved in inflammatory processes; however, its precise role in asthma is unknown. We have previously established that activation of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2A) receptors has potent anti-inflammatory activity in primary cultures of vascular tissues and in the whole animal in vasculature and gut tissues. The 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] is especially potent. In this work, we have examined the effect of (R)-DOI in an established mouse model of allergic asthma. In the ovalbumin mouse model of allergic inflammation, we demonstrate that inhalation of (R)-DOI prevents the development of many key features of allergic asthma, including AHR, mucus hyperproduction, airways inflammation, and pulmonary eosinophil recruitment. Our results highlight a likely role of the 5-HT2 receptors in allergic airways disease and suggest that 5-HT2 receptor agonists may represent an effective and novel small molecule-based therapy for asthma.
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31
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Lee GI, Saravia J, You D, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Hebert VY, Dugas TR, Cormier SA. Exposure to combustion generated environmentally persistent free radicals enhances severity of influenza virus infection. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:57. [PMID: 25358535 PMCID: PMC4222384 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposures to elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) enhance severity of influenza virus infection in infants. The biological mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is unknown. The recent identification of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) associated with PM from a variety of combustion sources suggests its role in the enhancement of influenza disease severity. Methods Neonatal mice (< seven days of age) were exposed to DCB230 (combustion derived PM with a chemisorbed EPFR), DCB50 (non-EPFR PM sample), or air for 30 minutes/day for seven consecutive days. Four days post-exposure, neonates were infected with influenza intranasally at 1.25 TCID50/neonate. Neonates were assessed for morbidity (% weight gain, peak pulmonary viral load, and viral clearance) and percent survival. Lungs were isolated and assessed for oxidative stress (8-isoprostanes and glutathione levels), adaptive immune response to influenza, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The role of the EPFR was also assessed by use of transgenic mice expressing human superoxide dismutase 2. Results Neonates exposed to EPFRs had significantly enhanced morbidity and decreased survival following influenza infection. Increased oxidative stress was also observed in EPFR exposed neonates. This correlated with increased pulmonary Tregs and dampened protective T cell responses to influenza infection. Reduction of EPFR-induced oxidative stress attenuated these effects. Conclusions Neonatal exposure to EPFR containing PM resulted in pulmonary oxidative stress and enhanced influenza disease severity. EPFR-induced oxidative stress resulted in increased presence of Tregs in the lungs and subsequent suppression of adaptive immune response to influenza. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0057-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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32
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Starkey MR, Nguyen DH, Essilfie AT, Kim RY, Hatchwell LM, Collison AM, Yagita H, Foster PS, Horvat JC, Mattes J, Hansbro PM. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand translates neonatal respiratory infection into chronic lung disease. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:478-88. [PMID: 24045576 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections in early life can lead to chronic respiratory disease. Chlamydia infections are common causes of respiratory disease, particularly pneumonia in neonates, and are linked to permanent reductions in pulmonary function and the induction of asthma. However, the immune responses that protect against early-life infection and the mechanisms that lead to chronic lung disease are incompletely understood. Here we identify novel roles for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in promoting Chlamydia respiratory infection-induced pathology in early life, and subsequent chronic lung disease. By infecting TRAIL-deficient neonatal mice and using neutralizing antibodies against this factor and its receptors in wild-type mice, we demonstrate that TRAIL is critical in promoting infection-induced histopathology, inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion, as well as subsequent alveolar enlargement and impaired lung function. This suggests that therapeutic agents that target TRAIL or its receptors may be effective treatments for early-life respiratory infections and associated chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D H Nguyen
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A T Essilfie
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L M Hatchwell
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A M Collison
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Mattes
- 1] Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia [2] Pediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Unit, Newcastle Children's Hospital, Kaleidoscope, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Pal S, de la Maza LM. Mechanism of T-cell mediated protection in newborn mice against a Chlamydia infection. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:607-14. [PMID: 23644176 PMCID: PMC5058356 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the immune components needed for protection of newborn mice against Chlamydia muridarum, animals born to Chlamydia-immunized and to sham-immunized dams were infected intranasally with C. muridarum at 2 post-natal days. T-cells isolated from immunized or sham-immunized adult mice were adoptively transferred to newborn mice at the time of infection. Also, to establish what cytokines are involved in protection, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-12 were passively transferred to newborn mice. To assess the Chlamydia burden in the lungs mice were euthanized at 12 post-natal days. When T-cells from immunized adult mice were transferred, mice born to and fed by immunized dams were significantly protected as evidenced by the reduced number of Chlamydia isolated from the lungs compared to mice born to and fed by sham-immunized dams. Transfer of IFN-γ and TNF-α also significantly reduced the number of Chlamydia in the lungs of mice born to immunized dams. Transfer of IL-10 or IL-12 did not result in a significant reduction of Chlamydia. In vitro T-cell proliferation data suggest that neonatal antigen presenting cells can present Chlamydia antigens to adult T-cells. In conclusion, maternal antibodies and Chlamydia specific T-cells or Th1 cytokines are required for protection of neonates against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Science Building 1, Room # D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA.
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McDonald V, Korbel DS, Barakat FM, Choudhry N, Petry F. Innate immune responses against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:55-64. [PMID: 23173616 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum infects intestinal epithelial cells and is commonly the parasite species involved in mammalian cryptosporidiosis, a major health problem for humans and neonatal livestock. In mice, immunologically mediated elimination of C. parvum requires CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ. However, innate immune responses also have a significant protective role in both adult and neonatal mice. NK cells and IFN-γ have been shown to be important components in immunity in T and B cell-deficient mice, but IFN-γ-dependent resistance has also been demonstrated in alymphocytic mice. Epithelial cells may play a vital role in immunity as once infected these cells have increased expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and demonstrate antimicrobial killing mechanisms, including production of NO and antimicrobial peptides. Toll-like receptors facilitate the establishment of immunity in mice and are involved in the development of inflammatory responses of infected epithelial cells and also dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V McDonald
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary College University of London, London, UK.
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35
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Starkey MR, Jarnicki AG, Essilfie AT, Gellatly SL, Kim RY, Brown AC, Foster PS, Horvat JC, Hansbro PM. Murine models of infectious exacerbations of airway inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:337-44. [PMID: 23566696 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation underpins the pathogenesis of the major human chronic respiratory diseases. It is now well recognized that respiratory infections with bacteria and viruses are important in the induction, progression and exacerbation of these diseases. There are no effective therapies that prevent or reverse these events. The development and use of mouse models are proving valuable in understanding the role of infection in disease pathogenesis. They have recently been used to show that infections in early life alter immune responses and lung structure to increase asthma severity, and alter immune responses in later life to induce steroid resistance. Infection following smoke exposure or in experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbates inflammation and remodeling, and worsens cystic fibrosis. Further exploration of these models will facilitate the identification of new therapeutic approaches and the testing of new preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Ronald Starkey
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Saravia J, Lee GI, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B, Cormier SA. Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals and adverse infant respiratory health effects: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:56-68. [PMID: 23281110 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The health impacts of airborne particulate matter (PM) are of global concern, and the direct implications to the development/exacerbation of lung disease are immediately obvious. Most studies to date have sought to understand mechanisms associated with PM exposure in adults/adult animal models; however, infants are also at significant risk for exposure. Infants are affected differently than adults due to drastic immaturities, both physiologically and immunologically, and it is becoming apparent that they represent a critically understudied population. Highlighting our work funded by the ONES award, in this review we argue the understated importance of utilizing infant models to truly understand the etiology of PM-induced predisposition to severe, persistent lung disease. We also touch upon various mechanisms of PM-mediated respiratory damage, with a focus on the emerging importance of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) ubiquitously present in combustion-derived PM. In conclusion, we briefly comment on strengths/challenges facing current PM research, while giving perspective on how we may address these challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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37
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Futata EA, Fusaro AE, de Brito CA, Sato MN. The neonatal immune system: immunomodulation of infections in early life. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:289-98. [PMID: 22397563 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune responses in neonates are usually functionally impaired when compared with their adult counterparts. The qualitative and quantitative differences in the neonatal immune response put them at risk for the development of bacterial and viral infections, resulting in increased mortality. Newborns often exhibit decreased production of Th1-polarizing cytokines and are biased toward Th2-type responses. Studies aimed at understanding the plasticity of the immune response in the neonatal and early infant periods or that seek to improve neonatal innate immune function with adjuvants or special formulations are crucial for preventing the infectious disease burden in this susceptible group. Considerable studies focused on identifying potential immunomodulatory therapies have been performed in murine models. This article highlights the strategies used in the emerging field of immunomodulation in bacterial and viral pathogens, focusing on preclinical studies carried out in animal models with particular emphasis on neonatal-specific immune deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Akemi Futata
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e . Imunodeficiência, LIM56, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical-Prédio II, Av Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 500, 3° Andar, 05403-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Abstract
A clear understanding of immunity in individuals infected with influenza virus is critical for the design of effective vaccination and treatment strategies. Whereas myriad studies have teased apart innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza infection in murine models, much less is known about human immunity as a result of the ethical and technical constraints of human research. Still, these murine studies have provided important insights into the critical correlates of protection and pathogenicity in human infection and helped direct the human studies that have been conducted. Here, we examine and review the current literature on immunity in humans infected with influenza virus, noting evidence offered by select murine studies and suggesting directions in which future research is most warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Oshansky
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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39
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Gyetko MR, Idell S, Gharaee-Kermani M, Shetty RS, Starcher BC, Shetty S. Regulation of alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis by coordinate expression of components of the fibrinolytic system. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L463-73. [PMID: 22140072 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00099.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cell apoptosis and depressed fibrinolysis that promotes alveolar fibrin deposition are associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). We therefore sought to determine whether p53-mediated inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) contribute to ATII cell apoptosis that precedes the development of PF. We also sought to determine whether caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reverses these changes to protect against ALI and PF. Tissues as well as isolated ATII cells from the lungs of wild-type (WT) mice with BLM injury show increased apoptosis, p53, and PAI-1, and reciprocal suppression of uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR) protein expression. Treatment of WT mice with CSP reverses these effects and protects ATII cells against bleomycin (BLM)-induced apoptosis whereas CSP fails to attenuate ATII cell apoptosis or decrease p53 or PAI-1 in uPA-deficient mice. These mice demonstrate more severe PF. Thus p53 is increased and inhibits expression of uPA and uPAR while increasing PAI-1, changes that promote ATII cell apoptosis in mice with BLM-induced ALI. We show that CSP, an intervention targeting this pathway, protects the lung epithelium from apoptosis and prevents PF in BLM-induced lung injury via uPA-mediated inhibition of p53 and PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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Roux X, Remot A, Petit-Camurdan A, Nahori MA, Kiefer-Biasizzo H, Marchal G, Lagranderie M, Riffault S. Neonatal lung immune responses show a shift of cytokines and transcription factors toward Th2 and a deficit in conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2852-61. [PMID: 21770043 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence of lung-damaging life-threatening respiratory infections in infants may be related to the immaturity of their immune systems. To determine whether lung immune features differ in early life compared with those in adulthood, whole lung as well as lung T lymphocyte and DC responses were investigated in BALB/c neonates versus adults. Higher expression of GATA-3 and rapid and sustained production of type 2 cytokines by lung explants after in vitro exposure to anti-CD3 was the hallmark of the neonatal period, suggestive of a Th2 bias. Neonatal lung GATA-3-producing cells were identified as CD3(+), CD4 and CD8 double-negative T lymphocytes, a subset found at a higher frequency in neonatal than adult lung. The neonatal lungs contained fewer conventional DCs, with a lower ratio of CD103(+) to CD11b(+) DCs, and a much lower number of plasmacytoid DCs in comparison with adult lungs. Yet, when stimulated in vivo by BCG, neonatal lung DCs matured and primed adult naïve CD4(+) T cells toward Th1 as efficiently as adult BCG-primed lung DCs. Conversely, both adult and neonatal BCG-primed lung DCs induced a Th2 cytokine response from neonatal naïve lymph node T cells, suggestive of an intrinsic feature of neonatal T lymphocytes.
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41
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Aeffner F, Traylor ZP, Yu ENZ, Davis IC. Double-stranded RNA induces similar pulmonary dysfunction to respiratory syncytial virus in BALB/c mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L99-L109. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00398.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus induce nucleotide/P2Y purinergic receptor-mediated impairment of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), which contributes to formation of lung edema. Although genetically dissimilar, both viruses generate double-stranded RNA replication intermediates, which act as Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 ligands. We hypothesized that double-stranded RNA/TLR-3 signaling underlies nucleotide-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive AFC in both infections. We found that addition of the synthetic double-stranded RNA analog poly-inosinic-cytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] (500 ng/ml) to the AFC instillate resulted in nucleotide/P2Y purinergic receptor-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive AFC in BALB/c mice but had no effect on cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)-mediated Cl− transport. Poly(I:C) also induced acute keratinocyte cytokine-mediated AFC insensitivity to stimulation by the β-adrenergic agonist terbutaline. Inhibitory effects of poly(I:C) on AFC were absent in TLR-3−/− mice and were not replicated by addition to the AFC instillate of ligands for other TLRs except TLR-2. Intranasal poly(I:C) administration (250 μg/mouse) similarly induced nucleotide-dependent AFC inhibition 2–3 days later, together with increased lung water content and neutrophilic inflammation. Intranasal treatment of BALB/c mice with poly(I:C) did not induce airway hyperresponsiveness at day 2 but did result in insensitivity to airway bronchodilation by β-adrenergic agonists. These findings suggest that viral double-stranded RNA replication intermediates induce nucleotide-mediated impairment of amiloride-sensitive AFC in both infections, together with β-adrenergic agonist insensitivity. Both of these effects also occur in RSV infection. However, double-stranded RNA replication intermediates do not appear to be sufficient to induce either adenosine-mediated, CFTR-dependent Cl− secretion in the lung or severe, lethal hypoxemia, both of which are features of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zachary P. Traylor
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin N. Z. Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Abstract
Analysis of pediatric deaths associated with pandemic A H1N1 influenza shows that fatal outcome is more likely in young children, under the age of 5. Neonates, because of the immaturity of their immune system, could represent a high-risk group for severe disease and fatal outcome. We present a group of five neonates with confirmed novel influenza A H1N1 infection. This report indicates that the full spectrum of influenza A H1N1 infection ranging from mild febrile illness with spontaneous recovery to severe disease with fatal outcome may be expected even in neonates.
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Balakrishna S, Saravia J, Thevenot P, Ahlert T, Lominiki S, Dellinger B, Cormier SA. Environmentally persistent free radicals induce airway hyperresponsiveness in neonatal rat lungs. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:11. [PMID: 21388553 PMCID: PMC3061909 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased asthma risk/exacerbation in children and infants is associated with exposure to elevated levels of ultrafine particulate matter (PM). The presence of a newly realized class of pollutants, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), in PM from combustion sources suggests a potentially unrecognized risk factor for the development and/or exacerbation of asthma. Methods Neonatal rats (7-days of age) were exposed to EPFR-containing combustion generated ultrafine particles (CGUFP), non-EPFR containing CGUFP, or air for 20 minutes per day for one week. Pulmonary function was assessed in exposed rats and age matched controls. Lavage fluid was isolated and assayed for cellularity and cytokines and in vivo indicators of oxidative stress. Pulmonary histopathology and characterization of differential protein expression in lung homogenates was also performed. Results Neonates exposed to EPFR-containing CGUFP developed significant pulmonary inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity. This correlated with increased levels of oxidative stress in the lungs. Using differential two-dimensional electrophoresis, we identified 16 differentially expressed proteins between control and CGUFP exposed groups. In the rats exposed to EPFR-containing CGUFP; peroxiredoxin-6, cofilin1, and annexin A8 were upregulated. Conclusions Exposure of neonates to EPFR-containing CGUFP induced pulmonary oxidative stress and lung dysfunction. This correlated with alterations in the expression of various proteins associated with the response to oxidative stress and the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor translocation in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilatha Balakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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44
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CD4+ T cells are not essential for control of early acute Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal mice. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1647-53. [PMID: 21282414 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00922-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an important diarrheal disease of humans and neonatal livestock caused by Cryptosporidium spp. that infect epithelial cells. Recovery from Cryptosporidium parvum infection in adult hosts involves CD4(+) T cells with a strong Th1 component, but mechanisms of immunity in neonates are not well characterized. In the present investigation with newborn mice, similar acute patterns of infection were obtained in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and T and B cell-deficient Rag2(-/-) mice. In comparison with uninfected controls, the proportion of intestinal CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells did not increase in infected WT mice during recovery from infection. Furthermore, infection in neonatal WT mice depleted of CD4(+) T cells was not exacerbated. Ten weeks after WT and Rag2(-/-) mice had been infected as neonates, no patent infections could be detected. Treatment at this stage with the immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone produced patent infections in Rag2(-/-) mice but not WT mice. Expression of inflammatory markers, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), was higher in neonatal WT mice than in Rag2(-/-) mice around the peak of infection, but IL-10 expression was also higher in WT mice. These results suggest that although CD4(+) T cells may be important for elimination of C. parvum, these cells are dispensable for controlling the early acute phase of infection in neonates.
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45
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Bassaganya-Riera J, Song R, Roberts PC, Hontecillas R. PPAR-gamma activation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for respiratory virus infections. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:343-52. [PMID: 20712478 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerged influenza viruses have attracted extensive attention due to their high infectivity, proinflammatory actions, and potential to induce worldwide pandemics. Frequent mutations and gene reassortments between viruses complicate the development of protective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. In contrast, targeting the host response for the development of novel cost-effective, broad-based prophylactic or therapeutic agents holds greater promise. Since inflammation often parallels the development of productive immune responses, virus-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury represents an additional challenge to the development of broad-based immunotherapeutics. Excessive inflammatory responses to respiratory viruses, also known as "cytokine storm," are largely due to immune dysregulation that manifests as proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition to modulating lipid and glucose metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) play important roles in antagonizing core inflammatory pathways such as NF-kappaB, AP1, and STAT. Their role in regulating inflammatory responses caused by pulmonary pathogens is receiving increasing attention, setting the stage for the discovery of novel applications for anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering drugs. This review focuses on the potential use of PPAR-gamma agonists to downregulate the inflammatory responses to respiratory virus-related pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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46
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Andersson A, Bossios A, Malmhäll C, Sjöstrand M, Eldh M, Eldh BM, Glader P, Andersson B, Qvarfordt I, Riise GC, Lindén A. Effects of tobacco smoke on IL-16 in CD8+ cells from human airways and blood: a key role for oxygen free radicals? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L43-55. [PMID: 21036918 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00387.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke leads to an increase in the frequency of infections and in the number of CD8(+) and CD4(+) cells as well as the CD4(+) chemoattractant cytokine IL-16 in the airways. Here, we investigated whether tobacco smoke depletes intracellular IL-16 protein and inhibits de novo production of IL-16 in CD8(+) cells from human airways and blood while increasing extracellular IL-16 and whether oxygen free radicals (OFR) are involved. Intracellular IL-16 protein in CD8(+) cells and mRNA in all cells was decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from chronic smokers. This was also the case in human blood CD8(+) cells exposed to water-soluble tobacco smoke components in vitro, in which oxidized proteins were markedly increased. Extracellular IL-16 protein was increased in cell-free BAL fluid from chronic smokers and in human blood CD8(+) cells exposed to water-soluble tobacco smoke components in vitro. This was not observed in occasional smokers after short-term exposure to tobacco smoke. A marker of activation (CD69) was slightly increased, whereas other markers of key cellular functions (membrane integrity, apoptosis, and proliferation) in human blood CD8(+) cells in vitro were negatively affected by water-soluble tobacco smoke components. An OFR scavenger prevented these effects, whereas a protein synthesis inhibitor, a β-adrenoceptor, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, a phosphodiesterase, a calcineurin phosphatase, and a caspase-3 inhibitor did not. In conclusion, tobacco smoke depletes preformed intracellular IL-16 protein, inhibits its de novo synthesis, and distorts key cellular functions in human CD8(+) cells. OFR may play a key role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Andersson
- Dept. of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ripple MJ, You D, Honnegowda S, Giaimo JD, Sewell AB, Becnel DM, Cormier SA. Immunomodulation with IL-4R alpha antisense oligonucleotide prevents respiratory syncytial virus-mediated pulmonary disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4804-11. [PMID: 20861354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Severe RSV infections in infants cause bronchiolitis, wheeze, and/or cough and significantly increase the risk for developing asthma. RSV pathogenesis is thought to be due to a Th2-type immune response initiated in response to RSV infection, specifically in the infant. Using a neonatal mouse system as an appropriate model for human infants, we sought to determine whether local inhibition of IL-4Rα expression during primary RSV infection in the neonate would prevent Th2-skewed responses to secondary RSV infection and improve long-term pulmonary function. To reduce IL-4Rα expression, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for IL-4Rα were administered intranasally to neonatal mice at the time of primary infection. Mice were initially infected with RSV at 1 wk of age and were reinfected at 6 wk of age. Administration of IL-4Rα ASOs during primary RSV infection in neonatal mice abolished the pulmonary dysfunction normally observed following reinfection in the adult. This ablation of pulmonary dysfunction correlated with a persistent rebalancing of the Th cell compartment with decreased Th2 responses (i.e., reduced goblet cell hyperplasia, Th2 cells, and cytokine secretion) and increased Th1 responses (i.e., elevated Th1 cell numbers and type I Abs and cytokines). Our data support our hypothesis that a reduction in the Th2 immune response during primary infection in neonates prevents Th2-mediated pulmonary pathology initially and upon reinfection and further suggest that vaccine strategies incorporating IL-4Rα ASOs may be of significant benefit to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ripple
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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48
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McCarron MJ, Reen DJ. Neonatal CD8+ T-cell differentiation is dependent on interleukin-12. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:1172-9. [PMID: 20849902 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal CD8(+) T-cell activation is significantly impaired compared with that in adults. Recent studies have demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-12 is necessary as a third signal, in addition to antigen and co-stimulation, to authorize the differentiation of naive CD8(+) T cells. We examined whether human neonatal CD8(+) T cells, which possess an exclusively naive T-cell phenotype, required a third signal to authorize a productive T-cell response. IL-12 enhanced activated naive CD8(+) T-cell survival, expansion, CD25 expression, and IL-2 production. Activated CD8(+) T cells produced interferon-γ and intracellular granzyme B and were cytotoxic only in the presence of IL-12. Sustained IL-12 signaling for 72 hours was required for optimal interferon-γ production. IL-12, in concert with T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, sustained late-stage (48-72 hours) intracellular phosphorylation and particularly total protein levels of the proximal TCR components, Lck, and CD3ξ. The requirement for a third signal for productive human neonatal CD8(+) T-cell differentiation may have implications for neonatal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCarron
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Lines JL, Hoskins S, Hollifield M, Cauley LS, Garvy BA. The migration of T cells in response to influenza virus is altered in neonatal mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2980-8. [PMID: 20656925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in children; however, little is known about the T cell response in infant lungs. Neonatal mice are highly vulnerable to influenza and only control very low doses of virus. We compared the T cell response to influenza virus infection between mice infected as adults or at 2 d old and observed defective migration into the lungs of the neonatal mice. In the adult mice, the numbers of T cells in the lung interstitia peaked at 10 d postinfection, whereas neonatal T cell infiltration, activation, and expression of TNF-alpha was delayed until 2 wk postinfection. Although T cell numbers ultimately reached adult levels in the interstitia, they were not detected in the alveoli of neonatal lungs. Instead, the alveoli contained eosinophils and neutrophils. This altered infiltrate was consistent with reduced or delayed expression of type 1 cytokines in the neonatal lung and differential chemokine expression. In influenza-infected neonates, CXCL2, CCL5, and CCL3 were expressed at adult levels, whereas the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL9, and CCL2 remained at baseline levels, and CCL11 was highly elevated. Intranasal administration of CCL2, IFN-gamma, or CXCL9 was unable to draw the neonatal T cells into the airways. Together, these data suggest that the T cell response to influenza virus is qualitatively different in neonatal mice and may contribute to an increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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50
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Khoufache K, LeBouder F, Morello E, Laurent F, Riffault S, Andrade-Gordon P, Boullier S, Rousset P, Vergnolle N, Riteau B. Protective role for protease-activated receptor-2 against influenza virus pathogenesis via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7795-802. [PMID: 19494303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), a receptor highly expressed in the respiratory tract, can influence inflammation at mucosal surfaces. Although the effects of PAR(2) in the innate immune response to bacterial infection have been documented, knowledge of its role in the context of viral infection is lacking. We thus investigated the role of PAR(2) in influenza pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, stimulation of PAR(2) on epithelial cells inhibited influenza virus type A (IAV) replication through the production of IFN-gamma. In vivo, stimulation of PAR(2) using specific agonists protected mice from IAV-induced acute lung injury and death. This effect correlated with an increased clearance of IAV in the lungs associated with increased IFN- gamma production and a decreased presence of neutrophils and RANTES release in bronchoalveolar fluids. More importantly, the protective effect of the PAR(2) agonist was totally abrogated in IFN- gamma-deficient mice. Finally, compared with wild-type mice, PAR(2)-deficient mice were more susceptible to IAV infection and displayed more severe lung inflammation. In these mice higher neutrophil counts and increased RANTES concentration but decreased IFN- gamma levels were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavages. Collectively, these results showed that PAR(2) plays a protective role during IAV infection through IFN-gamma production and decreased excessive recruitment of inflammatory cells to lung alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khoufache
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Unité de Recherche 892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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