1
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Mastrangelo A, Gama L, Cinque P. Strategies to target the central nervous system HIV reservoir. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:133-140. [PMID: 38457227 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The central nervous system (CNS) is an hotspot for HIV persistence and may be a major obstacle to overcome for curative strategies. The peculiar anatomical, tissular and cellular characteristics of the HIV reservoir in the CNS may need to be specifically addressed to achieve a long-term HIV control without ART. In this review, we will discuss the critical challenges that currently explored curative strategies may face in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), targeting latent HIV in brain-resident myeloid reservoirs, and eliminating the virus without eliciting dangerous neurological adverse events. RECENT FINDINGS Latency reversing agents (LRA), broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNabs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, and adeno-associated virus 9-vectored gene-therapies cross the BBB with varying efficiency. Although brain penetration is poor for bNAbs, viral vectors for in vivo gene-editing, certain LRAs, and CAR T-cells may reach the cerebral compartment more efficiently. All these approaches, however, may encounter difficulties in eliminating HIV-infected perivascular macrophages and microglia. Safety, including local neurological adverse effects, may also be a concern, especially if high doses are required to achieve optimal brain penetration and efficient brain cell targeting. SUMMARY Targeting the CNS remains a potential problem for the currently investigated HIV curing strategies. In vivo evidence on CNS effectiveness is limited for most of the investigated strategies, and additional studies should be focused on evaluating the interplay between the cerebral HIV reservoir and treatment aiming to achieve an ART-free cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mastrangelo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire Vaudoise (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Paola Cinque
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Neurovirology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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2
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Sun M, Manson ML, Guo T, de Lange ECM. CNS Viral Infections-What to Consider for Improving Drug Treatment: A Plea for Using Mathematical Modeling Approaches. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:349-373. [PMID: 38580795 PMCID: PMC11026214 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses may cause meningitis, myelitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. These inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) may have serious and devastating consequences if not treated adequately. In this review, we first summarize how neurotropic viruses can enter the CNS by (1) crossing the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; (2) invading the nose via the olfactory route; or (3) invading the peripheral nervous system. Neurotropic viruses may then enter the intracellular space of brain cells via endocytosis and/or membrane fusion. Antiviral drugs are currently used for different viral CNS infections, even though their use and dosing regimens within the CNS, with the exception of acyclovir, are minimally supported by clinical evidence. We therefore provide considerations to optimize drug treatment(s) for these neurotropic viruses. Antiviral drugs should cross the blood-brain barrier/blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and pass the brain cellular membrane to inhibit these viruses inside the brain cells. Some antiviral drugs may also require intracellular conversion into their active metabolite(s). This illustrates the need to better understand these mechanisms because these processes dictate drug exposure within the CNS that ultimately determine the success of antiviral drugs for CNS infections. Finally, we discuss mathematical model-based approaches for optimizing antiviral treatments. Thereby emphasizing the potential of CNS physiologically based pharmacokinetic models because direct measurement of brain intracellular exposure in living humans faces ethical restrictions. Existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic models combined with in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information can be used to predict drug exposure and evaluate efficacy of antiviral drugs within the CNS, to ultimately optimize the treatments of CNS viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tingjie Guo
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Wang L, Nykänen NP, Western D, Gorijala P, Timsina J, Li F, Wang Z, Ali M, Yang C, Liu M, Brock W, Marquié M, Boada M, Alvarez I, Aguilar M, Pastor P, Ruiz A, Puerta R, Orellana A, Rutledge J, Oh H, Greicius MD, Le Guen Y, Perrin RJ, Wyss-Coray T, Jefferson A, Hohman TJ, Graff-Radford N, Mori H, Goate A, Levin J, Sung YJ, Cruchaga C. Proteo-genomics of soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid provides novel insights and identifies novel modulators for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:1. [PMID: 38172904 PMCID: PMC10763080 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays a critical role in microglial activation, survival, and apoptosis, as well as in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We previously reported the MS4A locus as a key modulator for soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To identify additional novel genetic modifiers of sTREM2, we performed the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) and identified four loci for CSF sTREM2 in 3,350 individuals of European ancestry. Through multi-ethnic fine mapping, we identified two independent missense variants (p.M178V in MS4A4A and p.A112T in MS4A6A) that drive the association in MS4A locus and showed an epistatic effect for sTREM2 levels and AD risk. The novel TREM2 locus on chr 6 contains two rare missense variants (rs75932628 p.R47H, P=7.16×10-19; rs142232675 p.D87N, P=2.71×10-10) associated with sTREM2 and AD risk. The third novel locus in the TGFBR2 and RBMS3 gene region (rs73823326, P=3.86×10-9) included a regulatory variant with a microglia-specific chromatin loop for the promoter of TGFBR2. Using cell-based assays we demonstrate that overexpression and knock-down of TGFBR2, but not RBMS3, leads to significant changes of sTREM2. The last novel locus is located on the APOE region (rs11666329, P=2.52×10-8), but we demonstrated that this signal was independent of APOE genotype. This signal colocalized with cis-eQTL of NECTIN2 in the brain cortex and cis-pQTL of NECTIN2 in CSF. Overexpression of NECTIN2 led to an increase of sTREM2 supporting the genetic findings. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date aimed at identifying genetic modifiers of CSF sTREM2. This study provided novel insights into the MS4A and TREM2 loci, two well-known AD risk genes, and identified TGFBR2 and NECTIN2 as additional modulators involved in TREM2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Niko-Petteri Nykänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Western
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Priyanka Gorijala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jigyasha Timsina
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fuhai Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengran Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Menghan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William Brock
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marta Marquié
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Memory Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Miquel Aguilar
- Memory Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Unit of Neurodegenerative diseases, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Puerta
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarod Rutledge
- Wu-Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hamilton Oh
- Wu-Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yann Le Guen
- Wu-Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Wu-Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Alison Goate
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurologic Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Fan PL, Wang SS, Chu SF, Chen NH. Time-dependent dual effect of microglia in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105584. [PMID: 37454817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is classified into ischemic or hemorrhagic, in which approximately 85% of strokes are ischemic. Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of arterial occlusion due to embolus or thrombus, with ischemia in the perfusion territory supplied by the occluded artery. The traditional concept that ischemic stroke is solely a vascular occlusion disorder has been expanded to include the dynamic interaction between microglia, astrocytes, neurons, vascular cells, and matrix components forming the "neurovascular unit." Acute ischemic stroke triggers a wide spectrum of neurovascular disturbances, glial activation, and secondary neuroinflammation that promotes further injury, ultimately resulting in neuronal death. Microglia, as the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, is one of the first responders to ischemic injury and plays a significant role in post-ischemic neuroinflammation. In this review, we reviewed the mechanisms of microglia in multiple stages of post-ischemic neuroinflammation development, including acute, sub-acute and chronic phases of stroke. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic variation and the time-dependent role of microglia in post-stroke neuroinflammation could aid in the search for more effective therapeutics and diagnostic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Long Fan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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5
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Gullotta GS, Costantino G, Sortino MA, Spampinato SF. Microglia and the Blood-Brain Barrier: An External Player in Acute and Chronic Neuroinflammatory Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119144. [PMID: 37298096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that guarantee immune surveillance and exert also a modulating role on neuronal synaptic development and function. Upon injury, microglia get activated and modify their morphology acquiring an ameboid phenotype and pro- or anti-inflammatory features. The active role of microglia in blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and their interaction with different cellular components of the BBB-endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes-are described. Here, we report the specific crosstalk of microglia with all the BBB cell types focusing in particular on the involvement of microglia in the modulation of BBB function in neuroinflammatory conditions that occur in conjunction with an acute event, such as a stroke, or in a slow neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease. The potential of microglia to exert a dual role, either protective or detrimental, depending on disease stages and environmental conditioning factors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Serena Gullotta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costantino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience and Education, DISTUM, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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6
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Mohapatra S, Cafiero J, Kashfi K, Mehta P, Banerjee P. Why Don't the Mutant Cells That Evade DNA Repair Cause Cancer More Frequently? Importance of the Innate Immune System in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5026. [PMID: 36902456 PMCID: PMC10002487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for most malignant solid tumors still involves tumor resection followed by chemo- and radiation therapy, hoping to eliminate the residual tumor cells. This strategy has been successful in extending the life of many cancer patients. Still, for primary glioblastoma (GBM), it has not controlled recurrence or increased the life expectancies of patients. Amid such disappointment, attempts to design therapies using the cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have gained ground. Such "immunotherapies" have so far overwhelmingly used genetic modifications of Tc cells (Car-T cell therapy) or blocking of proteins (PD-1 or PD-L1) that inhibit Tc-cell-mediated cancer cell elimination. Despite such advances, GBM has remained a "Kiss of Death" for most patients. Although the use of innate immune cells, such as the microglia, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells, has been considered in designing therapies for cancers, such attempts have not reached the clinic yet. We have reported a series of preclinical studies highlighting strategies to "re-educate" GBM-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) so that they assume a tumoricidal status. Such cells then secrete chemokines to recruit activated, GBM-eliminating NK cells and cause the rescue of 50-60% GBM mice in a syngeneic model of GBM. This review discusses a more fundamental question that most biochemists harbor: "since we are generating mutant cells in our body all the time, why don't we get cancer more often?" The review visits publications addressing this question and discusses some published strategies for re-educating the TAMs to take on the "sentry" role they initially maintained in the absence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhasmita Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Jared Cafiero
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Parag Mehta
- Aveta Biomics, Inc., 110 Great Road, Suite 302, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Probal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Lian L, Fu R, Liu J, Shan X, Jin Y, Xu S. Microglia: The Hub of Intercellular Communication in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:889442. [PMID: 35518646 PMCID: PMC9062186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.889442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between microglia and other cells has recently been at the forefront of research in central nervous system (CNS) disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the neuroinflammation mediated by microglia, highlight recent studies of crosstalk between microglia and CNS resident and infiltrating cells in the context of ischemic stroke (IS), and discuss how these interactions affect the course of IS. The in-depth exploration of microglia-intercellular communication will be beneficial for therapeutic tools development and clinical translation for stroke control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jueling Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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8
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Beliën J, Goris A, Matthys P. Natural Killer Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Entering the Stage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869447. [PMID: 35464427 PMCID: PMC9019710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) have largely focused on adaptive T and B lymphocytes. However, in recent years there has been an increased interest in the contribution of innate immune cells, amongst which the natural killer (NK) cells. Apart from their canonical role of controlling viral infections, cell stress and malignancies, NK cells are increasingly being recognized for their modulating effect on the adaptive immune system, both in health and autoimmune disease. From different lines of research there is now evidence that NK cells contribute to MS immunopathology. In this review, we provide an overview of studies that have investigated the role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of MS by use of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model, MS genetics or through ex vivo and in vitro work into the immunology of MS patients. With the advent of modern hypothesis-free technologies such as single-cell transcriptomics, we are exposing an unexpected NK cell heterogeneity, increasingly blurring the boundaries between adaptive and innate immunity. We conclude that unravelling this heterogeneity, as well as the mechanistic link between innate and adaptive immune cell functions will lay the foundation for the use of NK cells as prognostic tools and therapeutic targets in MS and a myriad of other currently uncurable autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarne Beliën
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Murphy JM, Ngai L, Mortha A, Crome SQ. Tissue-Dependent Adaptations and Functions of Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836999. [PMID: 35359972 PMCID: PMC8960279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells reside in distinct niches across organs, where they contribute to tissue homeostasis and rapidly respond to perturbations in the local microenvironment. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of innate immune cells that regulate immune and tissue homeostasis. Across anatomical locations throughout the body, ILCs adopt tissue-specific fates, differing from circulating ILC populations. Adaptations of ILCs to microenvironmental changes have been documented in several inflammatory contexts, including obesity, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. While our understanding of ILC functions within tissues have predominantly been based on mouse studies, development of advanced single cell platforms to study tissue-resident ILCs in humans and emerging patient-based data is providing new insights into this lymphocyte family. Within this review, we discuss current concepts of ILC fate and function, exploring tissue-specific functions of ILCs and their contribution to health and disease across organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Wang S, van de Pavert SA. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837250. [PMID: 35185929 PMCID: PMC8852840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are present within the central nervous system and play important roles in neurological inflammation and disease. As relatively new described immune cell population, Innate Lymphoid Cells are now increasingly recognized within the central nervous system and associated diseases. Innate Lymphoid Cells are generally regarded as tissue resident and early responders, while conversely within the central nervous system at steady-state their presence is limited. This review describes the current understandings on Innate Lymphoid Cells in the central nervous system at steady-state and its borders plus their involvement in major neurological diseases like ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Multiple Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiwei Wang
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Serge A van de Pavert
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
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11
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Baidoo JNE, Mukherjee S, Kashfi K, Banerjee P. A New Perspective on Cancer Therapy: Changing the Treaded Path? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189836. [PMID: 34575998 PMCID: PMC8466953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, we have persistently addressed the question, “how can the innate immune system be used as a therapeutic tool to eliminate cancer?” A cancerous tumor harbors innate immune cells such as macrophages, which are held in the tumor-promoting M2 state by tumor-cell-released cytokines. We have discovered that these tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are repolarized into the nitric oxide (NO)-generating tumoricidal M1 state by the dietary agent curcumin (CC), which also causes recruitment of activated natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells into the tumor, thereby eliminating cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells. Indications are that this process may be NO-dependent. Intriguingly, the maximum blood concentration of CC in mice never exceeds nanomolar levels. Thus, our results submit that even low, transient levels of curcumin in vivo are enough to cause repolarization of the TAM and recruitment NK cells as well as Tc cells to eliminate the tumor. We have observed this phenomenon in two cancer models, glioblastoma and cervical cancer. Therefore, this approach may yield a general strategy to fight cancer. Our mechanistic studies have so far implicated induction of STAT-1 in this M2→M1 switch, but further studies are needed to understand the involvement of other factors such as the lipid metabolites resolvins in the CC-evoked anticancer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet N. E. Baidoo
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; (J.N.E.B.); or
- Doctoral Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; (J.N.E.B.); or
- Doctoral Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Probal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA; (J.N.E.B.); or
- Doctoral Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-(718)-982-3938; Fax: +1-(718)-982-3953
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12
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Desimio MG, Finocchi A, Di Matteo G, Di Cesare S, Giancotta C, Conti F, Chessa L, Piane M, Montin D, Dellepiane M, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Doria M. Altered NK-cell compartment and dysfunctional NKG2D/NKG2D-ligand axis in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108802. [PMID: 34298181 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystem disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the gene encoding A-T mutated (ATM) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Most A-T patients show cellular and/or humoral immunodeficiency that has been associated with cancer risk and reduced survival, but NK cells have not been thoroughly studied. Here we investigated NK cells of A-T patients with a special focus on the NKG2D receptor that triggers cytotoxicity upon engagement by its ligands (NKG2DLs) commonly induced via the DDR pathway on infected, transformed, and variously stressed cells. Using flow cytometry, we examined the phenotype and function of NK cells in 6 A-T patients as compared with healthy individuals. NKG2D expression was evaluated also by western blotting and RT-qPCR; plasma soluble NKG2DLs (sMICA, sMICB, sULBP1, ULBP2) were measured by ELISA. Results showed that A-T NK cells were skewed towards the CD56neg anergic phenotype and displayed decreased expression of NKG2D and perforin. NKG2D was reduced at the protein but not at the mRNA level and resulted in impaired NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity in 4/6 A-T patients. Moreover, in A-T plasma we found 24-fold and 2-fold increase of sMICA and sULBP1, respectively, both inversely correlated with NKG2D expression. Overall, NK cells are disturbed in A-T patients showing reduced NKG2D expression, possibly caused by persistent engagement of its ligands, that may contribute to susceptibility to cancer and infections and represent novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Giancotta
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Dellepiane
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Pan Y, Tian D, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Wang S, Xie D, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Inhibition of Perforin-Mediated Neurotoxicity Attenuates Neurological Deficits After Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:664312. [PMID: 34262436 PMCID: PMC8274971 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.664312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-mediated cytotoxicity plays a crucial role in microbial defense, tumor surveillance, and primary autoimmune disorders. However, the contribution of the cytolytic protein perforin to ischemia-induced secondary tissue damage in the brain has not been fully investigated. Here, we examined the kinetics and subpopulations of perforin-positive cells and then evaluated the direct effects of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity on outcomes after ischemic stroke. Using flow cytometry, we showed that perforin+CD45+ immune cells could be detected at 12 h and that the percentage of these cells increased largely until on day 3 and then significantly declined on day 7. Surprisingly, the percentage of Perforin+CD45+ cells also unexpectedly increased from day 7 to day 14 after ischemic stroke in Perforin1-EGFP transgenic mice. Our results suggested that Perforin+CD45+ cells play vital roles in the ischemic brain at early and late stages and further suggested that Perforin+CD45+ cells are a heterogeneous population. Surprisingly, in addition to CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells, central nervous system (CNS)-resident immune microglia, which are first triggered and activated within minutes after ischemic stroke in mice, also secreted perforin during ischemic brain injury. In our study, the percentage of perforin+ microglia increased from 12 h after ischemic stroke, increased largely until on day 3 after ischemic stroke, and then moderately declined from days 3 to 7. Intriguingly, the percentage of perforin+ microglia also dramatically increased from days 7 to 14 after ischemic stroke. Furthermore, compared with wild-type littermates, Perforin 1-/- mice exhibited significant increases in the cerebral infarct volume, neurological deficits, and neurogenesis and inhibition of neurotoxic astrogliosis. Interestingly, the number of CD45+CD3+ T cells was significantly decreased in Perforin 1-/- mice compared with their wild-type littermates, especially the number of γδ T cells. In addition, Perforin 1-/- mice had lower levels of IL-17 than their wild-type littermates. Our results identified a critical function of perforin-mediated neurotoxicity in the ischemic brain, suggesting that targeting perforin-mediated neurotoxicity in brain-resident microglia and invading perforin+CD45+ immune cells may be a potential strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhualei Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushang Zhao
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Wang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Natural Killer Cells Are Present in Rag1 -/- Mice and Promote Tissue Damage During the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:197-211. [PMID: 34105078 PMCID: PMC8766401 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rag1−/− mice, lacking functional B and T cells, have been extensively used as an adoptive transfer model to evaluate neuroinflammation in stroke research. However, it remains unknown whether natural killer (NK) cell development and functions are altered in Rag1−/− mice as well. This connection has been rarely discussed in previous studies but might have important implications for data interpretation. In contrast, the NOD-Rag1nullIL2rgnull (NRG) mouse model is devoid of NK cells and might therefore eliminate this potential shortcoming. Here, we compare immune-cell frequencies as well as phenotype and effector functions of NK cells in Rag1−/− and wildtype (WT) mice using flow cytometry and functional in vitro assays. Further, we investigate the effect of Rag1−/− NK cells in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model using antibody-mediated depletion of NK cells and adoptive transfer to NRG mice in vivo. NK cells in Rag1−/− were comparable in number and function to those in WT mice. Rag1−/− mice treated with an anti-NK1.1 antibody developed significantly smaller infarctions and improved behavioral scores. Correspondingly, NRG mice supplemented with NK cells were more susceptible to tMCAO, developing infarctions and neurological deficits similar to Rag1−/− controls. Our results indicate that NK cells from Rag1−/− mice are fully functional and should therefore be considered in the interpretation of immune-cell transfer models in experimental stroke. Fortunately, we identified the NRG mice, as a potentially better-suited transfer model to characterize individual cell subset-mediated neuroinflammation in stroke.
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15
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Using curcumin to turn the innate immune system against cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 176:113824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang JH, Sheng J, Shao A. Immunoreactive Cells After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2781. [PMID: 31849964 PMCID: PMC6902047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. As immune cells migrate and infiltrate across the blood-brain barrier into the ischemic region, a cascade of cellular and molecular biological reactions occur, involving migrated immune cells, resident glial cells, and the vascular endothelium. These events regulate infarction evolution and thus influence the outcome of ischemic stroke. Most immune cells exert dual effects on cerebral ischemia, and some crucial cells may become central targets in ischemic stroke treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Hu L, Li D, Ge C, Liao H, Wang Y, Xu H. Natural Killer Cells may Exert Antidepressant-like Effects in Mice by Controlling the Release of Inflammatory Factors. Neuroscience 2019; 401:59-72. [PMID: 30641114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depression or stress is reportedly related to the overflow of inflammatory factors in the body and T cells were reported to play important roles in balancing the release of inflammatory factors through vagus nerve circuit. However, few works have been conducted to find if natural killer (NK) cells can also exert the similar function in the reported vagus nerve circuit as T cells and if there was any relationship between depression and this function. In the present study, the behavioral tests on BALB/c mice indicated that the depressant-like symptoms could be improved and simultaneously the concentrations of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood could be reduced significantly by adoptively transferring NK cells into stressed BALB/c mice. The results revealed that NK cells could control the release of inflammatory factors secreted by macrophages and β2-AR (β2-adrenergic receptor) on the NK cells were of great importance. Behavioral tests on NCG mice indicated that the antidepressant-like effects of NK cells notably declined after adoptively transferring NK cells with β2-AR deficiency or with ChAT (choline acetyltransferase) deficiency into stressed NCG mice. Simultaneously, the anti-inflammatory effects also declined significantly both in vivo and in vitro, which indicated that the antidepressant-like property of NK cells may be related to its ability of controlling the release of inflammatory factors. Taken together, we find that NK cells may balance the release of inflammatory factors in our body by transporting the information between the terminal vagal branches and macrophages, which is the mechanism that NK cells may exert antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Hu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Dongping Li
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Chuang Ge
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of National Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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18
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Shi L, Li K, Guo Y, Banerjee A, Wang Q, Lorenz UM, Parlak M, Sullivan LC, Onyema OO, Arefanian S, Stelow EB, Brautigan DL, Bullock TNJ, Brown MG, Krupnick AS. Modulation of NKG2D, NKp46, and Ly49C/I facilitates natural killer cell-mediated control of lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11808-11813. [PMID: 30381460 PMCID: PMC6243255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804931115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in controlling malignancies. Susceptibility or resistance to lung cancer, for example, specifically depends on NK cell function. Nevertheless, intrinsic factors that control NK cell-mediated clearance of lung cancer are unknown. Here we report that NK cells exposed to exogenous major histocompatibility class I (MHCI) provide a significant immunologic barrier to the growth and progression of malignancy. Clearance of lung cancer is facilitated by up-regulation of NKG2D, NKp46, and other activating receptors upon exposure to environmental MHCI. Surface expression of the inhibitory receptor Ly49C/I, on the other hand, is down-regulated upon exposure to tumor-bearing tissue. We thus demonstrate that NK cells exhibit dynamic plasticity in surface expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors based on the environmental context. Our data suggest that altering the activation state of NK cells may contribute to immunologic control of lung and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mahmut Parlak
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Oscar Okwudiri Onyema
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Saeed Arefanian
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 43110
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Michael G Brown
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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19
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NK cells in cerebral ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:547-554. [PMID: 30399590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital cell type in immune system and infiltrating cells in ischemic brain, NK cells can bridge the crosstalk between immune system and nervous system in stroke setting. The mechanism of action of NK cells is complicated, involving direct and indirect actions. NK cells are closely associated with poststroke inflammation, immunodepression and infections. The excessive inflammatory response in ischemic brain is one of the important causes for aggravating cerebral ischemic injury. Besides the inflammation induced by ischemia itself, thrombolytic drug tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration could also induce deteriorative inflammation, which is unfavorable for stroke control and recovery. Regulating NK cells may has the potential to modulate the immune response, limiting the development of ischemic damage and getting better outcome. In addition, post-stroke immunosuppression may lead to infections which contribute to higher severity and mortality of ischemic stroke (IS). Targeting NK cells may help to find novel pathways for IS therapy, which can both ameliorate the infarction itself, but also reduce the infectious complications. NK cells may also link IS and related diseases, suggesting NK cells can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for IS prevention and treatment.
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20
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Gofshteyn JS, Shaw PA, Teachey DT, Grupp SA, Maude S, Banwell B, Chen F, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Edmonson MJ, Panzer J, Barrett DM, McGuire JL. Neurotoxicity after CTL019 in a pediatric and young adult cohort. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:537-546. [PMID: 30178481 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the incidence and clinical characteristics of neurotoxicity in the month following CTL019 infusion in children and young adults, to define the relationship between neurotoxicity and cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and to identify predictive biomarkers for development of neurotoxicity following CTL019 infusion. METHODS We analyzed data on 51 subjects, 4 to 22 years old, who received CTL019, a chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy against CD19, between January 1, 2010 and December 1, 2015 through a safety/feasibility clinical trial (NCT01626495) at our institution. We recorded incidence of significant neurotoxicity (encephalopathy, seizures, and focal deficits) and CRS, and compared serum cytokine levels in the first month postinfusion between subjects who did and did not develop neurotoxicity. RESULTS Neurotoxicity occurred in 23 of 51 subjects (45%, 95% confidence interval = 31-60%) and was positively associated with higher CRS grade (p < 0.0001) but was not associated with demographic characteristics or prior oncologic treatment history. Serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, soluble IL-4, and hepatocyte growth factor concentrations were higher in subjects with neurotoxicity than those with isolated CRS. Differences in peak levels of select cytokines including IL-12 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 within the first 3 days were seen in subjects with neurotoxicity. INTERPRETATION Neurotoxicity is common after CTL019 infusion in children and young adults, and is associated with higher CRS grade. Differences in serum cytokine profiles between subjects with neurotoxicity and those with isolated CRS suggest unique pathophysiological mechanisms. Serum cytokine profiles in the first 3 days postinfusion may help identify children and young adults at risk for neurotoxicity, and may provide a foundation for investigation into potential mitigation strategies. Ann Neurol 2018;84:537-546.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Division of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shannon Maude
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fang Chen
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jan J Melenhorst
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - MacKenzie J Edmonson
- Division of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jessica Panzer
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer L McGuire
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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21
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Molgora M, Supino D, Mavilio D, Santoni A, Moretta L, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. The yin-yang of the interaction between myelomonocytic cells and NK cells. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12705. [PMID: 30048003 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play a key role in the immune response to cancer and pathogens and participate in the shaping of adaptive immunity. NK cells engage in a complex bidirectional interaction with myelomonocytic cells. In particular, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils promote differentiation and effector function of NK cells and, on the other hand, myelomonocytic cells express triggers of checkpoint blockade (eg PD-L1) and other immunosuppressive molecules, which negatively regulate NK cell function. In addition, NK cells express high levels of IL-1R8, which acts as a checkpoint for IL-18 driven differentiation and activation of NK cells. Evidence suggests that targeting the myeloid cell-NK cell crosstalk unleashes effective anti-tumour and anti-viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Mavilio
- Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur -Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
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22
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Phytosomal curcumin causes natural killer cell-dependent repolarization of glioblastoma (GBM) tumor-associated microglia/macrophages and elimination of GBM and GBM stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:168. [PMID: 30041669 PMCID: PMC6058381 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with a 5-year survival rate of ≤5%. We have shown earlier that GBM-antibody-linked curcumin (CC) and also phytosomal curcumin (CCP) rescue 50-60% of GBM-bearing mice while repolarizing the tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM) from the tumor-promoting M2-type to the tumoricidal M1-type. However, systemic application of CCP yields only sub-IC50 concentrations of CC in the plasma, which is unlikely to kill GBM cells directly. This study investigates the role of CC-evoked intra-GBM recruitment of activated natural killer (NK) cells in the elimination of GBM and GBM stem cells. METHODS We have used an immune-competent syngeneic C57BL6 mouse model with the mouse-GBM GL261 cells orthotopically implanted in the brain. Using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we have quantitatively analyzed the role of the intra-GBM-recruited NK cells by (i) injecting (i.p.) the NK1.1 antibody (NK1.1Ab) to temporarily eliminate the NK cells and (ii) blocking NK recruitment by injecting an IL12 antibody (IL12Ab). The treatment cohorts used randomly-chosen GL261-implanted mice and data sets were compared using two-tailed t-test or ANOVA. RESULTS CCP treatment caused the GBM tumor to acquire M1-type macrophages (50-60% of the TAM) and activated NK cells. The treatment also elicited (a) suppression of the M2-linked tumor-promoting proteins STAT3, ARG1, and IL10, (b) induction of the M1-linked anti-tumor proteins STAT1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the TAM, (c) elimination of CD133(+) GBM stem cells, and (d) activation of caspase3 in the GBM cells. Eliminating intra-GBM NK cell recruitment caused a partial reversal of each of these effects. Concomitantly, we observed a CCP-evoked dramatic induction of the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the TAM. CONCLUSIONS The recruited NK cells mediate a major part of the CCP-evoked elimination of GBM and GBM stem cells and stabilization of the TAM in the M1-like state. MCP-1 is known to activate peripheral M1-type macrophages to secrete IL12, an activator of NK cells. Based on such observations, we postulate that by binding to peripheral M1-type macrophages and IL12-activated NK cells, the brain-released chemokine MCP-1 causes recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the GBM, thereby causing destruction of the GBM cells and GBM stem cells.
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Jud A, Kotur M, Berger C, Gysin C, Nadal D, Lünemann A. Tonsillar CD56brightNKG2A+ NK cells restrict primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in B cells via IFN-γ. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6130-6141. [PMID: 28008151 PMCID: PMC5351618 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells constitute the first line of defense against viruses and cancers cells. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was the first human virus to be directly implicated in carcinogenesis, and EBV infection is associated with a broad spectrum of B cell lymphomas. How NK cells restrict EBV-associated oncogenesis is not understood. Here, we investigated the efficacies and mechanisms of distinct NK cell subsets from tonsils, the portal of entry of EBV, in limiting EBV infection in naïve, germinal center-associated and memory B cells. We found that CD56bright and NKG2A expression sufficiently characterizes the potent anti-EBV capacity of tonsillar NK cells. We observed restriction of EBV infection in B cells as early as 18 hours after infection. The restriction was most efficient in naïve B cells and germinal center-associated B cells, the B cell subsets that exhibited highest susceptibility to EBV infection in vitro. IFN-γ release by and partially NKp44 engagement of CD56bright and NKG2A positive NK cells mediated the restriction that eventually inhibited B-cell transformation. Thus, harnessing CD56brightNKG2A+ NK cell function might be promising to improve treatment strategies that target EBV-associated B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Jud
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Kotur
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Berger
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Gysin
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, ENT Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Nadal
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lünemann
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Bowen KE, Mathew SO, Borgmann K, Ghorpade A, Mathew PA. A novel ligand on astrocytes interacts with natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44 regulating immune response mediated by NK cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193008. [PMID: 29447242 PMCID: PMC5814005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play important role in immunity against pathogens and cancer. NK cell functions are regulated by inhibitory and activating receptors binding corresponding ligands on the surface of target cells. NK cells were shown to be recruited to the CNS following several pathological conditions. NK cells could impact CNS physiology by killing glial cells and by secreting IFN-γ. Astrocytes are intimately involved in immunological and inflammatory events occurring in the CNS and reactive astrogliosis is a key feature in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. There is little data on NK-astrocyte interactions and ligands expressed on astrocytes that could impact NK cell function. Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) play a critical role in the cytolytic function of NK cells. Among the NCRs, NKp44 is unique in expression and signal transduction. NKp44 is expressed only upon activation of NK cells and it can mediate both activating and inhibitory signals to NK cells. Here, we have studied the expression and function of natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44 upon NK-astrocytes interactions in the presence or absence of an HIV peptide (HIV-3S peptide) shown to induce NK cell killing of CD4+ T cells during HIV–infection. Using a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of NKp44 fused to Fc portion of human IgG, we determined the expression of a novel ligand for NKp44 (NKp44L) on astrocytes. Incubation of astrocytes with HIV-3S peptide downregulated NKp44L expression on astrocytes implicating protection from NK mediated killing. Thus, our study showed that NKp44 have a protective effect on astrocytes from NK cell mediated killing during HIV infection and impact astrocyte role in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Bowen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen O Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Porunelloor A Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
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25
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NKG2D ligands in glioma stem-like cells: expression in situ and in vitro. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:219-233. [PMID: 29356965 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor. Tumor stem cells have a major influence on tumor malignancy, and immunological escape mechanisms, involving the Natural Killer Group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor-ligand-system, are key elements in tumor immuno-surveillance. We analyzed the expression profile and localization of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) and embryonic and neural stem cell markers in solid human GBM and stem-like cells isolated from glioma cell lines by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, including quantitative analysis. We also evaluated the effect of Temozolomide (TMZ), the standard chemotherapeutic agent used in GBM therapy, on NKG2DL expression. NKG2DL-positive cells were mostly found scattered and isolated, were detectable in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive tumor regions and partly in the penumbra of tumor vessels. NKG2DL were found in a distinct tumor stem-like cell subpopulation and were broadly costained with each other. Quantitative analysis revealed, that dependent on the individual NKG2DL investigated, cell portions costained with different stem cell markers varied between small (Musashi-1) and high (KLf-4) amounts. However, a costaining of NKG2DL with CD3γ, typically found in T cells, was also observable, whereas CD11b as a marker for tumor micoglia cells was only rarely costained with NKG2DL. Stem-like cells derived from the glioma cell lines T98G and U251MG showed a distinct expression pattern of NKG2DL and stem cell markers, which seemed to be balanced in a cell line-specific way. With differentiation, T98G displayed less NKG2DL, whereas in U251MG, only expression of most stem cell markers decreased. In addition, stimulation with TMZ led to a significant upregulation of NKG2DL in stem-like cells of both lines. As stem-like glioma cells tend to show a higher expression of NKG2DL than more differentiated tumor cells and TMZ treatment supports upregulation of NKG2DL, the NKG2D system might play an important role in tumor stem cell survival and in GBM therapy.
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26
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The Role of Microglia and Macrophages in CNS Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5150678. [PMID: 29410971 PMCID: PMC5749282 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5150678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are major cell types of the immune system, and they comprise both tissue-resident populations and circulating monocyte-derived subsets. Here, we discuss microglia, the resident macrophage within the central nervous system (CNS), and CNS-infiltrating macrophages. Under steady state, microglia play important roles in the regulation of CNS homeostasis through the removal of damaged or unnecessary neurons and synapses. In the face of inflammatory or pathological insults, microglia and CNS-infiltrating macrophages not only constitute the first line of defense against pathogens by regulating components of innate immunity, but they also regulate the adaptive arms of immune responses. Dysregulation of these responses contributes to many CNS disorders. In this overview, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the highly diverse and complex function of microglia and macrophages during CNS autoimmunity—multiple sclerosis and cancer—malignant glioma. We emphasize how the crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells or glioma cells or glioma stem cells and CNS macrophages impacts on the pathological processes. Given the essential role of CNS microglia and macrophages in the regulation of all types of CNS disorders, agents targeting these subsets are currently applied in preclinical and clinical trials. We believe that a better understanding of the biology of these macrophage subsets offers new exciting paths for therapeutic intervention.
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27
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Papadopoulou A, Derfuss T, Sprenger T. Daclizumab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2017; 7:279-297. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Daclizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the α-chain of the IL-2 receptor. Results of Phase II and III clinical trials showed efficacy of daclizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, with reduction of annualized relapse rate by 50–54% versus placebo and 45% versus intramuscular IFN-β-1a. Certain aspects of the immunomodulatory mode of action of daclizumab were only discovered during its clinical development, such as the expansion of a subpopulation of natural killer cells. In this article, we outline the putative mechanisms of action and the key clinical data on daclizumab, with a focus on the efficacy and safety profile. We also evaluate its potential role in future treatment algorithms of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Papadopoulou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Image Analysis Center AG, c/o University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, DKD HELIOS Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
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28
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Osherov M, Milo R. Daclizumab for the treatment of adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:1037-1047. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1366854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Osherov
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel
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29
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Woo J, Han D, Wang JI, Park J, Kim H, Kim Y. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Temporal Proteomic Changes in Signaling Pathways during BV2 Mouse Microglial Cell Activation. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3419-3432. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangro, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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30
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Milo R, Stüve O. Spotlight on daclizumab: its potential in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2016; 6:95-109. [PMID: 30050372 PMCID: PMC6053094 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s85747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of a putative autoimmune etiology. Although the exact pathogenic mechanisms underlying demyelination and axonal damage in MS are not fully understood, T-cells are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Daclizumab is a humanized binding monoclonal antibody that binds to the Tac epitope on the α-subunit (CD25) of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, thus effectively blocking the formation of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, which is expressed mainly on T-cells. A series of clinical trials in patients with relapsing MS demonstrated a profound effect of daclizumab on inflammatory disease activity and improved clinical outcomes compared with placebo or interferon-β, which led to the recent approval of daclizumab (Zinbryta™) for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS. Enhancement of endogenous mechanisms of immune regulation rather than inhibition of effector T-cells might explain the effects of daclizumab in MS. These include expansion and improved function of regulatory CD56bright NK cells, inhibition of the early activation of T-cells through blockade of IL-2 transpresentation by dendritic cells and reduction in the number of intrathecal proinflammatory lymphoid tissue inducer cells. The enhanced efficacy of daclizumab is accompanied by an increased frequency of adverse events and risks of serious adverse events, thus placing it as a second-line therapy and calling for the implementation of a strict risk management program. This review details the mechanisms of action of daclizumab, discusses its efficacy and safety in patients with MS, and provides an insight into the place of this novel therapy in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Milo
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel,
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel,
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA
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32
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Hertwig L, Hamann I, Romero-Suarez S, Millward JM, Pietrek R, Chanvillard C, Stuis H, Pollok K, Ransohoff RM, Cardona AE, Infante-Duarte C. CX3CR1-dependent recruitment of mature NK cells into the central nervous system contributes to control autoimmune neuroinflammation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1984-96. [PMID: 27325505 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-deficient mice develop very severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), associated with impaired NK cell recruitment into the CNS. Yet, the precise implications of NK cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation remain elusive. Here, we investigated the pattern of NK cell mobilization and the contribution of CX3CR1 to NK cell dynamics in the EAE. We show that in both wild-type and CX3CR1-deficient EAE mice, NK cells are mobilized from the periphery and accumulate in the inflamed CNS. However, in CX3CR1-deficient mice, the infiltrated NK cells displayed an immature phenotype contrasting with the mature infiltrates in WT mice. This shift in the immature/mature CNS ratio contributes to EAE exacerbation in CX3CR1-deficient mice, since transfer of mature WT NK cells prior to immunization exerted a protective effect and normalized the CNS NK cell ratio. Moreover, mature CD11b(+) NK cells show higher degranulation in the presence of autoreactive 2D2 transgenic CD4(+) T cells and kill these autoreactive cells more efficiently than the immature CD11b(-) fraction. Together, these data suggest a protective role of mature NK cells in EAE, possibly through direct modulation of T cells inside the CNS, and demonstrate that mature and immature NK cells are recruited into the CNS by distinct chemotactic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hertwig
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabell Hamann
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suarez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Millward
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pietrek
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Coralie Chanvillard
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Stuis
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Pollok
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center, Germany and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Hazeldine J, Lord JM, Belli A. Traumatic Brain Injury and Peripheral Immune Suppression: Primer and Prospectus. Front Neurol 2015; 6:235. [PMID: 26594196 PMCID: PMC4633482 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are a common occurrence in patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are associated with an increased risk of mortality, longer length of hospital stay, and poor neurological outcome. Systemic immune suppression arising as a direct result of injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be primarily responsible for this increased incidence of infection, a view strengthened by recent studies that have reported novel changes in the composition and function of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system post-TBI. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie TBI-induced immune suppression is equivocal at best. Here, after summarizing our current understanding of the impact of TBI on peripheral immunity and discussing CNS-mediated regulation of immune function, we propose roles for a series of novel mechanisms in driving the immune suppression that is observed post-TBI. These mechanisms, which have never been considered before in the context of TBI-induced immune paresis, include the CNS-driven emergence into the circulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and suppressive neutrophil subsets, and the release from injured tissue of nuclear and mitochondria-derived damage associated molecular patterns. Moreover, in an effort to further our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie TBI-induced changes in immunity, we pose throughout the review a series of questions, which if answered would address a number of key issues, such as establishing whether manipulating peripheral immune function has potential as a future therapeutic strategy by which to treat and/or prevent infections in the hospitalized TBI patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hazeldine
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK ; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK ; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK ; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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34
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Rodríguez-Martín E, Picón C, Costa-Frossard L, Alenda R, Sainz de la Maza S, Roldán E, Espiño M, Villar LM, Álvarez-Cermeño JC. Natural killer cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:243-9. [PMID: 25565222 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in blood natural killer (NK) cells, important players of the immune innate system, have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied percentages and total cell counts of different effector and regulatory NK cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and other neurological diseases to gain clearer knowledge of the role of these cells in neuroinflammation. NK cell subsets were assessed by flow cytometry in CSF of 85 consecutive MS patients (33 with active disease and 52 with stable MS), 16 with other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (IND) and 17 with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND). MS patients showed a decrease in percentages of different CSF NK subpopulations compared to the NIND group. However, absolute cell counts showed a significant increase of all NK subsets in MS and IND patients, revealing that the decrease in percentages does not reflect a real reduction of these immune cells. Remarkably, MS patients showed a significant increase of regulatory/effector (CD56(bright) /CD56(dim) ) NK ratio compared to IND and NIND groups. In addition, MS activity associated with an expansion of NK T cells. These data show that NK cell subsets do not increase uniformly in all inflammatory neurological disease and suggest strongly that regulatory CD56(bright) and NK T cells may arise in CSF of MS patients as an attempt to counteract the CNS immune activation characteristic of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Immunology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple, REEM, Madrid, Spain
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35
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De Raedt S, De Vos A, Van Binst AM, De Waele M, Coomans D, Buyl R, De Keyser J. High natural killer cell number might identify stroke patients at risk of developing infections. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e71. [PMID: 25738168 PMCID: PMC4335818 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate early changes in leukocyte subsets and autonomic function as predictors of the development of poststroke infections. METHODS We assessed the time course of leukocyte subsets in the blood of 59 patients with acute ischemic stroke. We divided the patients into 2 groups: those who developed infections during the first 7 days after stroke onset and those who did not. We measured urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations and pulse rate variability indices within 24 hours of admission. RESULTS We found that the number of circulating natural killer (NK) cells within the first hours after stroke was higher in stroke patients who developed infections (mean 435 cells/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI] 321-588) than in stroke patients who did not develop infections (mean 236 cells/mL; 95% CI 186-300; p = 0.001). This was followed by a decrease in all lymphocyte subsets from admission to day 1, varying between 22% and 40%, which was not seen in patients without poststroke infection (mean increase varied between 2% and 23%; all p < 0.005). In the group that developed infections, pulse rate variability revealed a decreased high frequency component. These findings all remained significant after adjustment for age and stroke volume. CONCLUSIONS High circulating NK cell count within the first hours after ischemic stroke onset followed by a drop in all lymphocyte subsets identified patients who developed infections and may be caused by a sympathovagal imbalance with sympathetic overweight. These findings need to be validated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie De Raedt
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aurelie De Vos
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Van Binst
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc De Waele
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Coomans
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Buyl
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques De Keyser
- Departments of Neurology (S.D.R., A.D.V., J.D.K.), Radiology (A.-M.V.B.), Hematology (M.D.W.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (D.C., R.B.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Neurology (J.D.K.), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, the Netherlands
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Alterations of natural killer cells in traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:903-912. [PMID: 25446874 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between natural killer (NK) cells and traumatic brain injury (TBI), we tracked an established phenotype of circulating NK cells at several time points in patients with different grades of TBI. In serial peripheral blood samples, NK cells were prospectively measured by flow cytometry of CD3(-) CD56(+) lymphocytes. Compared to healthy controls, TBI patients had reductions in both the percentage and the absolute number of NK cells. Furthermore, the magnitude of NK cell reduction correlated with the degree of TBI severity at several time points. That is, NK cell population size was independently associated with lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores. In addition, at some time points, a positive correlation was found between the NK cell counts and Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. Our results indicate that TBI induces a reduction in the number of NK cells, and the magnitude of the reduction appears to parallel the severity of TBI.
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Nielsen N, Pascal V, Fasth AER, Sundström Y, Galsgaard ED, Ahern D, Andersen M, Baslund B, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Feldmann M, Malmström V, Berg L, Spee P, Söderström K. Balance between activating NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp44 and NKp46 and inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors determine natural killer degranulation towards rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Immunology 2014; 142:581-93. [PMID: 24673109 PMCID: PMC4107668 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and synovial hyperplasia leading to progressive joint destruction. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are central components of the aggressive, tumour-like synovial structure termed pannus, which invades the joint space and cartilage. A distinct natural killer (NK) cell subset expressing the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor is present in RA synovial fluid. Little is known about possible cellular interactions between RA-FLS and NK cells. We used cultured RA-FLS and the human NK cell line Nishi, of which the latter expresses an NK receptor repertoire similar to that of NK cells in RA synovial fluid, as an in vitro model system of RA-FLS/NK cell cross-talk. We show that RA-FLS express numerous ligands for both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, and stimulate degranulation of Nishi cells. We found that NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp46 and NKp44 are the key activating receptors involved in Nishi cell degranulation towards RA-FLS. Moreover, blockade of the interaction between CD94/NKG2A and its ligand HLA-E expressed on RA-FLS further enhanced Nishi cell degranulation in co-culture with RA-FLS. Using cultured RA-FLS and the human NK cell line Nishi as an in vitro model system of RA-FLS/NK cell cross-talk, our results suggest that cell-mediated cytotoxicity of RA-FLS may be one mechanism by which NK cells influence local joint inflammation in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Female
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Male
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- HLA-E Antigens
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Nielsen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - Veronique Pascal
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - Andreas E R Fasth
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Sundström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | | | - David Ahern
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of OxfordLondon, UK
| | - Martin Andersen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
- The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bo Baslund
- Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else M Bartels
- The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henning Bliddal
- The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of OxfordLondon, UK
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Berg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Pieter Spee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - Kalle Söderström
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of OxfordLondon, UK
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Pfender N, Martin R. Daclizumab (anti-CD25) in multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt A:44-51. [PMID: 24768797 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a typical CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, glial scarring and a broad range of neurological deficits. While disease-modifying drugs with a good safety profile and moderate efficacy have been available for 20 years now, a growing number of substances with superior therapeutic efficacy have recently been introduced or are in late stage clinical testing. Daclizumab, a humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody against the α-chain of the Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2Rα, CD25), which had originally been developed and approved to prevent rejection after allograft renal transplantation, belongs to the latter group. Clinical efficacy and safety of daclizumab in MS has so far been tested in several smaller phase II trials and recently two large phase II trials (combined 912 patients), and has shown efficacy regarding reduction of clinical disease activity as well as CNS inflammation. A phase III clinical trial is ongoing till March 2014 (DECIDE study, comparison with interferon (IFN) β-1a in RRMS). Furthermore, the existing safety data from clinical experience in kidney transplantation and in MS appears favorable. Apart from the promising clinical data mechanistic studies along the trials have provided interesting novel insights not only about the mechanisms of daclizumab treatment, but in general about the biology of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor interactions in the human immune system. Besides blockade of recently activated CD25(+) T cells daclizumab appears to act through additional mechanisms including the expansion of immune regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer (NK) cells, the blockade of cross-presentation of IL-2 by dendritic cells (DC) to T cells, and the reduction of lymphoid tissue inducer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Pfender
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Poli A, Kmiecik J, Domingues O, Hentges F, Bléry M, Chekenya M, Boucraut J, Zimmer J. NK cells in central nervous system disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5355-62. [PMID: 23687193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are important players in immunity against pathogens and neoplasms. As a component of the innate immune system, they are one of the first effectors on sites of inflammation. Through their cytokine production capacities, NK cells participate in the development of a potent adaptive immune response. Furthermore, NK cells were found to have regulatory functions to limit and prevent autoimmunity via killing of autologous immune cells. These paradoxical functions of NK cells are reflected in CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes and functional features of peripheral and brain NK cells in brain tumors and infections, neurodegenerative diseases, acute vascular and traumatic damage, as well as mental disorders. We also discuss the implication of NK cells in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection following CNS pathology, as well as the crosstalk between NK cells and brain-resident immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Poli
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, Public Research Center for Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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40
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Wiendl H, Gross CC. Modulation of IL-2Rα with daclizumab for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9:394-404. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Graubardt N, Fahrner R, Trochsler M, Keogh A, Breu K, Furer C, Stroka D, Robson SC, Slack E, Candinas D, Beldi G. Promotion of liver regeneration by natural killer cells in a murine model is dependent on extracellular adenosine triphosphate phosphohydrolysis. Hepatology 2013; 57:1969-79. [PMID: 22898900 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are released by cellular injury, bind to purinergic receptors expressed on hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, and modulate cellular crosstalk. Liver resection and resulting cellular stress initiate such purinergic signaling responses between hepatocytes and innate immune cells, which regulate and ultimately drive liver regeneration. We studied a murine model of partial hepatectomy using immunodeficient mice to determine the effects of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated purinergic signaling on liver regeneration. We noted first that liver NK cells undergo phenotypic changes post-partial hepatectomy (PH) in vivo, including increased cytotoxicity and more immature phenotype manifested by alterations in the expression of CD107a, CD27, CD11b, and CD16. Hepatocellular proliferation is significantly decreased in Rag2/common gamma-null mice (lacking T, B, and NK cells) when compared to wildtype and Rag1-null mice (lacking T and B cells but retaining NK cells). Extracellular ATP levels are elevated post-PH and NK cell cytotoxicity is substantively increased in vivo in response to hydrolysis of extracellular ATP levels by apyrase (soluble NTPDase). Moreover, liver regeneration is significantly increased by the scavenging of extracellular ATP in wildtype mice and in Rag2/common gamma-null mice after adoptive transfer of NK cells. Blockade of NKG2D-dependent interactions significantly decreased hepatocellular proliferation. In vitro, NK cell cytotoxicity is inhibited by extracellular ATP in a manner dependent on P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2X3 receptor activation. CONCLUSION We propose that hepatic NK cells are activated and cytotoxic post-PH and support hepatocellular proliferation. NK cell cytotoxicity is, however, attenuated by hepatic release of extracellular ATP by way of the activation of specific P2 receptors. Clearance of extracellular ATP elevates NK cell cytotoxicity and boosts liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Graubardt
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Zingoni A, Ardolino M, Santoni A, Cerboni C. NKG2D and DNAM-1 activating receptors and their ligands in NK-T cell interactions: role in the NK cell-mediated negative regulation of T cell responses. Front Immunol 2013; 3:408. [PMID: 23316196 PMCID: PMC3540764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulation of adaptive immunity is relevant to maintain lymphocyte homeostasis. Several studies on natural killer (NK) cells have shown a previously unappreciated immunomodulatory role, as they can negatively regulate T cell-mediated immune responses by direct killing and by secretion of inhibitory cytokines. The molecular mechanisms of T cell suppression by NK cells, however, remained elusive. Only in the last few years has it become evident that, upon activation, human T cells express MICA-B, ULBP1-3, and PVR, ligands of the activating receptors NKG2D and DNAM-1, respectively. Their expression renders T cells targets of NK cell lysis, representing a new mechanism taking part to the negative regulation of T cell responses. Studies on the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on T cells have also contributed in understanding that the activation of ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated)/ATR (ATM/Rad3-related) kinases and the DNA damage response is a common pathway regulating the expression of activating ligands in different types of cells and under different conditions. The functional consequences of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligand expression on activated T cells are discussed in the context of physiologic and pathologic processes such as infections, autoimmunity, and graft versus host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Michel T, Hentges F, Zimmer J. Consequences of the crosstalk between monocytes/macrophages and natural killer cells. Front Immunol 2013; 3:403. [PMID: 23316194 PMCID: PMC3539656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between natural killer (NK) cells and different other immune cells like T cells and dendritic cells is well-described, but the crosstalk with monocytes or macrophages and the nature of ligands/receptors implicated are just emerging. The macrophage-NK interaction is a major first-line defense against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites). The recruitment and the activation of NK cells to perform cytotoxicity or produce cytokines at the sites of inflammation are important to fight infections. The two main mechanisms by which macrophages can prime NK cells are (1) activation through soluble mediators such as IL-12, IL-18, and (2) stimulation through direct cell-to-cell contact. We will discuss the progress in matters of modulation of NK cell functions by monocytes and macrophages, in the steady state and during diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Michel
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Abstract
Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis are chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and course. Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems have been suggested to contribute to their pathogenesis and recovery. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system in mediating demyelinating diseases. In particular, we provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functions of dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK-T cells, γδ T cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes. We emphasize the interaction of astroctyes with the immune system and how this interaction relates to the demyelinating pathologies. Given the pivotal role of the innate immune system, it is possible that targeting these cells may provide an effective therapeutic approach for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Mayo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kaur G, Trowsdale J, Fugger L. Natural killer cells and their receptors in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 136:2657-76. [PMID: 22734127 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has crucial roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. While the adaptive immune cell subsets, T and B cells, have been the main focus of immunological research in multiple sclerosis, it is now important to realize that the innate immune system also has a key involvement in regulating autoimmune responses in the central nervous system. Natural killer cells are innate lymphocytes that play vital roles in a diverse range of infections. There is evidence that they influence a number of autoimmune conditions. Recent studies in multiple sclerosis and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are starting to provide some understanding of the role of natural killer cells in regulating inflammation in the central nervous system. Natural killer cells express a diverse range of polymorphic cell surface receptors, which interact with polymorphic ligands; this interaction controls the function and the activation status of the natural killer cell. In this review, we discuss evidence for the role of natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We consider how a change in the balance of signals received by the natural killer cell influences its involvement in the ensuing immune response, in relation to multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurman Kaur
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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Cytotoxicity of CD56(bright) NK cells towards autologous activated CD4+ T cells is mediated through NKG2D, LFA-1 and TRAIL and dampened via CD94/NKG2A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31959. [PMID: 22384114 PMCID: PMC3284517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse models of chronic inflammatory diseases, Natural Killer (NK) cells can play an immunoregulatory role by eliminating chronically activated leukocytes. Indirect evidence suggests that NK cells may also be immunoregulatory in humans. Two subsets of human NK cells can be phenotypically distinguished as CD16+CD56dim and CD16dim/−CD56bright. An expansion in the CD56bright NK cell subset has been associated with clinical responses to therapy in various autoimmune diseases, suggesting an immunoregulatory role for this subset in vivo. Here we compared the regulation of activated human CD4+ T cells by CD56dim and CD56bright autologous NK cells in vitro. Both subsets efficiently killed activated, but not resting, CD4+ T cells. The activating receptor NKG2D, as well as the integrin LFA-1 and the TRAIL pathway, played important roles in this process. Degranulation by NK cells towards activated CD4+ T cells was enhanced by IL-2, IL-15, IL-12+IL-18 and IFN-α. Interestingly, IL-7 and IL-21 stimulated degranulation by CD56bright NK cells but not by CD56dim NK cells. NK cell killing of activated CD4+ T cells was suppressed by HLA-E on CD4+ T cells, as blocking the interaction between HLA-E and the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A NK cell receptor enhanced NK cell degranulation. This study provides new insight into CD56dim and CD56bright NK cell-mediated elimination of activated autologous CD4+ T cells, which potentially may provide an opportunity for therapeutic treatment of chronic inflammation.
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Durrenberger PF, Ettorre A, Kamel F, Webb LV, Sim M, Nicholas RS, Malik O, Reynolds R, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. Innate immunity in multiple sclerosis white matter lesions: expression of natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NCR1). J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:1. [PMID: 22212381 PMCID: PMC3269367 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenic or regulatory effects of natural killer (NK) cells are implicated in many autoimmune diseases, but evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its murine models remains equivocal. In an effort to illuminate this, we have here analysed expression of the prototypic NK cell marker, NCR1 (natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor; NKp46; CD335), an activating receptor expressed by virtually all NK cells and therefore considered a pan-marker for NK cells. The only definitive ligand of NCR1 is influenza haemagglutinin, though there are believed to be others. In this study, we investigated whether there were differences in NCR1+ cells in the peripheral blood of MS patients and whether NCR1+ cells are present in white matter lesions. Results We first investigated the expression of NCR1 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and found no significant difference between healthy controls and MS patients. We then investigated mRNA levels in central nervous system (CNS) tissue from MS patients: NCR1 transcripts were increased more than 5 times in active disease lesions. However when we performed immunohistochemical staining of this tissue, few NCR1+ NK cells were identified. Rather, the major part of NCR1 expression was localised to astrocytes, and was considerably more pronounced in MS patients than controls. In order to further validate de novo expression of NCR1 in astrocytes, we used an in vitro staining of the human astrocytoma U251 cell line grown to model whether cell stress could be associated with expression of NCR1. We found up-regulation of NCR1 expression in U251 cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions The data presented here show very limited expression of NCR1+ NK cells in MS lesions, the majority of NCR1 expression being accounted for by expression on astrocytes. This is compatible with a role of this cell-type and NCR1 ligand/receptor interactions in the innate immune response in the CNS in MS patients. This is the first report of NCR1 expression on astrocytes in MS tissue: it will now be important to unravel the nature of cellular interactions and signalling mediated through innate receptor expression on astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal F Durrenberger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, UK
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Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Kajiura H, Takata H, Kuriki T, Ohno N. The effect of orally administered glycogen on anti-tumor activity and natural killer cell activity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barreira da Silva R, Münz C. Natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells: balancing inhibitory and activating signals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3505-18. [PMID: 21861182 PMCID: PMC11114903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have originally been identified by their spontaneous cytolytic potential against tumor cells, which, however, might result from pre-activation due to prior pathogen exposure. Resting NK cells, on the contrary, require activation by bystander antigen-presenting cells to reach their full functional competence. In this review, we will summarize studies on how dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent type of antigen-presenting cell, communicate with human NK cells to activate them in secondary lymphoid organs and to integrate signals from activated NK cells at sites of inflammation for their own maturation. Furthermore, we will review aspects of the immunological synapse, which mediates this cross-talk. These studies provide the mechanistic understanding of how mature DCs can activate NK cells and survive to go on for the activation of adaptive immunity. This feature of DCs, to activate different waves of immune responses, could be harnessed for immunotherapies, including vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Barreira da Silva
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Increased evidence of cross-talk between NK cells and other immune cells has enhanced the possibilities of exploiting the interplay between the activation and inhibition of NK cells for immunotherapeutic purposes. The battery of receptors possessed by NK cells help them to efficiently detect aberrant and infected cells and embark on the signaling pathways necessary to eliminate them. Endogenous expansion of NK cells and their effector mechanisms are under exploration for enhancing adoptive immunotherapy prospects in combination with immunostimulatory and cell-death-sensitizing treatments against cancer, viral infections and other pathophysiological autoimmune conditions. Various modes of NK cell manipulation are being undertaken to overcome issues such as relapse and graft rejections associated with adoptive immunotherapy. While tracing the remarkable properties of NK cells and the major developments in this field, we highlight the role of immune cooperativity in the betterment of current immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malhotra
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Function, Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 2005 Harold D West Basic Sciences Building, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Function, Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 2005 Harold D West Basic Sciences Building, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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