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Wang L, Zhu Y, Zhang N, Xian Y, Tang Y, Ye J, Reza F, He G, Wen X, Jiang X. The multiple roles of interferon regulatory factor family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:282. [PMID: 39384770 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs), a family of transcription factors, profoundly influence the immune system, impacting both physiological and pathological processes. This review explores the diverse functions of nine mammalian IRF members, each featuring conserved domains essential for interactions with other transcription factors and cofactors. These interactions allow IRFs to modulate a broad spectrum of physiological processes, encompassing host defense, immune response, and cell development. Conversely, their pivotal role in immune regulation implicates them in the pathophysiology of various diseases, such as infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancers. In this context, IRFs display a dichotomous nature, functioning as both tumor suppressors and promoters, contingent upon the specific disease milieu. Post-translational modifications of IRFs, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play a crucial role in modulating their function, stability, and activation. As prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets, IRFs present promising opportunities for disease intervention. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms governing IRF regulation, potentially pioneering innovative therapeutic strategies, particularly in cancer treatment, where the equilibrium of IRF activities is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yali Xian
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fekrazad Reza
- Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Liu J, Zhou J, Luan Y, Li X, Meng X, Liao W, Tang J, Wang Z. cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis: an overview of crosstalk mechanism of activation and regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:22. [PMID: 38195584 PMCID: PMC10775518 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular DNA-sensing pathway cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis act as critical natural immune signaling axes for microbial infection, chronic inflammation, cancer progression and organ degeneration, but the mechanism and regulation of the crosstalk network remain unclear. Cellular stress disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, facilitates the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the leakage of mitochondrial DNA to cell membrane, triggers inflammatory responses by activating cGAS-STING signaling, and subsequently induces inflammasomes activation and the onset of pyroptosis. Meanwhile, the inflammasome-associated protein caspase-1, Gasdermin D, the CARD domain of ASC and the potassium channel are involved in regulating cGAS-STING pathway. Importantly, this crosstalk network has a cascade amplification effect that exacerbates the immuno-inflammatory response, worsening the pathological process of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Given the importance of this crosstalk network of cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis in the regulation of innate immunity, it is emerging as a new avenue to explore the mechanisms of multiple disease pathogenesis. Therefore, efforts to define strategies to selectively modulate cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis in different disease settings have been or are ongoing. In this review, we will describe how this mechanistic understanding is driving possible therapeutics targeting this crosstalk network, focusing on the interacting or regulatory proteins, pathways, and a regulatory mitochondrial hub between cGAS-STING, inflammasomes, and pyroptosis. SHORT CONCLUSION This review aims to provide insight into the critical roles and regulatory mechanisms of the crosstalk network of cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis, and to highlight some promising directions for future research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- The Second Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, 315099, China
| | - Yuling Luan
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Wenhao Liao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Zheilei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Ji L, Li T, Chen H, Yang Y, Lu E, Liu J, Qiao W, Chen H. The crucial regulatory role of type I interferon in inflammatory diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:230. [PMID: 38124132 PMCID: PMC10734085 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays crucial roles in the regulation of inflammation and it is associated with various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and periodontitis, impacting people's health and quality of life. It is well-established that IFN-Is affect immune responses and inflammatory factors by regulating some signaling. However, currently, there is no comprehensive overview of the crucial regulatory role of IFN-I in distinctive pathways as well as associated inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide a narrative of the involvement of IFN-I in different signaling pathways, mainly mediating the related key factors with specific targets in the pathways and signaling cascades to influence the progression of inflammatory diseases. As such, we suggested that IFN-Is induce inflammatory regulation through the stimulation of certain factors in signaling pathways, which displays possible efficient treatment methods and provides a reference for the precise control of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ji
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianle Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Eryi Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Level 3, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Level 3, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Wei X, Lu Y, Wang Q, Fu R, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Chen S, Xu A, Yuan S. Characterization of GSDME in amphioxus provides insights into the functional evolution of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002062. [PMID: 37134086 PMCID: PMC10155998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the gasdermin (GSDM) family are pore-forming effectors that cause membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis, a lytic proinflammatory type of cell death. To reveal the functional evolution of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis at the transition from invertebrates to vertebrates, we conducted functional characterization of amphioxus GSDME (BbGSDME) and found that it can be cleaved by distinct caspase homologs, yielding the N253 and N304 termini with distinct functions. The N253 fragment binds to cell membrane, triggers pyroptosis, and inhibits bacterial growth, while the N304 performs negative regulation of N253-mediated cell death. Moreover, BbGSDME is associated with bacteria-induced tissue necrosis and transcriptionally regulated by BbIRF1/8 in amphioxus. Interestingly, several amino acids that are evolutionarily conserved were found to be important for the function of both BbGSDME and HsGSDME, shedding new lights on the functional regulation of GSDM-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxia Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghuan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochun Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Li C, Wu H, Sen Ta Na H, Wang L, Zhong C, Deng B, Liu C, Bao H, Sang H, Hou L. Neuronal-microglial liver X receptor β activating decrease neuroinflammation and chronic stress-induced depression-related behavior in mice. Brain Res 2022; 1797:148112. [PMID: 36216100 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Depression is accompanied by excessive neuroinflammation. Liver X receptor β (LXRβ) has been reported as a newly emerging target that exerts systemic and organic inflammation modulation. However, the modulatory mechanism in alleviating neuroinflammation are far from being revealed. In the current study, depression-related behaviors in mice were induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and corticosterone (CORT) drinking. Mice received either TO901317, PLX-5622 and intra- bilateral basolateral amygdale (BLA) injection of rAAV9-hSyn-hM3D(Gq)-eGFP to activate LXRβ, eliminate microglia and pharmacogenetic activate neurons in BLA, respectively, followed by behavioral tests. Microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic activation, as well as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release in BLA were investigated. Moreover, pro-inflammatory activation of BV2 cells-induced by CORT with or without TO901317 was detected. Neuroinflammation indicated by IL-1β release was measured in a co-culture system of HT22-primary microglia with or without TO901317. Our results indicated that chronic stress induced depression-related behaviors, which were accompanied with microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic activation, as well as NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BLA. Accordingly, pharmacological activation of LXRβ inhibited microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic activation, as well as NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and IL-1β release both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, both elimination of microglia and pharmacogenetic activation of neurons in BLA protected mice from chronic stress-induced depression-related behavior. Collectively, pharmacological activation of neuronal-microglial LXRβ alleviates depression-related behavior by modulating excessive neuroinflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Huanghui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, PR China
| | - Ha Sen Ta Na
- Department of Anesthesiology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Chuanqi Zhong
- School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Han Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Hanfei Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Lichao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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Zhao W, Deng Z, Barkema HW, Xu M, Gao J, Liu G, Lin Y, Kastelic JP, Han B. Nrf2 and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are involved in Prototheca bovis infections of mouse mammary gland tissue and mammary epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 184:148-157. [PMID: 35417750 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca bovis is a serious pathogen for animals, but pathogenesis of P. bovis mastitis is unclear. The objective was to characterize how P. bovis induces inflammatory responses in mouse mammary gland tissue and mammary epithelial cells (mMECs). Prototheca bovis damaged mammary gland tissue and mitochondrial structure, and induced oxidative stress, as evident by significant increases in mtROS and MDA concentrations and significant decreases in T-SOD activity in both mammary gland tissue and mMECs. Expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and Keap1 proteins was significantly changed in mammary gland tissue and mMECs after P. bovis infection. Additionally, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) and protein expressions in NF-κB and in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway were significantly increased in mammary gland tissue and mMECs. In the P. bovis group, treatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly decreased protein expression in NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, as well as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18, whereas protein expression in the Nrf2 pathway was significantly changed. Inhibition of NF-κB or NLRP3 significantly decreased expression of IL-1β and IL-18 proteins in mMECs infected with P. bovis. Additionally, activating Nrf2 inhibited expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β. In conclusion, P. bovis induced an inflammatory response via the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway; however, scavenging ROS or activating Nrf2 mitigated the inflammatory response in infected mMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhaoju Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Maolin Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yushan Lin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Kong P, Cui ZY, Huang XF, Zhang DD, Guo RJ, Han M. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:131. [PMID: 35459215 PMCID: PMC9033871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing and clinical trials have demonstrated that innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or quell atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, that are associated with the inflammatory response, have been implicated within atherosclerosis such as NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which are of importance for atherosclerosis development and regression. Targeting inflammatory pathways, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and its regulated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, could represent an attractive new route for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on cellular participants and key inflammatory signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss the preclinical studies targeting these key pathways for atherosclerosis, the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes, and the effects of quelling inflammation and atherosclerosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Zi-Yang Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Rui-Juan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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Essential Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mediating IL-1β Production and the Pathobiology of Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0010322. [PMID: 35404106 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal endophthalmitis is one of the leading causes of blindness following ocular surgery and trauma. Dysregulated inflammation during bacterial endophthalmitis causes host-induced inflammatory damage and vision loss if it remains unchecked. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammasome plays a critical role in regulating innate immunity in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of the inflammasome in endophthalmitis remains elusive. Here, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus (S) aureus endophthalmitis, we show that NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signaling regulates IL-1β production in endophthalmitis. We also show that S. aureus and its cell wall components and toxins induce the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex in mouse eyes. Moreover, we found that both infiltrating neutrophils and retinal microglia contribute toward NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production in S. aureus-infected eyes. Furthermore, our data using NLRP3-/- and IL-1β-/- mice revealed that NLRP3 and IL-1β deficiency leads to increased intraocular bacterial burden and retinal tissue damage. Altogether, our study demonstrated an essential role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in regulating innate immune responses in bacterial endophthalmitis.
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Host Cells Actively Resist Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection via the IRF8-MicroRNA-10a-SRP14 Regulatory Pathway. J Virol 2022; 96:e0000322. [PMID: 35293774 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00003-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the virus-host interaction. Our previous work has indicated that the expression level of miR-10a increased in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection and further inhibited viral replication through downregulates the expression of host molecule signal-recognition particle 14 (SRP14) protein. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-10a increased after PRRSV infection remains unknown. In the present study, transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) was identified as a negative regulator of miR-10a. PRRSV infection decreases the expression level of IRF8 in PAMs, leading to upregulating miR-10a expression to play an anti-PRRSV role. Meanwhile, this work first proved that IRF8 promoted PRRSV replication in an miR-10a-dependent manner. Further, we explained that SRP14, the target gene of miR-10a, promotes the synthesis of the PRRSV genome by interacting with the viral components Nsp2, thus facilitating PRRSV replication. In conclusion, we identified a novel IRF8-miR-10a-SRP14 regulatory pathway against PRRSV infection, which provides new insights into virus-host interactions and suggests potential new antiviral strategies to control PRRSV. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has rapidly spread to the global pig industry and caused incalculable economic damage since first discovered in the 1980s. However, conventional vaccines do not provide satisfactory protection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host resistance to PRRSV infection is necessary to develop safe and effective strategies to control PRRSV. During viral infection, miRNAs play vital roles in regulating the expression of viral or host genes at the posttranscriptional level. The significance of our study is that we revealed the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the antiviral molecule miR-10a after PRRSV infection. Moreover, our research also explained the mechanism of host molecule SRP14, the target gene of miR-10a regulating PRRSV replication. Thus, we report a novel regulatory pathway of IRF8-miR-10a-SRP14 against PRRSV infection, which provides new insights into virus-host interactions and suggests potential new control measures for future PRRSV outbreaks.
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Sharma BR, Karki R, Sundaram B, Wang Y, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. The Transcription Factor IRF9 Promotes Colorectal Cancer via Modulating the IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040919. [PMID: 35205671 PMCID: PMC8869918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and innate immune responses and inflammation are known to affect the course of disease. Interferon (IFN) signaling in particular is critical for modulating inflammation-associated diseases including CRC. While the effects of IFN signaling in CRC have been studied, results have been conflicting. Furthermore, individual molecules in the IFN pathway that could be therapeutically targeted have distinct functions, with many of their diverse roles in CRC remaining unclear. Here, we found that IRF9 had an oncogenic effect in CRC; loss of IRF9 reduced tumorigenesis in both azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced and spontaneous CRC models. IRF9 also reduced DSS-induced colitis and inflammation in the colon, but it had no effect on the NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation. Instead, IRF9 enhanced the transcription and production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. By promoting IL-6 release, IRF9 drove the activation of pro-oncogenic STAT3 signaling in the colon. Overall, our study found that IRF9 promoted the development of CRC via modulation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis, identifying multiple potential targets and suggesting new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.R.S.); (R.K.); (B.S.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-595-3634; Fax: +1-901-595-5766
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11
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Zheng M, Karki R, Kancharana B, Berns H, Pruett-Miller SM, Kanneganti TD. Caspase-6 promotes activation of the caspase-11-NLRP3 inflammasome during gram-negative bacterial infections. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101379. [PMID: 34740613 PMCID: PMC8633687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against infection. One key component of the innate immune response to gram-negative bacterial infections is inflammasome activation. The caspase-11 (CASP11)-nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated by cytosolic lipopolysaccharide, a gram-negative bacterial cell wall component, to trigger pyroptosis and host defense during infection. Although several cellular signaling pathways have been shown to regulate CASP11-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to lipopolysaccharide, the upstream molecules regulating CASP11 activation during infection with live pathogens remain unclear. Here, we report that the understudied caspase-6 (CASP6) contributes to the activation of the CASP11-NLRP3 inflammasome in response to infections with gram-negative bacteria. Using in vitro cellular systems with bone marrow-derived macrophages and 293T cells, we found that CASP6 can directly process CASP11 by cleaving at Asp59 and Asp285, the CASP11 auto-cleavage sites, which could contribute to the activation of CASP11 during gram-negative bacterial infection. Thus, the loss of CASP6 led to impaired CASP11-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to gram-negative bacteria. These results demonstrate that CASP6 potentiates activation of the CASP11-NLRP3 inflammasome to produce inflammatory cytokines during gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Berns
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Li W, Tan Y, Gao F, Xiang M. Overexpression of TRIM3 protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury via repressing IRF3 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 54:1331-1342. [PMID: 34643859 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-03017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathological process of sepsis involves multiple system organs, including kidney. Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) has high morbidity and high mortality. Overproduced inflammatory factors contribute to the occurrence and evolvement of AKI. Here, the role and underlying mechanism of tripartite motif containing 3 (TRIM3) and in AKI was explored. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for constructing AKI model both in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR and western blot were performed to detect TRIM3, Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 inflammasome. Upon selectively regulating the TRIM3 or IRF3 expression, the proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory response were detected. The interaction between TRIM3 and IRF3 was verified by Immunoprecipitation (IP). RESULTS TRIM3 was down-regulated in mediated injury renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 treated with LPS. Overexpression of TRIM3 promoted cell viability and reduced apoptosis. In addition, overexpression of TRIM3 inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-18), dampened the phosphorylation of IRF3 and repressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, TRIM3 overexpression significantly eased the LPS-induced damage on AKI rat model and decreased the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in rat kidney tissues. The results of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot manifested that TRIM3 was increased dramatically after TRIM3 was overexpressed in the rat kidney tissues, while IRF3 and NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 inflammasome were significantly repressed following TRIM3 upregulation in the kidney tissues. Mechanistically, TRIM3 interacted with IRF3 and inhibited its phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Overexpression of TRIM3 protected against LPS-induced AKI by inhibiting the IRF3 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- The Central Hospital of ENSHI TUJIA AND MIAO Autonomous Prefecture, 158 Wuyang County Street, Enshi City, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Yunzhi Tan
- The Central Hospital of ENSHI TUJIA AND MIAO Autonomous Prefecture, 158 Wuyang County Street, Enshi City, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- The Central Hospital of ENSHI TUJIA AND MIAO Autonomous Prefecture, 158 Wuyang County Street, Enshi City, 445000, Hubei, China.
| | - Miaomiao Xiang
- The Central Hospital of ENSHI TUJIA AND MIAO Autonomous Prefecture, 158 Wuyang County Street, Enshi City, 445000, Hubei, China
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13
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Ji N, Qi Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Yan Z, Li M, Ge Q, Zhang J. Pyroptosis: A New Regulating Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2647-2666. [PMID: 34188515 PMCID: PMC8235951 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s308177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a kind of pro-inflammatory cell death. Compared with autophagy and apoptosis, pyroptosis has unique characteristics in morphology and mechanism. Specifically, pyroptosis is a kind of cell lysis mediated by the Gasdermin family, releases inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. There are three different forms of mechanism, which are caspase-1-mediated, caspase-4/5/11-mediated and caspase-3-mediated. A large number of studies have proved that pyroptosis is closely related to cardiovascular disease. This paper reviewed the recent progress in the related research on pyroptosis and myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, heart failure hypertension and Kawasaki disease. Therefore, we believe that pyroptosis may be a new therapeutic target in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ji
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Qi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyao Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Ge
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, People's Republic of China
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14
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Differential mRNA and miRNA Profiles Reveal the Potential Roles of Genes and miRNAs Involved in LPS Infection in Chicken Macrophages. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050760. [PMID: 34067819 PMCID: PMC8155903 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, and triggers an inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we used LPS from Escherichia coli serotype enteritidis to stimulate chicken macrophages (HD11) and conducted the transcriptome analysis using a bioinformatics approach to explore the functions of immune-related genes and miRNAs. In total, 1759 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 18 differentially expressed (DE)-miRNAs were detected during LPS infection. At 6 h post infection, 1025 DEGs and 10 miRNAs were up-regulated, and 734 DEGs and 8 DE-miRNAs were down-regulated. Based on both RNA hybrid and miRanda systems, 55 DEGs could be targeted by 14 DE-miRNAs. The target genes were related to the immune response, such as IRF8, STAT3, TRAF7, and other potential candidate genes. The DE-miRNAs miR146a-3p, miR6583-5p, and miR30c-2-3p were investigated further. They were predicted to target 34 genes that may also be candidates for immune-related miRNAs and genes. Our results enhanced our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of Gram-negative bacteria in chickens.
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15
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Sharma BR, Kanneganti TD. NLRP3 inflammasome in cancer and metabolic diseases. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:550-559. [PMID: 33707781 PMCID: PMC8132572 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric cytosolic protein complex that assembles in response to cellular perturbations. This assembly leads to the activation of caspase-1, which promotes maturation and release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, as well as inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). The inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of systemic low-grade inflammation, and aberrant NLRP3 activation can drive a chronic inflammatory state in the body to modulate the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated diseases. Therefore, targeting NLRP3 or other signaling molecules downstream, such as caspase-1, IL-1β or IL-18, has the potential for great therapeutic benefit. However, NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cytokines play dual roles in mediating human disease. While they are detrimental in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and metabolic diseases, they have a beneficial role in numerous infectious diseases and some cancers. Therefore, fine tuning of NLRP3 inflammasome activity is essential for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis and health. In this Review, we will cover the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its divergent roles in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Correspondence to: Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti, Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis TN 38105-3678, Tel: (901) 595-3634; Fax. (901) 595-5766.,
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16
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Ju X, Yang Z, Zhang H, Wang Q. Role of pyroptosis in cancer cells and clinical applications. Biochimie 2021; 185:78-86. [PMID: 33746064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit tumor cell growth through the apoptosis pathway. However, tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapy drugs by evading apoptosis. It is necessary to find new ways to inhibit tumor growth through other types of death. Pyroptosis is a recently identified inflammatory cell death that plays an important role in a variety of diseases, including cancer. In this review, we will systematically review recent progress in the pyroptosis signaling pathway, the role of inflammasomes in cancer in the context of pyroptosis, the role of gasdermin proteins in cancer and the role of pyroptosis in tumor immunity. We will also discuss the application of the pyroptosis pathway in clinical studies. Finally, we hope to provide new strategies for pyroptosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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17
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Polak ME, Singh H. Tolerogenic and immunogenic states of Langerhans cells are orchestrated by epidermal signals acting on a core maturation gene module. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000182. [PMID: 33645739 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter-acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling-dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β-Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady-state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell-cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Pyroptosis by caspase-11 inflammasome-Gasdermin D pathway in autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105408. [PMID: 33412278 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are a group of supramolecular complexes primarily comprise a sensor, adaptor protein and an effector. Among them, canonical inflammasomes are assembled by one specific pattern recognition receptor, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD and procaspase-1. Murine caspase-11 and its human ortholog caspase-4/5 are identified as cytosolic sensors which directly responds to LPS. Once gaining access to cytosol, LPS further trigger inflammasome activation in noncanonical way. Downstream pore-forming Gasdermin D is a pyroptosis executioner. Emerging evidence announced in recent years demonstrate the vital role played by caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in a range of autoimmune diseases. Pharmacological ablation of caspase-11 and its related effector results in potent therapeutic effects. Though recent advances have highlighted the potential of caspase-11 as a drug target, the understanding of caspase-11 molecular activation and regulation mechanism remains to be limited and thus hampered the discovery and progression of novel inhibitors. Here in this timeline review, we explored how caspase-11 get involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, we also collected the reported small-molecular caspase-11 inhibitors. Moreover, the clinical implications and therapeutic potential of caspase-11 inhibitors are discussed. Targeting non-canonical inflammasomes is a promising strategy for autoimmune diseases treatment, while information about the toxicity and physiological disposition of the promising caspase-11 inhibitors need to be supplemented before they can be translated from bench to bedside.
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19
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Tweedell RE, Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. A comprehensive guide to studying inflammasome activation and cell death. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3284-3333. [PMID: 32895525 PMCID: PMC7716618 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric heterogeneous mega-Dalton protein complexes that play key roles in the host innate immune response to infection and sterile insults. Assembly of the inflammasome complex following infection or injury begins with the oligomerization of the upstream inflammasome-forming sensor and proceeds through a multistep process of well-coordinated events and downstream effector functions. Together, these steps enable elegant experimental readouts with which to reliably assess the successful activation of the inflammasome complex and cell death. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that details several in vitro (in bone marrow-derived macrophages) and in vivo (in mice) strategies for activating the inflammasome and explain how to subsequently assess multiple downstream effects in parallel to unequivocally establish the activation status of the inflammasome and cell death pathways. Our workflow assesses inflammasome activation via the formation of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck; cleavage of caspase-1 and gasdermin D; release of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, and lactate dehydrogenase from the cell; and real-time analysis of cell death by imaging. Analyses take up to ~24 h to complete. Overall, our multifaceted approach provides a comprehensive and consistent protocol for assessing inflammasome activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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