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Sears CR, Zhou H, Hulsey E, Aidoo BA, Sandusky GE, Al Nasrallah N. XPC Protects against Carcinogen-Induced Histologic Progression to Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Reduced Basal Epithelial Cell Proliferation. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1495. [PMID: 38672576 PMCID: PMC11048415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is the second leading cause of lung cancer. Although characterized by high DNA mutational burdens and genomic complexity, the role of DNA repair in LUSC development is poorly understood. We sought to better understand the role of the DNA repair protein Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC) in LUSC development. XPC knock-out (KO), heterozygous, and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed topically to N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU), and lungs were evaluated for histology and pre-malignant progression in a blinded fashion at various time-points from 8-24 weeks. High-grade dysplasia and LUSC were increased in XPC KO compared with XPC WT NTCU mice (56% vs. 34%), associated with a higher mean LUSC lung involvement (p < 0.05). N-acetylcysteine pre-treatment decreased bronchoalveolar inflammation but did not prevent LUSC development. Proliferation, measured as %Ki67+ cells, increased with NTCU treatment, in high-grade dysplasia and LUSC, and in XPC deficiency (p < 0.01, ANOVA). Finally, pre-LUSC dysplasia developed earlier and progressed to higher histologic classification sooner in XPC KO compared with WT mice. Overall, this supports the protective role of XPC in squamous dysplasia progression to LUSC. Mouse models of early LUSC development are limited; this may provide a valuable model to study mechanisms of LUSC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R. Sears
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.Z.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Huaxin Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.Z.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Emily Hulsey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA (G.E.S.)
| | - Bea A. Aidoo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA (G.E.S.)
| | - Nawar Al Nasrallah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.Z.); (N.A.N.)
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Mishra MK, Gupta S, Shivangi, Sharma M, Sehgal S. The repertoire of mutational signatures in tobacco- and non-tobacco-induced oral cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:3332-3344. [PMID: 37058208 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of tobacco products is one of the established contributors toward the development and spread of oral cancer. Additionally, recent research has indicated oral microbiome, infections with Human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Candida as significant contributing factors to this disease along with lifestyle habits. Deregulation of cellular pathways envisaging metabolism, transcription, translation, and epigenetics caused by these risk factors either individually or in unison is manifold, resulting in the increased risk of oral cancer. Globally, this cancer continues to exist as one of the major causes of cancer-related mortalities; the numbers in the developing South Asian countries clearly indicate yearly escalation. This review encompasses the variety of genetic modifications, including adduct formation, mutation (duplication, deletion, and translocation), and epigenetic changes evident in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In addition, it highlights the interference caused by tobacco products in Wnt signaling, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK-STAT, and other important pathways. The information provided also ensures a comprehensive and critical revisit to non-tobacco-induced OSCC. Extensive literature survey and analysis has been conducted to generate the chromosome maps specifically highlighting OSCC-related mutations with the potential to act as spectacles for the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of this disease cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Mishra
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, ASCOMS, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Shivangi
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Manshi Sharma
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Shelly Sehgal
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India.
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3
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Aging, Physical Exercise, Telomeres, and Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020598. [PMID: 36831134 PMCID: PMC9952920 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human aging is a gradual and adaptive process characterized by a decrease in the homeostatic response, leading to biochemical and molecular changes that are driven by hallmarks of aging, such as oxidative stress (OxS), chronic inflammation, and telomere shortening. One of the diseases associated with the hallmarks of aging, which has a great impact on functionality and quality of life, is sarcopenia. However, the relationship between telomere length, sarcopenia, and age-related mortality has not been extensively studied. Moderate physical exercise has been shown to have a positive effect on sarcopenia, decreasing OxS and inflammation, and inducing protective effects on telomeric DNA. This results in decreased DNA strand breaks, reduced OxS and IA, and activation of repair pathways. Higher levels of physical activity are associated with an apparent increase in telomere length. This review aims to present the current state of the art of knowledge on the effect of physical exercise on telomeric maintenance and activation of repair mechanisms in sarcopenia.
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4
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Wang HS, Wang XY, Ding HT, Hu XY, Li J, Cheng C, Zheng F. Oral Metal-Organic Gel Protected Whole-Cell Biosensor for in Situ Monitoring Nitrosamines in the Gastrointestinal Tract. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8688-8694. [PMID: 36264028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite, a type of food additive, has been proved convertible to genotoxic nitrosamines in the gastrointestinal tract by intestinal flora. There is no appropriate method for in situ detection of nitrosamines. Herein, plasmid-introduced Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which can respond to nitrosamine-induced DNA damage and activate pMAG1-based DNA damage repair (DDR), was designed as whole-cell biosensors (WCBs) for monitoring the in situ generated nitrosamines by a reporter gene expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). In order to protect the validity of WCBs (pMAG1 yeast) from the gastric acid environment, a type of metal-organic gel (MOG), coordinated by Fe3+ and 2,2'-thiodiacetic acid (TDA), was prepared to embed the WCBs. The MOG(Fe-TDA) is gastric acid resistant and can deliver the pMAG1 yeast to the gut without compromising the performance of pMAG1 yeast to detect in situ generated nitrosamines. The genotoxicity of nitrosamines converted from nitrite was successfully detected in the gastrointestinal tract of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xing-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao-Tian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Nicotine Inhibits the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of NNK Mediated by CYP2A13 in BEAS-2B Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154851. [PMID: 35956805 PMCID: PMC9369970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and nicotine can be metabolized by cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13). Previous studies have shown that nicotine has a potential inhibitory effect on the toxicity of NNK. However, due to the lack of CYP2A13 activity in conventional lung cell lines, there had been no systematic in vitro investigation for the key target organ, the lung. Here, BEAS-2B cells stably expressing CYP2A13 (B-2A13 cells) were constructed to investigate the effects of nicotine on the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of NNK. The results showed more sensitivity for NNK-induced cytotoxicity in B-2A13 cells than in BEAS-2B and B-vector cells. NNK significantly induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and chromosomal damage in B-2A13 cells, but had no significant effect on BEAS-2B cells and the vector control cells. The combination of different concentration gradient of nicotine without cytotoxic effects and a single concentration of NNK reduced or even counteracted the cytotoxicity and multi-dimensional genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, CYP2A13 caused the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of NNK in BEAS-2B cells, and the addition of nicotine could inhibit the toxicity of NNK.
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Merino C, Casado M, Piña B, Vinaixa M, Ramírez N. Toxicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in early development: A wide-scope metabolomics assay in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:127746. [PMID: 35086039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a carcinogenic and ubiquitous environmental pollutant for which toxic activity has been thoroughly investigated in murine models and human tissues. However, its potential deleterious effects on vertebrate early development are yet poorly understood. In this work, we characterized the impact of NNK exposure during early developmental stages of zebrafish embryos, a known alternative model for mammalian toxicity studies. Embryos exposed to different NNK concentrations were monitored for lethality and for the appearance of malformations during the first five days after fertilization. LC-MS based untargeted metabolomics was subsequently performed for a wide-scope assay of NNK-related metabolic alterations. Our results revealed the presence of not only the parental compound, but also of two known NNK metabolites, 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid (HPBA) and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl-N-oxide)-1-butanol (NNAL-N-oxide) in exposed embryos likely resulting from active CYP450-mediated α-hydroxylation and NNK detoxification pathways, respectively. This was paralleled by a disruption in purine and pyrimidine metabolisms and the activation of the base excision repair pathway. Our results confirm NNK as a harmful embryonic agent and demonstrate zebrafish embryos to be a suitable early development model to monitor NNK toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Merino
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Tarragona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Casado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamí Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Vinaixa
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Tarragona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noelia Ramírez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Tarragona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Zang Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhao D, Liu F, Chao L, Wang X, Zhang C, Song G, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yan Z, Wen Y, Ge Y, Niu C, Feng W, Nakyeyune R, Shen Y, Shao Y, Guo X, Yang A, Liu F, Wang G. Dietary patterns and severity of symptom with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its histological precursor lesions in China: a multicenter cross-sectional latent class analysis. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:95. [PMID: 35062901 PMCID: PMC8783423 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary patterns and symptoms research among Chinese with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its precursor lesions is limited, especially as it relates to multiple food consumption and multiple co-occurring symptoms. The aim of our study was to identify the dietary patterns and severity of symptom classes with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its histological precursor lesions, and develop a risk prediction model for different stages of esophageal disease. Methods We analyzed data from a multicenter cross-sectional study carried out in ESCC high incidence areas between 2017 and 2018, which included 34,707 individuals aged 40–69 years. Dietary patterns and severity of symptom classes were derived by applying a latent class analysis (LCA). A multiple logistic regression model was used to derive the odds ratio (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ESCC and the different stages of esophageal disease according to the dietary patterns and severity of symptom classes identified. We built the risk prediction model by using a nomogram. Results We identified five dietary patterns and three severity of symptom classes. The dietary patterns were classified as follows: “Healthy”, “Western”, “Lower consumers-combination”, “Medium consumers-combination” and “Higher consumers-combination” patterns based on the intake of foods such as red meat, vegetables and fruits. The severity of symptoms was categorized into “Asymptomatic”, “Mild symptoms” and “Overt symptoms” classes based on health-related symptoms reported by the participants. Compared to the “Healthy” pattern, the other four patterns were all associated with an increased risk of esophageal disease. Similarly, the other two symptom classes present different degrees of increased risk of esophageal disease compared to the “Asymptomatic”. The nomograms reflect the good predictive ability of the model. Conclusion Among individuals aged 40–69 years in high incidence regions of upper gastrointestinal cancer, the results supplied that subjects with diets rich in livestock and poultry meat and low in fruits and vegetables and subjects with typical symptoms were at increased ESCC risk. The findings highlight the importance of considering food and symptom combinations in cancer risk evaluation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09206-y.
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Mishra MK, Gupta S, Shivangi, Sehgal S. Assessing Long Non-coding RNAs in Tobacco-associated Oral Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:879-888. [PMID: 35747968 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220623115234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the compelling and pegged diseases battled by clinicians and researchers worldwide. Among different types of cancer, oral cancer holds the sixth position globally. With an escalating prevalence in Asian countries, India, China, and Pakistan constitute a large proportion of total incidents of oral cancer patients in terms of new cases or deaths. This mounting prevalence is ascribed to poor oral hygiene and rampant use of substances earmarked as potential risk factors for the disease. Risk factors (dietary/lifestyle habits/occupational/environmental) trigger the activation of oncogenes, dysregulation of lncRNA and miRNA, and silence the tumor suppressor genes, which robustly contributes to the onset and progression of tumorigenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Evidence suggests that specific carcinogens identified in tobacco and related products alter many cellular pathways predisposing to advanced stages of oral cancer. Long non-coding RNAs represent a broad group of heterogenous transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides which do not translate to form functional proteins. They regulate various cellular pathways by specifically interacting with other RNAs, DNA, and proteins. Their role in the pathogenesis of OSCC and other cancer is still being debated. In this review, we discuss the molecular insights of significant lncRNAs involved in some crucial deregulated pathways of tobacco-associated OSCC. The implications and challenges to harnessing the potential of lncRNAs as biomarkers in early diagnosis and targeted treatment have also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Mishra
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K), India
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital (ASCOMS), Jammu (J&K), India
| | - Shivangi
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K), India
| | - Shelly Sehgal
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K), India
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Developing Structure-Activity Relationships for N-Nitrosamine Activity. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 20. [PMID: 34901581 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in several marketed drugs led regulatory agencies to require that N-nitrosamine risk assessments be performed on all marketed medical products [EMA/351053/2019 rev 1 (2019)]. Regulation of N-nitrosamine impurity levels in pharmaceutical drug substances and products is described in the ICH M7(R1) guideline where they are referred to as "cohort-of-concern" compounds as several are potent rodent carcinogens [Kroes et. al. 2004]. EMA, U.S. FDA and other regulatory agencies have set provisional acceptable daily intake limits for N-nitrosamines calculated from rodent carcinogenicity TD50 values for experimentally measured N-nitrosamines or the measured TD50 values of close analogs. The class-specific limit can be adjusted based upon a structure activity relationship analysis (SAR) and comparison with analogs having established carcinogenicity data [EMA/369136/2020, (2020)]. To investigate whether improvements in SARs can more accurately predict N-nitrosamine carcinogenic potency, an ad hoc workgroup of 23 companies and universities was established with the goals of addressing several scientific and regulatory issues including: reporting and review of N-nitrosamine mutagenicity and carcinogenicity reaction mechanisms, collection and review of available, public relevant experimental data, development of structure-activity relationships consistent with mechanisms for prediction of N-nitrosamine carcinogenic potency categories, and improved methods for calculating acceptable intake limits for N-nitrosamines based upon mechanistic analogs. Here we describe this collaboration and review our progress to date towards development of mechanistically based structure-activity relationships. We propose improving risk assessment of N-nitrosamines by first establishing the dominant reaction mechanism prior to retrieving an appropriate set of close analogs for use in read-across exercises.
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10
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Abstract
![]()
The cellular outcomes of chemical
exposure are as much about the
cellular response to the chemical as it is an effect of the chemical. We are growing in our understanding
of the genotoxic interaction between chemistry and biology. For example,
recent data has revealed the biological basis for mutation induction
curves for a methylating chemical, which has been shown to be dependent
on the repair capacity of the cells. However, this is just one end
point in the toxicity pathway from chemical exposure to cell death.
Much remains to be known in order for us to predict how cells will
respond to a certain dose. Methylating agents, a subset of alkylating
agents, are of particular interest, because of the variety of adverse
genetic end points that can result, not only at increasing doses,
but also over time. For instance, methylating agents are mutagenic,
their potency, for this end point, is determined by the cellular repair
capacity of an enzyme called methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT)
and its ability to repair the induceed methyl adducts. However, methyl
adducts can become clastogenic. Erroneous biological processing will
convert mutagenic adducts to clastogenic events in the form of double
strand breaks (DSBs). How the cell responds to DSBs is via a cascade
of protein kinases, which is called the DNA damage response (DDR),
which will determine if the damage is repaired effectively, via homologous
recombination, or with errors, via nonhomologous end joining, or whether
the cell dies via apoptosis or enters senescence. The fate of cells
may be determined by the extent of damage and the resulting strength
of DDR signaling. Therefore, thresholds of damage may exist that determine
cell fate. Such thresholds would be dependent on each of the repair
and response mechanisms that these methyl adducts stimulate. The molecular
mechanism of how methyl adducts kill cells is still to be fully resolved.
If we are able to quantify each of these thresholds of damage for
a given cell, then we can ascertain, of the many adducts that are
induced, what proportion of them are mutagenic, what proportion are
clastogenic, and how many of these clastogenic events are toxic. This
review examines the possibility of dose and damage thresholds for
methylating agents, from the perspective of the underlying evolutionary
mechanisms that may be accountable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Thomas
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Guo J, Chen H, Upadhyaya P, Zhao Y, Turesky RJ, Hecht SS. Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in Tissue DNA of Rats Exposed to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and in Lung and Leukocyte DNA of Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2475-2486. [PMID: 32833447 PMCID: PMC7574376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) results in formation of reactive electrophiles that modify DNA to produce a variety of products including methyl, 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobutyl (POB)-, and 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-hydroxybutyl adducts. Among these are adducts such as 7-POB-deoxyguanosine (N7POBdG) which can lead to apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites by facile hydrolysis of the base-deoxyribonucleoside bond. In this study, we used a recently developed highly sensitive mass spectrometric method to quantitate AP sites by derivatization with O-(pyridin-3-yl-methyl)hydroxylamine (PMOA) (detection limit, 2 AP sites per 108 nucleotides). AP sites were quantified in DNA isolated from tissues of rats treated with NNN and NNK and from human lung tissue and leukocytes of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Rats treated with 5 or 21 mg/kg bw NNK for 4 days by s.c. injection had 2-6 and 2-17 times more AP sites than controls in liver and lung DNA (p < 0.05). Increases in AP sites were also found in liver DNA of rats exposed for 10 and 30 weeks (p < 0.05) but not for 50 and 70 weeks to 5 ppm of NNK in their drinking water. Levels of N7POBG were significantly correlated with AP sites in rats treated with NNK. In rats treated with 14 ppm (S)-NNN in their drinking water for 10 weeks, increased AP site formation compared to controls was observed in oral and nasal respiratory mucosa DNA (p < 0.05). No significant increase in AP sites was found in human lung and leukocyte DNA of cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers, although AP sites in leukocyte DNA were significantly correlated with urinary levels of the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). This is the first study to use mass spectrometry based methods to examine AP site formation by carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in laboratory animals and to evaluate AP sites in DNA of smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haoqing Chen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS), the residual tobacco smoke remaining in the environment after tobacco has been smoked, represents a hidden and underestimated public health hazard. Evidence supports its widespread presence in indoor environments. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), a precursor of THS, has been well documented as a risk factor for human cancers, especially lung cancer. However, the concept of THS as a distinct entity that poses health risks for small children has developed only recently and the associations of THS with cancer risk and other chronic diseases are poorly understood due to limited numbers of studies to date. In this perspective, we mainly summarize all published studies on the genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of THS exposure. These studies begin to fill the knowledge gap in our understanding of cancer risk of THS. Accumulating data from existing and future studies will help reduce the tobacco-related cancer incidence through changes in lifestyle and tobacco control policies.
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Öktem EK, Yazar M, Gulfidan G, Arga KY. Cancer Drug Repositioning by Comparison of Gene Expression in Humans and Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) During Wound Healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:389-405. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kubat Öktem
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jiang X, Wu J, Wang J, Huang R. Tobacco and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of carcinogenic pathways. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:29. [PMID: 31582940 PMCID: PMC6752112 DOI: 10.18332/tid/105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco is one of the most important risk factors for premature death globally. More than 60 toxic chemicals in tobacco can invade the body’s various systems. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a pathological type of oral cancer, accounting for over 90% of oral cancers. A vast quantity of scientific, clinical and epidemiological data shows that tobacco is associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and its carcinogenic pathways may be complicated. METHODS We conducted a thorough electronic search by Cochrane, EMBASE and PubMed to identify relevant studies. Studies published up to the end of October 2018 were included. After assessing and selecting articles based on eligibility criteria, studies were classified and elaborated according to the pathogenesis. RESULTS Tobacco as an important risk factor can cause epigenetic alteration of oral epithelial cells, inhibit multiple systemic immune functions of the host, and its toxic metabolites can cause oxidative stress on tissues and induce OSCC. In addition, some specific viruses such as EBV and HPV are thought to play a role in the development of OSCC. CONCLUSIONS Oral cancer ranks eighth among the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and tobacco is one the most important carcinogenic factors of OSCC. This review of the literature attempts to provide directions and ideas for future related research, and emphasizes the need for efforts to reduce tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiexue Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Zhang S, Yu P, Wang JB, Fan JH, Qiao YL, Taylor PR. Association between tooth loss and upper gastrointestinal cancer: A 30-year follow-up of the Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial Cohort. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:966-974. [PMID: 30883021 PMCID: PMC6449253 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This prospective study investigated the association between tooth loss and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer mortality in the Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial Cohort. Methods Subjects were categorized into three groups according to age at baseline. No missing teeth and less or greater than median tooth loss in each group was defined as none, moderate, and severe, respectively. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results Through 30 September 2015, 541 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), 284 gastric cardia carcinoma (GCC), and 77 gastric non‐cardia carcinoma (GNCC) deaths occurred. In the six‐year follow‐up, severe tooth loss was associated with an increased risk of GCC mortality (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.06–2.18). In the 15‐year follow‐up, moderate tooth loss increased the ESCC mortality risk by 58% (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.06–2.35), while severe loss increased the GCC mortality risk by 30% (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03–1.64). In the 30‐year follow‐up, moderate tooth loss increased the risk of ESCC mortality (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.01–1.76). In subjects aged < 55 at baseline and men, moderate tooth loss had 53% and 52% higher risks of ESCC mortality (HR<55 years 1.53, 95% CI 1.06–2.05; HRmen 1.52, 95% CI 1.01–2.28). No significant association was observed for GNCC in any subjects or subgroups. Conclusion Moderate tooth loss increased the risk of ESCC mortality, particularly in younger subjects and men. Severe tooth loss increased the risk of GCC mortality. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10021, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10021, China
| | - Jian-Bing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin-Hu Fan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10021, China
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10021, China
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Thilakarathna WPDW, Rupasinghe HPV. Microbial metabolites of proanthocyanidins reduce chemical carcinogen-induced DNA damage in human lung epithelial and fetal hepatic cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:479-493. [PMID: 30735747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Seven selected microbial metabolites of proanthocyanidins (MMP), 3-phenylpropionic, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic, p-coumaric, benzoic acid, pyrogallol (PG), and pyrocatechol (PC) were evaluated for their ability to reduce chemical carcinogen-induced toxicity in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human fetal hepatic cells (WRL-68). Cells pre-treated with MMP were exposed to a known chemical carcinogen, 4-[(acetoxymethyl) nitrosamino]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) to assess MMP-mediated cytoprotection and reduction of DNA damage. PG in BEAS-2B and PC in WRL-68 cells mitigated the NNKOAc-induced cytotoxicity. Pre-incubation of PG depicted significant protection against NNKOAc-induced DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells. PC in WRL-68 cells showed similar activity. To understand the mechanisms of PG- and PC-mediated DNA damage reduction, the effect on DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and caspase activity were studied. PG and PC alter the DDR and may promote ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways, respectively. Cellular oxidative stress induced by NNKOAc was mitigated by PG and PC through enhanced GPx expression and TAC. PG and PC suppressed the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (caspase 3 and 8) provoked by NNKOAc. MMP are beneficial in chemoprevention by reducing cellular DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P D Wass Thilakarathna
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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17
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Lohani M, Dhasmana A, Haque S, Dar SA, Jawed A, Wahid M, Mandal RK, Akhter N, Farasani A, Hobani YH, Singh A, Hussain S. Niacin deficiency modulates genes involved in cancer: Are smokers at higher risk? J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:232-242. [PMID: 30171725 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of niacin's metabolite, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), in DNA repair via base-excision repair pathway is well documented. We evaluated if niacin deficiency results in genetic instability in normal human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), and further, does it leads to enhanced accumulation of cigarette smoke-induced genetic damage? MRC-5 cells were grown discretely in niacin-proficient/deficient media, and exposed to nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK, a cigarette smoke carcinogen). Niacin deficiency abated the NAD polymerization, augmented the spontaneous induction of micronuclei (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) and raised the expression of 10 genes and suppressed 12 genes involved in different biological functions. NNK exposure resulted in genetic damage as measured by the induction of MN and CA in cells grown in niacin-proficient medium, but the damage became practically marked when niacin-deficient cells were exposed to NNK. NNK exposure raised the expression of 16 genes and suppressed the expression of 56 genes in cells grown in niacin-proficient medium. NNK exposure to niacin-deficient cells raised the expression of eight genes including genes crucial in promoting cancer such as FGFR3 and DUSP1 and suppressed the expression of 33 genes, including genes crucial in preventing the onset and progression of cancer like RASSF2, JUP, and IL24, in comparison with the cells grown in niacin-proficient medium. Overall, niacin deficiency interferes with the DNA damage repair process induced by chemical carcinogens like NNK, and niacin-deficient population are at the higher risk of genetic instability caused by cigarette smoke carcinogen NNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohtashim Lohani
- Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Farasani
- Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Hassan Hobani
- Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ankita Singh
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Showket Hussain
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
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18
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Bhartiya D, Kumar A, Kaur J, Kumari S, Sharma AK, Sinha DN, Singh H, Mehrotra R. In-silico study of toxicokinetics and disease association of chemicals present in smokeless tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:8-16. [PMID: 29505798 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are consumed by millions of people in over 130 countries around the world. Consumption of SLT has been estimated to cause a number of diseases accounting to more than 0.65 million deaths per year. There is sufficient epidemiological evidence on the association of SLT products with nicotine addiction, cancers of oral cavity and digestive systems but there is a lack of understanding of the role of toxic chemicals in these diseases. We provide the first comprehensive in-silico analysis of chemical compounds present in different SLT products used worldwide. Many of these compounds are found to have good absorption, solubility and permeability along with mutagenic and toxic properties. They are also found to target more than 350 human proteins involved in a plethora of human biological processes and pathways. Along with all the previously known diseases, the present study has identified the association of compounds of SLT products with a number of unknown diseases like neurodegenerative, immune and cardiac diseases (Left ventricular non compaction, dilated cardiomyopathy etc). These findings indicate far-reaching impact of SLT products on human health than already known which needs further validations using epidemiological, in-vitro and in-vivo methodologies. Thus, this study will provide one stop information for the policy makers in development of regulatory policies on toxic contents of SLT products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Bhartiya
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Amitesh Kumar Sharma
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dhirendra N Sinha
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
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19
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A Carcinogen-induced mouse model recapitulates the molecular alterations of human muscle invasive bladder cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:1911-1925. [PMID: 29367767 PMCID: PMC5886988 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) mouse model is an attractive model system of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) as it recapitulates the histology of human tumors in a background with intact immune system. However, it was unknown whether this carcinogen-induced model also mimicked human MIBC at the molecular and mutational level. In our study, we analyzed gene expression and mutational landscape of the BBN model by next-generation sequencing followed by a bioinformatic comparison to human MIBC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and other repositories. BBN tumors showed overexpression of markers of basal cancer subtype, and had a high mutation burden with frequent Trp53 (80%), Kmt2d (70%), and Kmt2c (90%) mutations by exome sequencing, similar to human MIBC. Many variants corresponded to human cancer hotspot mutations, supporting their role as driver mutations. We extracted two novel mutational signatures from the BBN mouse genomes. The integrated analysis of mutation frequencies and signatures highlighted the contribution of aberrations to chromatin regulators and genetic instability in the BBN tumors. Together, our study revealed several similarities between human MIBC and the BBN mouse model, providing a strong rationale for its use in molecular and drug discovery studies.
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20
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Hang B, Wang P, Zhao Y, Sarker A, Chenna A, Xia Y, Snijders AM, Mao JH. Adverse Health Effects of Thirdhand Smoke: From Cell to Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050932. [PMID: 28452951 PMCID: PMC5454845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly identified smoke hazard, thirdhand smoke (THS), has gained public attention in recent years but its health impact and biological effects are largely unknown. THS may be defined by “the four Rs”: tobacco chemicals that remain, react, re-emit, and/or are resuspended long after active smoking has ceased. This review summarizes recent research progress in the effects of THS on genotoxicity, metabolism and early life development using cellular and animal models. We first reported that THS generated in laboratory systems caused significant DNA damage in human cell lines. Our finding that THS significantly induces oxidative base lesions has been confirmed in skin wounds of mice models exposed to THS. THS also induced metabolomic changes in human reproductive cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrated that early exposure to THS not only negatively impacts body weight in both male and female mice, but also induces persistent changes to immunological parameters in peripheral blood in these mice. These results indicate that THS is genotoxic at realistic experimental doses and that there may be a window of susceptibility for some forms of cellular damage induced by THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Pin Wang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Altaf Sarker
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Ahmed Chenna
- LabCorp Specialty Testing Group, Monogram Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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21
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Weerasooriya S, Jasti VP, Bose A, Spratt TE, Basu AK. Roles of translesion synthesis DNA polymerases in the potent mutagenicity of tobacco-specific nitrosamine-derived O2-alkylthymidines in human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 35:63-70. [PMID: 26460881 PMCID: PMC4651839 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent human carcinogen. Metabolic activation of NNK generates a number of DNA adducts including O(2)-methylthymidine (O(2)-Me-dT) and O(2)-[4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobut-1-yl]thymidine (O(2)-POB-dT). To investigate the biological effects of these O(2)-alkylthymidines in humans, we have replicated plasmids containing a site-specifically incorporated O(2)-Me-dT or O(2)-POB-dT in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells. The bulkier O(2)-POB-dT exhibited high genotoxicity and only 26% translesion synthesis (TLS) occurred, while O(2)-Me-dT was less genotoxic and allowed 55% TLS. However, O(2)-Me-dT was 20% more mutagenic (mutation frequency (MF) 64%) compared to O(2)-POB-dT (MF 53%) in HEK293T cells. The major type of mutations in each case was targeted T → A transversions (56% and 47%, respectively, for O(2)-Me-dT and O(2)-POB-dT). Both lesions induced a much lower frequency of T → G, the dominant mutation in bacteria. siRNA knockdown of the TLS polymerases (pols) indicated that pol η, pol ζ, and Rev1 are involved in the lesion bypass of O(2)-Me-dT and O(2)-POB-dT as the TLS efficiency decreased with knockdown of each pol. In contrast, MF of O(2)-Me-dT was decreased in pol ζ and Rev1 knockdown cells by 24% and 25%, respectively, while for O(2)-POB-dT, it was decreased by 44% in pol ζ knockdown cells, indicating that these TLS pols are critical for mutagenesis. Additional decrease in both TLS efficiency and MF was observed in cells deficient in pol ζ plus other Y-family pols. This study provided important mechanistic details on how these lesions are bypassed in human cells in both error-free and error-prone manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay P Jasti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Arindam Bose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Thomas E Spratt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Ashis K Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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Xue J, Yang S, Seng S. Mechanisms of Cancer Induction by Tobacco-Specific NNK and NNN. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1138-56. [PMID: 24830349 PMCID: PMC4074821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Tobacco-related cancers cause millions of deaths annually. Although several tobacco agents play a role in the development of tumors, the potent effects of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are unique. Metabolically activated NNK and NNN induce deleterious mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppression genes by forming DNA adducts, which could be considered as tumor initiation. Meanwhile, the binding of NNK and NNN to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes tumor growth by enhancing and deregulating cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, thereby creating a microenvironment for tumor growth. These two unique aspects of NNK and NNN synergistically induce cancers in tobacco-exposed individuals. This review will discuss various types of tobacco products and tobacco-related cancers, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which nitrosamines, such as NNK and NNN, induce cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Xue
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Suping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Seyha Seng
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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23
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Mondal R, Ghosh SK. Accumulation of mutations over the complete mitochondrial genome in tobacco-related oral cancer from northeast India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:432-9. [PMID: 23350716 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2012.760551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Northeast India has one of the world's highest incidences of oral cancer and 90% of them are related to tobacco. We examined the complete mitochondrial genome to determine hot spot mutations in oral cancer. The complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced using PGM™ from 10 patients matched blood and tumour tissue. Overall, 26 somatic mutations were found of which nine mutations in d-loop and 17 mutations in the coding region. The mutations at nucleotide positions 16294, 16325 and 16463 in d-loop and 4136, 13542 and 13869 in coding region are probably an indication to be a hot spot mutation in oral cancer. The knowledge about role, patterns and timing of mitochondrial mutations may serve to be facilitating clinical applications and hot spot mutations may be helpful in assessing cancer risk in tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Christmann M, Kaina B. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT): impact on cancer risk in response to tobacco smoke. Mutat Res 2012; 736:64-74. [PMID: 21708177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco, smoked, snuffed and chewed, contains powerful mutagens and carcinogens. At least three of them, N-dimethylnitrosamine, N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, attack DNA at the O(6)-position of guanine. The resulting O(6)-alkylguanine adducts are repaired by the suicide enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is known to protect against the mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of monofunctional alkylating agents. While in rat liver MGMT was shown to be subject to regulation by genotoxic stress leading to adaptive changes in its activity, in humans evidence of adaptive modulation of MGMT levels is still lacking. Several polymorphisms are known, which are suspected to impact on the risk of developing cancer. In this review we focus on three questions: (a) Has tobacco consumption by smoking or chewing an impact on MGMT expression and MGMT promoter methylation in normal and tumor tissue? (b) Is there an association between MGMT polymorphisms and cancer risk and is this risk related to smoking? (c) Does MGMT protect against tobacco-associated cancer? There are several lines of evidence for an increase of MGMT activity in the normal tissue of smokers compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, in tumors developed in smokers a tendency towards an increase of MGMT expression was found. The data points to the possibility that agents in tobacco smoke are able to trigger upregulation of MGMT in normal and tumor tissue. For MGMT promoter methylation data is conflicting. There is some evidence for an association between MGMT polymorphisms and smoking-induced cancer risk. The key question whether or not MGMT protects against tobacco smoke-induced cancer is difficult to answer since prospective studies on smokers versus non-smokers are lacking and appropriate animal studies with MGMT transgenic mice exposed to the complex mixture of tobacco smoke have not been performed, which indicates the need for further explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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25
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Jasti VP, Spratt TE, Basu AK. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine-derived O2-alkylthymidines are potent mutagenic lesions in SOS-induced Escherichia coli. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1833-5. [PMID: 22029400 PMCID: PMC3221470 DOI: 10.1021/tx200435d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological effects of the O(2)-alkylthymidines induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), we have replicated a plasmid containing O(2)-methylthymidine (O(2)-Me-dT) or O(2)-[4-(3-pyridyl-4-oxobut-1-yl]thymidine (O(2)-POB-dT) in Escherichia coli with specific DNA polymerase knockouts. High genotoxicity of the adducts was manifested in the low yield of transformants from the constructs, which was 2-5% in most strains but increased 2-4-fold with SOS. In the SOS-induced wild type E. coli, O(2)-Me-dT and O(2)-POB-dT induced 21% and 56% mutations, respectively. For O(2)-POB-dT, the major type of mutation was T → G followed by T → A, whereas for O(2)-Me-dT, T → G and T → A occurred in equal frequency. For both lesions, T → C also was detected in low frequency. The T → G mutation was reduced in strains with deficiency in any of the three SOS polymerases. By contrast, T → A was abolished in the pol V(-) strain, while its frequency in other strains remained unaltered. This suggests that pol V was responsible for the T → A mutations. The potent mutagenicity of these lesions may be related to NNK mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P. Jasti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Thomas E. Spratt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ashis K. Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Epigenetic effects and molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by cigarette smoke: an overview. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:654931. [PMID: 21559255 PMCID: PMC3087891 DOI: 10.1155/2011/654931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of carcinogenesis. Direct genotoxicity induced by cigarette smoke leads to initiation of carcinogenesis. Nongenotoxic (epigenetic) effects of cigarette smoke also act as modulators altering cellular functions. These two effects underlie the mechanisms of tumor promotion and progression. While there is no lack of general reviews on the genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials of cigarette smoke in lung carcinogenesis, updated review on the epigenetic effects and molecular mechanisms of cigarette smoke and carcinogenesis, not limited to lung, is lacking. We are presenting a comprehensive review of recent investigations on cigarette smoke, with special attentions to nicotine, NNK, and PAHs. The current understanding on their molecular mechanisms include (1) receptors, (2) cell cycle regulators, (3) signaling pathways, (4) apoptosis mediators, (5) angiogenic factors, and (6) invasive and metastasis mediators. This review highlighted the complexity biological responses to cigarette smoke components and their involvements in tumorigenesis.
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Ginsberg G, Angle K, Guyton K, Sonawane B. Polymorphism in the DNA repair enzyme XRCC1: utility of current database and implications for human health risk assessment. Mutat Res 2011; 727:1-15. [PMID: 21352951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms are increasingly recognized as sources of variability not only in toxicokinetic but also in toxicodynamic response to environmental agents. XRCC1 is involved in base excision repair (BER) of DNA; it has variant genotypes that are associated with modified repair function. This analysis focuses on four polymorphisms: three in the coding region that affect protein structure and one in an upstream regulatory sequence that affects gene expression. The Arg399Gln variant is the most widely studied with evidence supporting a quantitative effect of genotype on phenotype. The homozygous variant (Gln/Gln) can have 3-4-fold diminished capacity to remove DNA adducts and oxidized DNA damage. This variant is relatively common in Caucasians and Asians where approximately 10% are homozygous variant. In contrast, the Arg194Trp variant appears to protect against genotoxic effects although the degree to which DNA repair is enhanced by this polymorphism is uncertain. The homozygous variant is rare in Caucasians and African Americans but it is present at 7% in Asians. A third coding region polymorphism at codon 280 appears to decrease repair function but additional quantitative information is needed and the homozygous variant is rare across populations studied. A polymorphism in an upstream promoter binding sequence (-77T>C) appears to lower XRCC1 levels by decreasing gene expression. Based upon genotype effect on phenotype and allele frequency, the current analysis finds that the codon 399 and upstream (-77) polymorphisms have the greatest potential to affect the toxicodynamic response to DNA damaging agents. However, the implications for risk assessment are limited by the likelihood that polymorphisms in multiple BER genes interact to modulate DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Ginsberg
- Connecticut Dept of Public Health, Hartford, CT, United States.
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