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Krebs G, Rautio D, Fernández de la Cruz L, Hartmann AS, Jassi A, Martin A, Stringaris A, Mataix-Cols D. Practitioner Review: Assessment and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder in young people. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:1119-1131. [PMID: 38719455 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common and highly impairing mental disorder that is strikingly underdiagnosed and undertreated in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). The only clinical guidelines for the management of BDD in youth were published nearly 20 years ago, when empirical knowledge was sparse. Fortunately, there has been a surge in research into BDD over the last 10 years, shedding important insights into the phenomenology, epidemiology, assessment and treatment of the disorder in young people. This review aimed to provide an overview of recent research developments of relevance to clinicians and healthcare policymakers. We summarise key findings regarding the epidemiology of BDD in youth, which indicate that the disorder usually develops during teenage years and affects approximately 2% of adolescents at any one point in time. We provide an overview of aetiological research, highlighting that BDD arises from an interplay between genetic and environmental influences. We then focus on screening and assessment strategies, arguing that these are crucial to promote detection and diagnosis of this under-recognised condition. Additionally, we summarise the recommended treatment approaches for BDD in youth, namely cognitive behaviour therapy with or without selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The review concludes by highlighting key knowledge gaps and priorities for future research including, but not limited to, better understanding aetiological factors, long-term consequences and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Krebs
- Anxiety, self-Image and Mood (AIM) Laboratory, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- National Specialist OCD, BDD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young People, Pears Maudsley Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Rautio
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea S Hartmann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy of Childhood and Adolescence, Faculty of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Amita Jassi
- National Specialist OCD, BDD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young People, Pears Maudsley Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Martin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Anxiety, self-Image and Mood (AIM) Laboratory, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Haykal D, Cartier H, Kroumpouzos G. Educational strategies to combat harmful cosmetic dermatology trends in Generations Alpha and Z. Clin Dermatol 2024; 42:415-419. [PMID: 38762204 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This contribution argues in favor of implementing comprehensive educational strategies to combat the harmful effects of social media (SM) on body image and self-perception among Generations Alpha and Z. These generations are often exposed to unattainable beauty standards that can lead to distorted self-perceptions and body image disorders such as Zoom dysmorphia. To address this issue, we propose embedding health education, critical media literacy, and active parental involvement in educational curricula. The goal is to help young individuals develop the skills necessary to critically evaluate and navigate the pressures of SM. We believe that incorporating health education, critical media literacy, and active parental engagement into school programs is urgently needed to counteract the adverse effects of SM on body image and self-perception. These initiatives will equip young people with the necessary tools to evaluate SM content critically, navigate SM influences more safely and effectively, and develop a more resilient and informed perspective. This proactive educational approach is vital for improving mental health outcomes and mitigating the psychologic impacts of digital media. We hope that this comprehensive strategy will ultimately help future generations face SM pressures with confidence and critical awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala Haykal
- Centre Laser Palaiseau, Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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Villafranca J, Diaz G, Rengifo J, Ramos M, Cella G, Zuluaga JR. Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Private Aesthetic Clinical Settings in Four Latin American Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04185-w. [PMID: 38898241 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by persistent concern with non-existent or minor defects in one's physical appearance. BDD can be difficult to identify as patients often have limited insight into the condition. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the prevalence of BDD in patients presenting to private aesthetic clinical settings in four Latin American countries. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study From August to October 2022 to evaluate the prevalence of BDD among 360 patients seeking nonsurgical cosmetic procedures in Chile, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia using the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ). We reported prevalence estimates for the lowest and highest previously proposed DCQ cutoff points. RESULTS The DCQ total scores in the study population ranged from 0 to 21, with a mean total score of 5.1 ± 3.4. The prevalence of positive screening results for BDD (total DCQ score ≥ 9) was 15.8%. The prevalence of a likely diagnosis of BDD (total DCQ score of ¥ 17) was 0.83%. LIMITATIONS The convenience sample limited the generalizability of the findings to Latin America. CONCLUSION We encourage colleagues to be more mindful of this diagnosis and to facilitate earlier psychological evaluation in patients who are positive for BDD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Villafranca
- Dr. Jorge Villafranca, Private Practice, Av. Las Condes 9460, Office 1001, 7591092, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gabriel Diaz
- Plastic Surgery Residency Program, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Rengifo
- Dermatology Residency Program, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mónica Ramos
- Dermika, Laser Dermatology Center, Guadalajara, México
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Murshidi R, Hammouri M, Al-Ani A, Kitaneh R, Al-Soleiti M, Al Ta'ani Z, Sweis S, Halasa Z, Fashho E, Arafah M, Almaani N, Abdallat M, Al-Dar'awi F, Kittaneh E, Jaber B, Almudallal F, Smadi Z. Investigating the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among Jordanian adults with dermatologic and cosmetic concerns: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5993. [PMID: 38472284 PMCID: PMC10933333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an underexplored psychiatric condition in Middle Eastern countries, particularly in patients with dermatologic concerns, where alterations in appearance may elevate the risk of BDD. We studied patients at Jordan University Hospital's general dermatology and cosmetic clinics from July to September 2022, comparing them to healthy controls. Patients with dermatologic conditions were evaluated per the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria by trained dermatologists. All participants completed the Dysmorphic Concerns Questionnaire (DCQ), Perceived Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-2, General Anxiety Disorder Assessment tool-2. We assessed BDD prevalence using four DCQ cutoffs: 9, 11, 14, and 17, reporting effect sizes as odds ratios (OR). Our study involved 1500 participants, with an average age of 29.3 (± 14.8) years and a female-to-male ratio of 3.15-to-1. At the 9, 11, 14, and 17 DCQ cutoffs, BDD prevalence was 78.2%, 54.2%, 26.5%, and 11.7%, respectively. Patients with dermatologic concerns were more likely to exhibit clinical BDD symptoms than controls at the 11-cutoff (OR: 1.26; 95% CI 1.01-1.58; p < 0.05). Conversely, those with cosmetic concerns were more prone to clinical BDD than controls at cutoffs 9 (OR: 2.26; 95% CI 1.28-3.97; p < 0.05) and 11 (OR: 1.50; 95% CI 1.03-2.20; p < 0.05). Our logistic regression revealed consistent associations between higher DCQ scores and elevated anxiety, depression, perceived skin disease-related stigma, and reduced quality of life (p < 0.05). In conclusion, patients with dermatologic issues and those seeking cosmetic procedures are at significant risk of developing BDD, necessitating proactive screening and referrals for specialized care by dermatologists due to the associated psychological distress and unproductive consultations. Providing specialized training for healthcare professionals to establish an integrated care approach to address the needs of patients with BDD should be the focus of future research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Murshidi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Abdallah Al-Ani
- Office of Scientific Affairs and Research, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Razi Kitaneh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | | | - Zain Al Ta'ani
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sami Sweis
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zeina Halasa
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eva Fashho
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Malak Arafah
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Noor Almaani
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Abdallat
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Eman Kittaneh
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Besan Jaber
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Zina Smadi
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Ateq K, Alhajji M, Alhusseini N. The association between use of social media and the development of body dysmorphic disorder and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeries: a national survey. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1324092. [PMID: 38525343 PMCID: PMC10957761 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) causes distress due to one's negative appraisal of their body image. The development of BDD has been linked to the passive use of social media and photo-editing apps. People with BDD typically pursue cosmetic surgeries to remedy their perceived flaws. The dramatic increase in the use of photo-editing apps and their well-established effects on mental health is a public health concern. Purpose To study the association between use of social media and the development of BDD and acceptance toward cosmetic surgeries (ACSS) among Saudis. Methods An online, cross-sectional, validated survey conducted among Saudis 18 and older. Descriptive analyses were utilized for demographics and prevalence rates of main study variables. ANOVA was used to compare mean scores in BDD and ACSS among different demographic groups. Tukeys post-hoc test was done to identify the categories that were different when the ANOVA test showed a statistically significance. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 1,483 Saudi adults completed the questionnaire. Key results showed that BDD was found in 24.4 % of the sample. The percentage of participants with BDD who spent 4-7 h per day on Instagram and Snapchat (29%) was significantly higher than those who spent only less than an hour per day on these platforms (19%) (p < 0.001). Individuals with BDD had a significantly higher risk of accepting cosmetic surgery compared to those without BDD (p < 0.001). Conclusion A growing body of evidence suggests that social media may impact mental health in different ways. This study reveals that heavy use of these platforms is associated with negative appraisals about one's physical appearance, and it fosters one's tendency toward cosmetic surgery, especially among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Ateq
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alhajji
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Behavioral Insight Unit, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noara Alhusseini
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Berjaoui A, Chahine B. Body dysmorphic disorder among Lebanese females: A cross-sectional study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:591-599. [PMID: 37743744 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws or defects in one's appearance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of BDD, identify the predictors of BDD, explore the associations of BDD with social anxiety and social phobia, and examine the effect of social media on BDD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study that was conducted between January and March 2023, Lebanese adult females completed an online survey that included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, cosmetic interventions, BDD, social media use, and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SISA-6)/Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6). The collected information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at p value <0.05. RESULTS A sample of 1048 were eligible for analysis and the mean age was 29.94 ± 10.01 years. It was shown that 141 (13.5%) participants were BDD positive. The results of the multivariable logistic regression showed that only females living in urban areas (aOR = 2.351 [95% CI 1.502-3.680], p < 0.001), unmarried (aOR = 1.672 [95% CI 1.041-2.684], p = 0.033), reporting higher social media use score (aOR = 1.526 (95% CI 1.401-1.661), p < 0.001), and higher SIAS/SPS score (aOR = 1.040 (95% CI 1.022-1.060), p < 0.001) were significantly positively associated with BDD. CONCLUSION This study found a high BDD prevalence (13.5%) among Lebanese adult females compared with other regions and was associated with anxiety and increased social media platforms use. This highlights the need for a comprehensive approach in the assessment of BDD, along with preventive measures to address the negative impacts of social media on well-being and promote healthy body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Berjaoui
- Lebanese International University, School of Pharmacy, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bahia Chahine
- Lebanese International University, School of Pharmacy, Beirut, Lebanon
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Oregi P, Cavale N, Khatib M, Rahman SM. The Ethics and Responsibilities of Social Media Usage by Plastic Surgeons: A Literature Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:530-542. [PMID: 37592145 PMCID: PMC10917849 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Social media has revolutionised how plastic surgeons advertise their work and promote their services, but concerns have been raised regarding the ethics of these practices. This review aims to identify said concerns and develop measures to address them. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane and Medline were searched for studies assessing the ethics of social media use by plastic surgeons. Five search terms were used and 23 studies identified. Results were catalogued according to which principle of medical ethics was infringed. RESULTS Autonomy: Patients must not be coerced into allowing their operative media to be shared and content anonymised by removing identifiable features and scrubbing metadata. Beneficence: It is difficult to balance the benefit to patients of posting photographs for educational purposes with the risk of identifiable features being present, particularly within craniofacial surgery. Non-maleficence: Taking operative media could be a distraction from the patient and lengthen the procedure which could lead to harm. Any content posted on social media should be adapted to avoid trivialisation or sexualisation. Justice: Surgeons should not entertain their audience to increase their following at the expense of patients. CONCLUSIONS Greater oversight of social media use by plastic surgeons is required to avoid patient harm and tarnishing of the specialty's professional standing. Professional bodies should be tasked with devising a course dedicated to the responsible use of these platforms. This should ensure the public's trust in the specialty does not become eroded and patients are not harmed by unethical social media use. This review highlights the relevant shortfalls of SoMe use by plastic surgery Several proposals are made to reduce the incidence of these shortfalls and to ensure SoMe is used in a professional and responsible manner It also lists areas of the specialty where SoMe is underused and could be of help, such as academia LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Oregi
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Naveen Cavale
- King's College Hospital and Guy's and St.Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Manaf Khatib
- Lister Hospital - East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
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Phillips KA, Susser LC. Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Women. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:505-525. [PMID: 37500247 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) consists of distressing or impairing preoccupation with perceived defects in physical appearance that are actually nonexistent or only slight. This common and often-severe disorder, which affects more women than men, frequently goes unrecognized. BDD is associated with marked impairment in functioning, poor quality of life, and high rates of suicidality. Most patients seek cosmetic treatment, which virtually never improves BDD symptoms. In contrast, serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, often at high doses, and cognitive behavioral therapy that is tailored to BDD's unique clinical features are often effective. This article provides a clinical overview of BDD, including BDD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Phillips
- New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Psychiatry Specialty Center, 315 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Leah C Susser
- New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, Outpatient Department, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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Gupta M, Jassi A, Krebs G. The association between social media use and body dysmorphic symptoms in young people. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1231801. [PMID: 37663365 PMCID: PMC10471190 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social media use (SMU) is highly prevalent amongst young people and previous research suggests an association with mental health problems, including poor body image. However, the potential relationship between SMU and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has received little attention. Furthermore, little is known about the factors that moderate the potential association between SMU and body dysmorphic symptoms. The current study tested the associations between three facets of SMU and body dysmorphic symptoms and explored perfectionism as a moderator in a non-clinical sample. Method Two-hundred and nine 16-18-year-olds (mean age = 16.5 years, 37% male) recruited from schools in London completed an online survey measuring aspects of SMU, including: frequency of image-and text-based SMU; motivations for SMU (appearance, popularity, connection or values and interests); and active and passive SMU. Participants additionally completed validated measures of body dysmorphic symptoms, perfectionism, and anxiety/depressive symptoms. Linear regression models tested the association of body dysmorphic symptoms with different facets of SMU, with and without adjustment for age, sex and anxiety/depressive symptoms. Results Frequency of use of image-based, but not text-based, platforms was significantly and positively associated with body dysmorphic symptoms, and this association remained significant in the adjusted models. Appearance-based motivation for SMU was the only motivator uniquely associated with body dysmorphic symptoms across the unadjusted and adjusted models. Passive, not active, SMU was associated with body dysmorphic symptoms in unadjusted models, but this association became non-significant in the adjusted models. Self-oriented perfectionism moderated the association between frequency of image-based SMU and body dysmorphic symptoms. Discussion Image-based SMU, and appearance-based motivations for SMU, are positively associated with body dysmorphic symptoms. Self-oriented perfectionism may amplify the relationship between SMU and body dysmorphic symptoms. Our findings highlight the importance of a nuanced approach to examining SMU, and the need for further research to determine whether specific facets of SMU contribute to the development and/or maintenance of body dysmorphic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National and Specialist OCD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young People, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amita Jassi
- National and Specialist OCD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young People, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Krebs
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ghadimi TR, Rieder EA, Phillips KA. "Zoom Dysmorphia?" Language and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the Age of Social Media. Dermatol Surg 2023; 49:720-721. [PMID: 37093681 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Roxana Ghadimi
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Evan A Rieder
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman, School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Reich H, Gieler U, Braehler E, Kupfer J. Associations of self-reported skin symptoms with age, sex, and living with a partner: Findings from a representative survey in view of the biomedical and the biopsychosocial model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1076233. [PMID: 37415762 PMCID: PMC10321769 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1076233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social and demographic characteristics are crucial determinants of health. The objective of this contribution is to study the associations of skin symptoms and sociodemographic variables in the general population, and to discuss these findings in view of the biomedical and the biopsychosocial models of skin diseases. Methods A national face-to-face household survey with a representative sample of the German general population assessed 19 self-reported skin symptoms (N = 2,487). Associations with age, sex, and living situation (alone vs. with partner) were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results The frequencies of pimples and biting of the nails decreased by approximately 30% per age decade, and oily skin, the feeling of disfigurement, excoriations, and sun damages decreased by 8%-15% per age decade. Dryness of the skin increased by 7% per decade. Sensitive skin and dryness were approx. twice as likely in females as in males. Dryness of the skin, itch, and excoriations were 23%-32% more frequent in participants living without a partner. Discussion The biomedical model explains some of the findings well (e.g., reduction of pimples with age). The interpretation of other results is facilitated by the biopsychosocial model (e.g., association of living without a partner and itch). This suggests a stronger integration of psychological and social factors into the understanding and treatment of symptoms of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Reich
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Depression Research Centre of the German Depression Foundation, Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Gieler
- Department of Dermatology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elmar Braehler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases, Behavioural Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg Kupfer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Sindi SA, Alghamdi MK, Sindi EE, Bondagji MF, Baashar DS, Malibary JA, Alkot MM. The Prevalence and Characteristics of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Adults in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e35316. [PMID: 36968889 PMCID: PMC10038359 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition where a person spends much time worrying about flaws in their appearance. The international prevalence of BDD had been reported, and it was about 1.9-2.2%. OBJECTIVES The current study aims to explore the prevalence of BDD among the general population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that used an electronic questionnaire. It was distributed to the general population using the convenience sample technique between September 2021 to November 2021. BDD was assessed among the participants using an Arabic-validated tool. The sample size was calculated to be 385 participants. RESULTS The study included a total of 392 participants. Most of them were female (59.7%), 18-27 years old (62.8%), and had bachelor or post-graduate degrees (67.6%). Among all the included participants, only 28 met the criteria of BDD (7.1%). The BDD population had an equal gender ratio, and most included respondents between 18 and 27 years old (78.6%), college students (60.7%), those with the lowest income level (< 5,000 SR) (78.6%), and who had a normal body mass index (46.4%). CONCLUSION The prevalence of BDD in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, was 7.1%. No significant differences were noticed between BDD and non-BDD groups in age, obesity, and gender.
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Is the Technology Era Aging You? A Review of the Physiologic and Psychologic Toll of Technology Use. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:978-988. [PMID: 35862680 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology use is at an all-time high and its potential impact on psychological and physiologic health should be explored. OBJECTIVE The objective of this narrative review was to identify the role of technology use on health and well-being. MATERIALS AND METHODS Authors performed a review of PubMed and publications of the World Health Organization, Department of Defense, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine the impact of technology regarding electromagnetic radiation (EM), posture and mobility, sleep disturbance, and psychological stress and well-being. RESULTS Studies on the impact of EM were conflicting, with about 45% reporting negative consequences and 55% reporting no effect. Radiofrequency EM (RF-EM) may more significantly affect fibroblasts and immature cells. Device use was implicated in worsening cognitive focus, imbalance, and sleep. Social media use affects self-esteem and mental health and is associated with up to 33% presence of addiction. Effects seem to be dose related and more pronounced in younger ages. CONCLUSION Technology use significantly affects sleep, mental health, and cognitive function. Seeking psychological help, limiting social media use, and reducing use before sleep may partially mitigate these effects. The impact of EM is undetermined, but the WHO lists RF-EM as a potential carcinogen.
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Kang WH, Loo MY, Leong XM, Ooi YF, Teo WQ, Neoh TJ, Ling WC. Body dysmorphic disorder and depression among male undergraduate students in a Malaysian University. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:977238. [PMID: 36245882 PMCID: PMC9553528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.977238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and depression have been reported to be both prevalent among young people worldwide, resulting in serious implications in their quality of life and social functioning. This is worrying especially in men where mental disorders are often overlooked and under-researched. This study aims to determine the proportion of male university students with symptoms suggestive of body dysmorphic disorder and depression, as well as their perception on their body image. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1,308 male students between the aged of 17-26 years in a private university in Malaysia via self-administered online questionnaire comprising the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BQQD) and the Body Self-Image Questionnaire (BSIQ), in addition to their sociodemographic parameters. Data analyses were performed with Mann Whitney test, chi square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS 3.3 and 54.2% of the students had symptoms suggestive of BDD and depression respectively, with up to 9.02% of the students reporting having moderate to severe depression. There was a significant association between BDD symptoms and students staying alone, whilst depression was significantly associated with studying in the rural campus. Furthermore, a significant association was demonstrated between presence of BDD and depression symptoms. Most of the students were dissatisfied with their whole body, especially their height. CONCLUSION The proportion of BDD and depression symptoms among male students in our university is quite high. Universities and the public health sector should develop better support service targeting male university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waye Hann Kang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Min Yee Loo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Xue Min Leong
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Yi Fan Ooi
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Qi Teo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Teng Jun Neoh
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Wei Chih Ling
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
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Di Gesto C, Nerini A, Policardo GR, Matera C. Invited Response on: "Letter to the Editor: Predictors of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery- Instagram Images-Based Activities, Appearance Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction Among Women". Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 46:66-69. [PMID: 34664094 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This response letter highlights the importance for cosmetic surgeons to take a psychosocial perspective, considering the role of social media influences on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in young women. Furthermore, through this article we have provided a brief overview of possible interventions useful to prevent the negative influences that social media can have on body image and the acceptance of procedures aimed at modifying one's body for purely aesthetic reasons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Invited Discussion on: The Aetiopathogenesis of Late Inflammatory Reactions (LIRs) After Soft Tissue Filler Use: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:1760-1761. [PMID: 34142194 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Photograph-based social media use among children and adolescents has skyrocketed over the past decade, raising concerns about the implications for self-confidence and behavior in this population. Social media 'challenges' encourage participants to complete potentially dangerous tasks while sharing their completion of the tasks on social media. Many of these challenges affect the skin and lead to recognizable findings on physical examination. This review discusses the history of prominent social media challenges and their effects on the skin. Attention is also given to the effects of social media trends on self-confidence and body image in children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past several years, there have been several notable social media trends that can harm the skin. These include the Kylie Jenner lip challenge, salt and ice challenge, deodorant challenge, eraser challenge, fire challenge, and hot water challenge. Participation in these challenges can cause morbidity in children and adolescent that should be recognized by clinicians. SUMMARY Social media has become an important platform for communication and self-expression among children and adolescents. Pediatricians should remain aware of social trends in this age group and look out for cutaneous findings that may signal dangerous behavior on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K Young
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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