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Idris M, Sullivan M, Gaughan JB, Keeley T, Phillips CJC. Faecal cortisol metabolites, body temperature, and behaviour of beef cattle exposed to a heat load. Animal 2024; 18:101112. [PMID: 38518429 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Feedlot cattle are at times exposed to high environmental temperatures. Faecal cortisol metabolites were related to possible indicators of heat stress that could be measured under field conditions: respiratory dynamics (respiration rate), body surface temperature and adaptive behaviours, such as water consumption, posture (standing, lying), and activity (eating, drinking and rumination). Twelve (12) yearling Black Angus steers were divided into two treatment groups: a hot treatment (HOT; n = 6) and a thermoneutral-treatment (TN; n = 6) and individually housed in a climate-controlled facility at The University of Queensland, Australia. In the TN treatment, all animals were exposed to an ambient temperature of 20.34 ± 0.25 °C, relative humidity 71.51 ± 3.26% and Temperature humidity index (THI) 66.91 ± 0.33 throughout. In the HOT treatment group, environmental conditions were exposed to different climatic phases from thermoneutral to hot conditions, where they remained for 7 d, and then returned to TN conditions in the recovery period. The dry bulb ambient temperature (TA) and relative humidity (RH) in the pens of cattle in the HOT treatment were increased from 28 °C (daily maximum ambient temperature) and 45% RH at 0700 h to a daily maximum TA and RH of 35 °C (daily maximum ambient temperature) and 50% (THI 77) at 1100 h, which was maintained until 1600 h, after which it declined until it reached the baseline at 2000 h. In both treatments, there was a significant decrease in faecal cortisol metabolite concentration from the start to the end of the experiments they adapted to the experimental facility. The concentration of faecal cortisol metabolites was greater in the HOT treatment, compared to the TN treatment during the heat exposure period, but there was no difference in the transition or recovery periods. Respiration rate was greater in the HOT treatment during heat exposure, and it increased with ambient dry bulb temperature above 26 °C, the latter being the upper critical temperature. Although positive correlations were detected between faecal cortisol metabolites and body surface temperature measurements, particularly the shoulder and rump, as well as standing time, panting score and drinking, a stepwise regression found that faecal cortisol metabolites were only significantly correlated with one variable, respiration rate. It is concluded that respiration rate is the best indicator of the stress induced by hot conditions for cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Idris
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan.
| | - M Sullivan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - J B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - T Keeley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - C J C Phillips
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwalki 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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2
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González FJ, Sifuentes L, Ulloa-Arvizu R, Peiró MJP, Duarte G, Fernández IG. Group or individual housing does not reduce socio-sexual and reproductive responses in anestrous goats during the first contact with the photo-stimulated buck. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 82:106772. [PMID: 36368185 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we examined the effect of the type of housing (individual vs group housing) of anestrus female goats on plasma cortisol concentrations and socio-sexual behaviors during first contact with photo-stimulated male goats and determined the impact on sexual and reproductive responses after 15 d of contact with photo-stimulated males. Therefore, after weaning, 10 females each were individually and group-housed, respectively. Ten bucks were rendered sexually active by exposure to artificially long days (16 h of light and 8 h of darkness per day) for 2.5 mo. During the naturally increasing photoperiod, 15-mo-old females were exposed and maintained with males. On day 0, during the first contact with males, individually- and group-housed females exhibited similar plasma cortisol concentrations (22.6 vs 27.4 ng/mL, respectively). Likewise, socio-sexual behaviors did not differ between examined groups on day 0. Moreover, the interval from first contact with males to the first estrus, short and normal ovulatory cycles, ovulation, fertility, and prolificacy rates were similar between differently housed females. Furthermore, mounting attempts did not differ between males in contact with either female group. In conclusion, individually- and group-housed anestrus females displayed elevated and similar plasma cortisol concentrations during first contact with photo-stimulated males and similar socio-sexual behaviors and reproductive responses when exposed to photo-stimulated males.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J González
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina (CIRCA). Postgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez, 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - L Sifuentes
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina (CIRCA). Postgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez, 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - R Ulloa-Arvizu
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico
| | - M J Palomo Peiró
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animales, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G Duarte
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina (CIRCA). Postgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez, 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - I G Fernández
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina (CIRCA). Postgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez, 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
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3
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Ghassemi Nejad J, Ghaffari MH, Ataallahi M, Jo JH, Lee HG. Stress Concepts and Applications in Various Matrices with a Focus on Hair Cortisol and Analytical Methods. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223096. [PMID: 36428324 PMCID: PMC9686725 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When studying stress in animals, it is important to understand the types of stress and their classification, and how to assess the stress levels in different animal species using different matrices accurately and precisely. The classification of stress types helps to distinguish between good stress (eustress) and bad stress (distress). Hence, first, it is crucial to assess the animal's level of stress in a non-intrusive manner and second to identify the type of stress that is best suited to its environment. Third, it is also important to analyze the obtained samples using a suitable method to increase the validity of stress hormone measurements. Therefore, in this review, we aim to: (1) explain the classification of stress, (2) discuss the wide range of body matrices (e.g., saliva, milk, hair, urine, feces, sweat, fins, etc.) that can be used as samples to evaluate stress levels, as well as their comparisons and limitations, and present the reliable matrices for measuring stress hormones with special emphasis on hair, (3) compare the analytical methods for measuring stress hormones after sample preparation. Despite some literature that does not include hair as a reliable matrix for evaluating stress levels, hair is one of the matrices for measuring long-term stress hormone accumulations. This review discusses some factors that influence the level of stress hormones in the hair. By understanding these issues, the scientific community will not only be able to improve the understanding of stress and biomarker evaluation but also suggest how to deal with the consequences of stress in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Ataallahi
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Jo
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0523
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Papinchak L, Paudyal S, Pinerio J. Effects of prolonged lock-up time on milk production and health of dairy cattle. Vet Q 2022; 42:175-182. [PMID: 36039666 PMCID: PMC9487933 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2119622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-locking feed stanchions provide ease and reduce the amount of time spent handling cattle on free-stall dairy barns. These stanchions assist with routine farm activities such as pregnancy diagnosis, artificial insemination, and various health-related practices. ‘Lock-up time’ refers to the amount of time a cow is restrained in the barn within one day and the producers suggest to keep this duration of time as minimal as possible. This review paper looks at various effects of extended length of lock-up time with regards to milk production, reproductive performance, and dairy cattle health. The objective is to investigate potential effects of extended lock-up time and suggest optimal lock-up time as discussed in the literature. Authors have observed an average lockup time of approximately 1–4 hours per day in the farms in southwest USA. Restraint in self-locking head stanchions for extended period (> 4 h per day) could lead to multiple detrimental effects in dairy cow performance. The focus should be to manage the farm adequately by minimizing the restraint time to less than 4 hours per day, and avoid use of headlocks during late morning and afternoon hours of the summer months. Different studies infer that longer lock-up time presents animals with significant stress situations and represents one of the major issue in dairy industry that needs immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Papinchak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - S Paudyal
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J Pinerio
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX;,Texas A&M Agrilife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Prevalence of gross lesions and handling practices in pigs and their association with pork quality, Kiambu, Kenya. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272951. [PMID: 36026517 PMCID: PMC9417192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-slaughter handling of pigs has been documented to affect the quality of meat though no studies have investigated this relationship in the Kenyan context. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gross lesions and practices related to sub-optimal welfare in pigs presented for slaughter while analyzing the relationship between occurrence of these lesions and meat quality. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a medium scale, non-integrated pig abattoir supplying to the Nairobi market, with a capacity to slaughter approximately 40 pigs a day. Data on welfare-associated lesions and handling practices were obtained from 529 pig carcasses and traders respectively. 387 pork samples were collected, and their quality evaluated by measuring their pH, meat color and drip loss. These three parameters were used to classify pork into four recognized categories namely: Red, Firm, Non-exudative (RFN), Pale Soft Exudative (PSE), Dark Firm Dry (DFD) and Red Soft Exudative (RSE). Almost all pigs were inefficiently stunned as evidenced by the presence of consciousness post-stunning. The majority of pigs (82.97%) having one or more welfare-associated gross lesions. Other animal welfare malpractices observed were high loading density and inadequate rest periods between transport and slaughter. A quarter of the pork samples were of sub-optimal quality including: RSE (11.36%), PSE (2.58%) and DFD (2.58%). Multinomial logistic regression revealed that pork originating from pigs transported at a high loading density had increased odds of being classified as DFD (OR 13.41, 95% CI 2.59–69.46). The findings indicate the need to educate stakeholders in the pork value chains on improved pig handling before and during slaughter to enhance pig welfare pre-slaughter and pork quality post-slaughter. Animal welfare legislation enforcement and implementation was observed to be insufficient. There is a need to educate key stakeholders on its importance of being put into practice both from economic and welfare perspectives.
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Ataallahi M, Nejad JG, Park KH. Selection of appropriate biomatrices for studies of chronic stress in animals: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:621-639. [PMID: 35969712 PMCID: PMC9353350 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of
stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live
animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g.,
hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding
long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress
responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse
characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single
measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic
stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods
for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses
the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring
the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid
biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in
greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The
multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations
between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of
the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic
stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design
biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ataallahi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyu-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Grelet C, Vanden Dries V, Leblois J, Wavreille J, Mirabito L, Soyeurt H, Franceschini S, Gengler N, Brostaux Y, Dehareng F. Identification of chronic stress biomarkers in dairy cows. Animal 2022; 16:100502. [PMID: 35429795 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in dairy herds can occur from multiple sources. When stress becomes chronic because of a long duration and inability of animals to adapt, it is likely to deeply affect the emotional state, health, immunity, fertility and milk production of cows. While assessing chronic stress in herds would be beneficial, no real consensus has emerged from the literature regarding the indicators of interest. The goal of this study was to compare and evaluate potential biomarkers for chronic stress after inducing stress over a 4-week period through severe overstocking, restricted access to feed and isolated unusual events. A total of 30 cows were involved in the experiment and two similar groups were constituted. Over a 4-week period, the 15 cows of the stress group were housed in overstocked conditions, with 4.6 m2 per cow, including resting and feeding areas. In this area, only seven individual places at the feeding area were available for the 15 cows to generate competition for feed access. Twice during the trial and over a period of 2 h, an additional stress was induced by moving cows to an unfamiliar barn and diffusion of stressing noises (dog barking). Meanwhile, the 15 cows of the control group stayed in the original barn, with more than 10 m2 per cow and more individual places at the feeding area than cow number. On a weekly basis, several variables considered as potential biomarkers for chronic stress were recorded. Collected data were analysed using single trait linear repeated mixed models. No differences were observed regarding milk yield, BW of cows or body condition score but the milk loss was more pronounced in the stress group. The activity was more heterogeneous and the rumination of cows was lower in the stress group. The heart rate was lower in the stress group and showed more heterogeneity at the end of the stress period. No differences were observed regarding salivary cortisol, blood glucose, β-endorphin, thyroxine and leucocyte profile. A higher level of hair cortisol and blood fructosamine were observed in the stress group at the end of the stress period. Regarding the practical use of the highlighted biomarkers, milk loss may be an effective and easy way to detect general problems, including stress. The blood fructosamine and the hair cortisol concentrations are promising indicators to assess chronic stress in commercial farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - V Vanden Dries
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J Leblois
- Elevéo asbl by awé groupe, 5590 Ciney, Belgium
| | - J Wavreille
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - L Mirabito
- French Livestock Institute (IDELE), 75595 Paris, France
| | - H Soyeurt
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S Franceschini
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Y Brostaux
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - F Dehareng
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Niu X, Ding Y, Chen S, Gooneratne R, Ju X. Effect of Immune Stress on Growth Performance and Immune Functions of Livestock: Mechanisms and Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070909. [PMID: 35405897 PMCID: PMC8996973 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune stress is an important stressor in domestic animals that leads to decreased feed intake, slow growth, and reduced disease resistance of pigs and poultry. Especially in high-density animal feeding conditions, the risk factor of immune stress is extremely high, as they are easily harmed by pathogens, and frequent vaccinations are required to enhance the immunity function of the animals. This review mainly describes the causes, mechanisms of immune stress and its prevention and treatment measures. This provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of safe and efficient prevention and control measures for immune stress in animals. Abstract Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Niu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Yuexia Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Shengwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Effects of Compost-Bedded Pack Barn on Circulating Cortisol and Beta-Endorphins in Dairy Cows: A Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113318. [PMID: 34828050 PMCID: PMC8614724 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Management and housing conditions have been reported to significantly affect the health and welfare of livestock species. Therefore, the adoption of novel, alternative housing systems (such as the compost-bedded pack barn, developed in the USA) requires extensive research to assess the implications for animal welfare. From a general point of view, animal welfare is typically assessed by means of animal-based (such as blood biochemical markers) and resource-based (such as management practices) indicators. Based on such considerations, the present study evaluated the fluctuation of circulating cortisol and beta-endorphins in dairy cows housed in a conventional freestall barn (FB) and in the alternative compost-bedded pack barn (CB). The results obtained suggest that the CB housing system did not elicit significant changes in either blood cortisol or beta-endorphins. Abstract The up-to-date literature suggests that the compost-bedded pack barn housing system is capable of remarkably improving productive and reproductive performance, as well as health status and welfare, in dairy cattle. However, there is currently limited knowledge available on the endocrine and biochemical changes in animals housed in such alternative systems. Therefore, this study aimed to measure blood cortisol (COR) and beta-endorphins (BE) in 22 two-year-old primiparae Fleckvieh cows, who were randomly allotted to the following two different housing systems: CB (n = 11) and FB (n = 11). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment (T0) and every two months thereafter (T1, T2, and T3). The COR and BE were measured through an immunoenzymatic kit. With the only exception being T0, no differences were observed over time between the two groups, neither for COR nor for BE. However, the blood cortisol levels of the CB cows decreased over time, while a T1 peak was identified in the FB group. On the contrary, both the housing systems displayed numerically higher BE at T3 than at the other experimental times. Therefore, the overall data suggest that the compost-bedded pack barn did not significantly affect the studied parameters. Accordingly, cow welfare should be assessed using a wider panel of animal-based indicators.
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Bomfim GF, Merighe GKF, de Oliveira SA, Negrao JA. Acute and chronic effects of cortisol on milk yield, the expression of key receptors, and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells in Saanen goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:818-830. [PMID: 34756435 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol (CORT) induces mammary development in late gestation and is fundamental to the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells and lactogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between CORT, insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in milk as well as the effect of CORT on the expression of receptors of insulin (INSR), prolactin (PRLR), growth hormone (GHR); we also studied the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1R), glucocorticoid (NR3C1), mineralocorticoid (NR3C2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL-2-like protein X (BAX) genes, and the apoptosis rate of mammary epithelial cells of lactating Saanen goats in vivo and in vitro. The following experiments were conducted: (1) comparing hormone release in milk and blood after ACTH or a placebo administration; (2) evaluating the effect of acute CORT increases in mammary gland expression and milk yield in vivo; and (3) evaluating the effect of a chronic increase in CORT concentration in epithelial mammary cell apoptosis in vitro. In vivo, ACTH administration significantly increased CORT release but did not affect insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 release in plasma and milk versus placebo. The results show also that a low CORT release after ACTH administration increased the expression of GHR and PRLR genes in the mammary tissue. Indeed, CORT release significantly increased the milk yield from goats subjected to ACTH versus goats subjected to the placebo. However, a higher amount of CORT added in vitro upregulated the NR3C1, GHR, PRLR, and BAX genes and downregulated the IGF1R and INSR genes, which could negatively modulate the apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells. Finally, the effect of CORT in vivo after ACTH administration demonstrated the increased expression of the PRLR and GHR genes, which may improve epithelial cell responsiveness and be associated with the positive effect of CORT observed on milk yield at mid-end lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Bomfim
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - G K F Merighe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - S A de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - J A Negrao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil.
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11
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Cavallini D, Mammi LME, Buonaiuto G, Palmonari A, Valle E, Formigoni A. Immune-metabolic-inflammatory markers in Holstein cows exposed to a nutritional and environmental stressing challenge. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105 Suppl 1:42-55. [PMID: 34622484 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows are exposed to multiple stressors during the productive cycle, such as metabolic challenges, overcrowding, grouping change, environmental stress and dietary errors. Thus, it is essential to study reliable markers able to detect stress conditions in dairy farms. This study evaluates dairy cows' immunologic and metabolic markers after the sudden and combined exposition to a high-grain diet (75% concentrates) and the abrupt change of the housing system (from free stall to tie stall). A group of twenty-four Holstein cows were enrolled in a challenge study of 28 days duration. Several immunological and metabolic blood markers were evaluated over the trial. Blood samples were taken at day 0 (normal value) and day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 (challenge). Data were submitted to a mixed model for repeated measures, including time as fixed and cows as random effects. The nutritional and environmental challenge had heavy effects on animal welfare and cows responded with a dramatic rumination drop. Our results suggest that the most responsive markers after abiotic stressors in cows were as follows: Serum Amyloid A and ROM in the acute response; Ceruloplasmin and GGT in the mid acute and Albumin, Paroxonase and FRAP in the chronic phase. Serum Amyloid A, Ceruloplasmin, Paraoxonase, GGT and ROM resulted as positive phase proteins, while, Albumin and FRAP resulted as negative phase proteins. Preliminary obtained results could concur to develop strategies able to mitigate stressor effects; moreover, the proposed design can be used as a model to test stress nutritional modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Palmonari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Changes of Plasma Analytes Reflecting Metabolic Adaptation to the Different Stages of the Lactation Cycle in Healthy Multiparous Holstein Dairy Cows Raised in High-Welfare Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061714. [PMID: 34201201 PMCID: PMC8226749 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigates the changes occurring in plasma analytes of healthy multiparous Holstein dairy cows during the dry, the postpartum, the early and the late lactation phases. A welfare assessment at the herd level and a retrospective subclinical diseases screening were used as blocking factors for the selection of reference individuals. Thus, this study provides measurements of the physiological variations affecting plasma analytes concentrations during the pivotal stages of the lactation cycle in a healthy, high welfare-raised subset of reference individuals and suggest an explanation for the underlying processes involved. Finally, we propose reference intervals for plasma analytes in the stages investigated. Abstract Here, we tested the changes occurring in several plasma analytes during different stages of the lactation cycle of high welfare raised multiparous Holstein cows, and provided reference intervals (RI) for plasma analytes concentrations. Eleven high-welfare farms (HWF) located in Northern Italy were selected and their herds used to recruit 361 clinically healthy cows undergoing the dry (from −30 to −10 days from real calving; DFC), the postpartum (from 3 to 7 DFC), the early lactation (from 28 to 45 DFC) and the late lactation phases (from 160 to 305 DFC). Cows affected by subclinical diseases (SCD) were retrospectively excluded, and a subset of 285 cows was selected. Data of plasma analytes underwent ANOVA testing using physiological phases as predictors. The individual effect of each phase was assessed using a pairwise t-test assuming p ≤ 0.05 as a significance limit. A bootstrap approach was used to define the reference interval (RI) for each blood analyte within physiological phases having a pairwise t-test p ≤ 0.05. The concentration of nonesterified fatty acids, albumin, cholesterol, retinol, paraoxonase and tocopherol changed throughout all the physiological phases, whereas the concentration of K, alkaline phosphatase and thiol groups remained stable. Triglycerides, Zn, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power in the dry phase and BHB, Ca, myeloperoxidase, haptoglobin, reactive oxygen metabolites and advanced oxidation of protein product in postpartum differed compared with other physiological phases. During the dry phase, Packed cell volume, Cl, and urea concentrations were similar to during the postpartum phase. Similarly, Na, γ-glutamyl transferase and β-carotene concentrations were similar to during the early lactation phase; fructosamine and bilirubin concentrations were similar to during the late lactation phase. During the postpartum phase, fructosamine and P concentrations were similar to during the early lactation phase, and the aspartate transaminase concentration was similar to during the late lactation phase. During the early lactation phase, Mg, creatinine, total protein, globulin and ceruloplasmin concentrations were similar to during the postpartum phase, while the urea concentration was similar to during the late lactation phase. All these plasma analytes differed among the other phases. This study identifies physiological trends affecting plasma analytes concentrations during the different stages of the lactation cycle and provides a guideline for the duration and magnitude of their changes when animals are healthy and raised in optimal welfare conditions.
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Roadknight N, Mansell P, Jongman E, Courtman N, Fisher A. Invited review: The welfare of young calves transported by road. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6343-6357. [PMID: 33714583 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transport of young calves is a welfare concern. Young calves aged ≤3 mo are particularly vulnerable to compromised welfare, and are at a relatively high risk of morbidity and mortality compared with adult cattle. Calves face several potential challenges to welfare during and after transport, including food and water deprivation, disease, injury, and stress from handling, social mixing, and new environments. The key risk factors identified for poor calf welfare associated with transport include long transport and fasting durations, young age at transport, poor colostral immunity, timing within the calving season, lack of bedding in trucks, and high stocking density. Maximizing calf welfare thus requires a multifaceted approach, such as minimizing transport and fasting durations, transporting at an appropriate stocking density with comfortable bedding, only transporting calves that are healthy and fit, and optimizing pre-transport calf management. More research is needed to understand the effect of transport on the mental or affective state of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Roadknight
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Corner Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030.
| | - Peter Mansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030
| | - Ellen Jongman
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Corner Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030
| | - Andrew Fisher
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Corner Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030
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Changes in Saliva Analytes in Dairy Cows during Peripartum: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030749. [PMID: 33803247 PMCID: PMC8000156 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of saliva as a biological fluid to assess welfare and health status is gaining interest nowadays since it can be collected by non-invasive methods without specialized staff. The possibility of measuring analytes in saliva by techniques adapted to automated analyzers is cost-effective, reliable, and replicable. These analytes can provide information useful for the evaluation of welfare and health in dairy cows. In this pilot study, a total of 26 salivary analytes were measured in healthy dairy cows along their peripartum period to assess possible changes and associations with their inflammatory, energy, and milk yield status. Salivary analytes related to stress (cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase, and total esterase), immunity (adenosine deaminase), oxidative status (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and the advanced oxidation protein products), and general metabolism (creatine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, urea, triglycerides, glucose, and lactate) had significant changes throughout this period. This study indicated that the saliva of dairy cows shows changes in its composition during the transition period and potentially can be a source of biomarkers for monitoring health and welfare. Abstract This pilot study aimed to study the possible changes in a profile of 26 salivary analytes in thirteen healthy dairy cows along their peripartum period. Analytes associated with the stress (salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase, and total esterase), inflammation (adenosine deaminase), oxidative status (total antioxidant capacity and the advanced oxidation protein products), and general metabolism (creatine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, urea, triglycerides, glucose, and lactate) varied along the sampling times. A positive correlation between the white blood cells counts, and the lipase, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, advanced oxidation protein products, and lactate levels in saliva were observed at the delivery. A linear association between selected salivary analytes at different sampling times and the milk yield after calving was observed. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, it was observed that the peripartum period in dairy cows can induce changes in salivary analytes. Some of them were associated with inflammatory status and the capacity of milk production after calving.
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Cortisol Levels of Shelter Dogs in Animal Assisted Interventions in a Prison: An Exploratory Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020345. [PMID: 33572936 PMCID: PMC7911336 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) are growing in popularity among professionals of psychological therapies due to their clear benefit for human health. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the welfare of the animals involved in the interventions. In this study we evaluated the potential impact of such activities on the welfare of dogs living in a kennel, which had weekly interactions with inmates held at a prison. To assess their stress levels, we analyzed their physiological response to a stressful situation by measuring the cortisol levels in saliva samples. We found a significant decrease in cortisol concentration at the end of the AAI program measured in the dogs’ living environment (i.e., kennel), which suggests a positive effect of the AAI activities on the welfare of kennel dogs. The results also suggest that transportation from the kennel to the prison could be perceived as a stressful event since it significantly increased dogs’ cortisol levels. Therefore, particular care should be taken in the management of this phase. Abstract Previous studies regarding the Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) have mainly focused on the beneficial effects of human–animal interactions on human health; whereas the impact of such activities on the welfare of the animals involved has received limited attention. So far, few studies have addressed this issue by evaluating the physiological and behavioral reactions of therapy dogs during the interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of AAI on the cortisol levels of shelter dogs. Five dogs participated in weekly AAI working activities with adult inmates held at a prison of the South of Italy for two months. Saliva samples were collected every two weeks in three conditions: at the kennel (baseline), after transportation and at the end of the working sessions. The results revealed a significant decrease in the cortisol baseline at the end of the AAI program, suggesting that the activities carried out with humans and in a different environment could improve the welfare of dogs housed in kennels. Moreover, we found that transportation significantly increased subjects’ cortisol levels, suggesting that it is a critical phase that deserves particular care.
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16
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A Review of Welfare Indicators of Indoor-Housed Dairy Cow as a Basis for Integrated Automatic Welfare Assessment Systems. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081430. [PMID: 32824228 PMCID: PMC7459720 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many techniques have been developed to measure single indicators of reduced welfare in farm animals, such as changes in the walking pattern to detect lameness in dairy cows. However, there is still a need to combine these single measurements to get a more complete picture of the wellbeing of an animal. Based on a literature review on dairy cow welfare, this review provides a basis for the development of an integrated automatic system to assess the welfare of dairy cows on the farm. It provides an overview of the main welfare issues for dairy cows, such as lameness, heat stress, or pain and of the most established indicators that could help to detect these welfare issues on the farm. We found that there are several indicators, such as reduced feed intake, that are common to most welfare issues and that are therefore suitable to detect reduced welfare in general, while other indicators mainly identify one welfare issue, such as increased respiratory rate, as an indicator of heat stress. Combining these different types of indicators would provide a good basis to develop an integrated automatic system that could assist farmers in the detection of reduced welfare on their farms. Abstract For on-farm welfare assessment many automatic methods have been developed to detect indicators of reduced welfare. However, there is still a need to integrate data from single sources to obtain a complete picture of the welfare of an animal. This review offers a basis for developing integrated automatic systems to assess dairy cow welfare by providing an overview of the main issues that challenge cow welfare (e.g., lameness) and of well-established indicators that could detect these issues on the farm. Based on a literature review of 4 reviews on cow welfare in general and 48 reviews on single welfare issues, we identified 18 different major welfare issues and 76 matching indicators that could be detected automatically on the farm. Several indicators, e.g., feed intake, showed a consistent association with welfare across many different issues. Although some of these indicators are discussed critically, this means there are many indicators that potentially could detect reduced welfare in general. Other types of indicators could detect one specific welfare issue, e.g., increased respiratory rate for heat stress. These different types of indicators combined provide a basis to develop integrated automatic systems that ultimately would help farmers to detect welfare problems at an early stage.
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Cuthbertson H, Tarr G, Loudon K, Lomax S, White P, McGreevy P, Polkinghorne R, González LA. Using infrared thermography on farm of origin to predict meat quality and physiological response in cattle (Bos Taurus) exposed to transport and marketing. Meat Sci 2020; 169:108173. [PMID: 32590276 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is used as an indicator of animals' response to external stimuli and thus it could potentially be used as an indicator or poor animal welfare and meat quality. Remote monitoring of temperature can be achieved using infrared thermography (IRT) at the farm of origin before animals are sent to slaughter. Relationships between temperatures of cattle measured using IRT on-farm and potential indicators of stress and meat quality were investigated in 481 cattle in 2 experiments, one with sea transport and another with land transport. On-farm measurements included IRT and behavioural assessment of temperament along with measurement of physiological indicators of stress and carcass traits post-mortem. Significant correlations were found between IRT and meat pH, meat colour, creatine kinase, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, magnesium, and temperament (P < .05). That said, these correlations did not persist across both experiments. Current findings suggest that on-farm IRT could have the potential to assist with the detection of compromised animal welfare and predict meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Cuthbertson
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Garth Tarr
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kate Loudon
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, WA 6150. Australia
| | - Sabrina Lomax
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter White
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul McGreevy
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Luciano A González
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Pehlivan E, Kaliber M, Konca Y, Dellal G. Effect of shearing on some physiological and hormonal parameters in Akkaraman sheep. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:848-855. [PMID: 32054233 PMCID: PMC7206389 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Shearing is one of the practices that is applied periodically to fiber producing animals, which can also alter resistance of animals to high temperatures in especially summer months. This study aimed to investigate effects of shearing on some physiological and hormonal parameters in Akkaraman sheep during summer season. Methods This study was carried out on 39 non-pregnant Akkaraman ewes (aged 1.5 years at the beginning of experiment). The 39 ewes were chosen randomly from the flock belonging to the Erciyes University and they were assigned to two groups as follows: i) group A (n = 20) designed as the control group, they were shorn and group B (n = 19) designed as the experimental group, they were unshorn. Prior to the shearing (−1 day) and on days 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 following the shearing, blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis of each sheep. Cortisol, β-endorphin, growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) concentrations were determined using the enzyme immunoassay method. Body weight (BW), rectal temperature (RT), pulse rate (PR), and respiratory rate (RR) of each sheep were recorded at the same time. The data obtained were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of shearing×period interaction (p< 0.01) and a significant effect of period (p<0.01) on BW, HSP-70, cortisol, T4 and RT, PR, GH, β-endorphin, T3, respectively. Also these analysis showed no significant effect of shearing× period interaction or period on RR. Conclusion The results showed that the thermoregulation abilities of sheep were affected by shearing treatment and the shorn ewes were less affected by heat stress. In conclusion, based on the data of this study, shearing can be considered as a necessary management practice that requires protection for sheep from the effect of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Pehlivan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kaliber
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Konca
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gürsel Dellal
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
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Arun A, Sejian V, Bhatta R. Comparative assessment of adaptive capabilities of wild and captive Indian sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) based on rhythmic changes in biochemical response. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1685215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bangalore, India
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - R. Bhatta
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
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20
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Gutiérrez J, Gazzano A, Pirrone F, Sighieri C, Mariti C. Investigating the Role of Prolactin as a Potential Biomarker of Stress in Castrated Male Domestic Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E676. [PMID: 31547279 PMCID: PMC6770094 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin has been recently regarded as a potential biomarker of both acute and chronic stress in several species. Since only few studies until now have focussed on domestic dogs, this study was aimed at evaluating whether prolactin, cortisol and stress behaviour correlated with each other in sheltered dogs. Both cortisol and prolactin analysis were performed in serum samples through a hormone-specific ELISA kit. For each dog, a stress score was calculated by summing the number of occurrences of stress-related behaviours. The presence/absence of fear during the time spent in the collection room was also scored for each individual. Results revealed a weak negative correlation between cortisol and prolactin levels. Neither of the hormones was correlated with the stress score, nor did their values seem to be influenced by showing fear in the collection room. The weak negative correlation found between cortisol and prolactin values agrees with results obtained in other studies, indicating that prolactin response might be an alternative to cortisol response. This, together with the high serum prolactin levels compared to those reported by other authors for healthy domestic dogs, may indicate that prolactin might be a good biomarker of chronic stress, and although further studies are needed to better understand the potential role of prolactin in the evaluation of canine welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Gutiérrez
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (C.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (C.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Federica Pirrone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Milano, 26900 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudio Sighieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (C.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (C.S.); (C.M.)
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Minuti A, Calamari L, Ferronato G, Ferrari A, Gachiuta O, Bani P, Trevisi E. Exploring Fourier transform mid-infra-red spectrometry to predict biochemical parameters in horse’s blood. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1647121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Minuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Calamari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferronato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Annarita Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Olga Gachiuta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, degli Alimenti e della nutrizione - DIANA, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Jorquera-Chavez M, Fuentes S, Dunshea FR, Jongman EC, Warner RD. Computer vision and remote sensing to assess physiological responses of cattle to pre-slaughter stress, and its impact on beef quality: A review. Meat Sci 2019; 156:11-22. [PMID: 31121361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-slaughter stress is well-known to affect meat quality of beef carcasses and methods have been developed to assess this stress. However, development of more practical and less invasive methods are required in order to assess the response of cattle to pre-slaughter stressors, which will potentially also assist with the prediction of beef quality. This review outlines the importance of pre-slaughter stress as well as existing and emerging technologies for quantification of the pre-slaughter stress. The review includes; i) indicators of meat quality and how they are affected by pre-slaughter stress in cattle, ii) contact techniques that have been commonly used to measure stress indicators in animals, iii) remotely sensed imagery techniques recently used as non-invasive methods to monitor physiological and behavioural parameters and iv) potential implementation of remotely sensed imagery data to perform contactless assessment of physiological measurements, which could be related to the pre-slaughter stress, as well as to the indicators of beef quality. Relevance to industry, conclusions and recommendations for research are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jorquera-Chavez
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Sigfredo Fuentes
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ellen C Jongman
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Meng G, Wang L, Wang X, Chi VTQ, Zhang Q, Liu L, Yao Z, Wu H, Bao X, Gu Y, Zhang S, Sun S, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Sun Z, Wu Y, Niu K. Association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: A population study from the TCLSIH cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:76-82. [PMID: 30658341 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression in the general population has risen sharply over the past few decades and has become a major health problem throughout the world. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. To better understand the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of depression we can use the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) because it is a simple and effective marker of inflammation and immunity. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults from the healthy general population in Tianjin, China. NLR was measured according to the complete blood count. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and a cutoff score of 45 was used to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms in the study participants. The relationship between NLR and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was evaluated separately for men and women using the multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In the present study, the overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 17.0% among all participants. In women, the multivariable-adjusted OR of having depressive symptoms was 1.28 (95% CI 1.10, 1.49; p for trend <0.01) for the fifth compared with the first quintile of NLR, and was 1.22 (95% CI 1.07,1.39; p < 0.01) per unit increase of NLR. However, no significant association was found between NLR and depressive symptoms in men. CONCLUSION This study suggests that increased NLR levels are independently related to depressive symptoms in women, but not in men. Further research is required to investigate this relationship with longitudinal data to establish the temporal ordering between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Vu Thi Quynh Chi
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanxin Yao
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Bao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Gu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong Sun
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuntang Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Fernandes ACC, Davoodi S, Kaur M, Veira D, Melo LEH, Cerri RLA. Effect of repeated intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusions on systemic inflammatory response and endometrium gene expression in Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3531-3543. [PMID: 30738677 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusions in nonlactating heifers on (1) the systemic proinflammatory state as measured by biomarkers in blood and plasma, and (2) endometrial gene expression of candidate transcripts on d 15 of gestation. Our hypothesis was that target transcripts related to a major functional group would be negatively modified in the preimplantation endometrium by the LPS treatments. In the first experiment (n = 13), a systemic proinflammatory state [defined as increased plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and haptoglobin for 2 wk] was established using 2 different sequential LPS infusion protocols. In the second experiment, heifers (n = 22; 11 mo of age) had their time of ovulation synchronized by a modified Ovsynch protocol and were enrolled in 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON; n = 11), which received sterile saline solution i.v., and LPS treatment (LPS; n = 11), submitted to repeated i.v. LPS injections (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 µg/kg) starting 2 d after artificial insemination (AI; d 0) and then every other day until d 15 after AI. At each LPS injection, rectal temperatures were measured hourly for 6 h. Blood samples were collected from d -1 to d 13 for analyses of progesterone, TNF-α, and haptoglobin in plasma, along with white blood cell (WBC) count and differential analysis. On d 15, endometrium tissue biopsies were taken and kept at -80°C until quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 30 target transcripts related to the immune system, adhesion molecules, and endometrium receptivity. Data were checked for normality and analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA using PROC UNIVARIATE and PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). After each LPS injection, temperature was greater in the first 4 h in the LPS group compared with CON. Both TNF-α and haptoglobin increased in the LPS treatment with a significant treatment by day interaction. Total leukocyte count did not differ between treatments, but the differential count increased for neutrophils, band cells, and monocytes, and decreased for lymphocytes and eosinophils in LPS compared with CON. Progesterone concentrations in plasma did not differ between treatments during the experimental period. Out of 30 target genes analyzed, 3 transcripts were differentially expressed: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; fold-change = 0.48) and pentraxin-3 (PTX3; fold-change = 0.38) were downregulated, whereas myxovirus-resistance protein (MX1; fold-change = 2.85) was upregulated in the LPS group. Sequential LPS injections were able to induce a prolonged systemic proinflammatory state, but effects on gene expression were limited to transcripts associated with the immune system. These results suggest that a mechanism for subfertility is linked to a proinflammatory state in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C C Fernandes
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Recife, Brazil 52171-900
| | - S Davoodi
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - M Kaur
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - D Veira
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - L E H Melo
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Recife, Brazil 52171-900
| | - R L A Cerri
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Social dominance affects intake rate and behavioral time budget in pre-pubertal dairy heifers allocated in continuous competitive situations. Animal 2019; 13:1297-1303. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Evaluation of Immunomodulatory and Hematologic Cell Outcome in Heroin/Opioid Addicts. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2018; 2018:2036145. [PMID: 30631635 PMCID: PMC6304569 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2036145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of opioids leads alternations in both innate-adaptive immune systems and other diagnostic hematologic cells. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the alterations of these parameters in patients with heroin/opioid addictions. Adults, meeting the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria of the American Psychiatric Association regarding opioid use disorder (Heroin Group or HG, n = 51) and healthy controls (Control Group or CG, n = 50), were included in the study. All hematological parameters, inflammation indexes (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio), and iron panel were compared with the controls. Mean corpuscular volume, red blood cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, and total iron-binding capacity were significantly higher in HG compared to CG, while red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron levels were significantly lower. Additionally, platelet and platelet distribution width were significantly high while mean platelet volume was low in HG. Regarding the parameters related to immunity, white blood cell, neutrophil count, and neutrophil percentage were significantly high while lymphocyte percentage and basophils count were significantly low. Besides, inflammatory indexes were significantly higher in HG compared to CG. Intravenous administration of heroin resulted in lower levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume than inhalation and intranasal administration. Our data demonstrated that chronic use of opioids is related to all of the hematologic series. The chronic use of opioid alters the immunologic balance in favor of innate immunity cells and changes the hematometric/morphometric characteristics of erythrocytes. What is more, the route of heroin administration should be taken into consideration as well. This study may lead to a better understanding of the hematological effects of heroin/opioid use in patients with relevant addictions.
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Cıcek E, Demırel B, Cıcek IE, Kıraç AS, Eren I. Increased Neutrophil-lymphocyte and Platelet-lymphocyte Ratios in Male Heroin Addicts: A Prospective Controlled Study. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 16:190-196. [PMID: 29739133 PMCID: PMC5953019 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are markers that can determine the presence of systemic inflammatory response. In this study, we examined the NLR and PLR levels in patients with heroin dependence compared to healthy controls. Methods The study sample included 90 male patients with heroin dependence aged 18 to 45 years and 60 healthy subjects who had similar socio-demographic characteristics as the patient group. The diagnoses of heroin dependence and other Axis I psychiatric disorders in the patient and control groups were screened with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (SCID-I). The extent of heroin addiction was assessed with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Results The mean NLR and PLR levels of patients with heroin dependence were significantly higher than the control subjects (p=0.031 and p<0.001, respectively). Positive correlations were found between NLR, PLR and duration of the disorder. Conclusion Our results indicate that inflammatory processes may play a role in the pathophysiology of heroin dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Cıcek
- Department of Psychiatry, Çumra State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Başak Demırel
- Department of Psychiatry, Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismet Esra Cıcek
- Department of Psychiatry, Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Aslı Seda Kıraç
- Department of Psychiatry, Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Eren
- Department of Psychiatry, Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Bomfim GF, Merighe GKF, de Oliveira SA, Negrao JA. Effect of acute stressors, adrenocorticotropic hormone administration, and cortisol release on milk yield, the expression of key genes, proliferation, and apoptosis in goat mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6486-6496. [PMID: 29706427 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is essential to milk synthesis; however, different acute stressors and the exogenous administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) decrease milk yield. Therefore, the effect of cortisol on milk yield and its influence on the survival of mammary epithelial cells have not been fully elucidated. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cortisol on the expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 and 5 (IGFBP3 and IGFBP5), BAX, and BCL2 genes on the proliferation and apoptotic rates of mammary epithelial cells, and on milk yield in Saanen goats. In the present study, 3 experiments were conducted: (1) comparing the in vivo effects of first milking, vaccination, vermifugation, preventive hoof trimming, and the administration of ACTH or a placebo on cortisol release in dairy goats; (2) studying the in vivo effects of immediate increases in cortisol on the mammary gland of lactating goats; and (3) studying the in vitro effects of a prolonged increase in cortisol on mammary epithelial cells obtained from lactating goats. Cortisol release by goats increased significantly after ACTH administration compared with that observed after a placebo, and the cortisol profiles after first milking, vaccination, vermifugation, hoof trimming, and ACTH administration were similar. However, there was no effect of the immediate increase in cortisol in vivo on IGF-1 release, milk yield, milk quality, or the apoptosis and proliferation rates, nor was there any effect on the expression of the target genes. Furthermore, no interaction was observed between IGF-1 and cortisol in either the in vivo or in vitro experiments. However, the addition of cortisol in vitro significantly increased the expression of the GHR and IGF1R genes, which stimulate cell proliferation, and the BAX gene, which causes apoptosis. These contrasting results can explain why cortisol did not change the rates of proliferation or apoptosis in epithelial cells. Indeed, cortisol supplementation in vitro did not change the number or apoptotic rate of epithelial cells over the course of 5 d. Finally, further studies must be performed to understand the effect of cortisol on the expression of the GHR, IGF1R, and BAX genes by epithelial cells and the roles of these genes in milk synthesis during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Bomfim
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - G K F Merighe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - S A de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 13635-900
| | - J A Negrao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, 13635-900.
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Sağlam Aykut D, Civil Arslan F, Özkorumak Karagüzel E, Aral G, Karakullukçu S. The relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte, platelet-lymphocyte ratio and cognitive functions in bipolar disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:119-123. [PMID: 29108448 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1397192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is an important factor in pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) analysis are used to predict peripheral inflammation. The aim of this study is to calculate neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios, which are inflammatory markers, and investigate their effect on cognitive functions in euthymic patients with objective bipolar disorder. METHOD Twenty - eight patients with type-I bipolar disorder and 22 healthy controls matched for age, gender and educational status were included in the study. Neuropsychological tests were applied to all participants. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets counts of the participants were measured and NLR and PLR were calculated. RESULTS There was a significant negative correlation between NLR and Stroop interference score in study group. There was no statistically significant difference in NLR and PLR between study and control group. No significant correlation was found between PLR and neurocognitive test scores. CONCLUSION This study revealed negative correlation between NLR and Stroop interference scores. We need further prospective studies with larger sample size to investigate role of inflammation on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Sağlam Aykut
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Filiz Civil Arslan
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | | | - Gizem Aral
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Serdar Karakullukçu
- b Department of Public Health , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
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Losada-Espinosa N, Villarroel M, María GA, Miranda-de la Lama GC. Pre-slaughter cattle welfare indicators for use in commercial abattoirs with voluntary monitoring systems: A systematic review. Meat Sci 2017; 138:34-48. [PMID: 29291504 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal welfare has become an important subject of public, economic and political concern, leading to the need to validate indicators that are feasible to use at abattoirs. A systematic review was carried out, which identified 72 cattle welfare indicators (CWI) that were classified into four categories (physiological, morphometric, behavioral and meat quality). Their validity and feasibility for use in abattoirs were evaluated as potential measures of cattle welfare during transportation to the abattoir and at the abattoir itself. Several highly valid indicators were identified that are useful to assess welfare at abattoirs, including body condition score, human-animal interactions, vocalizations, falling, carcass bruising, and meat pH. In addition, some intermediate valid indicators are useful and should be investigated further. Information along the food chain could be used systematically to provide a basis for a more-risk-based meat inspection. An integrated system based on the use of key indicators defined for each inspection step with the setting of alarm thresholds could be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natyieli Losada-Espinosa
- Graduate Program in Sciences of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Morris Villarroel
- Department of Animal Science, E.T.S.I.A. Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo A María
- Department of Animal Production & Food Science, AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Giynas Ayhan M, Cicek IE, Inanli I, Caliskan AM, Kirci Ercan S, Eren I. Neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratios in all mood states of bipolar disorder. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1338822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Medine Giynas Ayhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismet Esra Cicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ikbal Inanli
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Seda Kirci Ercan
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Eren
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Narayan E, Parisella S. Influences of the stress endocrine system on the reproductive endocrine axis in sheep (Ovis aries). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1321972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Narayan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Simone Parisella
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Macdonald AGC, Bourgon SL, Palme R, Miller SP, Montanholi YR. Evaluation of blood metabolites reflects presence or absence of liver abscesses in beef cattle. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000170. [PMID: 28890789 PMCID: PMC5574433 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver abscesses constitute a prominent concern regarding animal health and profitability of the beef industry. Our objective was to evaluate potential biliary and blood indicators of liver abscesses. Twenty-nine beef bulls (initially averaging 356±70.5 kg and 253±30 days of age) were fed a high-concentrate diet during a performance test of 112 days, during which blood was collected at nine time points spaced 0.5-13 days apart within 56 days before slaughter. At the abattoir, blood and bile were collected and livers were inspected for liver abscesses. Results indicated that liver abscesses are associated with elevated levels of plasma cortisol and aspartate aminotransferase, and decreased levels of albumin, cholesterol and testosterone over the period before slaughter. Based on the blood samples collected during exsanguination, the presence of liver abscesses was associated with lower concentrations of thyroxine, albumin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase, and is suggested to be associated with lower blood carbon dioxide (P=0.08) and lower biliary cortisol metabolites (P=0.07). Albumin and cholesterol are established indicators of hepatic function and are consistently related to the presence of liver abscesses. Identifying blood parameters that predict liver abscesses has practical implications for cattle husbandry and for ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphanie L Bourgon
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Vetmeduni, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Stephen P Miller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Angus Genetics Inc., Saint Joseph, MO, 64506, USA
| | - Yuri R Montanholi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
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Albendazole residues in goat's milk: Interferences in microbial inhibitor tests used to detect antibiotics in milk. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 25:302-305. [PMID: 28911671 PMCID: PMC9332515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) residues in goat's milk and their effect on the response of microbial inhibitor tests used for screening antibiotics were evaluated. A total of 18 Murciano-Granadina goats were treated with ABZ and individually milked once a day over a 7-day period. ABZ quantification was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. The ABZ parent drug was not detected. The maximum concentration of its metabolites (ABZ sulfoxide, ABZ sulfone, and ABZ 2-aminosulfone) was reached on the 1st day post treatment (260.0 ± 70.1 μg/kg, 112.8 ± 28.7 μg/kg, 152.0 ± 23.6 μg/kg, respectively), decreasing to lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL, 100 μg/kg) on the 3rd day post treatment. Milk samples were also analyzed by microbial tests [Brilliant Black Reduction Test (BRT) MRL, Delvotest SP-NT MCS and Eclipse 100], and only one positive result was found for Delvotest SP-NT MCS and Eclipse 100. However, a high occurrence of positive outcomes was obtained for BRT MRL during 6 days post treatment, whereas ABZ residues were not detected from the 4th day post administration, suggesting that factors other than the antiparasitic agent might affect the microbial test response.
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Trevisi E, Jahan N, Bertoni G, Ferrari A, Minuti A. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Dairy Cows: Consequences for New Lactation. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
- PRONUTRIGEN - Centro di Ricerca sulla Proteomica e Nutrigenomica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Piacenza, Italy
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
- IUBAT -International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Annarita Ferrari
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
- PRONUTRIGEN - Centro di Ricerca sulla Proteomica e Nutrigenomica, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Piacenza, Italy
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Faecal cortisol concentrations as indicator of stress during intensive fattening of beef cattle in a humid tropical environment. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 48:411-5. [PMID: 26669595 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the concentrations of faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) in intensively fattened beef cattle from a feedlot in a humid tropical environment. A total of 360 bulls weighing 271-371 kg were kept confined in pens from the start to the end of the fattening period (FP). At 24 h after arriving at the feedlot, cattle were distributed into the pens according to their live weight: 271-320 kg, 321-370 kg, and >370 kg. At the start of the FP, four pens of each weight group were randomly selected, and in each of them 10 faecal samples were obtained from 10 randomly selected bulls; this sampling was repeated in the same pens and in each weight group at the middle and end of the FP. The FCM were measured through enzyme immunoassay. The 271-320 kg group had higher FCM at the end of the FP (P < 0.05), the 321-370 kg group had similar FCM throughout the FP (P > 0.05), and the >370 kg group showed higher FCM at the start and end of the FP (P < 0.05). Higher FCM were observed at the middle of the FP in the 321-370 kg group, and at the end of the FP in the 271-320 kg and >370 kg groups (P < 0.05). Mean FCM obtained throughout the FP were within normal ranges for cattle, suggesting that appropriate management in feedlots in humid-tropical regions can provide bulls with a low-stress environment.
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Trevisi E, Bertoni G, Lombardelli R, Minuti A. Relation of inflammation and liver function with the plasma cortisol response to adrenocorticotropin in early lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5712-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Singh VK, Pattanaik AK, Goswami TK, Sharma K. Effect of Varying the Energy Density of Protein-adequate Diets on Nutrient Metabolism, Clinical Chemistry, Immune Response and Growth of Muzaffarnagari Lambs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2013; 26:1089-101. [PMID: 25049889 PMCID: PMC4093227 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Effects of varied dietary energy densities on immune response and performance of Muzzafarnagari lambs were ascertained in a 180-d study. Animals (n = 24), in three groups, were fed diets providing 100% (100E), 80% (80E) or 70% (70E) of their metabolizable energy requirement. Mean nutrient digestibilities varied significantly among treatments. Nitrogen intake was lower (p<0.01) in the 70E. Nitrogen retention, was reduced (p<0.001) in 80E and 70E vs 100E. The average daily gain (p<0.001) was 47.01±4.23, 13.54±1.72 and -16.67±8.24 g for 100E, 80E and 70E, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, total and differential leukocyte counts were lower (p<0.001) for 80E and 70E than for 100E with a similar trend (p<0.05) for serum glucose and total protein. Serum cortisol was reduced (p<0.001) with decreased energy availability. Antibody titre to Brucella abortus S19 showed an initial reduction in 80E and 70E vs 100E. Delayed-type hypersensitivity response was lower (p<0.001) in 80E and 70E vs 100E, accompanying a lower (p<0.001) nitric oxide production by the peripheral lymphocytes. It is concluded that the reduced dietary energy density significantly affects the growth performance and immune response of lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. K. Singh
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
India
| | - A. K. Pattanaik
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
India
| | | | - K. Sharma
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
India
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Cook NJ. Review: Minimally invasive sampling media and the measurement of corticosteroids as biomarkers of stress in animals. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cook, N. J. 2012. Review: Minimally invasive sampling media and the measurement of corticosteroids as biomarkers of stress in animals. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 227–259. The measurement of corticosteroid hormones is commonly used as a biomarker of an animal's response to stress. The difficulties in obtaining blood samples and the recognition of the stressor effect of blood sampling are primary drivers for the use of minimally invasive sample media. In mammals these include saliva, feces, urine, hair, and milk. In birds, samples include excreta, feathers, egg yolk and albumin. In fish, corticosteroids have been measured in excreta and swim-water. Each of these sample media incorporate corticosteroids in accordance with the processes by which they are formed, and this in turn dictates the periods of adrenocortical activity that each sample type represents. Cortisol in saliva represents a time-frame of minutes, whereas the production of feces may be hours to days depending on the species. The longest time-integrations are for hair and feathers which could be over a period of many weeks. The sample media also determines the structural changes that may occur via processes of conjugation to glucuronides and sulfides, metabolic conversion via enzymatic action, and bacterial breakdown. Structural changes determine the optimum methodologies used to measure corticosteroid hormones. In most sample media, measurement of a specific corticosteroid is a requirement depending on the species, e.g., cortisol in most mammals, or corticosterone in birds. However, in samples involving products of excretion, methodologies that measure a broad range of structurally related compounds are probably optimal. The utility of minimally invasive sample media as biomarkers of stress responses depends on the degree to which the corticosteroid content of the sample represents adrenocortical activity. Commonly, this involves comparisons between corticosteroid concentrations in blood plasma with concentrations in the alternative sample media. This review focuses on the methodological and biological validation of corticosteroid measurements in minimally invasive samples as biomarkers of adrenocortical responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J. Cook
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Livestock Welfare Unit, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Alberta, Canada, T4L 1W1
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Salak-Johnson JL, DeDecker AE, Horsman MJ, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Space allowance for gestating sows in pens: Behavior and immunity1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3232-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Salak-Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - A. E. DeDecker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - M. J. Horsman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - S. L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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Kauppinen T, Vesala KM, Valros A. Farmer attitude toward improvement of animal welfare is correlated with piglet production parameters. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Behavioral and physiological changes in early-weaned multiparous and primiparous beef cows. Animal 2011; 5:1270-5. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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GIANNETTO C, FAZIO F, CASELLA S, MARAFIOTI S, GIUDICE E, PICCIONE G. Acute Phase Protein Response during Road Transportation and Lairage at a Slaughterhouse in Feedlot Beef Cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1531-4. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia GIANNETTO
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, University Campus of Annunziata
| | - Francesco FAZIO
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, University Campus of Annunziata
| | - Stefania CASELLA
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, University Campus of Annunziata
| | - Simona MARAFIOTI
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, University Campus of Annunziata
| | - Elisabetta GIUDICE
- Deparment of Veterinary Public Healthy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, University campus of Annunziata
| | - Giuseppe PICCIONE
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, University Campus of Annunziata
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Hetta M, Tahir MN, Swensson C. Responses in dairy cows to increased inclusion of wheat in maize and grass silage based diets. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2010.532567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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