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Salonna F, Vorlíček M, Rubín L, Vašíčková J, Mitáš J. How Czech Adolescents Perceive Their Physical Activity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1134. [PMID: 37508631 PMCID: PMC10378483 DOI: 10.3390/children10071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical stage in the development of an individual's physical activity (PA) habits and preferences. Adolescents' perceptions of PA can influence their motivation to engage in PA and, consequently, their overall level of PA. Thus, our primary aim was to investigate whether Czech adolescents misperceive their peers' PA. Our dataset comprised cross-sectional data on 1289 adolescents aged 11-15 years. PA was measured using self-reported items used in the HBSC study. To describe the gender and school grade differences in VPA, independent samples T, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were performed. To analyze the effect of gender, school grade, school, and participants' own PA on the underestimation of PA, binomial regression models were used. Our study points out that there is a discrepancy between self-perceived levels of PA and the perceived descriptive norms of peers' PA. Adolescents underestimate the prevalence of sufficient PA, and thus perceived descriptive norms in PA as being worse than levels of own PA. These findings indicate room for targeted interventions based on social-norms-based approaches to increase the PA of adolescents or at least strengthen their actual positive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Salonna
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vorlíček
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Rubín
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Mitáš
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Arazan C, Costelloe MT, Willingham MT. Evaluation of a brief harm reduction intervention to reduce celebratory drinking among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1293-1300. [PMID: 34437816 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1927048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of a harm reduction e-card at increasing protective drinking behaviors and decreasing negative outcomes from consuming alcohol.Participants: Participants were college students who turned 21 years old between January 21 2016 and September 27 2017. A total of 1,064 students completed the posttest: 737 from the experimental group and 327 from the control group.Methods: This study is a randomized controlled trial evaluation. Three days prior to their birthdays, students were randomly selected to receive a harm reduction e-card (experimental group) or not (control group). Three days after their birthdays, all students were sent an electronic posttest survey to the student's university email address.Results: Students who received the e-card intervention reported employing more protective behaviors than the individuals who did not receive the card. Conclusions: This evaluation concludes that a harm reduction e-card successfully increased the use of protective drinking strategies but did not impact negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Arazan
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael T Costelloe
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark T Willingham
- Department of Sociology, University of Hawai'I at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Boehm M, White A, Bleakley A, Young DG. How Stay-at-Home Orders Interact with COVID-19 Misperceptions and Individuals' Social Distancing Intentions. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2022; 43:469-484. [PMID: 35553309 PMCID: PMC9101991 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-022-00680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a health emergency in which public health policy, such as state-mandated stay-at-home orders, has the potential to reduce the speed of disease transmission and prevent the overwhelming of hospital infrastructure and unnecessary deaths. Using the Ideological Health Spirals Model (IHSM), this analysis examines how state-mandated stay-at-home orders affect the relationships among individuals' overall COVID-19 knowledge and beliefs in misinformation, as well as their attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy regarding social distancing and stay-at-home behaviors. Data were collected from a sample of 1000 adults living in the U.S. in Spring 2020. Path analyses showed that the stay-at-home orders moderated the relationship between knowledge and self-efficacy in the context of performing social distancing behaviors. Results also indicate that intention to socially distance was associated with attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy. These results demonstrate that stay-at-home orders have the capacity to bolster the effect of knowledge and beliefs on key determinants of intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Boehm
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, 125 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Allie White
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, 125 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Amy Bleakley
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, 125 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Dannagal G Young
- Department of Communication, University of Delaware, 125 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Kravčenko K, Šeibokaitė L. Testing the Effect of Social Norms Theory-based Interventions: Are they Harmful for University Students who Drink Less than the Peer Norm? PSICHOLOGIJA 2021. [DOI: 10.15388/psichol.2021.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Social norms theory-based interventions have been widely used to reduce alcohol consumption among college and university students. Lately, it has been argued that such interventions may actually increase alcohol use among light drinkers. However, little studies have been focused on testing this possible negative effect. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine possible negative impact of descriptive normative feedback (DNF) on drinking intentions among students whose baseline drinking scores were below the average of a reference group. We also studied the preventive effect of injunctive normative feedback (INF). Methods. Actual descriptive and injunctive norms were collected from 234 university students. From those who reported drinking below the norm, 26 were randomly assigned to a control or intervention condition that received normative feedback via PowerPoint presentations over two meetings. Results. DNF increased students’ intentions of spirits drinking frequency and quantity. Meanwhile intentions to drink beer, cider, wine and cocktails remained the same. Increased intentions to drink spirits were not reduced by INF. Conclusions. Findings suggest that DNF-based interventions might negatively affect the use of spirits among those students who consume less than their peer norm by increasing their intentions to drink spirits more often and in larger quantities. Ways other than the INF to prevent this negative effect need to be further explored.
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Sedlander E, Long MW, Bingenheimer JB, Rimal RN. Examining intentions to take iron supplements to inform a behavioral intervention: The Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) project. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249646. [PMID: 33974640 PMCID: PMC8112683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than half of women of reproductive age in India have anemia. Over the last decade, India has made some progress towards reducing anemia in pregnant women, but non-pregnant women, who make up the largest sub group of people with anemia, are largely disregarded. OBJECTIVES The objective of this paper is to examine intentions to take iron supplements and factors associated with intentions to inform a social norms-based behavioral intervention to increase uptake of iron supplements and reduce anemia in Odisha, India. METHODS We collected data from 3,914 randomly sampled non-pregnant women of reproductive age in 81 villages. We conducted a survey and took hemocue (anemia level) readings from each participant. We analyzed data using linear regression models beginning with demographics and social norms and adding other factors such as self-efficacy to take iron supplements, anemia risk perception, and knowledge about anemia in a subsequent model. RESULTS 63% of women in our sample were anemic but less than 5% knew they were anemic. Despite national guidelines that all women of reproductive age should take weekly iron supplements to prevent anemia, less than 3% of women in our sample were currently taking them. While actual use was low, intentions were rather high. On a five point Likert scale where higher numbers meant more intentions to take supplements, average intentions were above the midpoint (M = 3.48, SD = 1.27) and intentions and iron supplement use were significantly correlated (r = .10, p < .001). Both injunctive norms and collective norms were associated with intentions to take iron supplements but descriptive norms were not. Other significant factors included age, breastfeeding, knowledge, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. The final model accounted for 74% of the variance in iron supplement intentions. CONCLUSIONS In this context, where the actual behavior is low but intentions to enact the behavior are high, starting an intervention with injunctive norms messaging (expectations around the behavior) and self-efficacy to enact the behavior is the step we recommend based on our results. As an intervention unfolds and iron supplement use increases, descriptive norms messaging (that people are indeed taking iron supplements) may add value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sedlander
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Long
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rajiv N. Rimal
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Trangenstein PJ, Whitehill JM, Jenkins MC, Jernigan DH, Moreno MA. Active cannabis marketing and adolescent past-year cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107548. [PMID: 31550611 PMCID: PMC6878135 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
METHODS Data are from an online survey of 482 adolescents (aged 15-19 years) living in states with legalized retail cannabis. Youth were asked about their engagement with cannabis promotions, including whether they liked/followed cannabis businesses on social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram), had a favorite cannabis brand, or could see themselves owning/wearing a cannabis-branded product. Youth also self-reported cannabis use in the past year. We used logistic regression with a Bonferroni correction to compare the odds of cannabis use among youth with different levels of engagement with cannabis promotions and brands after controlling for demographics. RESULTS After adjusting for several possible confounders, youth who liked or followed a cannabis business on at least one social media platform had 5 times higher odds of past-year cannabis use (aOR = 5.00, 95% CI: 2.47, 10.09, p < 0.001). Youth who thought it was likely that they would own or wear cannabis-branded merchandise (aOR = 6.93, 95% CI: 4.45, 10.78, p < 0.001) or who had a favorite cannabis brand (aOR = 7.98, 95% CI: 4.90, 13.00, p < 0.001) had nearly 8 times greater odds of past-year cannabis use. CONCLUSION Youth who engage with cannabis promotions and brands had higher odds of past-year cannabis use. Jurisdictions with retail cannabis may want to consider restrictions to limit youth engagement with cannabis promotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Trangenstein
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450 Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Whitehill
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences, 338 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Marina C Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - David H Jernigan
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Megan A Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Wombacher K, Reno JE, Williams GA, Johnson L. Does Yik Yak Promote Risky Health Behavior on College Campuses? HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:372-378. [PMID: 28059553 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1266577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study offers an analysis of how healthy and risky behaviors are discussed on an emerging social media platform. We sought to understand what behaviors are communicated and if they are encouraged or discouraged. We completed a content analysis of messages (n = 3,776) posted to Yik Yak captured three times a day on 4 days of the week across two separate weeks. We analyzed messages to determine the category of the behavior, an appraisal of the behavior, and normative voting feedback. Our results show that risky behaviors were discussed with greater frequency and received more user votes than healthy behaviors. Exposure to these messages could influence other students' perceptions of norms associated with these risky behaviors. We suggest further research to determine how Yik Yak may affect normative perceptions on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna E Reno
- b Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science , University of Colorado School of Medicine
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Foster DW, Ye F, O'Malley SS, Chung T, Hipwell AE, Sartor CE. Longitudinal Associations Between Alcohol-Related Cognitions and Use in African American and European American Adolescent Girls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:962-971. [PMID: 29484671 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American (AA) girls initiate alcohol use later and drink less than European American (EA) girls, potentially reflecting differences in the development of drinking behaviors. This study examined alcohol-related cognitions: expectancies, attitudes, and intention to drink, as possible sources of variation by race in alcohol use. The aim of this study was to characterize the nature and degree of association between cognitions and use over time and by race in EA and AA girls. METHODS Data were drawn from the longitudinal Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 2,450), an urban population-based sample of girls and their caregivers recruited when girls were between ages 5 and 8, and assessed annually through adolescence. Cross-lagged panel models were conducted separately by race (56.2% AA, 43.8% EA) to identify patterns of association between alcohol use and cognitions from ages 12 to 17 in 2,173 girls. RESULTS Endorsement of cognitions and use was higher overall in EA than AA girls but the magnitude of cross-lagged path coefficients did not differ significantly by race. In both groups, bidirectional effects emerged between intentions and use, and alcohol use largely predicted cognitions across ages. However, intention to drink was the only alcohol-related cognition that consistently predicted subsequent use (odds ratios ranged from 1.55 to 2.71). CONCLUSIONS Although rates of alcohol use and endorsement of cognitions were greater in EA than AA girls, the anticipated racial differences in longitudinal associations between cognitions and use did not emerge, indicating that variation in associations between use and cognitions does not account for the lower prevalence of alcohol use in AA compared with EA girls. Furthermore, our finding that intention to drink is a consistent, robust predictor of subsequent alcohol use suggests the need to investigate potentially modifiable factors that influence intention to drink across racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn W Foster
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Feifei Ye
- RAND Corporation , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tammy Chung
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison E Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychology , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Juon HS, Rimal RN, Klassen A, Lee S. Social Norm, Family Communication, and HBV Screening among Asian Americans. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:981-989. [PMID: 29173103 PMCID: PMC5809127 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1388454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Individuals' behaviors are influenced by those of others in their social environment (i.e., descriptive norms), as well as by how individuals perceive they should behave in that environment (e.g., injunctive norms). Although social norms are thought to play an important role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening, limited theoretical or empirical guidance exists on how the underlying process works. In addition, norms are social phenomena that are spread through family discussion about the importance of getting HBV screening. Using the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB), this study examined the roles of injunctive norms (IN), descriptive norms (DN), and family discussion in HBV screening behavior among Asian Americans. Data from a survey of Asian Americans in the Baltimore Washington metropolitan area (N = 877) were used to test underlying theoretical propositions. DN and family discussion emerged as key factors in HBV screening behavior among all Asian Americans. IN were associated with HBV screening among Chinese and Korean Americans, but not for Vietnamese Americans. Family discussion moderated the influence of DN on behavior among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans. However, the main effect of DN on screening behavior was not modified by IN (no interactions between DN and IN). The results indicate that family discussion and social norms are integral in enabling Asian Americans to undergo HBV screening and warrant sensitivity in the design and implementation of a liver cancer prevention program in this high-risk group of Asian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soon Juon
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Rajiv N Rimal
- b Department of Prevention and Community Health , George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Ann Klassen
- c Department of Community Health and Prevention , Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Sunmin Lee
- d Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , Maryland , USA
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Russell LD, Arthur T. "That's What 'College Experience' is": Exploring Cultural Narratives and Descriptive Norms College Students Construct for Legitimizing Alcohol Use. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2016; 31:917-925. [PMID: 26698857 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1018700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the many health issues relevant to college students, overconsumption of alcohol remains a prevalent concern. Circumscribing the drinking habits occurring on campuses are innumerable social norms furthering popular beliefs that alcohol is an inherent part of college life. This case study examines how students encounter, interpret and express the social norms they conceive as constituting their campus culture. Through triangulating ethnographic practices with in-depth interviews, we utilize a narrative lens to explore how students construct meanings and values for alcohol's roles in campus life. Our findings demonstrate how students validate uses of alcohol by coupling its presence with stress, social enhancement, peer responsibility and identity. Moreover, interviewees expressed there being subcultural differences between younger and older students' discourse around alcohol use. We draw from these observations to offer suggestions for engaging students actively in campus interventions that give rise to voices excluded from commonly construed social norms.
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Abstract
This study compared the drinking patterns of 123 female nursing students with those of 185 female students of other majors enrolled beyond the freshman year at a large public university. High-risk drinking patterns did not vary significantly between the 2 groups, suggesting that students' drinking patterns reflected the norms of their institution. Prevention strategies geared at campus culture and that target students still enrolled in prerequisites may be needed to reduce alcohol abuse in nursing students.
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Kim SY, Ahn S, Lim TS. Predicting Alcohol Misuse Among College Students in the US and South Korea. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2015; 14:308-22. [PMID: 26161809 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2014.996313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines contributing factors of alcohol misuse among college students in South Korea and the U.S. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) on measurements of alcohol expectancy, alcohol efficacy, and accommodation resulted in social and personal causes for alcohol misuse. Social causes alone predicted alcohol misuse for both countries. Social factors constituted a much stronger predictor of alcohol misuse among South Korean students than among American students. Practical implications for effective deterrence of student binge drinking are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon Kim
- a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin
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