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Whitehead S, Owen C, Brown J, Scantlebury S, Till K, Collins N, Phillips G, Fairbank L, Stokes K, Jones B. Training injuries in elite men's senior and academy (Super League) rugby league; an analysis of 224,000 exposure-hours. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:624-630. [PMID: 38965002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Report two-years of training injury data in senior and academy professional rugby league. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Match and training time-loss injuries and exposure data were recorded from two-seasons of the European Super League competition. Eleven/12 (2021) and 12/12 (2022) senior and 8/12 (2021) and 12/12 (2022) academy teams participated. Training injuries are described in detail and overall match injuries referred to for comparison only. RESULTS 224,000 training exposure hours were recorded with 293 injuries at the senior (mean [95 % confidence interval]; 3 [2-3] per 1000 h) and 268 academy level (2 [2-3] per 1000 h), accounting for 31 % and 40 % of all injuries (i.e., matches and training). The severity of training injuries (senior: 35 [30-39], academy: 36 [30-42] days-lost) was similar to match injuries. Lower-limb injuries had the greatest injury incidence at both levels (senior: 1.85 [1.61-2.12], academy: 1.28 [1.08-1.51] per 1000 h). Head injuries at the academy level had greater severity (35 [25-45] vs. 18 [12-14] days-lost; p < 0.01) and burden (17 [16-18] vs. 4 [4-5] days-lost per 1000 h; p = 0.02) than senior level. At the senior level, the incidence of contact injuries was lower than non-contact injuries (risk ratio: 0.29 [0.09-0.88], p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Training injuries accounted for about a third of injuries, with similar injury severity to match-play. Within training there is a higher rate of non-contact vs. contact injuries. Whilst current injury prevention interventions target matches, these data highlight the importance of collecting high quality training injury data to develop and evaluate injury prevention strategies in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom.
| | - Cameron Owen
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, United Kingdom
| | - James Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University; Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Collins
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Phillips
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, United Kingdom; Hull Kingston Rovers, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fairbank
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Stokes
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, United Kingdom; UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), University of Bath, United Kingdom; Rugby Football Union, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, United Kingdom; Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia; Premiership Rugby, United Kingdom
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Machado RR, Palinkas M, de Vasconcelos PB, Gollino S, Arnoni VW, Prandi MVR, Regalo IH, Siéssere S, Regalo SC. Lower limb balance, ankle dorsiflexion, orofacial tissue pressure, and occlusal force of rugby players. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:173-178. [PMID: 38708318 PMCID: PMC11067736 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined the lower limb balance, ankle dorsiflexion, orofacial tissue pressure, and occlusal strength of rugby players. Twenty-six participants were divided into groups: rugby players (n = 13) and healthy sedentary adults (n = 13). Participants underwent an analysis of lower limb balance using a composite score (Y-Balance Test). Ankle dorsiflexion was measured using the Lunge Test. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was employed to measure orofacial tissue pressure. Bite force was measured with a dynamometer, and T-Scan assessed occlusal contact distribution. Data were analyzed using the t-test (p < 0.05) and ANCOVA with age and weight as covariates, where it is possible to verify that these factors did not influence the results obtained. Significant differences were observed in the balance of the right (p = 0.07) and left (p = 0.02) lower limbs, where rugby players had lower composite scores. There were significant differences in the right (p = 0.005) and left (p = 0.004) lunges, with rugby players showing lower values, as well as lower tongue pressure (p = 0.01) and higher lip pressure (p = 0.03), with significant differences to sedentary participants. There was no significant difference in molar bite force and distribution occlusal contacts between groups. Rugby seems to reduce lower limb displacement, cause ankle hypomobility, lead to changes in orofacial tissues, particularly the tongue and lips. This study is significant for identifying significant differences between rugby players and sedentary individuals, providing new insights into the impact of rugby on health and performance, which can benefit sports training and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R. Machado
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Palinkas
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Gollino
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Isabela H. Regalo
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Siéssere
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone C.H. Regalo
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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3
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Hancock MV, Barden C, Roberts SP, McKay CD, Stokes KA. Match injuries in English schoolboy rugby union. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001740. [PMID: 38268528 PMCID: PMC11148659 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study describes the incidence, severity and burden of match injuries in schoolboy rugby union in England, across three age groups: under-13 (U13), under-15 (U15) and under-18 (U18). Methods Data regarding 574 24-hour time-loss match injuries and 18 485 player-hours of match exposure were collected from a total of 35 schools (66 teams) in the 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. Injury incidence (injuries/1000 hours), severity (mean and median days lost) and burden (days lost/1000 hours) were calculated for each age group, injury region, event, playing position and match period and were compared using Z scores. Results The U18 age group had a significantly higher injury incidence (34.6 injuries/1000 hours, 95% CI 31.5 to 38.1) and burden (941 days/1000 hours, 95% CI 856 to 1035) than both the U13 (incidence=20.7 injuries/1000 hours, 95% CI 14.1 to 30.3, p=0.03; burden=477 days lost/1000 hours, 95% CI 325 to 701, p<0.01) and U15 (incidence=24.6 injuries/1000 hours, 95% CI 20.6 to 29.5, p<0.01; burden=602 days lost/1000 hours, 95% CI 503 to 721, p<0.01) age groups, but no significant differences were found between the U13 and U15 age groups. Contact events accounted for 87% of known injury events, with the tackle responsible for 52% (U13), 48% (U15) and 62% (U18) of all injuries. Concussion was the most common injury type in all age groups (U13=4.8 injuries/1000 hours; U15=6.4 injuries/1000 hours; U18=9.2 injuries/1000 hours), but the incidence was not significantly different between age groups. Conclusion Injury incidence and burden was higher in U18 than U13 and U15 age groups. Concussions and the tackle are priority areas at all age groups and should be the focus of injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Hancock
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Craig Barden
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- School of Education and Science, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Simon P Roberts
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Carly D McKay
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Keith A Stokes
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
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4
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van Zyl S, Bayne H, Schwellnus M, Viljoen C. A high incidence of injury among male university student rugby players requires urgent injury prevention strategies. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 65:107-112. [PMID: 38103358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of training and match injuries in university student rugby players over a two-season period. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Varsity Cup (VC) and Young Guns (YG) rugby tournaments (2018 and 2019). PARTICIPANTS 171 male university student rugby players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For time-loss injuries: injury incidence (injuries per 1000 player-hours), injured player proportion (% of injured players) and the frequency (n, %) of injury characteristics (new or recurrent, anatomical region, body area, severity. RESULTS The injury incidence was 2.4 per 1000 player-hours for training injuries and 131.1 per 1000 player-hours for match injuries. The overall injured player proportion was 59.6%. New injuries (83.9%) were more frequent than recurrent injuries. Most injuries occurred in the lower limb involving muscle/tendon (56.7%) and ligament/joint capsule (27.2%). The shoulder (19.6%) and ankle (15.7%) were the most common body areas of injury during matches and training, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a high injured player proportion and match injury incidence among university student rugby players. Most injuries were new. Lower limb injuries were most common in training whereas upper limb injuries were most common in matches. These findings highlight the need to prioritise future injury prevention among university student rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanet van Zyl
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/sanetvz
| | - Helen Bayne
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/HelenBayneZA
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, South Africa
| | - Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/CarelViljoen
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5
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Murray-Smith S, Williams S, Whalan M, Peoples GE, Sampson JA. The incidence and burden of injury in male adolescent community rugby union in Australia. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:315-322. [PMID: 36134642 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2123556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence, location, mechanism and burden of injury in community male adolescent rugby. METHODS A prospective cohort injury surveillance study using sports trainers to record 'any physical complaint' over three seasons (2018/2019/2021) in 979 U13-U17 community male rugby union players. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-two time-loss injuries (27.6/1000 hours) with an associated burden of 2313 days (419.7 days/1000 hours), 169 non-time loss medical attention (30.1/1000 hours) and 813 physical complaints (147.5/1000 hours) were recorded from 5511.7 exposure hours (matches 3932.5 hours, training 1579.2 hours). Time-loss injury incidence was highest in U16 (45/1000 hours) and lowest in U17 (16.6/1000 hours), with U17 significantly lower than U16 and U15 age-grades (p < 0.05). Injury burden was greatest in U13 (561.4 days/1000 hours), and significantly higher than U15 and U17 (p < 0.05). Collectively, injury incidence was greatest for the head/neck (11.8/1000 hours), bruise/contusions were most common (8.7/1000 hours) and concussion (4.5/1000 hours) accounted for the greatest injury burden (102 days/1000 hours). Being tackled was the most observed injury mechanism (10.0/1000 hours). Forwards had significantly higher incidence in mild injury (p < 0.01). The total burden (p < 0.001) associated with mild (p < 0.001) and moderate injuries (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in forwards, as was the burden of being tackled (p < 0.001), collisions (p < 0.001), trunk (p < 0.001) and lower limb (p < 0.01) injury locations. In contrast, ruck-related injury burden was greater in backs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed age-grade and positional differences in incidence and burden of injury in community adolescent rugby union. The rate of non-time loss relative to time-loss injury and muscle strain injury in U13-U14s suggests further research into injury risk and maturation in rugby is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murray-Smith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - M Whalan
- Medical Department, Sydney Football Club, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Football Medicine Association, Sydney, Australia
- Football Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - G E Peoples
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - J A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- NSW Football Medicine Association, Sydney, Australia
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6
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West SW, Shill IJ, Bailey S, Syrydiuk RA, Hayden KA, Palmer D, Black AM, Hagel BE, Stokes KA, Emery CA. Injury Rates, Mechanisms, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies in Youth Rugby Union: What's All the Ruck-Us About? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1375-1393. [PMID: 37191819 PMCID: PMC10290028 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby Union is a collision team sport played globally. Despite this, significant concerns have been raised regarding the sport's safety, particularly in youth players. Given this, a review of injury rates, risk factors and prevention strategies is required across different youth age groups as well as in males and females. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis was to investigate injury and concussion rates, risk factors and primary prevention strategies in youth rugby. METHODS To be included, studies were required to report either rates, risk factors or prevention strategies in youth rugby and to have a randomised controlled trial, quasi-experimental, cohort, case control, or ecological study design. Exclusion criteria included non-peer-reviewed grey literature, conference abstracts, case studies, previous systematic reviews and studies not written in English. Nine databases were searched. The full search strategy and list of sources are available and pre-registered on PROSPERO (Ref: CRD42020208343). Each study was assessed for risk of bias using the Downs and Black quality assessment tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using a DerSimonian Laird random effect model for each age group and sex. RESULTS Sixty-nine studies were included in this SR. The match injury rates (using a 24-h time-loss definition) were 40.2/1000 match hours (95% CI 13.9-66.5) in males and 69.0/1000 match hours (95% CI 46.8-91.2) in females. Concussion rates were 6.2/1000 player-hours (95% CI 5.0-7.4) for males and 33.9/1000 player-hours (95% CI: 24.1-43.7) for females. The most common injury site was lower extremity (males) and the head/neck (females). The most common injury type was ligament sprain (males) and concussion (females). The tackle was the most common event associated with injury in matches (55% male, 71% females). Median time loss was 21 days for males and 17 days for females. Twenty-three risk factors were reported. The risk factors with the strongest evidence were higher levels of play and increasing age. Primary injury prevention strategies were the focus of only eight studies and included law changes (n = 2), equipment (n = 4), education (n = 1) and training (n = 1). The prevention strategy with the most promising evidence was neuromuscular training. The primary limitations included a broad range of injury definitions (n = 9) and rate denominators (n = 11) used, as well as a limited number of studies which could be included in the meta-analysis for females (n = 2). CONCLUSION A focus on high-quality risk factor and primary prevention evaluation should be considered in future studies. Targeting primary prevention and stakeholder education remain key strategies in the prevention, recognition and management of injuries and concussions in youth rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Centre for Health, and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK.
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stuart Bailey
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reid A Syrydiuk
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Michigan Concussion Center, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Debbie Palmer
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Centre for Health, and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Arif H, Arif F, Morales J, Waldrop IW, Sheets NW. Epidemiology of Rugby-Related Injuries Presenting to the Emergency Department: A 10-Year Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e40589. [PMID: 37469813 PMCID: PMC10353570 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rugby is a popular contact sport played with little to no protective clothing. There exist few comprehensive studies investigating emergency department (ED) visit patterns for rugby-related injuries.We hypothesize that male athletes remain the most common patient demographic to present to the ED with rugby-related injuries and that the number of patients diagnosed with soft tissue injuries such as sprains and strains decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was examined for rugby injuries from January 2012 through December 2021. Cases were stratified by sex, age, and injury type to monitor epidemiological patterns. This is a descriptive epidemiology study. Level of evidence III. Results A total of 2,896 individuals with rugby-related ED visits were identified. ED patients were most common among males (73.9%), Caucasians (45.3%), and in the 15-19-year-old age range (44.9%). Injuries most commonly affected the upper body, specifically the head (23.1%), face (13.8%), and shoulder (12.4%) with fractures and sprains comprising 22.3% and 18.5% of ED diagnoses, respectively. Concussions were the most frequent injury to any one body part (11.2%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, ED patients with rugby-related injuries were significantly more likely to be males presenting with lacerations or hemorrhages. ED visits for sprains and strains significantly decreased in the peri-COVID-19 period. Conclusions Annual ED visits due to rugby injuries are declining. The head and neck are the most common sites of injuries. Decreased presentation to the ED during the COVID-19 pandemic may raise concern for the potential for untreated injuries. Physicians should anticipate the presence of chronic sports-related injuries when evaluating future patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haad Arif
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, USA
| | - Fatima Arif
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA
| | - Jose Morales
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, USA
| | - Ian W Waldrop
- Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Riverside Community Hospital, Riverside, USA
| | - Nicholas W Sheets
- Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Riverside Community Hospital, Riverside, USA
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Anderson D, Wilson I, Cathcart J, Kerr D. Players' and parents' perceptions of injury in elite Northern Irish schools' rugby - A qualitative study. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 61:172-178. [PMID: 37084665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore schools' rugby players' and their parents' perceptions of injury. DESIGN A qualitative study using focus groups. SETTING Schools who compete in the Ulster Schools' Cup competition. PARTICIPANTS 13 players and 9 parents. OUTCOME MEASURES A thematic analysis approach was used to examine players' and parents' beliefs and attitudes towards injury, return to play and injury risk. RESULTS Findings suggest schools' rugby players and their parents are aware of injury risk in the schoolboy game. They are aware of concussion injury but are less aware of musculoskeletal injury. Parents' perceptions of injury are based on their experience of their sons' injuries. Parents are unaware of return to play strategies for musculoskeletal injury. CONCLUSIONS Schools' rugby players and their parents are aware of injury to some extent, however players' and parents' knowledge and understanding of injury is based on and informed by personal experience, not the evidence base. Whist they are aware of injury, many players will seek to push their fears to the back of their mind. However, for those players who have suffered severe injury, they are concerned about the risk of reinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anderson
- Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Iseult Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; College of Nursing and Midwifery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - John Cathcart
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kerr
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
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9
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Mencia CS, Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Veliz RR, Murias-Lozano R, Aramberri M, Saló JC. Epidemiology of the Injuries Sustained by Elite Spanish under-18 and under-20 Rugby Players. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:224-231. [PMID: 36216341 DOI: 10.1055/a-1958-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the injuries suffered by players (n=166) of the Spanish national men's under-18 and under-20 rugby teams between 2015 and 2017, and identifies the actions involved in their occurrence. All injuries (total n=78) sustained during matches and training were recorded as recommended by World Rugby, and injury incidence rates per 1000 player-hours (ph) calculated for both types of activity. Injuries occurred more commonly during matches than during training (incidence 105.3 [95% CI: 78.7-131.9] per 1000 [ph] of match play, vs 1.16 [95% CI: 0.69-1.62] per 1000 ph of training), and most days absent per 1000 ph during matches with<3 days rest since the previous match (4209.2 [95% CI: 3516.2-4902.1] per 1000 ph of match play, vs 1947.4 [95% CI: 1511.8-2382.9] per 1000 ph of match play in matches with>3 days rest). These results provide information that may be useful in the development of strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan José Ramos-Álvarez
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramos Veliz
- CEU, Centro de Estudios Universitario Cardenal Spindola CEU, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto Murias-Lozano
- Medical Service, Spanish Rugby Union, Madrid, Spain.,FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN Y SALUD, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Villafranca del Castillo, Spain
| | - Mikel Aramberri
- Medical Service, Spanish Rugby Union, Madrid, Spain.,Orthopedic, Alai Sports Medicine Clinic, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Saló
- Medical Service, Spanish Rugby Union, Madrid, Spain.,Orthopedics, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Villanova Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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10
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West SW, Shill IJ, Sick S, Schneider KJ, WIley JP, Hagel BE, Emery CA, Black AM. It Takes Two to Tango: High Rates of Injury and Concussion in Ball Carriers and Tacklers in High School Boys' Rugby. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:00042752-990000000-00087. [PMID: 36633403 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine injury and concussion rates, mechanisms, locations, and types of injury in Canadian high school male rugby. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING High school male rugby. PARTICIPANTS A total of 429 high school players (2018: n = 225, 2019: n = 256) were recruited from 12 teams in 7 schools in Calgary, Canada. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury surveillance included baseline questionnaires, weekly exposure, and injury reports. Injuries included those requiring medical attention, resulted in time loss and/or inability to complete a session. Concussion was defined as per the fifth Consensus on Concussion in Sport, and all players with a suspected concussion were referred to a study sport medicine physician. RESULTS A total of 134 injuries were captured, leading to an injury incidence rate (IR) of 57.9/1000 hours [95% confidence intervals (CIs): 45.4-73.8]. Median time loss was 6 days (range: 0-90). Injuries to the head were the most common (40%), followed by shoulder (12%) and ankle (10%). The concussion IR was 22.0/1000 hours (95% CIs: 15.9-30.4), which was the most common injury type (38%), followed by sprain (20%) and strain (15%). Sixty-five percent of injuries occurred in the tackle (ball carrier 35%, tackler 30%) and 76% of concussions (ball carrier 41%, tackler 35%). CONCLUSIONS The rate of injury and concussion in Canadian youth high school male rugby is high, with tackle-related injuries and concussions the most common. Given this, there is a critical need for implementation of prevention strategies, in particular targeting concussion and the tackle event (eg, neuromuscular, tackle training, and law changes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stacy Sick
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Schneider
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - James Preston WIley
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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11
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Blythman R, Saxena M, Tierney GJ, Richter C, Smolic A, Simms C. Assessment of deep learning pose estimates for sports collision tracking. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1885-1900. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2117474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Blythman
- V-SENSE, School of Computer Science and Statistics(SCSS), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Manan Saxena
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Aljosa Smolic
- V-SENSE, School of Computer Science and Statistics(SCSS), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Simms
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Anderson D, Cathcart J, Kerr D, Moore I, Hislop M, Wilson I. An investigation of coaches' awareness of injury in elite adolescent rugby union in Northern Irish schools - A qualitative study. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 57:17-25. [PMID: 35849980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the decision-making processes employed by schools' Rugby coaches in the management of injured players and to explore the factors that influenced those decisions. A secondary objective was to gauge interest in an education focused toolkit for schools' Rugby coaches. DESIGN A qualitative study using one-to-one online interviews. SETTING Schools who compete in the Ulster Schools' Cup Rugby competition. PARTICIPANTS Eleven Rugby union coaches from four post primary schools. OUTCOME MEASURES A thematic analysis approach was used to examine the factors that influence schools' Rugby coaches' decision-making processes in the management of injured players. RESULTS Findings suggest coaches are influenced in their decision making by four primary factors: their experience and learning, their relationships with other stakeholders, their knowledge and understanding of the roles and responsibilities of medical staff, healthcare and health fitness professionals, and resources available to them. CONCLUSIONS Schools' Rugby coaches play a significant role in the supervision of injured adolescent Rugby players, often drawing from their playing and coaching experiences. Schools retain, or recommend the services, of healthcare professionals (HCPs) and health and fitness professionals (HFPs). The role of these healthcare and health and fitness professionals, along with their qualifications and experience is not fully understood by coaches. Coaches acknowledge that there is a need for further training and would welcome education initiatives aimed at increasing awareness of musculoskeletal injury in schoolboy Rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anderson
- Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom.
| | - John Cathcart
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kerr
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Moore
- School of Sport and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Hislop
- Player Welfare and Rugby Services Department, World Rugby, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iseult Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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13
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Injuries and Concussions in Female High School Rugby: Prevention is Worth a Try. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:508-516. [PMID: 34759178 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe injury and concussion rates and mechanisms in female high school rugby players. DESIGN Two-year prospective cohort study. SETTING High school rugby. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 214 female High school rugby players (year 1) and 207 female High school players (year 2) from the Calgary Senior High School Athletics Association 2018 and 2019 rugby competition. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Match and training injury and concussion. Injury definition included any injury resulting in time loss, inability to complete a session, and/or requiring medical attention. Details of reported injuries were collected on injury report forms and validated by a certified athletic therapist on a validated online injury surveillance platform. Exposure hours for players were tracked using paper or virtual weekly exposure forms by team designates. RESULTS A match incidence rate (IR) = 93.7 injuries/1000 match hours (95% confidence intervals (CI): 78.6-11.7) and training IR = 5.3 injuries/1000 training hours (95% CI: 4.0-6.9) were estimated. The tackle accounted for 109 (70%) match and 37 (44%) training injuries. Tackling was the most frequent mechanism of injury (IR = 37.5 injuries/1000 match hours, 95% CI: 27.5-51.8 and 1.2 injuries/1000 training hours, 95% CI: 0.7-2.4). Sixty-two match concussions (IR = 37.5 concussions/1000 match hours, 95% CI: 26.8-52.3) and 16 training concussions (IR = 1.0 concussions/1000 training hours, 95% CI: 0.7-1.4) occurred. Of 78 reported concussions, 78% for match and 56% for training were physician diagnosed. Tackling was the most frequent mechanism of concussion in matches (IR = 18.1 concussions/1000 match hours, 95% CI:11.4-28.6). CONCLUSIONS Injury and concussion rates in female high school rugby are high. The tackle accounted for the highest proportion of injuries. Prevention strategies (eg, tackle policy change, tackle-training programs, and neuromuscular training) should be explored to increase sport safety.
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14
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Gibson ES, Cairo A, Räisänen AM, Kuntze C, Emery CA, Pasanen K. The Epidemiology of Youth Sport-Related Shoulder Injuries: A Systematic Review. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8791398. [PMID: 38655170 PMCID: PMC11022765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8791398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Youth around the globe place their shoulders at risk for injury when participating in sports. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity, produce the potential for time-loss from sport, and result in functional disability. We sought to explore sport-related shoulder injuries in youth by identifying injury rates, risk factors, injury mechanisms, and injury prevention strategies. Methods All relevant full-text articles were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. No date restrictions were used. All full-text studies reporting original research describing sport-related shoulder injury among female and/or male youth from 5 to 18 years old were included. Results Of 3,889 studies screened, 97 described shoulder injury in youth sports. Shoulder injuries were identified in 24 unique sports. The median seasonal prevalence of shoulder injury was 10.9% (range 1.2-28.2%). The most common injury mechanisms identified were contacted with another player, contact with the playing environment, and falling to the ground. Risk factors for shoulder injury identified were side-to-side strength imbalances, weak external rotator muscles, and scapular dyskinesia. One study evaluated a successful training strategy to prevent shoulder injuries, but two other interventions demonstrated no effect. Conclusions Sport-related shoulder injuries are prevalent among youth athletes. Injury risk factors identified included modifiable intrinsic factors such as strength, range of motion, and training load. The most common injury mechanism was direct contact with either another person or an object in the playing environment. Innovative shoulder-specific strategies are needed to reduce shoulder injuries in this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020189142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Gibson
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexis Cairo
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Colleen Kuntze
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carolyn A. Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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15
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Leahy TM, Kenny IC, Campbell MJ, Warrington GD, Purtill H, Cahalan R, Comyns TM, Harrison AJ, Lyons M, Glynn LG, O’Sullivan K. Injury Trends for School Rugby Union in Ireland: The Need for Position-specific Injury-prevention Programs. Sports Health 2022; 15:131-141. [PMID: 35354389 PMCID: PMC9808841 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221078531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern has been raised over the injury risk to school Rugby union (Rugby) players and the potential long-term health consequences. Despite the increase in studies for this cohort, the influence of playing position on injury incidence and presentation is unclear. PURPOSE To describe the incidence, nature and severity of match injuries for school Rugby in Ireland overall, and as a function of playing position. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Data were collected from 15 male (aged 16-19 years) school Senior Cup teams across 2 seasons. In total, 339 players participated in season 1, whereas 326 players participated in season 2. Injury data were recorded onto a bespoke online platform. Match exposure was also recorded. RESULTS The incidence rate of match injuries (24-hour time loss) was 53.6 per 1000 hours. Across both seasons, 6810 days were lost from play due to injury. Forwards (65.4 per 1000 hours) sustained significantly more (P < 0.05) injuries than backs (40.5 per 1000 hours). The head, shoulder, knee, and ankle were the most common injured body regions; however, forwards sustained significantly more (P < 0.05) head and shoulder injuries than backs. The tackle was responsible for the majority of injuries in both groups. The highest proportion of injuries occurred during the third quarter. CONCLUSION Clear differences in injury presentation and incidence were evident when comparing forwards versus backs. The high rate of head and shoulder injuries in the forwards suggest the need for more targeted injury-prevention strategies and further research on education and laws around the tackle event. The spike of injuries in the third quarter suggests that fatigue or inadequate half-time warm-up may be a contributing factor warranting further exploration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates clear differences in injury presentation according to playing position in school Rugby and highlights the need for a more tailored approach to the design and implementation of injury-prevention strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M. Leahy
- Therese M. Leahy MSc, PhD,
Researcher IRFU IRIS Project, Department of Physical Activity & Sports
Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Clooneen, Headford, h91V06k, Ireland
() (Twitter: @ThereseMLeahy)
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16
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Cairo AL, Räisänen AM, Shill I, Black AM, Emery CA. High Injury and Concussion Rates in Female Youth Team Sport: An Opportunity for Prevention. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:608-615. [PMID: 34781391 DOI: 10.1055/a-1697-2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate sport-related injury rates, types, locations, and mechanisms in female youth team sports.This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study. An anonymous online survey was administered to high school students (ages 14-19) in Canada. The survey included questions regarding demographic information, sport participation and self-reported injuries sustained in the past year. Results were analyzed for girls who reported playing a top ten team sports for female participation. For girls participating in team sports, the overall injury rate was 55.5 injuries/100 participants/year. The rate of at least one concussion was 9.4 concussions/100 participants/year. Injury and concussion rates were highest in ringette (Injury rate=42.9 injuries/100 participants/year, Concussion rate=19.0 concussions/100 participants/year) and rugby (Injury rate=40.0, Concussion rate=15.3). The top three most serious injury locations were the knee (24.7%), ankle (21.6%) and head (16.1%). The most common injury types were joint/ligament sprain (26.71%), fracture (13.0%) and concussion (11.8%). Contact mechanisms accounted for 73.4% of all serious injuries reported in girls team sports.Team sport injury rates are high in female youth team sports. Specific consideration of sport-specific injury rates, types and mechanisms in girls' team sports will inform development and evaluation of targeted sport-specific prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Cairo
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anu M Räisänen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, United States
| | - Isla Shill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Amanda M Black
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - C A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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17
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Leahy TM, Kenny IC, Campbell MJ, Warrington GD, Cahalan R, Harrison AJ, Lyons M, Glynn LG, O’Sullivan K, Purtill H, Comyns TM. Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211023431. [PMID: 34485581 PMCID: PMC8414631 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211023431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shoulder has been reported as a frequent location of injury in adult professional and amateur rugby, with match injury incidence rates ranging from 1.8 to 3 per 1000 player-hours (h). An increased understanding of the incidence and mechanism of shoulder injuries in school rugby players is vital to establish effective injury preventive strategies and advise on appropriate rehabilitation. PURPOSE To describe the incidence, nature, and severity of shoulder injuries in schoolboy rugby in Ireland. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Injury surveillance was carried out for Senior Cup teams across two seasons (N = 665 players aged 17-19 years) in Ireland from 2018 to 2020. Match and training injury data were recorded using an online system by trained nominated injury recorders. Match exposure was also recorded. RESULTS Shoulder match injury incidence was 12.2 per 1000 h (95% CI, 9.1-16.2), with a mean severity of 47 days' time loss and an overall burden of 573 days per 1000 h. In total, 47 match and 5 training shoulder injuries were recorded. The most common injuries were shoulder dislocations/subluxations (34%), followed by acromioclavicular joint sprains (30%). Shoulder dislocations/subluxations represented the most burdensome injury (280 days per 1000 h). The tackle accounted for the majority (81%) of shoulder injuries. Forwards sustained a significantly higher incidence of shoulder injuries (8.3/1000 h) in comparison with backs (3.9/1000 h), with a rate ratio of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.15-3.94; P = .015). CONCLUSION We found a notably higher injury incidence rate in schoolboy rugby as compared with the adult amateur and professional game. Shoulder injuries were responsible for more days lost than any other injury, and shoulder dislocations were the most severe. This is of particular concern so early in a player's career and warrants further investigation into potential risk factors and mechanisms associated with shoulder injuries in school-age players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M. Leahy
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ian C. Kenny
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark J. Campbell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Lero, The Irish Software Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giles D. Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Roisin Cahalan
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Harrison
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liam G. Glynn
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran O’Sullivan
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Helen Purtill
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thomas M. Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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18
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Anderson DS, Cathcart J, Wilson I, Hides J, Leung F, Kerr D. Lower limb MSK injuries among school-aged rugby and football players: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000806. [PMID: 33178442 PMCID: PMC7642221 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to explore the incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries sustained by rugby union, rugby league, soccer, Australian Rules and Gaelic football players under 18 years. The review sought to identify the mechanisms and types of injury sustained and to compare between sports. DESIGN This systematic review focused on the incidence of lower limb injury in adolescent team sports that involved running and kicking a ball. A literature search of studies published prior to January 2020 was conducted using SportDiscus, Medline and PubMed databases. The Standard Quality Assessment Criteria appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of each article included in the review. Two or more authors independently reviewed all papers. RESULTS Sixteen papers met the inclusion criteria; prospective cohort (N=14), retrospective (n=1) and longitudinal (n=1). These studies investigated injuries in rugby union and rugby league (n=10), football (soccer) (n=3), Australian Rules (n=2) and Gaelic football (n=1). There were a total of 55 882 participants, aged 7-19 years old, who reported 6525 injuries. The type, site and mechanisms of injury differed across sports. SUMMARY Lower limb injuries were common in adolescent rugby, soccer, Gaelic football and Australian Rules football players, however these studies may not fully reflect the true injury burden where recurrent and overuse injuries have not been considered. There were differences between sports in the mechanisms, types and severity of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Cathcart
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University - Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Iseult Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Julie Hides
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Felix Leung
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Daniel Kerr
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University - Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, UK
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19
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Burger N, Lambert M, Hendricks S. Lay of the land: narrative synthesis of tackle research in rugby union and rugby sevens. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000645. [PMID: 32518671 PMCID: PMC7254146 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this review was to synthesise both injury prevention and performance tackle-related research to provide rugby stakeholders with information on tackle injury epidemiology, including tackle injury risk factors and performance determinants, and to discuss potential preventative measures. Design Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Data sources PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria Limited to peer-reviewed English-only publications between January 1995 and October 2018. Results A total of 317 studies were identified, with 177 in rugby union and 13 were in rugby sevens. The tackle accounted for more than 50% of all injuries in rugby union and rugby sevens, both at the professional level and at the lower levels, with the rate of tackle injuries higher at the professional level (mean 32/1000 player-hours) compared with the lower levels (mean 17/1000 player-hours). A player’s tackle actions and technical ability were identified as major risk factors for injury and a key determinant of performance. Summary/conclusion Evidence-based education, progressive tackle technique training with a high potential to transfer and law changes have been proposed as key modifiers of player tackle actions and technical ability. Conceivably, all three modifiers working in unison (as opposed to separately) will have a higher potential at reducing tackle injury risk while enhancing performance. With the guidance of tackle injury and performance studies, as well as stakeholder engagement, experiential and explorative tackle research has the potential to inspire innovative injury prevention and performance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burger
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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20
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Till K, Weakley J, Read DB, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Chantler S, Mellalieu S, Hislop M, Stokes K, Rock A, Jones B. Applied Sport Science for Male Age-Grade Rugby Union in England. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32086645 PMCID: PMC7035403 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union (RU) is a skill-collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide. Within England, age-grade rugby governs the participation and talent development of youth players. The RU player development pathway has recently been questioned, regarding player performance and well-being, which sport science research can address. The purpose of this review was to summarise and critically appraise the literature in relation to the applied sport science of male age-grade RU players in England focussing upon (1) match-play characteristics, (2) training exposures, (3) physical qualities, (4) fatigue and recovery, (5) nutrition, (6) psychological challenges and development, and (7) injury. Current research evidence suggests that age, playing level and position influence the match-play characteristics of age-grade RU. Training exposures of players are described as 'organised chaos' due to the multiple environments and stakeholders involved in coordinating training schedules. Fatigue is apparent up to 72 h post match-play. Well-developed physical qualities are important for player development and injury risk reduction. The nutritional requirements are high due to the energetic costs of collisions. Concerns around the psychological characteristics have also been identified (e.g. perfectionism). Injury risk is an important consideration with prevention strategies available. This review highlights the important multi-disciplinary aspects of sport science for developing age-grade RU players for continued participation and player development. The review describes where some current practices may not be optimal, provides a framework to assist practitioners to effectively prepare age-grade players for the holistic demands of youth RU and considers areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leinster Rugby, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Greg Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Jadischke R, Zendler J, Lovis E, Elliott A, Goulet GC. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of head and body impacts in American 7v7 non-tackle football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000638. [PMID: 32095268 PMCID: PMC7011012 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-tackle American football is growing in popularity, and it has been proposed as a safer alternative for young athletes interested in American football. Little is known about the nature of head contact in the sport, which is necessary to inform the extent to which protective headgear is warranted. The objective of this study was to identify the location, types and frequency of head and body contacts in competitive 7v7 non-tackle American football. Methods Video analysis was used to document the type, frequency and mechanism of contacts across a series of under 12, under 14 and high school non-tackle tournament games. A subset of impacts was quantitatively analysed via 3-D model-based image matching to calculate the preimpact and postimpact speed of players’ heads and the change in resultant translational and rotational velocities. Results The incidence rate of head contact was found to be low (3.5 contacts per 1000 athlete-plays). Seventy-five per cent of head contacts were caused by a head-to-ground impact. No head-to-head contacts were identified. Most contacts occurred to the rear upper (occiput) or side upper (temporal/parietal) regions. Head-to-ground impact was associated with a maximum preimpact velocity of 5.9±2.2 m/s and a change in velocity of 3.0±1.1 m/s. Conclusion Non-tackle football appears to represent a lower contact alternative to tackle football. The distribution of head impact locations, mechanisms and energies found in the present study is different than what has been previously reported for tackle football. The existing tackle football standards are not appropriate to be applied to the sport of non-tackle football, and sport-specific head protection and headgear certification standards must be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Zendler
- Xenith, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Steffen K, Soligard T, Mountjoy M, Dallo I, Gessara AM, Giuria H, Perez Alamino L, Rodriguez J, Salmina N, Veloz D, Budgett R, Engebretsen L. How do the new Olympic sports compare with the traditional Olympic sports? Injury and illness at the 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:168-175. [PMID: 31796464 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe injuries and illnesses across traditional and new sports among the participating athletes of the Buenos Aires 2018 Youth Olympic Summer Games (BA YOG) (6-18 October 2018). METHODS We recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues manned by the BA YOG 2018 medical staff. RESULTS In total, 3.984 athletes from 206 NOCs were observed. NOCs and BA YOG 2018 medical staff reported 619 injuries and 334 illnesses, equalling 15.5 injuries and 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 13-day period. The eight new sports on the Youth Olympic programme (futsal, beach handball, karate, roller speed skating, kitesurfing, BMX freestyle, climbing and break dancing) fell in between the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk. Injury incidence was highest in rugby (43% of all rugby players), followed by boxing (33%) and badminton (24%), and lowest in swimming, archery, roller speed skating, equestrian, climbing and rowing (<5%). The highest incidences of illness were recorded in golf (20%), followed by triathlon (16%), beach volleyball and diving (both 14%). Of the illnesses, 50% affected the respiratory system and 15% the gastrointestinal system. Injury and illness incidences varied between continents with athletes representing Europe having significantly fewer injuries and illnesses compared with other continents, apart from a similar illness incidence to Asian athletes. CONCLUSION The overall injury incidence of 15.5 injuries per 100 athletes was higher, while the overall illness incidence of 8.4 illnesses per 100 athletes was similar to previous youth and Olympic Games. The new sports did not differ significantly compared with the other sports with respect to injury and illness risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Steffen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway .,Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Sports Medicine, FINA Bureau, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Veloz
- British Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway.,Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Injury surveillance in school Rugby: A systematic review of injury epidemiology & surveillance practices. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 38:170-178. [PMID: 31158741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Tee JC, Till K, Jones B. Incidence and characteristics of injury in under-19 academy level rugby league match play: A single season prospective cohort study. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1181-1188. [PMID: 30430907 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1547100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Academy rugby league competition is an important step along the pathway to professional status, but little is known about injury at this level of the game. The aim of this research was to establish the nature, incidence and burden of injury in English academy rugby league. Using an observational prospective cohort study design, and a time-loss injury definition, the injury outcomes of three professional rugby league academies were recorded during the 2017 season. A total of 87 injuries occurred in 59 matches for an overall injury incidence of 85 (95%CI 67-103) injuries per 1000 hours played. The mean severity of injury was 22 ± 19 days resulting in an overall injury burden of 1898 (95%CI 1813-1983) days lost per 1000 hours. The tackle event was the most common cause of injury (77% of all injuries). Forwards sustained a greater proportion of injuries than backs (forwards 67% vs. backs 33% of injuries). Concussion (13 (6-20) per 1000 hours) and ankle sprains (11 (4-17) per 1000 hours) were the most commonly diagnosed injuries. The shoulder joint was the most commonly injured site (17 (9-25) per 1000 hours). The incidence of injury for academy rugby league is similar to senior professional rugby league.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Tee
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire, UK.,b The Rugby Football League , Leeds , England.,c Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , England
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