1
|
Mhlongo LC, Mseleku C, Tenza T, Fomum SW, McGaw LJ, Hassen A, Nsahlai IV. A Review of Ethnomedicinal Plants as Potential Anthelmintic Agents to Alternatively Control Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Ruminants in South Africa. J Parasitol Res 2024; 2024:7955692. [PMID: 38268708 PMCID: PMC10805549 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7955692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant production is one of the most important animal productions for food security in the world, especially in the developing world. Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection is a threat to this animal's production. Conventional drugs that are used to control these parasites are losing their efficacy due to the development of resistant parasites. These drugs are not biologically degradable, taint meat products and are also expensive for communal farmers. Hence, research is now exploring ethnomedicinal anthelmintic plants for an alternative remedy. The objective of this paper was to review ethnomedicinal plants as a potential alternative to unsustainable commercial anthelmintics. This review sought to understand common GINs infecting ruminants, resistance manifestation in GINs to conventional treatment, reasons communal farmers choose ethnomedicine, and modes of action in anthelmintic plants. It also examined the usage of plants and plant parts, dosage forms, methods for improving bioactivity, convectional validation procedures, and restrictions on ethnomedicinal plant use as anthelmintics in ethnomedicine. Such insight is essential, as it highlights the importance of ethnoveterinary medicine and ways to adopt or improve it as a potential alternative to conventional anthelmintics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cresswell Mseleku
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Thando Tenza
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Sylvester Werekeh Fomum
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lyndy Joy McGaw
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Abubeker Hassen
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Ignatius Verla Nsahlai
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benlarbi F, Mimoune N, Chaachouay N, Souttou K, Saidi R, Mokhtar MR, Kaidi R, Benaissa MH. Ethnobotanical survey of the traditional antiparasitic use of medicinal plants in humans and animals in Laghouat (Southern Algeria). Vet World 2023; 16:357-368. [PMID: 37041995 PMCID: PMC10082715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.357-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the inhabitants of the Aflou region of Laghouat (Southern Algeria). This study was considered as a first step toward the identification of new bioactive antiparasitic molecules. The preservation and documentation of this traditional knowledge will ensure its continuity and transmission from one generation to another, especially because of the emergence of resistant parasites and the lack of references caused by the lack of work in this area; therefore, we intended to inventory and collect the maximum amount of information on medicinal plants that are traditionally used by the local population as antiparasitic in humans and animals (small ruminants, cattle, and livestock).
Materials and Methods: The information was collected using open interviews; the ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the area mentioned above from April to July 2021 using a semi-structured questionnaire and a global sample of 200 respondents. The data were analyzed using the System Package for the Social Sciences software and Microsoft Excel 2010 using the following quantitative indices: Relative frequency of citation (RFC), family importance value (FIV), fidelity level, and informant consensus factor (ICF).
Results: The investigation uncovered the antiparasitic use of 58 plant species belonging to 30 families. The family Asteraceae had the highest FIV (FIV = 0.23). The pathology with the highest degree of agreement among the informants was genitourinary parasitosis (ICF = 0.930). The species that was most commonly cited by the local population was Artemisia herba-alba Asso (RFC = 1), and the foliage was the most commonly used part (46.4%). Infusion (38.8%) was the most-used preparation for remedies.
Conclusion: This investigation revealed a rich ethnopharmacological knowledge in southern Algeria; therefore, the data gathered in this survey may be utilized to create novel antiparasitic compounds with activity in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fathia Benlarbi
- Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems (EVES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Nora Mimoune
- Department of Clinics, Animal Health and Production Laboratory, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, 16000, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Chaachouay
- Agri-Food and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Settat, Hassan FIRST University, Po. Box. 382, 26000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Karim Souttou
- Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems (EVES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Radhwane Saidi
- Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Laghouat University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Rahmani Mokhtar
- Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Laghouat University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Rachid Kaidi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, LBRA, University of Blida 1, PB 270, Soumaa, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Hocine Benaissa
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biophysical Station, PB 30240, Nezla, Touggourt, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parasiticides: Weapons for Controlling Microbial Vector-Borne Diseases in Veterinary Medicine; The Potential of Ethnobotanic/Phytoparasiticides: An Asset to One Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020341. [PMID: 36830252 PMCID: PMC9952419 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Some ectoparasites are vectors of illness-causing bacteria and viruses, and these are treated with antibiotic and antiviral drugs, which eventually contribute to the excessive use of antimicrobials. Therefore, the control of ectoparasites is crucial, and the challenge will be to manage them in a sustainable way. Data from a preliminary ethnobotanical survey was reanalyzed to obtain information on the use of various plant species in companion animals and livestock as ectoparasiticides. The survey responses were reviewed for traditional use of plants as ectoparasiticides, and cross-sectional bibliographic research was undertaken. The following plants were selected among the nine mentioned plants: Juglans regia, Daphne gnidium and Ruta graveolens, which have the most potential to be developed as veterinary ectoparasiticides. Moreover, the absence of published data for Plantago lanceolata and Cistus populifolius suggests that their traditional use as ectoparasiticides is noted here for the first time. In summary, these plants could give promising plant-derived veterinary ectoparasiticides that, ultimately, will help reduce and even avoid the excessive use of antimicrobials.
Collapse
|
4
|
Aminfar H, Maham M, Dalir-Naghadeh B. Effects of aqueous ginger extract on smooth muscle contraction in bovine cecum: in vitro study. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:139-144. [PMID: 37033778 PMCID: PMC10073806 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2022.545837.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal hypomotility cause health risks and economic losses and is considered as an important digestive disorder that efforts to find prokinetic drugs can solve this major problem. This study investigated the effects of Zingiber officinale aqueous extract (ZOAE) on caecal smooth muscle contractions in healthy cows. To perform in vitro tests, cecum strips connected to the organ bath. Ginger aqueous extract caused concentration-dependent contraction in caecal smooth muscle with an effective threshold concentration of 6.00 mg L-1. The strongest contraction was caused at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 with an average contraction of 141%. To evaluate the possible mechanisms underlying the contractile effect on cecum strips, atropine, 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP) and verapamil completely inhibited aqueous extract induced smooth muscle contractions, while addition of hexamethonium had no effect on the contraction process. The lack of reduction of contractions caused by the extract in the presence of hexamethonium indicates that presence of acetylcholine-like constituents independent of nicotinic receptors. The inhibitory properties of atropine and 4-DAMP indicate that at least part of the prokinetic effect of the extract is due to stimulating the muscarinic receptors, especially M3 receptors. Also, verapamil inhibitory function proves that the extract acting by L-type calcium channels. The results suggest that the ZOAE has a potential prokinetic effect which may provide a pharmacological base to its medicinal or prophylactic use in caecal motility disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Aminfar
- DVSc Graduate, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
- Correspondence: Hadi Aminfar. DVM, DVSc , DVSc Graduate, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Masoud Maham
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nwafor IC, Nwafor CU. African smallholder farmers and the treatment of livestock diseases using ethnoveterinary medicine: A commentary. PASTORALISM : RESEARCH, POLICY AND PRACTICE 2022; 12:29. [PMID: 35789586 PMCID: PMC9244877 DOI: 10.1186/s13570-022-00244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Often touted as an ancient and sustainable practice among indigenous livestock farmers in developing countries, the use of ethno-veterinary medicine is examined within the context of its efficacy. While there are undoubtedly positive implications for adopting knowledge and practice that align with nature, there is both prevalence and ambivalence to the adoption of indigenous plant knowledge and resources for the treatment of livestock infections and diseases. This situation is due to the lack of validation and standardization of the practice in low-income countries, requiring scholarly efforts in developing this indigenous knowledge system. This is a short communication piece that provides a commentary on the issues that pertain to ethno-veterinary practice among rural livestock farmers in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Chinyelu Nwafor
- Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ndlela SZ, Mkwanazi MV, Chimonyo M. Characterisation of the indigenous knowledge used for gastrointestinal nematode control in smallholder farming areas of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:75. [PMID: 35189866 PMCID: PMC8862214 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of indigenous knowledge (IK) to control gastrointestinal nematodes has been known since ancient times. The objective of the study was to characterise the use of indigenous knowledge to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. METHODS A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from farmers. Chi-square was used to compute associations; the generalized linear model was used for mean rank scores. RESULTS Roundworms were the most common gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) affecting goats reared in the bushland vegetation type than grasslands. Twelve plant species were commonly used to control GIN in goats, with Cissus quadrangularis Linn. singled out as the most widely used plant with a use-value of 0.97, followed by Albizia anthelminthica Brongn. (0.66), Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl (0.63), Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) P.J.H. Hurter (0.59), Aloe marlothii A. Berger (0.58), Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst (0.54), Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey (0.53), Aloe maculata All. (0.50), Trichilia emetica Vahl (0.47), Aloe ferox Mill. (0.43), Vernonia neocorymbosa Hilliard (0.25) and Schkuhria pinnata (Lam) Kuntze ex Thell (0.16). C. rotundifolia, V. xanthophloea, S. birrea and T. emetica were dominant plant species used to control GIN in goats reared in the grassland vegetation. A. maculata, A. ferox and V. neocorymbosa were dominant in the bushland vegetation type. CONCLUSION The study revealed that ethnoveterinary plants are widely used in grassland and bushland vegetation types to control GIN in goats. Scientific validation of their efficacy and safety should be carried out to provide a cheaper alternative, thus improving the community livelihoods and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sithembile Z Ndlela
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Mbusiseni V Mkwanazi
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Chimonyo
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, P Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vouraki S, Gelasakis AI, Papanikolopoulou V, Papadopoulos E, Arsenos G. Association of Hard Ticks (Ixodidae) Infestation with Milk Production and Udder Health of Extensively Reared Dairy Goats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:354. [PMID: 35158679 PMCID: PMC8833764 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensively reared ruminants are seasonally exposed to ticks. Tick-related production losses and health issues have been well documented in cows and sheep but not in goats where relevant literature is scarce. The objective here was to investigate the association of hard tick infestation with milk production and udder health of dairy goats reared extensively. A cross-sectional study was carried out during May and June, in two dairy goat farms. The farms were located in Central and Northern Greece and were representative of typical extensive production systems. A total of 304 goats (n = 152 from each farm) were randomly selected. Each goat was examined for presence of hard ticks. Daily milk yield and quality characteristics were recorded. Udder health status was determined by milk somatic cell count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC). Tick infestation prevalence was 28.6%; it was associated with a significant (p < 0.001) increase in SCC and TVC (84.0% and 78.6%, respectively). The latter meant that infested goats were 3.7 times more prone to udder health problems (p < 0.001). There were not any significant effects (p > 0.05) on milk production. Overall, results suggest that control of tick infestation in extensively reared dairy goat herds is important for enhancing health and welfare status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Vouraki
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Papanikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.P.); (G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Constraints to Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Smallholder Farmers in South Africa. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing demand for therapeutic products from indigenous medicinal plants has led to increased interest in its cultivation, which presents a viable option for improving smallholder farmers’ livelihoods, as well as sustaining the availability of these resources for future generations. Serious bottlenecks however exist for subsistent farmers in the cultivation of these valuable plants. It was pertinent to probe whether the cultivation of medicinal plants provides feasible solutions to rural poverty, while effectively conserving threatened indigenous biodiversity. The paper employed a comprehensive review of existing literature to explore issues constraining smallholder farmers from involvement in a potentially lucrative plant value chain. Findings indicate challenges such as inadequate domestication of valuable plants species, continued over-harvesting from wild populations, poor knowledge of required agronomic practices, low efficacy perception regarding derivatives from cultivated plants, among others. These constraints occur alongside the conservation-oriented strategy driven by international conservation agencies and wholly adopted by the South African government. Recommendations to improve smallholder involvement in the cultivation of medicinal plants include support to research and extension, targeted inducement to smallholders, contracting and off-take agreements, aimed at promoting an alternative poverty-alleviation-focused economic development strategy. The review adds to the conceptual discourse related to plant diversity, resource conservation, poverty alleviation, and economic development
Collapse
|
9
|
A Review of Ethnoveterinary Knowledge, Biological Activities and Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Woody Plants Used for Managing Animal Health in South Africa. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100228. [PMID: 34679058 PMCID: PMC8537377 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the use of ethnoveterinary medicine as remedies for animal health among different ethnic groups justify the need for a systematic exploration to enhance their potential. In addition, the increasing popularity and utilisation of woody plants remain common in traditional medicine, which may be attributed to their inherent benefits. The current review was aimed at analysing ethnoveterinary surveys, biological activities, and secondary metabolites/phytochemical profiles of the woody plants of South Africa. Eligible literature (period: 2000 to 2020) were retrieved from different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Sabinet, and Science Direct. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 ethnoveterinary surveys were eligible and were subjected to further analysis. We identified 104 woody plant species from 44 plant families that are used in the treatment of different diseases in animals, particularly cattle (70%) and goats (20%). The most mentioned (with six citations) woody plants were Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC and Ziziphus mucronata Willd., which were followed by plants with five (Cussonia spicata Thunb., Pterocarpus angolensis DC and Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso) or four (Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd, Cassia abbreviata Oliv., and Strychnos henningsii Gilg) individual mentions. The most dominant families were Fabaceae (19%), Apocynaceae (5.8%), Rubiaceae (5.8%), Anacardiaceae (4.8%), Combretaceae (4.8%), Euphorbiaceae (4.8%), Malvaceae (4.8%), Rhamnaceae (4.8%), and Celastraceae (3.8%). Bark (33%), leaves (29%), and roots (19%) were the plant parts dominantly used to prepare remedies for ethnoveterinary medicine. An estimated 20% of woody plants have been screened for antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity effects. Phytochemical profiles established a rich pool of valuable secondary metabolites (phenolic, flavonoids and condensed tannins) that may be responsible for the exerted biological activities. Overall, the significant portion of woody plants lacking empirical evidence on their biological effects indicates a major knowledge gap that requires more research efforts.
Collapse
|
10
|
Indigenous knowledge to mitigate the challenges of ticks in goats: A systematic review. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100190. [PMID: 34296043 PMCID: PMC8281653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The review collates the documented use of IK used in goats for controlling ticks and records the bioactivity testing that has been carried out on these plants. A literature survey was conducted on the use of IK whereby ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) is used as well as on the investigations relating to the potential efficacy of the used plants. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), ticks rank the first amongst the ectoparasites that limit goat productivity. Infrequent and overuse of acaricides have resulted in the development of resistance in ticks as well as environmental impacts. To combat these impacts, contribution of IK needs to be appreciated. In total 21, ethno-veterinary plant species, belonging to 16 families were identified to control ticks. These included plants such as Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng, Cissus quadrangularis .L, and Aloe ferox Mill, Grandifolia Warb, Terminalia brownii Fresen and Aloe volkensii Engl. Efficacy of plant species such as Pelargonium reniforme Curtis and Eucomis punctata L'Hér is enhanced by mixing them with substances like potassium permanganate and river salt to enhance the effectiveness of the extract. Ethno-veterinary plants have a wide range of phytochemicals, which include alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, anti-microbial and pesticidal effects that produces tick repellent effects. The most common plant parts used during preparations are roots, leaves, barks, fruits and young shoots and to a lesser extent flowers, although the use of leaves usually takes precedence. Non-plant materials involve the use of methods such as traditional practices where ticks are manually removed. using hand picking. Oral administration and direct application on the infested site are used. It is, thus important to conduct more work on the conservation of ethnoveterinary plants, IK information gathering and dissemination.
Collapse
|
11
|
In vitro efficacy of plant extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:295. [PMID: 33913023 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Farmers use plant extracts as a potential source of anthelmintic compounds against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. The objective of the study was to investigate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous (cold and boiled) and methanolic extracts of Cissus quadrangularis Linn., Aloe marlothii A. Berger, Albizia anthelmintica Brongn., Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl., Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, and Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) P.J.H. Hurter plants against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Plants were used in two forms: dry and fresh. Decoction (boiled water), infusion (cold water), and methanolic extracts at concentrations of 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40% v/v were tested in vitro on mortality of L3 nematodes. Linear relationships were observed between larvae mortality and extract concentration of the boiled fresh form of C. rotundifolia (P < 0.01), fresh form of cold-water of A. marlothii (P < 0.05), fresh form of cold-water and methanolic C. quadrangularis (P < 0.01), dry form of cold-water and methanolic S. birrea (P < 0.0001), and dry form of cold-water and fresh form of methanolic V. xanthophloea (P < 0.05). Quadratic relationships were observed between larvae mortality and extract concentration of the fresh form of methanolic C. rotundifolia (P < 0.05), fresh form of methanolic A. anthelmintica (P < 0.01), the fresh form of methanol and the dry form of boiled A. marlothii (P < 0.001), fresh form of methanolic (P < 0.05) and dry form of boiled S. birrea (P < 0.01), fresh form of cold and boiled water of V. xanthophloea (P < 0.0001), and dry form of boiled water and methanolic V. xanthophloea (P < 0.05). The crude plant extracts of C. quadrangularis, A. marlothii, A. anthelmintica, C. rotundifolia, S. birrea, and V. xanthophloea could be considered as an integrated approach to achieve sustainable nematode control in goats.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahachi LN, Chikwanha OC, Katiyatiya CL, Marufu MC, Aremu AO, Mapiye C. Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) for sustainable small ruminant production: Feed, helminth suppressant and meat preservation capabilities. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Qokweni L, Marufu MC, Chimonyo M. Attitudes and practices of resource-limited farmers on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats foraging in grasslands and forestlands. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3265-3273. [PMID: 32776269 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infestations remain one of the main constraints to goat productivity. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the perceptions of goat farmers on the infestation and control of gastrointestinal nematode infestation. A total of 282 goat farmers from two villages of Mbizana local municipality in Alfred Nzo district were interviewed. Higher prevalence of diseases, parasites and feed availability were among the major constraints to goat productivity. Gastrointestinal parasites were ranked as the major constraint by farmers in the grassland than those in the forestland. Ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed that farmers in the grassland were 3.2 times more likely to experience gastrointestinal nematode infestation than those in the forestland (P < 0.05). On both vegetation types, tethered goats were perceived to have higher (P < 0.05) GIN infestation compared with free browsing goats. Poor farmers were 3.1 times more (P < 0.05) likely to experience high GIN infestation compared with less poor farmers. Farmers in the grassland were 2.1 times more likely to control GI nematode infestation than to those in the forestland (P < 0.05). Intervention strategies to control gastrointestinal nematodes should mainly target farmers from the grassland vegetation since they experience higher infestation rates of gastrointestinal nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxolo Qokweni
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Christopher Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Michael Chimonyo
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McGaw LJ, Famuyide IM, Khunoana ET, Aremu AO. Ethnoveterinary botanical medicine in South Africa: A review of research from the last decade (2009 to 2019). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112864. [PMID: 32302713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) practices remain a common feature of South African animal husbandry, particularly in rural livestock healthcare. This review provides an update of research undertaken on South African EVM from 2009 until 2019. AIM OF THE STUDY This review collates information and investigates trends in the increasing field of EVM research in South Africa over the last decade. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted using available databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Dissertations, theses, books and technical reports were also searched. RESULTS In the past decade, ethnoveterinary surveys conducted in South Africa report the use of 139 plants from 50 families used against 21 animal diseases and conditions. Leaves, roots and bark have remained popular plant parts used for EVM. In terms of livestock species reported, the major focus was on cattle, goats and poultry. Only four of the nine provinces in the country have been surveyed. CONCLUSIONS Relatively few publications reporting on ethnoveterinary surveys have originated from South Africa. These papers refer to many plants used for a variety of commonly encountered animal diseases and afflictions. With reference to recently published guidelines on conducting ethnobotanical surveys, several recommendations can be made to improve the robustness of surveys documenting the use of plants for EVM in South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Ibukun M Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Edward T Khunoana
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi O Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, North West Province, South Africa; Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, North West Province, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mazhangara IR, Masika PJ, Mupangwa JF, Chivandi E, Jaja IF, Muchenje V. In vitro efficacy of Elephantorrhiza elephantina root extracts against adult Paramphistomum cervi in goats. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00157. [PMID: 32642567 PMCID: PMC7334405 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephantorrhiza elephantina is a medicinally important plant whose roots are used to control gastrointestinal parasites in goats. The use of plant-based anthelmintics as potential alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics in controlling gastrointestinal worms in ruminants is a promising area of research. The study was carried out to ascertain the efficacy of E. elephantina in controlling goat trematodes. Standard procedures were used to quantify the phytochemicals in the water, ethanol and methanol root extracts of E. elephantina. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that alkaloids (93.24 ± 1.68%), condensed tannins (450.52 ± 0.15 mg CE/g), flavonoids (803.93 ± 0.13 mg QE/g), phenols (476.11 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g) and saponins (83.28 ± 1.72%) were present in E. elephantina root extracts. Paramphistomum cervi adult worms recovered from the rumen of freshly slaughtered goats were used. In vitro screening of ethanol, methanol and water extracts of E. elephantina for potential anthelmintic activity against adult P. cervi worm motility showed time and dose-dependent significant effects. Ethanol extracts showed a highly significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of motility (86.67 and 96.67%) at concentrations 7.5 and 15 mg/mL respectively, after 12 h of treatment, while methanol and water extracts exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of motility (96.67 and 66.67% respectively) at concentration of 15 mg/mL 16 h post-exposure. Our findings confirm the efficacy of E. elephantina in controlling goat trematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rumbidzai Mazhangara
- University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Patrick Julius Masika
- Fort Cox College of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 2187, King William's Town, 5600, South Africa
| | - John Fisher Mupangwa
- University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Eliton Chivandi
- University of Witwatersrand, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Voster Muchenje
- University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bakare AG, Shah S, Bautista-Jimenez V, Bhat JA, Dayal SR, Madzimure J. Potential of ethno-veterinary medicine in animal health care practices in the South Pacific Island countries: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2193-2203. [PMID: 31900732 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The South Pacific island countries (SPIC) are among the most vulnerable countries in the world to economic shocks, climate change and natural disasters. Agriculture including livestock production makes important contribution to socio-economic development in the region. However, the livestock sector is marred by many livestock diseases, which are crippling the economies as well as threatening the food security of the island nations, most of which have high dependence on imports. Limited veterinary medical facilities, high cost of conventional medicine and remoteness of some rural farming communities make it difficult for farmers to treat their diseased animals. Nevertheless, the island nations are endowed with vast reserves of medicinal plants in diverse ecosystems including mangroves, rainforests and tropical dry forests. Despite the ubiquity of traditional medicine systems, most of the plant species have been used to treat human aliments in the SPIC and very few farmers utilise herbal medicine to treat their animals. This review highlights the common diseases affecting livestock production in the SPIC, threats to ethno-veterinary knowledge, and potential plant species and their efficacies to treat animal diseases and parasites. It also discusses the common methods of preparation of veterinary herbal medicine and possible ways of making the medicine available in the formal and informal markets in the region. It is envisaged that the review will stimulate further ethno-veterinary research among livestock disease management practices in the SPIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archibold G Bakare
- College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, P.O Box 7222, Suva, Fiji.
| | - Shipra Shah
- College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, P.O Box 7222, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Jahangeer A Bhat
- Department of Forestry, Doon (PG) College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Camp road, Central Hope Town, Selauqi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suchindra R Dayal
- College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, P.O Box 7222, Suva, Fiji
| | - James Madzimure
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Elephantorrhiza elephantina: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of an Important Medicinal Plant Species in Southern Africa. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6403905. [PMID: 28588639 PMCID: PMC5446883 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6403905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Elephantorrhiza elephantina is used in southern Africa as traditional remedy for a wide range of human diseases and ailments including dermatological diseases, gastrointestinal system disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted infections, and wounds. The rhizome decoction of E. elephantina is widely used by small-scale farmers in Botswana and South Africa as ethnoveterinary medicine for cattle, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, and sheep. Several classes of phytochemical compounds including anthocyanidins, anthraquinones, esters, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, polysterols, saponins, sugars, tannins, and triterpenoids have been isolated from E. elephantina. Scientific studies on E. elephantina indicate that it has a wide range of biological activities including anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, antibabesial, and antirickettsial activities. Elephantorrhiza elephantina is a valuable source of traditional medicine in southern Africa that it is worth additional research attention because of its wide ethnomedicinal applications and promising biological activities. However, the current health-related information on E. elephantina is not sufficiently explored as diverse studies on its chemical and pharmacological activities are required to understand its mechanism of action and to characterize the metabolites responsible for these activities.
Collapse
|
18
|
Maroyi A. From Traditional Usage to Pharmacological Evidence: Systematic Review of Gunnera perpensa L. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:1720123. [PMID: 28053640 PMCID: PMC5174174 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1720123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gunnera perpensa is the only species of the genus Gunnera that has been recorded in Africa. Its leaves, rhizomes, roots, and stems are reported to possess diverse medicinal properties and used to treat or manage various human and animal diseases and ailments. Gunnera perpensa is an ingredient in many herbal concoctions and prescriptions which have been used to induce or augment labour, postnatal medication, to treat parasitic diseases, urinary complaints, kidney problems, general body pains, sexually transmitted infections, and many other diseases. Several classes of phytochemicals including alkaloids, benzoquinones, ellagic acids, flavonoids, phenols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, and minerals have been isolated from G. perpensa. Scientific studies on G. perpensa indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities including acetylcholinesterase, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, lactogenic, and uterotonic. Gunnera perpensa has a lot of potential as a possible source of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of a wide range of both human and animal diseases and ailments. Some of the chemical compounds isolated from G. perpensa have demonstrated various biological activities when investigated in in vitro assays. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of action of the isolated compounds, their efficacy, toxicity, and clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|