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Mazur G, Pańczyk-Straszak K, Krysińska K, Niemiec K, Waszkielewicz A. Novel xanthone derivatives as potent sirtuin 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 100:129620. [PMID: 38280655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Six amino derivatives of xanthone were obtained via chemical synthesis. Biochemical studies revealed their SIRT2 inhibitory activity ranging from 48.5 % (compound 4, 5-chloro-2-((4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one hydrochloride) to 93.2 % (compound 3, 5-chloro-2-(((2-methoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one hydrochloride). The structure-activity analysis showed favourable properties of secondary amines relative to tertiary piperazine derivatives. The tested compounds do not possess additional SIRT1 activating activity and no antioxidant activity (DPPH in vitro assay). Comprehensive analysis of the lipophilicity of the obtained compounds was also performed. For compound 3 potential molecular targets and similar active compounds were predicted in order to facilitate further research in this group of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mazur
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk-Straszak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Krysińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Niemiec
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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Potential Anti-Amnesic Activity of a Novel Multimodal Derivative of Salicylamide, JJGW08, in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030399. [PMID: 36986498 PMCID: PMC10056859 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory impairments constitute a significant problem worldwide, and the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically increased the prevalence of cognitive deficits. Patients with cognitive deficits, specifically memory disturbances, have underlying comorbid conditions such as schizophrenia, anxiety, or depression. Moreover, the available treatment options have unsatisfactory effectiveness. Therefore, there is a need to search for novel procognitive and anti-amnesic drugs with additional pharmacological activity. One of the important therapeutic targets involved in the modulation of learning and memory processes are serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7, which also play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anti-amnesic and antidepressant-like potential of JJGW08, a novel arylpiperazine alkyl derivative of salicylamide with strong antagonistic properties at 5-HT1A and D2 receptors and weak at 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors in rodents. First, we investigated the compound’s affinity for 5-HT6 receptors using the radioligand assays. Next, we assessed the influence of the compound on long-term emotional and recognition memory. Further, we evaluated whether the compound could protect against MK-801-induced cognitive impairments. Finally, we determined the potential antidepressant-like activity of the tested compound. We found that JJGW08 possessed no affinity for 5-HT6 receptors. Furthermore, JJGW08 protected mice against MK-801-induced recognition and emotional memory deficits but showed no antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Therefore, our preliminary study may suggest that blocking serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT1A and 5-HT7, might be beneficial in treating cognitive impairments, but it requires further investigation.
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3
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Żmudzka E, Lustyk K, Głuch-Lutwin M, Wolak M, Jaśkowska J, Kołaczkowski M, Sapa J, Pytka K. Novel Multimodal Salicylamide Derivative with Antidepressant-like, Anxiolytic-like, Antipsychotic-like, and Anti-Amnesic Activity in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:175. [PMID: 37259325 PMCID: PMC9967428 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia may coexist in psychiatric patients. Moreover, these disorders are very often associated with cognitive impairments. However, pharmacotherapy of these conditions remains challenging due to limited drug effectiveness or numerous side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel multimodal compounds that can be used to treat depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, as well as memory deficits. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, antipsychotic-like effects, and anti-amnesic properties, of the novel arylpiperazine derivative of salicylamide, JJGW07, with an affinity towards serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 and dopamine D2 receptors. Firstly, we investigated the compound's affinity for 5-HT6 receptors and its functional activity by using in vitro assays. JJGW07 did not bind to 5-HT6 receptors and showed antagonistic properties for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT7, and D2 receptors. Based on the receptor profile, we performed behavioral studies in mice to evaluate the antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and antipsychotic-like activity of the tested compound using forced swim and tail suspension tests; four-plate, marble-burying, and elevated plus maze tests; and MK-801- and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion tests, respectively. JJGW07 revealed antidepressant-like properties in the tail suspension test, anxiolytic-like effects in the four-plate and marble-burying tests, and antipsychotic-like activity in the MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion test. Importantly, the tested compound did not induce catalepsy and motor impairments or influence locomotor activity in rodents. Finally, to assess the potential procognitive and anti-amnesic properties of JJGW07, we used passive avoidance and object recognition tests in mice. JJGW07 demonstrated positive effects on long-term emotional memory and also ameliorated MK-801-induced emotional memory impairments in mice, but showed no procognitive properties in the case of recognition memory. Our results encourage the search for new compounds among salicylamide derivatives, which could be model structures with multitarget mechanisms of action that could be used in psychiatric disorder therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wolak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaśkowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Sałaciak K, Malikowska-Racia N, Lustyk K, Siwek A, Głuch-Lutwin M, Kazek G, Popiół J, Sapa J, Marona H, Żelaszczyk D, Pytka K. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antidepressant-like Properties of HBK-10, a Novel 2-Methoxyphenylpiperazine Derivative Targeting the 5-HT 1A and D 2 Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080744. [PMID: 34451841 PMCID: PMC8400343 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of patients reporting depressive symptoms requires the design of new antidepressants with higher efficacy and limited side effects. As our previous research showed, 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine derivatives are promising candidates to fulfill these criteria. In this study, we aimed to synthesize a novel 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine derivative, HBK-10, and investigate its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile. After assessing the affinity for serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors, and serotonin transporter, we determined intrinsic activity of the compound at the 5-HT1A and D2 receptors. Next, we performed behavioral experiments (forced swim test, tail suspension test) to evaluate the antidepressant-like activity of HBK-10 in naïve and corticosterone-treated mice. We also assessed the safety profile of the compound. We showed that HBK-10 bound strongly to 5-HT1A and D2 receptors and presented antagonistic properties at these receptors in the functional assays. HBK-10 displayed the antidepressant-like effect not only in naïve animals, but also in the corticosterone-induced mouse depression model, i.e., chronic administration of HBK-10 reversed corticosterone-induced changes in behavior. Moreover, the compound’s sedative effect was observed at around 26-fold higher doses than the antidepressant-like ones. Our study showed that HBK-10 displayed a favorable pharmacological profile and may represent an attractive putative treatment candidate for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (N.M.-R.); (K.L.); (G.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Natalia Malikowska-Racia
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (N.M.-R.); (K.L.); (G.K.); (J.S.)
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (N.M.-R.); (K.L.); (G.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (N.M.-R.); (K.L.); (G.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (N.M.-R.); (K.L.); (G.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (D.Ż.); (K.P.)
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (N.M.-R.); (K.L.); (G.K.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.Ż.); (K.P.)
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Antiprotozoal and Antibacterial Activity of Ravenelin, a Xanthone Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Exserohilum rostratum. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113339. [PMID: 34199336 PMCID: PMC8199546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural compound ravenelin was isolated from the biomass extracts of Exserohilum rostratum fungus, and its antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and trypanocidal activities were evaluated. Ravenelin was isolated by column chromatography and HPLC and identified by NMR and MS. The susceptibility of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains to ravenelin was determined by microbroth dilution assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) and BALB/c peritoneal macrophages by using MTT. SYBR Green I-based assay was used in the asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Trypanocidal activity was tested against the epimastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Ravenelin was active against Gram-positive bacteria strains, with emphasis on Bacillus subtilis (MIC value of 7.5 µM). Ravenelin’s antiparasitic activities were assessed against both the epimastigote (IC50 value of 5 ± 1 µM) and the intracellular amastigote forms of T. cruzi (IC50 value of 9 ± 2 µM), as well as against P. falciparum (IC50 value of 3.4 ± 0.4 µM). Ravenelin showed low cytotoxic effects on both HepG2 (CC50 > 50 µM) and peritoneal macrophage (CC50 = 185 ± 1 µM) cells with attractive selectivity for the parasites (SI values > 15). These findings indicate that ravenelin is a natural compound with both antibacterial and antiparasitic activities, and considerable selectivity indexes. Therefore, ravenelin is an attractive candidate for hit-to-lead development.
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Sałaciak K, Głuch-Lutwin M, Siwek A, Szafarz M, Kazek G, Bednarski M, Nowiński L, Mitchell E, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Partyka A, Wesołowska A, Kołaczkowski M, Szkaradek N, Marona H, Sapa J, Pytka K. The antidepressant-like activity of chiral xanthone derivatives may be mediated by 5-HT1A receptor and β-arrestin signalling. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1431-1442. [PMID: 33103555 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120959605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies showed that xanthone derivatives with N-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine fragment have an affinity to the 5-HT1A receptor and show antidepressant-like properties in rodents. In this study, we tested three xanthone derivatives, HBK-1 (R, S) and its enantiomers, in which we increased the distance between the piperazine and xanthone fragments by using a hydroxypropoxy linker. We hypothesized that this would increase the binding to the 5-HT1A receptor and consequently, pharmacological activity. AIMS We aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of the xanthone derivatives. METHODS We evaluated the in vitro affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors and serotonin transporter. We also determined the intrinsic activity at the 5-HT1A receptor. We investigated the antidepressant-like properties and safety after acute administration (dose range: 1.25-20 mg/kg) using the forced swim, tail suspension, locomotor activity, rotarod and chimney tests in mice. We also evaluated the basic pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Our results indicated that the compounds showed a high affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor but very weak antagonistic properties in the Ca2+ mobilization assay; however, they showed significant agonistic properties in the β-arrestin recruitment assay. In both behavioural tests the studied xanthone derivatives showed antidepressant-like activity. Pre-treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine or WAY-100635 abolished their antidepressant-like activity. None of the compounds caused motor impairments at antidepressant-like doses. The racemate penetrated the blood-brain barrier and had a relatively high bioavailability after intraperitoneal administration. CONCLUSIONS Xanthone derivatives with N-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine fragment and hydroxypropoxy linker show increased binding to the 5-HT1A receptor and may represent an attractive putative treatment candidate for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Nowiński
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Emma Mitchell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Szkaradek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Kotańska M, Mika K, Sałaciak K, Wheeler L, Sapa J, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Pytka K. Pitolisant protects mice chronically treated with corticosterone from some behavioral but not metabolic changes in corticosterone-induced depression model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172974. [PMID: 32565240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Histamine H3 receptor ligands may have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. They can also compensate for metabolic disorders, which affect glucose or triglyceride levels. In previous studies, we have shown that pitolisant, a histamine H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist and σ1 receptor agonist, prevented the development of certain metabolic and depressive-like disorders in mice that have been treated chronically with olanzapine. METHODS As a continuation of our previous experiments, this study aimed to investigate the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of pitolisant in mice using the corticosterone-induced depression model. The forced swim and the elevated plus maze tests were used as behavioral endpoints. We also studied the effect pitolisant had on the level of acetoacetic acid in the urine as well as the glucose tolerance and body weight of the mice that had been administered corticosterone. RESULTS Pitolisant (10 mg/kg b.w.) did not prevent depressive-like behavior in mice during the chronic corticosterone administration but did counteract anxiety-like behavior, whilst fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) was shown to protect the mice from both of these behaviors. None of the treatments that were used in the study showed an effect on the locomotor activity of the mice. Pitolisant did not prevent an increase in acetoacetic acid levels in the urine, nor did it improve glucose tolerance in the tested mice. CONCLUSION Although literature data indicates that there is significant potential for finding an antidepressant and anti-diabetic drug among the histamine H3 and σ1 receptor ligands, in our study, pitolisant was shown to only slightly compensate for corticosterone-induced abnormalities. However, further research will be required to study pitolisant's anxiolytic-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lee Wheeler
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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8
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Żelaszczyk D, Jakubczyk M, Pytka K, Rapacz A, Walczak M, Janiszewska P, Pańczyk K, Żmudzki P, Słoczyńska K, Marona H, Waszkielewicz AM. Design, synthesis and evaluation of activity and pharmacokinetic profile of new derivatives of xanthone and piperazine in the central nervous system. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126679. [PMID: 31537425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Searching for CNS active cyclic amines derivatives containing heterocyclic xanthone core we designed and synthesized a set of fourteen novel 2- or 4-methylxanthone substituted by alkyl- or aryl-piperazine moieties. The compounds were evaluated in vivo for their potential antidepressant-like activity (in the forced swim test) and anxiolytic-like activity (four-plate test) and their inhibitory effect against rat 5-HT2 receptor was checked. The pharmacokinetic analysis of active compounds done by a non-compartmental approach have shown a rapid absorption of all studied molecules from intraperitoneal cavity and good penetration the blood-brain barrier after i.p. administration with brain to plasma ratios varied from 2.8 to 31.6. Genotoxicity and biotransformation of active compounds were studied. Compound 19 interactions with major classes of GPCRs, uptake systems and ion channels were tested and results indicated that it binds to 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B receptors and sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jakubczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Poland
| | - Paulina Janiszewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poland
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Poland
| | - Anna M Waszkielewicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Poland
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9
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Pańczyk K, Pytka K, Jakubczyk M, Rapacz A, Siwek A, Głuch‐Lutwin M, Gryboś A, Słoczyńska K, Koczurkiewicz P, Ryszawy D, Pękala E, Budziszewska B, Starek‐Świechowicz B, Suraj‐Prażmowska J, Walczak M, Żesławska E, Nitek W, Bucki A, Kołaczkowski M, Żelaszczyk D, Francik R, Marona H, Waszkielewicz AM. Synthesis of
N
‐(phenoxyalkyl)‐,
N
‐{2‐[2‐(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}‐ or
N
‐(phenoxyacetyl)piperazine Derivatives and Their Activity Within the Central Nervous System. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryChair of Organic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of PharmacodynamicsFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Magdalena Jakubczyk
- Department of PharmacodynamicsFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Department of PharmacodynamicsFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of PharmacobiologyFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Monika Głuch‐Lutwin
- Department of PharmacobiologyFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Gryboś
- Department of PharmacobiologyFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiochemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiochemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Damian Ryszawy
- Department of Cell BiologyFaculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiochemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical ToxicologyFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Beata Starek‐Świechowicz
- Department of Biochemical ToxicologyFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj‐Prażmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30–348 Krakow Poland, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30–348 Krakow Poland, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Ewa Żesławska
- Department of ChemistryInstitute of BiologyPedagogical University Podchorążych 2, 30–084 Krakow Poland
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryChair of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryChair of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryChair of Organic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Renata Francik
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryChair of Organic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryChair of Organic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
| | - Anna M. Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryChair of Organic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna 9 30-688 Krakow Poland
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10
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Zagórska A, Partyka A, Bucki A, Kołaczkowski M, Jastrzębska‐Więsek M, Czopek A, Siwek A, Głuch‐Lutwin M, Bednarski M, Bajda M, Jończyk J, Piska K, Koczurkiewicz P, Wesołowska A, Pawłowski M. Characteristics of metabolic stability and the cell permeability of 2‐pyrimidinyl‐piperazinyl‐alkyl derivatives of 1H‐imidazo[2,1
‐f
]purine‐2,4(3
H
,8
H
)‐dione with antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐like activities. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:511-521. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | | | - Anna Czopek
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of PharmacobiologyJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Monika Głuch‐Lutwin
- Department of PharmacodynamicsJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of PharmacodynamicsJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug AnalysisJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug AnalysisJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiochemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryJagiellonian University Medical College Kraków Poland
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11
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Fatahala SS, Nofal S, Mahmoud E, Abd El-Hameed RH. Pyrrolopyrazoles: Synthesis, Evaluation and Pharmacological Screening as Antidepressant Agents. Med Chem 2018; 15:911-922. [PMID: 30406741 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666181108090321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrroles and fused pyrroles are of great interest as biologically active compounds, among these activities; antidepressant activity is of special concern. OBJECTIVE Synthesis of a series of pyrrolopyrazoles and their pyrimidine derivatives and their characterization using spectral data to be monitored for antidepressant activity using behavioral techniques. METHODS A control group was administered the vehicle i.p., positive control group received fluoxetine as standard and all other groups were administered the tested compounds. The groups were subjected to tail suspension test (TST) to determine the antidepressant activity compared with fluoxetine as a standard drug. The compounds exhibiting antidepressant activity were then used to analyze changes in serotonin (5HT) level in the brain of albino mice. RESULTS TST results showed that both pyrazoles and pyrazolopyrimidines derivatives exhibit promising anti-depressant activity. CONCLUSION Compounds [pyrazoles & pyrazlopyrimidines] showed promising antidepressant activity possibly mediated by the increased levels of 5HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Fatahala
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Mahmoud
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania H Abd El-Hameed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Pytka K, Głuch-Lutwin M, Żmudzka E, Sałaciak K, Siwek A, Niemczyk K, Walczak M, Smolik M, Olczyk A, Gałuszka A, Śmieja J, Filipek B, Sapa J, Kołaczkowski M, Pańczyk K, Waszkielewicz A, Marona H. HBK-17, a 5-HT 1A Receptor Ligand With Anxiolytic-Like Activity, Preferentially Activates ß-Arrestin Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1146. [PMID: 30410441 PMCID: PMC6209770 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have proven that both stimulation and blockade of 5-HT1A and the blockade of 5-HT7 receptors might cause the anxiolytic-like effects. Biased agonists selectively activate specific signaling pathways. Therefore, they might offer novel treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated the anxiolytic-like activity, as well as the possible mechanism of action of 1-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)propyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (HBK-17). In our previous experiments, HBK-17 showed high affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors and antidepressant-like properties. We performed the four plate test and the elevated plus maze test to determine anxiolytic-like activity. Toward a better understanding of the pharmacological properties of HBK-17 we used various functional assays to determine its intrinsic activity at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT7, and D2 receptors and UHPLC-MS/MS method to evaluate its pharmacokinetic profile. We observed the anxiolytic-like activity of HBK-17 in both behavioral tests and the effect was reversed by the pretreatment with WAY-100635, which proves that 5-HT1A receptor activation was essential for the anxiolytic-like effect. Moreover, the compound moderately antagonized D2, weakly 5-HT7 and very weakly 5-HT2A receptors. We demonstrated that HBK-17 preferentially activated ß-arrestin signaling after binding to the 5-HT1A receptor. HBK-17 was rapidly absorbed after intraperitoneal administration and had a half-life of about 150 min. HBK-17 slightly penetrated the peripheral compartment and showed bioavailability of approximately 45%. The unique pharmacological profile of HBK-17 encourages further experiments to understand its mechanism of action fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Niemczyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Smolik
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrian Olczyk
- Control and Robotics Group, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Gałuszka
- Control and Robotics Group, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Śmieja
- Systems Engineering Group, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Informatics, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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13
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Pytka K, Głuch-Lutwin M, Kotańska M, Waszkielewicz A, Kij A, Walczak M. Single Administration of HBK-15-a Triple 5-HT 1A, 5-HT 7, and 5-HT 3 Receptor Antagonist-Reverses Depressive-Like Behaviors in Mouse Model of Depression Induced by Corticosterone. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:3931-3945. [PMID: 28550529 PMCID: PMC5884906 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that the blockade of 5-HT1A, 5-HT7, and 5-HT3 receptor may increase the speed of antidepressant response. 1-[(2,6-Dimethylphenoxy)ethoxyethyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (HBK-14) and 1-[(2-chloro-6-methylphenoxy)ethoxyethyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (HBK-15), dual 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 antagonists, showed significant antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties in our previous tests in rodents. In this study, we aimed to investigate their antidepressant potential using mouse model of corticosterone-induced depression. We chose sucrose preference test, forced swim test, and elevated plus maze to determine anhedonic-, antidepressant-, and anxiolytic-like activities. We also evaluated the influence of the active compound on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the hippocampus. Moreover, for both compounds, we performed biofunctional (5-HT3 receptor) and pharmacokinetic studies. We found that HBK-14 and HBK-15 were potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. HBK-14 (2.5 mg/kg) and HBK-15 (1.25 mg/kg) after intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration permeated the blood-brain barrier with brain/plasma ratio lower than 1. The bioavailability of studied compounds after i.p. administration was 15% for HBK-14 and 54% for HBK-15. Chronic administration of HBK-15 (1.25 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) protected corticosterone-treated mice from anhedonic-, depressive-, and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as decreases in BDNF and NGF levels in the hippocampus. HBK-14 (2.5 mg/kg) counteracted anxiety-like behaviors in corticosterone-treated mice. Single administration of HBK-15 (1.25 mg/kg) and ketamine (1 mg/kg) reversed depression-like behavior and regulated decreased BDNF level in the hippocampus in corticosterone-treated mice. Our results suggest that simultaneous blockade of serotonergic 5-HT1A, 5-HT7, and 5-HT3 receptors might accelerate antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Fedotova J, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D, Shleikin AG, Caprnda M, Dragasek J, Rodrigo L, Pohanka M, Gasparova I, Nosal V, Opatrilova R, Qaradakhi T, Zulli A, Kruzliak P. Therapeutical strategies for anxiety and anxiety-like disorders using plant-derived natural compounds and plant extracts. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:437-446. [PMID: 28863384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and anxiety-like disorders describe many mental disorders, yet fear is a common overwhelming symptom often leading to depression. Currently two basic strategies are discussed to treat anxiety: pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy. In the pharmacotherapeutical clinical approach, several conventional synthetic anxiolytic drugs are being used with several adverse effects. Therefore, studies to find suitable safe medicines from natural sources are being sought by researchers. The results of a plethora experimental studies demonstrated that dietary phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, cinnamates, and saponins or various plant extracts with the mixture of different phytochemicals possess anxiolytic effects in a wide range of animal models of anxiety. The involved mechanisms of anxiolytics action include interaction with γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors at benzodiazepine (BZD) and non-BZD sites with various affinity to different subunits, serotonergic 5-hydrodytryptamine receptors, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, glutamate receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. This review focuses on the use of both plant-derived natural compounds and plant extracts with anxiolytic effects, describing their biological effects and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fedotova
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Comparative Somnology and Neuroendocrinology, I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia; Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | | | - Alexander G Shleikin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Dragasek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Central University Hospital of Asturia (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Facultpy of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Gasparova
- Institute of Biology, Genetics and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Nosal
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Radka Opatrilova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- The Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Werribee Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- The Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Werribee Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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