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Obaid AA, Mujalli A, Farrash WF, Tayeb RH, Bougeis RJ, Aljehani AA, Alshehri BA, Sharaf SE, Alqurashi SF. Relationship of Vitamin-D Deficiency with Kidney Disease in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Makkah Region: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:11-17. [PMID: 38192498 PMCID: PMC10772148 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s445314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Vitamin D deficiency is linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the occurrence of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. None of the studies have focused on the association between vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of vitamin D with kidney disease in patients with T2DM in the Makkah region, of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at different hospitals in the Makkah region on T2DM patients from 2021 to 2022. In total, 328 patients with confirmed diabetes were enrolled in this study. T2DM patients over the aged>18 to 92 years were included in the study. General laboratory characteristics of the study population were measured, including fasting blood sugar, HbA1C (Glycated hemoglobin), vitamin D, kidney function (BUN-Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), and lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-Low density lipoprotein, and HDL-High density lipoprotein). Results 46.6% (n=153) of participants had normal serum vitamin D levels. Insufficient and deficient serum vitamin D level were observed in 43.9% (n=144) and 9.5% (n=31) of participants, respectively. Of the participants, 25.9% (n=85) had good glycemic control (<7.0%). Moderate and poor glycemic control were observed in 39.9% (n=131) and 34.1% (n=112) of the participants, respectively. A significant negative correlation (p<0.5) was found between vitamin D levels and kidney function test results (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels). An inverse relationship was observed between HbA1c levels and vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion Nephropathy is more likely to develop in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Obaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Mujalli
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam F Farrash
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Hatem Tayeb
- Laboratory Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alaa Adel Aljehani
- Laboratory Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Ali Alshehri
- Laboratory Department, Dar Alzahrawi Medical, Product Specialist Diagnostic, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Sadat-Ali M, AlZamami JF, AlNaimi SN, Al-Noaimi DA, AlDakheel DA, AlSayed HN, Al-Turki HA, AlOmran AS. Osteoporosis: Is the prevalence increasing in Saudi Arabia. Ann Afr Med 2022; 21:54-57. [PMID: 35313406 PMCID: PMC9020622 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_79_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: The objective of this analysis is to report from a teaching hospital in eastern Saudi Arabia hospital based prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Methods: This is a retrospective study of all patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan between January 1, and December 31, 2018, at King Fahd Hospital of the University at Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data of patients, which included age, sex, diabetes mellitus status based on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1C, Vitamin D level, parathormone level, and T score of the neck of femur and lumbar spine was extracted from the Quadrumed patient care system. The data was entered into database and analyzed. Results: Three hundred and one patients had a DXA scan for the year 2018, a jump of 27.2% of requests to diagnose osteoporosis. There were 55 (18.27%) were male and rest females (246). The average age for males was 65.2 ± 10.5 and females 62.9 ± 9.4 years. Using T score of the lumbar spine, 63.6% were osteoporotic in males and 52.8% in females. Conclusions: The hospital-based study shows that the prevalence of osteoporosis has significantly increased in men to 63.6%, while in postmenopausal women to 58.4%, this is high compared to the earlier reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sadat-Ali
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana F AlZamami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaykhah N AlNaimi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinah A Al-Noaimi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dakheel A AlDakheel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan N AlSayed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A Al-Turki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah S AlOmran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Daghri NM, Hussain SD, Ansari MGA, Khattak MNK, Aljohani N, Al-Saleh Y, Al-Harbi MY, Sabico S, Alokail MS. Decreasing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the central region of Saudi Arabia (2008-2017). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105920. [PMID: 34004334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Widespread vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 50 nmol/L) in Saudi Arabia (SA) has been documented, yet a time trend is needed to establish where the prevalence is headed. This study aims to fill this gap. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING This cross-sectional series (N = 7360) were conducted in the central region of SA from 2008 to 2017. Participants of all ages were taken from multiple cohorts that included the Biomarker Screening in Riyadh (2008-2010; N = 1460), the Osteoporosis Registry (2014-2017; N = 1225), Gestational Diabetes Mellitus cohort (2014-2017, N = 281), Vitamin D School Project (2011-2017; N = 3039) and Prediabetes cohort (2012-2017; N = 1355) master databases. RESULTS Vitamin D deficiency in SA has a 10-year prevalence of 73.2 %. Between 2008-2017, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased from 87.1% to 64.7% for participants aged 18-40 years (p-trend<0.001), and from 86.2% to 45.7% in participants aged > 40 years (p-trend<0.001). During this period, vitamin D deficiency in females decreased from 80.1% to 69.6% (p-trend<0.001), whereas in males, it decreased from 93.2% to 49.3% (p-trend<0.001). Serum 25(OH)D was observed to have an overall increase of 2.2 ± 0.1 nmol/l (p < 0.001) along with the seasonally adjusted annual increase of 1.3 ± 0.2 nmol/l from 2008 to 2017 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The decreasing trend in vitamin D deficiency in SA across all demographics suggests successful public health campaigns over time. It will be interesting to investigate further whether the general improvement in the vitamin D status at the community level also translated in lesser incidences of vitamin d-related diseases over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Danish Hussain
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed G A Ansari
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak N K Khattak
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Aljohani
- Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Al-Saleh
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Y Al-Harbi
- Diabetes Centers and Units Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aljefree NM, Almoraie NM, Shatwan IM. Association of two types of dietary pattern scores with cardiovascular disease risk factors and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels in Saudi Arabia. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:5481. [PMID: 34262414 PMCID: PMC8254461 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a main cause of mortality and disability worldwide. One of the key factors in the soaring prevalence of CVD globally has been nutrition transitions and changes in dietary patterns. Objective This study investigated the association between two diet scores, namely, a high-fat dietary (HFD) pattern score and a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) score, and CVD risk factors (obesity, hypertension, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels. Methods Three hundred twenty-one participants were included in this study. Fasting blood tests were collected from all participants for biochemical measurements. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were also taken. A validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ dietary intake. Dietary scores for the HFD pattern were calculated based on recommended food groups. MedDiet scores were calculated based on a previously validated method that contains 14 questions related to MedDiet. Both diet scores were classified into tertiles. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the statistical significance of the tertile groups. Result A significant association was found between HFD score and obesity when comparing the lowest tertile (27.3±4.6 kg/m2) of HFD scores with the medium tertile (29.2±5.7 kg/m2; P = 0.02). A higher HFD score was significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.02). In addition, a significant association was observed between MedDiet scores and 25(OH)D levels, with an increase in MedDiet score resulting in an increase in 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.01). Furthermore, a significant negative association between MedDiet scores and low-density lipoprotein levels was reported only in participants with CVD (P = 0.03). Conclusion The results of this study revealed that HFD and MedDiet scores might have a role in the development of CVD and vitamin D deficiency among the Saudi Arabian population. Further studies are required using diet scores to assess the quality of dietary patterns and their association with an increased risk of diseases in Saudi Arabians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlaa M Aljefree
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha M Almoraie
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israa M Shatwan
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Fakhfakh R, Feki S, Elleuch A, Neifar M, Marzouk S, Elloumi N, Hachicha H, Abida O, Bahloul Z, Ayadi F, Masmoudi H. Vitamin D status and CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism in Tunisian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1618. [PMID: 33594806 PMCID: PMC8104169 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim An association between serum vitamin D (Vit D) levels and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported by several studies that suggested the involvement of genetically determined characteristics of enzymes of vitamin D metabolism. Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level, the most representative metabolite of VitD status, and polymorphism of the cytochrome P450, CYP27B1 gene, which influence vitamin D metabolism, and serum levels, in SLE Tunisian patients. Material and Methods A cross‐sectional study has been conducted in SLE patients (supplemented and not supplemented patients), matched to healthy controls by age and gender. The 25[OH]D serum level was measured by chemiluminescence assay and CYP27B1‐1260 genetic polymorphism was carried out using PCR‐RFLP methods. Statistical analysis was made using Shesis and SPSS.20 Software. Results Controls and Vit D not supplemented patients’ groups presented the highest percentage of hypovitaminosis D. A significant difference in the mean level of circulating 25[OH]D between Vit D supplemented SLE patients and controls was observed (23.91 ng/ml and 7.18 ng/ml, respectively p = 3.4 105). Our results showed a correlation of high 25[OH]D level with complement component 3 levels and prednisolone drug. Moreover, the analysis of CYP27B1‐1260 polymorphism in SLE patients and controls revealed a nonsignificant allelic or genotypic association. Conclusion Despite the sunny climate, the high prevalence of Vit D deficiency is common in Tunisia. This hypovitaminosis D feature may affect the Vit D levels in our SLE patients but a direct association with the disease or with the genetically determined features remains unclear. More studies are needed to establish thresholds and susceptibility genes according to the characteristics of each population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouia Fakhfakh
- Autoimmunity, Cancer and immunogenetics research laboratory, University hospital Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sawsan Feki
- Autoimmunity, Cancer and immunogenetics research laboratory, University hospital Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Aida Elleuch
- Biochemistry Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Neifar
- Biochemistry Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Marzouk
- Internal Medicine Department, HediChaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Elloumi
- Autoimmunity, Cancer and immunogenetics research laboratory, University hospital Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hend Hachicha
- Autoimmunity, Cancer and immunogenetics research laboratory, University hospital Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Abida
- Autoimmunity, Cancer and immunogenetics research laboratory, University hospital Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhir Bahloul
- Internal Medicine Department, HediChaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Biochemistry Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Masmoudi
- Autoimmunity, Cancer and immunogenetics research laboratory, University hospital Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Seasonal variations in serum levels of vitamin D and other biochemical markers among KSA patients prior to thyroid surgery. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:522-528. [PMID: 33318745 PMCID: PMC7715427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Serum levels of vitamin D can vary between seasons, which may affect serum calcium levels in post-thyroidectomy patients. This study aimed to determine seasonal variations in serum levels of vitamin D and other biochemical markers in patients prior to thyroid surgery in a KSA hospital. Methods In this study, we analysed the data of 685 post-thyroidectomy patients. The preoperative laboratory values of all patients were collected, and the patients were categorized into groups based on the month when the surgical procedure was performed as follows: cold (November–February) and warm/hot groups (March–October). Results Serum vitamin D levels were deficient in 70% of the patients, insufficient in 18%, and optimal in 12%. The mean age of patients in the deficient group was significantly lower than that in the optimal group. There were significantly more patients who had vitamin D deficiency during the cold season than during the warm/hot season (p = 0.024). Serum vitamin D levels did not vary between seasons (p = 0.836); however, the preoperative magnesium and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were significantly higher during the warm/hot season than during the cold season (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001, respectively). Preoperative calcium level was not significantly different between the cold and warm/hot months (p = 0.282). Conclusion This study suggests a non-significant seasonal fluctuation in serum levels of vitamin D with insignificant variation in serum calcium levels during cold and warm/hot seasons. The findings necessitate a careful review of the patients’ biochemical status prior to surgery. Future prospective longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this variability.
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Bukhari AF, Felemban MJ, Alem H. The Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. Cureus 2020; 12:e9762. [PMID: 32821632 PMCID: PMC7430690 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many studies have suggested a link between vitamin D deficiency and the development of other atopic diseases like allergic rhinitis (AR). AR can lead to sleep disturbance, fatigue, depressed mood, and compromised cognitive function, which can impair the quality of life and productivity in many people. Objective We aimed to determine the association between vitamin D levels and AR and the effect of vitamin D on atopy markers. Methods All patients with AR who were diagnosed, treated, and followed up at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from January 2012 to January 2020 were included in the study. Our exclusion criteria were as follows: pediatric patients, patients with insufficient follow-up data, patients with no atopy markers, patients with comorbid conditions affecting their serum vitamin D levels, and patients with a history of taking medications that affect serum vitamin D levels. Results Fifty-five adult patients with AR were included in the study. Patients with vitamin D deficiency were more likely to have uncontrolled AR. Regarding the effect of vitamin D deficiency on atopy markers, there was no statistically significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. However, serum eosinophil levels were significantly higher in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion Our results showed that vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with uncontrolled AR; there was a statistically significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and eosinophil levels, but no significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and serum IgE was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan F Bukhari
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Mohammed J Felemban
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Hesham Alem
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Ewid M, AlTelbany M, Baqui Billah SM, Saquib N, Helmy A, AlJundi S, Rajab T, Enabi S, AlShwaikh A, Morhaf A, Sherif H. Muscle strength and quality of life improved after vitamin D supplementation among adult Saudi females. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Farhat KH, Arafa MA, Rabah DM, Amin HS, Ibrahim NK. Vitamin D status and its correlates in Saudi male population. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:211. [PMID: 30786876 PMCID: PMC6381691 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin-D deficiency is a universal health problem caused primarily by inadequate exposure to sunlight. This study aimed to assess the vitamin D status and investigate the factors affecting vitamin D distribution among Saudi males. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the King Saud University Medical City from December 2015 to August 2016. Saudi males attending the outpatient primary health care clinics were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected on the current and past health status along with biochemical investigations for total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), blood sugar, and cholesterol. Results Majority of the participants (76.1%) had vitamin D deficiency. Blood sugar level, age, and cholesterol level were the most significant factors associated with vitamin D status. The highest percentage of deficiency was observed in the youngest age group (30-40 years). With increasing age, the percentage of deficiency decreased significantly. Those with normal blood sugar and cholesterol level had higher serum vitamin D levels compared to those with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is still endemic in Saudi Arabia, particularly among younger males and those with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Vitamin D screening, supplementations, and vitamin D-fortified foods should be provided especially for these groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6527-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim H Farhat
- Cancer Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O.Box: 76047, Riyadh, 11922, Saudi Arabia. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immuno-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mostafa A Arafa
- Cancer Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O.Box: 76047, Riyadh, 11922, Saudi Arabia.,Family and Community Medicine Department College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danny M Rabah
- Cancer Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O.Box: 76047, Riyadh, 11922, Saudi Arabia.,Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein S Amin
- Family and Community Medicine Department College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla K Ibrahim
- Community Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Epidemiology Department High Institute of Public health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Nadeem S, Munim TF, Hussain HF, Hussain DF. Determinants of Vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic healthy young medical students. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:1248-1252. [PMID: 30344585 PMCID: PMC6191788 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.345.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to determine vitamin D status and frequency of its determinants related to diet, clothing, lifestyle and exposure to sunlight among young healthy medical students living in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: This cross sectional study included responses gathered on questionnaire from medical students of Karachi Medical &Dental College from 4th of August 2017 till 30th April 2018. All the participants were healthy young adult’s year of age who gave written informed consent to participate in the study. Questions regarding demographics, sun exposure, diet, clothing, living patterns and any symptoms like pain or body aches were recorded. Serum 25 (OH) vitamin D3, calcium and phosphorus levels were measured through laboratory examination. For serum 25OHD, the cutoff values ≤ 20ng /ml, ≥ 21-29ng /ml, and ≥ 30ng/ml were defined as deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency respectively. Results: Total number of medical students enrolled in the study was 221.Among total participants 191 (86.43%) were females and 30 (13.57%) were males. Mean ± SD age was almost similar (23.00 ± 2.56 vs. 23.03 ± 2.05). Majority of the females 115 (60.2%) had BMI within normal range, and were predominantly single 164 (85.9%). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 197 (89.14%), insufficiency in 16 (7.24%), and only 8 (3.62%) had sufficient levels. Determinant factors reported by deficient group (n=197); fabric color (dark mix) 87.3%, fabric material (synthetic + mix) 48.7%, full length of sleeves by 45.7%, exposure to sun only on hands and face during outdoors was reported by 64.5%, milk up to 250 cc was consumed by 77.2%, one egg per day in diet was taken by 56.9% and intake of cod liver oil was less common in only 27.4%. Conclusion: Deficiency of vitamin D is common among healthy young adults particularly females which emphasize need to add vitamin D supplements in their routine diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nadeem
- Dr. Shabnam Nadeem, Assistant Professor, Gynae Unit-I, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Abbasi Saheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tazeen Fatima Munim
- Prof. Dr. Tazeen Fatima Munim, Head of the Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Abbasi Saheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hareem Fatima Hussain
- Dr. Hareem Fatima Hussain, House Surgeon, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Deebaj Fatima Hussain
- Dr. Deebaj Fatima Hussain, House Surgeon, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Al-Kushi AG, Azzeh FS, Header EA, ElSawy NA, Hijazi HH, Jazar AS, Ghaith MM, Alarjah MA. Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 6:137-142. [PMID: 30787840 PMCID: PMC6196696 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_134_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease that increases the risk of suboptimal vitamin D levels. Aim: To determine the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on disease activity, related immune markers and bone mineral density in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Subjects and Methods: Eighty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus aged 20–70 years were recruited for this interventional study. Participants were enrolled into the following groups: no corticosteroid treatment (n = 21), corticosteroid treatment but without supplementation (n = 30) and corticosteroid treatment along with oral vitamin D and calcium supplementation (n = 30). Disease activity and laboratory parameters of all participants were measured at baseline and at 6 months. Bone mineral density was assessed using standardized dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: At baseline, none of the patients had a normal vitamin D status. There were no significant correlations between vitamin D status and the studied immune markers or disease activity values before and after supplementation. After 6 months, patients who received supplementation showed significant (P = 0.002) improvements in bone mineral density. In addition, frequency of osteopenia decreased from 40% to 16.7% and that of osteoporosis decreased from 26.7% to 13.3%. Conclusion: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation significantly improved the bone mineral density in vitamin D-deficient patients with systemic lupus erythematosus but did not significantly attenuate immune markers or disease activity. Further investigations are recommended with higher doses of vitamin D and longer durations to normalize the vitamin level and, possibly, achieve better disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah G Al-Kushi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas S Azzeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam A Header
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Naser A ElSawy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Haifa H Hijazi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelelah S Jazar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen M Ghaith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alarjah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bubshait DA, Al-Dakheel DA, Alanii FM. Topical vitamin D3: A randomized controlled trial (RCT). Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 27:16-19. [PMID: 30144887 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intent of this study was to test the effect of Top-D, a topical Vitamin D preparation, in delivering vitamin D. METHODS Five hundred and fifty healthy patients, with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were recruited after written informed consent. Demographic data was recorded, adequate history and clinical examination was done to rule out any metabolic diseases. Complete blood picture, serum calcium, phosphorous, Parathormone and 25 Hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25OHD) was carried out before enrollment of the patients. Patients were divided randomly into two groups 350 in study group and 200 in the control group. Patients in the study group were given Top-D (Vitamin D3 gel made from proniosomal technology) to apply daily on the skin. Top-D 1 g contained 5000 IU of vitamin D3. The control group was given 1 g of Aloe vera gel to be applied every day. The two groups had no knowledge to which group they belong. After 4 months serum 25OHD was tested again. RESULTS Three hundred and forty five patients in study group and 192 in control group completed the study. The mean age of the patients in the both the groups was 42 years (18-80 years). The pretreatment 25OHD level in the study group was 11.03 ± 4.57 (2-12) ng/l compared to the control group 10.36 ± 4.09 (2-21) and post treatment the levels were 37.17 ± 6.04 (12-54) ng/ml and 10.51 ± 3.5 (2-19) ng/ml (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that transdermal route of vitamin D is potentially, safe and can give desired results to raise the vitamin D levels. This route is an alternate route for supplementation of vitamin D which should be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal A Bubshait
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam; King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dakheel A Al-Dakheel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam; King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz M Alanii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam; King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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13
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AlJama A, AlKhalifah M, Al-Dabbous IA, Alqudaihi G. Vitamin D deficiency in sickle cell disease patients in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2018; 38:130-136. [PMID: 29620547 PMCID: PMC6074368 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2018.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a major global health problem. In sickle cell disease (SCD), VDD is highly prevalent, reaching up to 96% of populations. VDD may contribute to many of the complications of SCD. OBJECTIVE Estimate the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and the frequency of VDD and insufficiency among among SCD patients by age group and disease status. DESIGN Analytical cross-sectional. SETTING Ministry of Health (MOH) secondary care hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select SCD patients, aged 12 years and older, of both sexes, who had visited the hospital during a period of 5 years (2010-2014). Blood samples were processed by electrochemiluminescence technology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) 25(OH)D levels by demographic data, and disease activity. SAMPLE SIZE 640 patients. RESULTS Of those, 82% (n=523) had suboptimal 25(OH)D (0-<30 ng/ mL), and 67% were deficient (0-<20 ng/mL). Patients with any SCD crisis (20.7%, 144/694) had lower 25(OH)D (median, IQR: 10.1 ng/mL [8.6] ng/mL) compared to patients without crisis (71.0%, 493/694) (15.7 ng/ mL [18.2] ng/mL) (P<.001). Deficiency was more common in the young.er age groups and in sickle cell anemia patients with crisis. CONCLUSIONS VDD is highly prevalent in this population. Established vitamin D screening is a necessity, so that affected patients can be treated. LIMITATIONS Presence of residual confounders such as nutritional status, physical activity, lack of sun exposure, medications that alleviate SCD crises (such as hydroxyurea), and comorbid illnesses. The relationship between sickle cell disease genotype and vitamin D level was not analyzed. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali AlJama
- Ali AlJama Department of Internal Medicine, Qatif Central Hosptal, PO Box 627, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia, T: 966.13-855-5927, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000.0002-9985-7666
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14
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Kaddam IM, Al-Shaikh AM, Abaalkhail BA, Asseri KS, Al-Saleh YM, Al-Qarni AA, Al-Shuaibi AM, Tamimi WG, Mukhtar AM. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associated factors in three regions of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2017; 38:381-390. [PMID: 28397944 PMCID: PMC5447190 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.18753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To measure prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabia, unveil the life style, nutritional habits and status, as well as identify the potential risk factors. Method: A school-based survey targeting Saudi school students and employees was conducted during the period from 2013 to 2014 using multistage cluster random sample in Central, Western and Eastern regions. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and difference between various population subgroups were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of potential risk factors. Results: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 49.5% in students and 44% in employees. Life style was not adequate to protect against vitamin D depletion. Unhealthy nutritional habits were widespread, some manifested in childhood while others manifested later in life. Living in the Eastern region, females, 16-19 years of age, low economic class, obese and lack of omega 3 supplements were risk factors in students. Employees living in the Eastern region, females, middle-income class, carbonated soft drink consumers, and lack of multivitamin supplements were at higher risk. Conclusion: There is a need for a health awareness program using evidence-based recommendations. Screening for early detection and correction of the condition should be proposed to be part of the national health strategy. There is need for identifying the burden of vitamin D deficiency on other diseases to control and improve the prognosis of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Kaddam
- Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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15
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Al-Daghri NM, Torretta E, Capitanio D, Fania C, Guerini FR, Sabico SB, Clerici M, Gelfi C. Intermediate and low abundant protein analysis of vitamin D deficient obese and non-obese subjects by MALDI-profiling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12633. [PMID: 28974732 PMCID: PMC5626753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pathological condition caused by genetic and environmental factors, including vitamin D deficiency, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. This case-control study was designed to verify whether serum profiles could be identified differentiating obese and non-obese Saudis characterized by vitamin D deficiency and pathological levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high total cholesterol levels. The serum protein profiles of 64 vitamin D deficient (serum 25(OH)D < 50nmol/L) individuals with metabolic syndrome and with (n = 31; BMI ≥ 30) or without (n = 33; BMI < 30) obesity were analyzed by a quantitative label-free mass spectrometry approach (MALDI-profiling), combined with different serum immunodepletion strategies (Human7 and Human14 immuno-chromatographies), to analyze the intermediate- and low-abundant protein components. The analysis of intermediate-abundant proteins (Human7) in obese vs. non-obese subjects identified 14 changed peaks (p < 0.05) in the m/z range 1500–35000. Furthermore, the Human14 depletion provided new profiles related to obesity (121 changed peaks). Among changed peaks, 11 were identified in the m/z range 1500–4000 Da by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, belonging to apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein B100, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and complement C3. Data herein show that distinct protein profiles identify specific peptides belonging to lipid metabolism and inflammation processes that are associated with obesity and vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Chiara Fania
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS) Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (Milan), Italy
| | | | - Shaun B Sabico
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan), Italy. .,Clinical Proteomics Unit, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS) Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (Milan), Italy.
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16
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Fayed HL, Saleh AH. Frequency of vitamin D inadequacy among Saudi males visiting a Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital in Al-Qassim region: Effect of vitamin D supplementation. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Sheriba NA, Elewa AAA, Mahdy MM, Bahaa El Din AM, Ibrahim NA, Marawan DA, Abd El Moneim TM. Effect of vitamin D3 in treating hyperthyroidism in patients with graves’ disease. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_10_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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18
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Musa IR, Gasim GI, Khan S, Ibrahim IA, Abo-Alazm H, Adam I. No Association between 25 (OH) Vitamin D Level And Hypothyroidism among Females. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:126-130. [PMID: 28507615 PMCID: PMC5420761 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The aim was to investigate serum vitamin D (25-OH) level among females with hypothyroidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study (58 in each arm) was conducted in Arar Central Hospital, Kingdom Saudi Arabia. The cases were females with hypothyroidism, and healthy females were controls. TSH, thyroid hormones: Free T3 (FT3) and Free T4 (FT4) and haemoglobin levels were measured in all participants. Serum vitamin D (25-OH) level was measured using the spectrophotometry. RESULTS: While there was no significant difference in the age and haemoglobin level, body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the cases. Compared with the controls, cases had significantly higher TSH, had significantly lower T4, and there was no significant difference in FT3 and 25 (OH) vitamin D, [16.1 (8.8-26.7) vs. 14.0 (9.5-20.3 ng/ml; P = 0.577]. Linear regression showed no association between, age, BMI, haemoglobin, TSH, FT3, FT4 and the log of 25 (OH) vitamin D levels. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in vitamin D level among females with hypothyroidism and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad R Musa
- Armed Forces Hospital at King Abdu Aziz Air Base, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gasim I Gasim
- Alneelain School of Medicine, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Hamdi Abo-Alazm
- Medical Laboratory Science, United Medical Laboratory, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
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19
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Aljefree NM, Lee P, Ahmed F. Knowledge and attitudes about vitamin D, and behaviors related to vitamin D in adults with and without coronary heart disease in Saudi Arabia. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:266. [PMID: 28302087 PMCID: PMC5356251 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is prevailing in Saudi Arabia. Recent national data indicated an inverse association between vitamin D status and coronary heart disease (CHD), which increases concerns about vitamin D deficiency as a serious public health problem. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate whether knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to vitamin D contribute to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults with and without CHD in Saudi Arabia. Methods This case-control study consisted of 130 CHD cases and 195 matched controls. The study subjects were recruited from three hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Structured interviews were completed to collect data on participants’ socio-demographics, knowledge about vitamin D, attitudes toward sun exposure, and behaviors related to vitamin D. Also, serum vitamin D levels were measured. Results Severe vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL] was more prevalent in the CHD cases than in the controls (46% and 3%, respectively). The total knowledge score was higher in the controls than in the cases [2.5 (±1.8) and 1.6 (±2.2), respectively]. The cases had better attitudes toward sun exposure compared to the controls (p = 0.001); however, the controls had better attitudes toward vitamin D compared to the cases (p = 0.001). The controls had a higher consumption of multivitamin supplements than the cases (6.7% and 0.8%, respectively; p = 0.010). Similarly, the controls had a higher consumption of butter (p = 0.001), oily fish (p = 0.004), and liver (p = 0.003) than the cases; however, the cases had a significantly higher intake of milk (p = 0.001). A multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL] was associated with low levels of knowledge about vitamin D, with an odds ratio of 1.82 (95% CI: 1.08–3.06, P = 0.024). Vitamin D deficiency was also associated with low intake of vitamin supplements, with an odds ratio of 4.35 (95% CI: 2.12–8.92, P < 0.001). Conclusion The present study revealed that low levels of knowledge about vitamin D and low consumption of vitamin supplementation, including vitamin D, calcium, multivitamin, and calcium supplements with vitamin D, may have contributed to the higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the CHD cases than among the controls. Further studies using a qualitative approach are crucial to explore the underlying reasons for low knowledge about vitamin D and behaviors related to vitamin D including the intake of vitamin supplementation that may contribute to the high burden of vitamin D deficiency in the country. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4183-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlaa M Aljefree
- Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building G01, Room 3.30, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Patricia Lee
- Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building G01, Room 3.30, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taiwan
| | - Faruk Ahmed
- Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building G01, Room 3.30, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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20
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The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030229. [PMID: 28273802 PMCID: PMC5372892 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies constitute a global health issue, particularly among countries in the Middle East. The objective of this review is to identify micronutrient deficits in the Middle East and to consider current and new approaches to address this problem. Based on the availability of more recent data, this review is primarily focused on countries that are in advanced nutrition transition. Prominent deficits in folate, iron, and vitamin D are noted among children/adolescents, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and the elderly. Reports indicate that food fortification in the region is sporadic and ineffective, and the use of dietary supplements is low. Nutrition monitoring in the region is limited, and gaps in relevant information present challenges for implementing new policies and approaches to address the problem. Government-sponsored initiatives are necessary to assess current dietary intakes/patterns, support nutrition education, and to reduce food insecurity, especially among vulnerable population groups. Public-private partnerships should be considered in targeting micronutrient fortification programs and supplementation recommendations as approaches to help alleviate the burden of micronutrient deficiencies and inadequacies in the Middle East.
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Majeed F. Low levels of Vitamin D an emerging risk for cardiovascular diseases: A review. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2017; 11:71-76. [PMID: 29114197 PMCID: PMC5669515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunlight is regarded among greatest gifts that are presented in abundance to the human beings from the God. Sunlight is also a rich source of Vitamin D (Vit D) that prevents us from numerous ailments such as autoimmune disorders, various types of cancer, and the above all cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Evident from recent research that Vit D deficiency may be the cause for hypertension, cardiac autonomic imbalance, vascular endothelial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and even diabetes. Concurrently, many studies present research outcomes that are contradictory to earlier results and also raised a concern not for general public but also among their treating physicians. The sole focus of this review is to systematically present the available research data and critically evaluate the link between Vit D deficiency and development of risk factors for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Majeed
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, KSA,Address for correspondence: Farrukh Majeed, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, KSA. Tel.: +96633335132/+966543328989. E-mail:
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Aljefree NM, Lee P, Alsaqqaf JM, Ahmed F. Association between Vitamin D Status and Coronary Heart Disease among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2016; 4:healthcare4040077. [PMID: 27763496 PMCID: PMC5198119 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare4040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has pointed out an association between vitamin D deficiency and coronary heart disease (CHD). Due to the growing epidemic of CHD and vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabia, exploring the role of vitamin D in the prevention of CHD is crucial. The aim of this study was to examine the association between vitamin D status and CHD in Saudi Arabian adults. This case-control study included 130 CHD cases and 195 age-sex matched controls. Study subjects were recruited from three hospitals in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Study participants were interviewed face-to-face to collect data on their socio-demographic characteristics and family history of CHD. Fasting blood samples were collected, and serum levels of vitamin D, glucose, and total cholesterol were measured. Body weight, height, and blood pressure measurements were also recorded. Severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL) was much more prevalent in CHD cases than in controls (46% and 3%, respectively). The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was associated with CHD, with an odds ratio of 6.5 (95% CI: 2.7-15, p < 0.001). The current study revealed that vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with CHD, suggesting an important predictor of CHD among Saudi adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlaa M Aljefree
- Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Patricia Lee
- Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Jamal M Alsaqqaf
- Department of Cardiology, King Abdulla Medical City (KAMC), Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faruk Ahmed
- Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Tuffaha M, El Bcheraoui C, Daoud F, Al Hussaini HA, Alamri F, Al Saeedi M, Basulaiman M, Memish ZA, AlMazroa MA, Al Rabeeah AA, Mokdad AH. Deficiencies Under Plenty of Sun: Vitamin D Status among Adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 7:467-75. [PMID: 26713293 PMCID: PMC4677472 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.168675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has been correlated with several diseases and injuries including diabetes, osteoporosis, fractures, and falls. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), current data on vitamin D status are lacking. AIMS To inform Saudi public health authorities on the current status of blood levels vitamin D deficiency, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS) is a cross-sectional national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years and above on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. A total of 10,735 participants completed a health questionnaire and were invited to the local health clinics for biomedical exams. RESULTS 62.65% of female Saudis and 40.6% of male Saudis aged 15 years and above are deficient in vitamin D. Out of them, less than 1% males and less than 2% females consume vitamin D supplements. Women who have never married and obese individuals are more likely to be deficient in vitamin D, compared to men who were currently married and nonobese individuals. Those consuming vitamin D supplements are less likely to be deficient in vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi men and women, and the results call for an increased awareness to ensure adequate levels of vitamin D for better health in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, our findings are certainly relevant for other countries in the Gulf region or countries with similar cultures, clothing, and religions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Tuffaha
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Fahad Alamri
- Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ziad A Memish
- Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Babli AI, AlDawood KM, Khamis AH. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of general practitioners in Dammam, Saudi Arabia towards Vitamin D supplementation to infants. J Family Community Med 2015; 22:135-9. [PMID: 26392792 PMCID: PMC4558733 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.163025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With the report of high prevalence rate of Vitamin D deficiency in the literature since the 1980s, the condition can be considered an epidemic in Saudi Arabia. However, no specific steps have been taken by the Ministry of Health to tackle the problem. Moreover, little is known about general practitioners’ (GPs) knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of Vitamin D supplementation for infants. Objectives: To measure the KAP of GPs, of Vitamin D supplementation for infants in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of GPs practicing in primary healthcare centers in the Dammam area of Saudi Arabia. All the 110 GPs working in primary health centers (PHCs) in Dammam were invited to participate in the study. Data was collected with the help of a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis of all the variables, expressed as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) or the median if not normally distributed. Results: Ninety-three GPs working in the Dammam area participated in the study. Thirty percent had excellent knowledge of Vitamin D. Ninety two percent had a positive attitude toward Vitamin D supplementation and sixty percent regularly prescribed Vitamin D supplementation for infants. Conclusion: The majority of GPs had a positive attitude toward Vitamin D supplementation for infants. However, their knowledge and practice need improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrah I Babli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasim M AlDawood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar H Khamis
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Lafi ZM, Irshaid YM, El-Khateeb M, Ajlouni KM, Hyassat D. Association of rs7041 and rs4588 Polymorphisms of the Vitamin D Binding Protein and the rs10741657 Polymorphism of CYP2R1 with Vitamin D Status Among Jordanian Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:629-36. [PMID: 26383826 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Jordanians despite adequate exposure to sunlight, suggesting the presence of other causes for this deficiency. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) VD] status and the nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7041 and rs4588) of the GC gene, which encodes the vitamin D binding protein, and one SNP (rs10741657) near the CYP2R1 gene. METHODS Blood samples from 381 subjects (74 males and 307 females, 18-60 years of age) were obtained from the "National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics" (Amman, Jordan). The subjects were classified as "apparently healthy" if they did not suffer from chronic diseases and as "unhealthy" if they suffered from certain chronic diseases. Subjects' genotypes for GC; rs7041 and rs4588; CYP2R1; rs10741657 were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay method. RESULTS Apparently, healthy subjects had significantly higher 25-(OH) VD levels than unhealthy patients. In apparently healthy subjects, the rs10743657 genotypes containing the variant allele A (AA, GA) were associated with higher 25-(OH) VD levels than the homozygous wild-type genotype (GG). The genotypes containing the variant allele of rs7041 (TT, TG) and rs4588 (AA, AC) were associated with lower 25-(OH) VD levels than the wild-type genotypes (GG and CC, respectively). Haplotype analysis of rs7041 and rs4588 revealed that the haplotypes GC1S and GC1S/S were associated with 25-(OH) VD sufficiency, whereas haplotypes GC1F/S, GC1F/2, GC1S/2, GC2, and GC2/2 were associated with 25-(OH) VD deficiency. In unhealthy patients, only the homozygous genotype of the variant allele of rs7041 (TT) was associated with higher 25-(OH) VD levels, which is the reverse of what had been observed in apparently healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The rs70141657G/A of CYP2R1 and rs7041T/G and rs4588C/A of vitamin D binding protein genetic polymorphisms were associated with increased risk of vitamin D deficiency among apparently healthy Jordanians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab M Lafi
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan
| | - Yacoub M Irshaid
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Kamel M Ajlouni
- 2 National Center for Diabetes , Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dana Hyassat
- 2 National Center for Diabetes , Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
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Al-Daghri NM, Aljohani N, Al-Attas OS, Krishnaswamy S, Alfawaz H, Al-Ajlan A, Alokail MS. Dairy products consumption and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in Saudi children and adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8480-8486. [PMID: 26339421 PMCID: PMC4555749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D deficiency is implicated in several calcium deficiency-related disease conditions. We aimed to investigate vitamin D status and its association with consumption frequencies of various dairy products in Saudi population. Subjects consisted of 820 children (327 boys; mean age 14.9 yrs and 493 girls; 14.8 yrs) and 565 adults (249 men, 27.9 yrs and 316 women 32.2 yrs). We estimated the consumption frequencies of various dairy food products (fresh milk, powdered milk, laban, yoghurt and cheese) using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D). Associations between variables of interest were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. Among the study subjects, 80% boys, 90% girls, 64% men and 50% women had deficient/insufficient levels of vitamin D. Modest associations were found between mean serum 25 (OH) D concentration and fresh milk consumption in children (r=0.11) (especially in girls (r=0.12)), and overall dairy products consumption in women (r=0.12). CONCLUSION Results indicated widespread vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabian children and adults. High level of vitamin D deficiency and a lack of strong correlation between dairy product consumption and serum level of vitamin D imply a need for adequate fortification of milk and other dairy products with vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Aljohani
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Specialized Diabetes and Endocrine Center, King Fahad Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health SciencesRiyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food Science & Agriculture, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Ajlan
- Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Garf KE, Marzouk H, Farag Y, Rasheed L, Garf AE. Vitamin D status in Egyptian patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1535-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas O, Yakout S, Aljohani N, Al-Fawaz H, Alokail MS. Dietary products consumption in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and selenium level in Saudi children and adults. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:1305-1314. [PMID: 25785131 PMCID: PMC4358586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health threat that has been associated with several chronic diseases. Selenium is an essential trace element because of role in major metabolic processes, immune function, thyroid hormone metabolism, male infertility, neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate for the first time in the Saudi population the association between vitamin D and selenium status with various dietary products consumption. A total of 259 children and 95 adults were included in this cross-sectional study. We estimated the consumption frequencies of various dietary food products using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and also measured serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and selenium. Associations between variables of interest were assessed. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in 80% of the boys, 90% of the girls, 64% of men and 50% of women. Modest associations were found between mean serum 25 (OH) D concentration and consumption frequencies of fresh milk in children (r=0.11; P<0.05), more specifically in girls (r=0.12; P<0.05), and to the overall consumption of dairy products in women (r=0.12; P<0.05). Vitamin D status was also inversely associated with selenium in adults (r=-0.43; P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between delta changes of serum selenium, triglycerides and HDL levels (P-values <0.05). Vitamin D and selenium levels are modestly associated with dietary products consumption. Changes in selenium levels were associated with increased serum triglyceride levels, indicating a potential biomarker for cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia. The widespread vitamin D deficiency observed in the present study highlight the need for adequate fortification of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Al-Attas
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhy Yakout
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Aljohani
- College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City And King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health SciencesRiyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Al-Fawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Hussain AN, Alkhenizan AH, El Shaker M, Raef H, Gabr A. Increasing trends and significance of hypovitaminosis D: a population-based study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arch Osteoporos 2014; 9:190. [PMID: 25213798 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-014-0190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, particularly among young women and is emerging as public health threat of epidemic proportions. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D is expected to rise exponentially without primary intervention. This largest study encompasses extent of vitamin D deficiency and recommendations to reduce significant health care burden. INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and significance of vitamin D deficiency in Saudi population and to help develop national consensus for its prevention, screening, and management. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study which involved 10,709 patients, recruited from the Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH&RC), Saudi Arabia, over a period of 5 years. The endpoints included overall status of vitamin D level and severity of vitamin D deficiency. Serum measurements included 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathormone, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, albumin levels, eGFR levels, bone mineral density. RESULTS A total of 10,709 patients were analyzed; 31.4 % were males and 68.6 % were females, with a preponderance of Saudis (68.5 %) compared to non-Saudis (31.5 %). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 83.6 % (31.9 % severe, 32.0 % moderate, and 19.7 % mild), when cut points of less than 25, 50, and 75 nmol/l, respectively, were used. Mean serum 25(OH)D was 44.58 ± 34.80 standard deviation (SD) nmol/l. There was significant difference in severity of vitamin D deficiency stratified by age, gender, and nationality. More females had severe 25(OH)D deficiency compared to males (35.6 vs. 23.7 %, p < 0.000). Severe 25(OH)D deficiency was markedly high among adolescents as compared to other age groups (49.2 vs. 30.9 %, p < 0.000). More Saudis were found to be vitamin D deficient compared to non-Saudis (37.2 vs. 20.3 %, p < 0.000). CONCLUSION The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is significantly high among Saudi population, especially among women, despite abundant sunshine. It is a major public health concern and requires a robust health policy for vitamin D supplementation and implementation of dietary public health measures. Vitamin D screening is strongly recommended at an earlier age especially among women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela N Hussain
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, MBC-62, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia,
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Sadat-Ali M, Bubshait DA, Al-Turki HA, Al-Dakheel DA, Al-Olayani WS. Topical delivery of vitamin d3: a randomized controlled pilot study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2014; 10:21-4. [PMID: 24711745 PMCID: PMC3976443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study is to explore the assessment if the transdermal delivery of vitamin D is feasible. METHODS In 50 female Medical students, this study was conducted. Age, weight and height was taken, a detailed history and clinical examination was performed. Blood was drawn for 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D3 (25OHD) level. Two women had >30 ng/mL of 25OHD and was excluded from the study. The participants were divided into two groups of 24 in each arm. All participants equivocally agreed not to change their dietary habits and life style till the study was over. The study group of women were asked to apply; Top-D (Aloe Vera based- Vitamin D3) (Patency Pending) was developed at King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar with each gram of the Top-D cream delivering 5000 IU of vitamin D3. The second group used 1 gram of Aloe vera gel. The participants had no knowledge to which group they belong. A second blood sample was taken at the end of 3 months and the data was analyzed. RESULTS The data of 48 women was available for analysis. The average age was 22.58 ± 1.95 years. The mean pre-treatment 25OHD in the study group was 12.05 ng/Ml ± 6.54 and post-treatment was 37.95 ng/mL ± 6.43 (P=0.001, CI<28.582 ). In control group pre-treatment 25OHD was 11.4 ng/mL ± 3.97 and post-treatment was 10.58ng/mL ± 3.03. CONCLUSIONS This randomized control study shows that vitamin D3 can safely be delivered through the dermal route. This route could be exploited in treating vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sadat-Ali
- College of Medicine, University of Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal A Bubshait
- College of Medicine, University of Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A Al-Turki
- College of Medicine, University of Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dakheel A Al-Dakheel
- College of Medicine, University of Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wissam S Al-Olayani
- College of Medicine, University of Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
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Mackawy AMH, Al-Ayed BM, Al-Rashidi BM. Vitamin d deficiency and its association with thyroid disease. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2014; 7:267-75. [PMID: 24533019 DOI: 10.12816/0006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem, its role as an immune modulator has been recently emphasized. The evidence is increasingly pointing towards vitamin D significant role in reducing the incidence of autoimmune diseases. However, at this time the research on its role in autoimmune and thyroid disease is not conclusive. We aimed to examine the relationship between hypothyroidism and vitamin D deficiency and to clarify the relation between serum calcium levels with hypothyroid disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Serum vitamin D (25-OH) levels were measured in 30 patients with hypothyroidism and 30 healthy subjects, utilizing the spectrophotometric method. Vitamin D deficiency was designated at levels lower than 20 ng/ml. Thyroid hormones (TSH, T3 and T4) and calcium levels were evaluated in all participants. RESULTS Serum 25(OH) vit D was significantly lower in hypothyroid patients than in controls (t=-11.128, P =0.000). Its level was insignificantly decreased in females than male patients (t=- 1.32, P >0.05). Moreover, serum calcium levels recorded a significant decrease in hypothyroid patients when compared to controls (t= -5.69, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that patients with hypothyroidism suffered from hypovitaminosis D with hypocalcaemia that is significantly associated with the degree and severity of the hypothyroidism. That encourages the advisability of vit D supplementation and recommends the screening for Vitamin D deficiency and serum calcium levels for all hypothyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Mohammed Husein Mackawy
- Assistant Professor of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Laboratory Department, Applied Medical Science College, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra Mohammed Al-Ayed
- Students in the Medical Laboratory Department, Applied Medical Science College, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer Mater Al-Rashidi
- Students in the Medical Laboratory Department, Applied Medical Science College, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Alfawaz H, Tamim H, Alharbi S, Aljaser S, Tamimi W. Vitamin D status among patients visiting a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective review of 3475 cases. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:159. [PMID: 24524260 PMCID: PMC3942273 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in several chronic, non-communicable diseases independent of its conventional role in bone and calcium homeostasis. In this retrospective study, we determined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association to several cardiometabolic indices among patients visiting King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS A total of 3475 charts of out-patient subjects who visited KAMC from September 2009 until December 2010 were reviewed and included. Variables of interest included measurements of vitamin D status, glycemic and renal profile, as well as trace elements (calcium and phosphorous). RESULTS The over-all prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the cohort studied was 78.1% in females and 72.4% in males. 25(OH) vitamin D was significantly associated with increasing age and weight (p-values < 0.0001 and 0.005, respectively). It was also positively associated with albumin, calcium and phosphorous (p-values < 0.0001, < 0.0001 and 0.0007, respectively) and negatively associated with alkaline phosphatase as well as circulating levels of PTH (p-values 0.0002 and 0.0007, respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is overwhelmingly common among patients seen at KAMC regardless of the medical condition, and it is significantly associated with increasing age, weight and markers of calcium homeostasis. Findings of the present study further stress the spotlight on vitamin D deficiency epidemic in the country and region in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture King Saud University, P, O, Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
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Sadat-Ali M, Al-Elq AH, Al-Shaikh IH, Al-Turki HA, Al-Ali AK, Al-Othman AA. Assessment of low vitamin D among Saudi Arabians. Did we overshoot the runway? Saudi Med J 2014; 35:1243-9. [PMID: 25316470 PMCID: PMC4362109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the performance of 3 commonly used 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) assays among a sample of the Saudi population. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2011 and December 2012 at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. After informed consent, blood samples for measurement of 25-OHD level was extracted from 200 adults. The vitamin D levels of each individual were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), radio-immuno assay (RIA), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Assays were also compared through commonly used cut-points for classification of vitamin D deficiency. Bias between assays was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS The average age of patients was 45.7+/-16.1 years. A significant difference between the assays was found. The mean 25-OHD levels were highest for the LC-MS/MS (21.65 ng/mL, 95% CI 19.74-23.56), intermediate for RIA (16.607 ng/mL, 95% CI 14.87-18.32), and lowest for CLIA method (13.864 ng/mL, 95% CI 12.109-15.618). Using 30 ng/mL as a cutoff value, only 6% was found to have normal levels of 25-OHD using CLIA, 9% using RIA, and 22% using LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSION Levels of 25-OHD and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency are dependent on the assay used. The reported high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among the Saudi population can be partially explained by the use of assays that underestimate vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sadat-Ali
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (Sadat-Ali), Internal Medicine (Al Elq), Pathology (Al Shaikh), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Al-Turki), Biochemistry (Al-Ali), and Orthopedic Surgery (Al-Othman), College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Address correspondence and reprint request to: Prof. Mir Sadat-Ali, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdallah A. Al-Othman
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (Sadat-Ali), Internal Medicine (Al Elq), Pathology (Al Shaikh), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Al-Turki), Biochemistry (Al-Ali), and Orthopedic Surgery (Al-Othman), College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Bassil D, Rahme M, Hoteit M, Fuleihan GEH. Hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East and North Africa: Prevalence, risk factors and impact on outcomes. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 5:274-98. [PMID: 24194968 PMCID: PMC3772916 DOI: 10.4161/derm.25111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region registers some of the highest rates of hypovitaminosis D worldwide. AIM We systematically reviewed the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, rickets and osteomalacia, their predictors and impact on major outcomes, in the region. METHODS Medline, Pubmed and Embase search engines, entering keywords and concepts, combined with individual countries of interest, were used. Search was limited years 2000-2012; and review articles were used for the period preceding year 2000. RESULTS Rickets and osteomalacia still occur in this sunny region. Hypovitaminosis D prevails, with rates varying 30-90%, considering a desirable serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] of 20 ng/ml. Advancing age, female gender, multi-parity, clothing style, season, socio-economic status and urban living are recognized predictors of hypovitaminosis D in adults. Prolonged breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation and low dietary calcium intake are the recognized risk factors for rickets and hypovitaminosis D in children.. Associations with pain score and disease activity in rheumatologic disorders, viral load and interleukins in hepatitis C, BMI, lipids and insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, heart failure and mortality are described. Sun exposure in adults decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in one study. Few randomized vitamin D trials revealed that the majority of mothers or children failed to achieve a desirable 25(OH)D level, even with doses by far exceeding current recommendations. A trial in adolescent girls reveals substantial bone and lean mass increments. CONCLUSION Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in MENA. The lack of populations based studies, gaps in studies in infants, pre-pubertal children and pregnant women, hinder the development of region specific guidelines and constitute a major obstacle to impact this chronic and most often subclinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Bassil
- Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program; WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorder; Faculty of Medicine; American University of Beirut Medical Center; Beirut, Lebanon
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Alhumaidi M, Agha A, Dewish M. Vitamin d deficiency in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in southern region of saudi arabia. MAEDICA 2013; 8:231-236. [PMID: 24371490 PMCID: PMC3869110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type-2 diabetes mellitus and Vitamin D deficiency are both common in Saudi Arabian population. New roles of vitamin D have emerged recently especially in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer and insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE To estimate 25-OH vitamin D deficiency in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in comparison to normal age-matched non-diabetic control population. METHODS A Randomized Case-Control study was done in three tertiary care hospitals in Southern Region, Saudi Arabia from June 2010 to June 2012 and 345 patients were selected; 172 in the diabetic group and 173 in the non-diabetic group. Biochemical workup and 25-OH vitamin D levels were done. RESULTS The mean serum 25-OH vitamin D levels in the diabetic group were 15.7 + 7.5 ng/mL as compared healthy non-diabetic group having 11.1 + 5.9 ng/mL and a total of 340 patients (98.5%) from both groups were found to be deficient in 25-OH vitamin D which is the highest reported so far in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION The population in our study was generally deficient in 25-OH vitamin D irrespective of diabetes mellitus indicating a greater need for vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan Agha
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital, SPR Endocrinology & Diabetes, Blackpool, UK
| | - Mohamed Dewish
- Consultant Endocrinology, Riyadh Military Hospital Riyadh Military Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sadat-Ali M, Al Elq A, Al-Farhan M, Sadat NA. Fortification with vitamin D: Comparative study in the Saudi Arabian and US markets. J Family Community Med 2013; 20:49-52. [PMID: 23723731 PMCID: PMC3663164 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Vitamin D deficiency is common among Saudi Arabian population. To evaluate the current status of vitamin D fortification and calcium content of commonly consumed food items by the Saudi population and to compare it to US data. SETTING AND DESIGN Cross-sectional market survey at markets of Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and State of Illinois, USA. METHODS A dietary survey was carried out for the content of calcium and vitamin D on the most commonly consumed food products by the Saudi population which are suppose to be fortified by vitamin D. The survey included different brands of fresh milk, yoghurt, powdered milk, cheese, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and orange juice. Vitamin D content in the products studied from the Saudi marketplace was compared with the suggested vitamin D content in the same products according to US Code of Federal Regulations recommendations. RESULTS The overall calcium content in the processed dairy products is generally higher than the content in fresh dairy products. Vitamin D content in the fresh dairy products varied from 40 IU/L to 400 IU/L. None of the cereals or orange juice in Saudi Arabia contain vitamin D supplement. The vitamin D content in the food items from the Saudi marketplace is mostly lower than recommended by the US Code of Federal Regulations. CONCLUSION Most commonly consumed food products by Saudi population which are suppose to be fortified by vitamin D either not fortified or contain an amount less than recommended by guidelines set for US marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sadat-Ali
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Mogbel ES. Vitamin D status among Adult Saudi Females visiting Primary Health Care Clinics. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2013; 6:116-26. [PMID: 23580892 DOI: 10.12816/0005987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D plays an important role in diverse physiological functions in addition to its role in bone health. Vitamin D deficiency is very common in elderly people, but there are few reports on its prevalence in young adults. METHOD A cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 465 young adult Saudi females aged 19 to 40 years old who were selected from primary health care centers of King Abdulaziz medical city, Riyadh, KSA. A questionnaire was used to identify socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors such as sunlight exposure and dietary intake. 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone biochemical parameter were measured. The cutoff values for Vitamin D were defined as follows: deficient (<25nmol/L), insufficient (25-75 nmol/L) and normal (≥ 75 nmol/L). RESULT Overall, hypovitaminosis D were identified in all participants, with a mean level of 18.34 ±8.2 nmol/L. Of all the participants, 79.1% exhibited severe vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH) D < 25 nmol/L), while 20.9% exhibited vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25(OH) D between 25-50 nmol/L). There was a significant inverse correlation between serum 25 (OH) D concentrations and PTH, where secondary hyperparathyroidism was evident in 61.4% of participants with deficient vitamin D compared to 39.2% of participants with insufficient vitamin D. CONCLUSION Despite the abundant sunlight in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among young healthy Saudi females is 100%. This finding should be considered a public health problem. Case identification, health education and prevention should be encouraged.
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Badawi A, Arora P, Sadoun E, Al-Thani AA, Thani MHA. Prevalence of vitamin d insufficiency in qatar: a systematic review. J Public Health Res 2012; 1:229-35. [PMID: 25170469 PMCID: PMC4140375 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2012.e36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Qatar has a high burden of chronic diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low serum vitamin D levels have been implicated in the development and progression of a range of these chronic conditions. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the general population of Qatar has still not been investigated. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of published studies documenting the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the Qatari population. A search strategy was developed for online databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Embase Classic) between 1980 to the last week of August 2012, and bibliographies of the included studies were further searched for additional reports. Search terms used were QATAR and VITAMIN D. Studies reporting the serum levels of vitamin D in several Qatari sub-populations were identified. Weighted-average vitamin D serum levels and prevalence of low vitamin D status (<75 nmol/L) were calculated. Subgroup analysis was carried out by age. The quality of each study was evaluated according to four criteria: national representativeness, representation of males and females, the sample size, and the sampling protocol. A total of 16 relevant publications were identified, and 8 of these (reporting from 7 unique studies) met our inclusion and exclusion criteria with a total number of 1,699 Qatari subjects. The pooled sample size weighted-average vitamin D concentration (±SD) was 45.3±14.3 nmol/L (95% CI: 44.6-46.0; range 29.2-66.9 nmol/L). The weighted-average prevalence of low vitamin D status was 90.4% (95% CI: 90.1-91.0; range 83%-91%). Age was inversely correlated with vitamin D levels and directly with its insufficiency/deficiency prevalence. There have only been a few studies on the prevalence of low vitamin D in Qatar a very high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in Qatar that increases with age has been suggested. The present report underlines the need to develop a nationally representative study to further evaluate vitamin D status in Qatar. Given the growing evidence of the role of vitamin D in chronic disease, this study could help develop public health strategies for disease prevention in Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Division, Supreme Council of Health , Doha, Qatar ; Office of Biotechnology, Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Arora
- Office of Biotechnology, Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada , Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Ontario, Canada
| | - Eman Sadoun
- Clinical Research Division, Supreme Council of Health , Doha, Qatar
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Aftab SAS, Fouda MA. Attitude and awareness of health care providers towards the therapeutic and prophylactic roles of Vitamin D. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-011-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Evidence for nutrition transition in Kuwait: over-consumption of macronutrients and obesity. Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:596-607. [PMID: 22974508 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe nutrient intakes and prevalence of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Kuwaitis and to compare intakes with reference values. DESIGN Cross-sectional, multistage stratified, cluster sample. Settings National nutrition survey covering all geographical areas of the country. SUBJECTS Kuwaitis (n 1704) between 3 and 86 years of age. RESULTS Obesity was more prevalent among women than men (50 % and 70 % for females aged 19-50 years and ≥51 years, respectively, v. 29 % and 42 % for their male counterparts). Boys were more obese than girls, with the highest obesity rate among those aged 9-13 years (37 % and 24 % of males and females, respectively). Energy intake was higher than the estimated energy requirements for almost half of Kuwaiti children and one-third of adults. The Estimated Average Requirement was exceeded by 78-100 % of the recommendation for protein and carbohydrates. More than two-thirds of males aged ≥4 years exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Na. Conversely, less than 20 % of Kuwaitis, regardless of age, consumed 100 % or more of the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin D, vitamin E, Ca, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Less than 20 % of children met the recommended level for fibre. CONCLUSIONS Nutrition transition among Kuwaitis was demonstrated by the increased prevalence of obesity and overweight, increased intakes of energy and macronutrients and decreased intakes of fibre and micronutrients. Interventions to increase awareness about healthy foods combined with modifications in subsidy policies are clearly warranted to increase consumption of low-energy, nutrient-dense foods.
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Al-Elq AH. The status of Vitamin D in medical students in the preclerkship years of a Saudi medical school. J Family Community Med 2012; 19:100-4. [PMID: 22870413 PMCID: PMC3410172 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.98293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has recently been recognized in different parts of the world, even affecting healthy populations. The deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Few studies have been done to evaluate the status of vitamin D in the medical community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of low levels of vitamin D in healthy Saudi medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in November 2009 on male and female students in the preclerkship years of medical school at the King Faisal University, Dammam. Data on age, consumption of dairy products and seafood, and exposure to sunlight were collected. The body mass index was calculated. Approximately, 15 ml of blood was extracted for the measurement of serum calcium, serum albumin, serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, fasting parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D < 50 nmol/l. Comparison between groups was done for statistical significance using an unpaired t-test. Significance was set at P < 0.05 using 95% CI for all comparisons. Results: The data from 95 male and 103 female students were analyzed. The mean age for all students was 19.54 years. In 100% of the students, the vitamin D level was low. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in all students was 96.0% (92.64% in males and 99.03% in females), while the remaining 4% had vitamin D insufficiency. The mean 25-hydroxy vitamin D level was 26.83 ± 12.60 nmol/l in males and 16.03 ± 8.28 nmol/l in females (P-value = 0.0001). Males had a statistically significant higher body mass index as well as consumption of dairy products, while the consumption of seafood was significantly higher in females. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of exposure to the sun. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among medical students included in this study. An urgent action has to be taken in order to prevent adverse consequences of low vitamin D in the young, otherwise healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen H Al-Elq
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Dammam and King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
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Robertson WG. Stone formation in the Middle Eastern Gulf States: A review. Arab J Urol 2012; 10:265-72. [PMID: 26558035 PMCID: PMC4442957 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To review the possible causes of the high incidence of urolithiasis in the oil-rich Gulf States. Methods Data were extracted from published reports on the incidence of urolithiasis, affluence and diet in the Gulf States, various Western countries and China. Results There are strong relationships: (a) between the life-expectancy of stones in men and the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of these countries; and (b) between the daily consumption of animal protein and GNI per capita. Together these data suggest that the occurrence of stones is proportional to the intake of animal protein, although they also indicate that there are additional factors that further increase the risk of urolithiasis in the populations of the Gulf. The consumption of oxalate in the Gulf is three times higher and that of calcium a half of what it is in Western countries. Thus, the average oxalate/calcium ratio in the intestines of the Gulf populations is five to six times higher than that in Western populations, leading to enteric hyperoxaluria and an increased risk of calcium-oxalate stone formation. The risk is further accentuated by the lower urine volumes, due to the hot, dry climate of the region, and lower excretions of citrate, from the highly acidic urine resulting from the high intake of animal protein. There is a high incidence of uric acid-containing stones from the acidic urine and the hyperuricosuria caused by the high intake of purine. Conclusions The high incidence of urolithiasis in the Gulf is due to an adverse combination of dietary and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robertson
- The London Centre for Kidney Stone Research, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, Department of Physiology (Centre for Nephrology), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Alshishtawy MM. Vitamin D Deficiency: This clandestine endemic disease is veiled no more. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2012; 12:140-52. [PMID: 22548132 PMCID: PMC3327560 DOI: 10.12816/0003106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, scientists have generated a strong body of evidence providing new information about the preventive effect of vitamin D on a broad range of disorders. This evidence suggests that vitamin D is much more than a nutrient needed for bone health; it is an essential hormone required for regulation of a large number of physiological functions. Sufficient concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is essential for optimising human health. This article reviews the present state-of-the-art knowledge about vitamin D's status worldwide and refers to recent articles discussing some of the general background of vitamin D, including sources, benefits, deficiencies, and dietary requirements, especially in pregnancy. They offer evidence that vitamin D deficiency could be a major public health burden in many parts of the world, mostly because of sun deprivation. The article also discusses the debate about optimal concentration of circulating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and explores different views on the amount of vitamin D supplementation required to achieve and maintain this concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeness Moustafa Alshishtawy
- Department of Community Medicine & Public Health, Tanta University, Egypt, and Department of Health Planning, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Kensarah OA, Azzeh FS. Vitamin D Status of Healthy School Children from Western Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.288.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Hypophosphatemia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients. J Med Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-011-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Hypophosphatemia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease PatientsImpaired serum phosphate levels may contribute to respiratory muscle weakness that further negatively impacts Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. Recently, Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23) has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of body phosphate. The current study includes 2 groups: 70 COPD patients and 34 control subjects. Blood samples were taken for a panel of routine lab tests. FGF-23 was measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Plasma FGF-23 levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P=0.000). Tubular maximum absorption of phosphate was significantly reduced in COPD patients compared to the control group (P=0.04). Plasma FGF-23 negatively correlated with FEV1 and serum albumin. Elevated plasma FGF-23 levels found in COPD patients correlated with disease severity and may represent an additional factor causing low serum phosphate.
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Fields J, Trivedi NJ, Horton E, Mechanick JI. Vitamin D in the Persian Gulf: integrative physiology and socioeconomic factors. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2011; 9:243-50. [PMID: 21901427 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-011-0071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Countries of the Persian Gulf region--Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates--have become increasingly modernized, resulting in a transformation of lifestyle based on technology, sedentary activity, lack of sunlight, and unhealthy dietary patterns. These factors have led to a higher prevalence not only of vitamin D undernutrition, but also chronic obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. This review explores the integrative physiologic effects of vitamin D with socioeconomic factors and propose a hypothesis-driven model for their contributions to obesity and diabetes in the Persian Gulf. Further research into these interactions may ultimately lead to novel preventive strategies and therapies for metabolic disorders in this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fields
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10128, USA
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Alissa EM, Qadi SG, Alhujaili NA, Alshehri AM, Ferns GA. Effect of diet and lifestyle factors on bone health in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:725-35. [PMID: 21594583 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the effect of nutritional intake and lifestyle factors on bone mass in postmenopausal Saudi women. A total of 122 apparently healthy postmenopausal Saudi women were recruited from the Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research in Jeddah. A questionnaire on lifestyle habits and dietary intake was administered to all participants. Anthropometric and bone mineral density (BMD) values were measured. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure concentrations of bone-related parameters and hormones. Most of the sample population was found to be vitamin D deficient with a serum vitamin D level below 50 nmol/l. Those participants with normal BMD values had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels than osteopenic individuals (P < 0.05). Overall, mean total caloric, total fat, and saturated fat intakes were above recommended levels. Almost 60% of the total study population had lower calcium intake than the estimated average requirements whereas the whole population had vitamin D intake level below the estimated average requirements. Only BMD of the femoral neck showed significant correlations with serum vitamin D level and dietary cholesterol intake. After adjustment for confounding variables; serum vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with cholesterol intake. Dietary calcium intake was significantly correlated with intake of protein and fiber whereas dietary vitamin D intake was significantly correlated with intake level of total fat, all fatty acids, cholesterol, and fiber. Our findings reveal the important role of dietary vitamin D and calcium in osteopenic patients and the likely requirement for supplementation of these nutrients in the Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Alissa
- Center for Excellence for Osteoporosis Research, [corrected] Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University, PO Box 12713, Jeddah 21483, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Sadat-Ali M, Al Elq AH, Al-Turki HA, Al-Mulhim FA, Al-Ali AK. Influence of vitamin D levels on bone mineral density and osteoporosis. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31:602-8. [PMID: 22048506 PMCID: PMC3221132 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.87097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The effects of vitamin D on bone mass remain to be understood. This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels on bone mineral density (BMD) among Saudi nationals. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study carried out at university hospital from 1 February 2008 to 31 May 2008. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Healthy Saudi men and women in the peak bone mass (PBM) age group and those aged ≥ 50 years were recruited from the outpatient department of King Fahd University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between February 1, 2008, and May 31, 2008. Patient age and sex were documented, and body mass index was calculated. Hematological, biochemical, and serum 25OHD tests were performed. BMD was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the upper femur and lumbar spine. Patients were divided into three groups, based on their 25OHD level. RESULTS Data from 400 patients were analyzed. Among individuals with a normal 25OHD level, 50% of women and 7% of men in the PBM age group and 26.4% of women and 49.2% of men aged ≥ 50 years had low bone mass. In patients with 25OHD insufficiency, 84.2% of women and 88.9% of men in the PBM age group and 83.3% of women and 80% of men aged ≥ 50 years had low bone mass. Results for patients with 25OHD deficiency revealed that none of the men and women in the PBM age group or ≥ 50 years old had normal BMD. Significant positive correlations between 25OHD level and BMD and significant negative correlations with parathyroid hormone were shown in most of the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the vitamin D level significantly influences BMD reading among Saudi individuals. Evaluation and treatment of hypovitaminosis D should be considered during management of low bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sadat-Ali
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, and King Fahd University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
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Al Anouti F, Thomas J, Abdel-Wareth L, Rajah J, Grant WB, Haq A. Vitamin D deficiency and sun avoidance among university students at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:235-9. [PMID: 22259650 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.4.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study offers evidence that vitamin D deficiency could be a major public health burden among young Emirati adults, mostly because of sun deprivation in a sun-blessed country. This study included a random sample of 138 females and 70 males tested for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status. To further evaluate the predictors of vitamin D status in this population, the study examined diet, obesity and sun exposure. In summer, the mean serum 25(OH)D concentration for females was 20.9 ± 14.9 nmol/L, whereas that for males was 27.3 ± 15.7 nmol/L. Females scored significantly higher than males on the sun avoidance inventory (SAI), indicating that females avoid sun exposure to a greater extent than males, possibly explaining the lower vitamin D status. A significant negative correlation also existed between SAI and vitamin D status (Pearson's r = -0.33; p < 0.01), but no significant association was evident between vitamin D status and body mass index (Pearson's r = 0.03; p = 0.33) or low dietary intake of vitamin D-fortified foods (Pearson's r = 0.08; p = 0.13). The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration for females tested in winter was 31.3 ± 12.3 nmol/L while in the summer, it was 20.9 ± 14.9 nmol/L. This difference was statistically significant, suggesting that seasonal variation plays an important role in vitamin D status in the United Arab Emirates. Fortification of foods and drinks with vitamin D, supplementation and sensible sun exposure are important steps toward minimizing vitamin D deficiency.
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CHRISTIE FTE, MASON L. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding vitamin D deficiency among female students in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative exploration. Int J Rheum Dis 2011; 14:e22-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2011.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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