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Anestino TA, Queiroz-Junior CM, Cruz AMF, Souza DG, Madeira MFM. The impact of arthritogenic viruses in oral tissues. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae029. [PMID: 38323434 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Arthritis and periodontitis are inflammatory diseases that share several immunopathogenic features. The expansion in the study of virus-induced arthritis has shed light on how this condition could impact other parts of the human body, including the mouth. Viral arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease caused by several viruses, most notably the alphaviruses Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Sindbis virus (SINV), Ross River virus (RRV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), and O'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV). These viruses can induce an upsurge of matrix metalloproteinases and immune-inflammatory mediators such as Interleukin-6 (IL6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor, chemokine ligand 2, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in the joint and serum of infected individuals. This can lead to the influx of inflammatory cells to the joints and associated muscles as well as osteoclast activation and differentiation, culminating in clinical signs of swelling, pain, and bone resorption. Moreover, several data indicate that these viral infections can affect other sites of the body, including the mouth. The human oral cavity is a rich and diverse microbial ecosystem, and viral infection can disrupt the balance of microbial species, causing local dysbiosis. Such events can result in oral mucosal damage and gingival bleeding, which are indicative of periodontitis. Additionally, infection by RRV, CHIKV, SINV, MAYV, or ONNV can trigger the formation of osteoclasts and upregulate pro-osteoclastogenic inflammatory mediators, interfering with osteoclast activation. As a result, these viruses may be linked to systemic conditions, including oral manifestations. Therefore, this review focuses on the involvement of alphavirus infections in joint and oral health, acting as potential agents associated with oral mucosal inflammation and alveolar bone loss. The findings of this review demonstrate how alphavirus infections could be linked to the comorbidity between arthritis and periodontitis and may provide a better understanding of potential therapeutic management for both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Augusto Anestino
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Amanda Medeiros Frota Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniele G Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mila Fernandes Moreira Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
- Department of Oral Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States
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Adam M, Hasan R. The effects of e-cigarette use on the oral microbiome. Evid Based Dent 2023; 24:153-154. [PMID: 37875735 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-023-00946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of electronic cigarette (EC) use on the oral microbiome and gingival inflammation. SAMPLE SELECTION Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 150 adult humans between 18 and 34 years in age (50% EC users). Exclusion criteria included professional dental cleaning, antibiotic, or corticosteroid therapy in the last 3 months. Convenience sampling occurred between June 2017 and October 2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical gingival inflammation was recorded by a single operator using a novel 4-point scale. RNA sequencing was used to determine microbial composition of samples (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing). Statistical analysis included synthesizing alpha and beta diversity using various indices, taxonomic differential abundance analysis, functional differential abundance analysis and mediation analysis. Taxonomic annotation was performed using QIIME2 with functional annotations generated using PICRUSt2. Age, sex, and frequency of tooth brushed were adjusted for. RESULTS EC users exhibited significantly greater alpha diversity in microbial species and greater differences between EC users and users in beta diversity. Saliva samples were typically more diverse than subgingival samples. EC users demonstrated greater gingival inflammation when adjusted for age, sex and toothbrushing frequency. CONCLUSION EC use may increase oral dysbiosis. Further clinical studies on the effects of EC use on the oral microbiome and oral diseases are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Adam
- JCF in OMFS, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals Trust, Preston, UK.
| | - Ridah Hasan
- DCT2 in Dental Specialties, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals Trust, Preston, UK
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Al-Khalifa KS, Alam BF, Alhumaidan AA, Aljoghaiman EA, Alhassan MM, Ali S. Bibliometric analysis on research trends for contribution of photodynamic therapy in periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103594. [PMID: 37156454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this bibliometric was to ascertain the research trend regarding the application of photodynamic therapy as a treatment modality for periodontal disease. METHODS An online search was administered using the Scopus database to retrieve all the relevant research literature published from 2003 till 26th Dec 2022. After applying the inclusion criteria articles pertinent to the topic were manually selected. Data was saved as CSV. Data was read using VOSviewer software and further analysis was performed using Microsoft excel. RESULTS From a total of 545 articles, 117 scientific papers relevant to the field were evaluated. The keen interest of researchers was identified by an increase in the number of publications over the course of time, with the highest citations n=827 attained during the year 2009. Brazil, India, and USA made significant contribution by publishing highest number of papers. Organizations from the USA produced the highest publications which attained high citations. Author Sculean A. published the highest number of papers. Journal of periodontology was the leading journal, by publishing highest number of papers (n=15), followed by Journal of Clinical Periodontology. CONCLUSION This bibliometric analysis provided detailed information regarding the total number of publications from 2003 to 2022 and the number of citations attained. Brazil has been identified as the leading country, whilst all the leading organizations which contributed significantly, were from USA. The Journal of Periodontology published the highest number of papers which had been highly cited. Sculean A, affiliated with University of Bern, Switzerland published the highest number of papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifa S Al-Khalifa
- Department of preventive dental sciences, College of Dentistry Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Abdulkareem Abdullah Alhumaidan
- Department of preventive dental sciences, division of periodontics, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, College of dentistry. Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eman Ahmed Aljoghaiman
- Department of preventive dental sciences, division of periodontics, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, College of dentistry. Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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Barrientos MO, Cruz ÁA, Teixeira HMP, Silva HDS, Gomes-Filho IS, Trindade SC, Soledade KR, Fernandes JS, Santana CVN, Pinheiro GP, Souza-Machado A, Costa RDS, Figueiredo CA, Oliveira TTMC. Variants in interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) genes that modulate inflammatory response are associated with periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 147:105640. [PMID: 36758286 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the association of genetic variants of the interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) genes with periodontitis. METHODS The study involved 117 individuals with periodontitis and 389 without periodontitis, all Brazilians, miscegenated. Individuals with periodontitis presented at least 4 teeth with ≥ 1 site with probing depth ≥ 4 mm; clinical attachment level ≥ 3 mm on the same site and bleeding upon stimulus. Genotyping was performed using the Infinium Multi-Ethnic AMR/AFR-8 Bead Chip focused on Hispanic and African American populations with approximately 2 million markers of the human genome. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify associations in additive, dominant and recessive models adjusted for covariates age, obesity, mouth breathing, flossing, asthma, and ancestry. RESULTS In IFI16, the rs75985579-A is positively associated with periodontitis in the additive (Odds Ratio adjusted (ORadjusted) 2.65, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.25-5.60, p value: 0.007) and dominant models (ORadjusted 2.56, 95%CI:1.13-5.81, p value: 0.017). In AIM2, the rs76457189-G, is associated negatively with periodontitis in two genetic models evaluated, additive (ORadjusted 0.21, 95%CI:0.05-0.94, p value: 0.022) and dominant (ORadjusted 0.21, 95%CI:0.05-0.94, p value: 0.022). CONCLUSIONS These results have shown that variants in the IFI16 and AIM2 genes are associated with periodontitis. Individuals with at least one A (adenine) allele of the rs75985579 (IFI16) are more than twice as likely to have periodontitis, while individuals with the G (guanine) allele of rs76457189 (AIM2) are less likely to be diagnosed with periodontitis, providing a negative association with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Otto Barrientos
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioregulação, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola de Saúde, Faculdade Adventista da Bahia-FADBA, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Álvaro A Cruz
- Fundação Programa de Controle de Asma e Rinite Alérgica da Bahia, ProAR e Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helena M P Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioregulação, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hátilla Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioregulação, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isaac Suzart Gomes-Filho
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Soraya Castro Trindade
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kaliane Rocha Soledade
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jamille Souza Fernandes
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Vila Nova Santana
- Fundação Programa de Controle de Asma e Rinite Alérgica da Bahia, ProAR e Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pimentel Pinheiro
- Fundação Programa de Controle de Asma e Rinite Alérgica da Bahia, ProAR e Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adelmir Souza-Machado
- Fundação Programa de Controle de Asma e Rinite Alérgica da Bahia, ProAR e Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ryan Dos Santos Costa
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioregulação, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila A Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioregulação, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Teixeira Muniz Carletto Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioregulação, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Zhou M, Graves DT. Impact of the host response and osteoblast lineage cells on periodontal disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998244. [PMID: 36304447 PMCID: PMC9592920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis involves the loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Single cell RNA-seq experiments have provided new insight into how resident cells and infiltrating immune cells function in response to bacterial challenge in periodontal tissues. Periodontal disease is induced by a combined innate and adaptive immune response to bacterial dysbiosis that is initiated by resident cells including epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which recruit immune cells. Chemokines and cytokines stimulate recruitment of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis in response to TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL and other factors. Inflammation also suppresses coupled bone formation to limit repair of osteolytic lesions. Bone lining cells, osteocytes and periodontal ligament cells play a key role in both processes. The periodontal ligament contains cells that exhibit similarities to tendon cells, osteoblast-lineage cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Bone lining cells consisting of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts are influenced by osteocytes and stimulate formation of osteoclast precursors through MCSF and RANKL, which directly induce osteoclastogenesis. Following bone resorption, factors are released from resorbed bone matrix and by osteoclasts and osteal macrophages that recruit osteoblast precursors to the resorbed bone surface. Osteoblast differentiation and coupled bone formation are regulated by multiple signaling pathways including Wnt, Notch, FGF, IGF-1, BMP, and Hedgehog pathways. Diabetes, cigarette smoking and aging enhance the pathologic processes to increase bone resorption and inhibit coupled bone formation to accelerate bone loss. Other bone pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and bone unloading/disuse also affect osteoblast lineage cells and participate in formation of osteolytic lesions by promoting bone resorption and inhibiting coupled bone formation. Thus, periodontitis involves the activation of an inflammatory response that involves a large number of cells to stimulate bone resorption and limit osseous repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dana T. Graves,
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Uskoković V, Wu VM. Altering Microbiomes with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: A Metagenomic Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5824. [PMID: 36079205 PMCID: PMC9456825 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp), the most abundant biological material among mammals, has been recently demonstrated to possess moderate antibacterial properties. Metagenomics provides a series of tools for analyzing the simultaneous interaction of materials with larger communities of microbes, which may aid in optimizing the antibacterial activity of a material such as HAp. Here, a microbiome intrinsic to the sample of sandy soil collected from the base of an African Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa) shrub surrounding the children's sandbox at the Arrowhead Park in Irvine, California was challenged with HAp nanoparticles and analyzed with next-generation sequencing for hypervariable 16S ribosomal DNA base pair homologies. HAp nanoparticles overwhelmingly reduced the presence of Gram-negative phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species, and consequently elevated the relative presence of their Gram-positive counterparts. Thermodynamic, electrostatic and chemical bonding arguments were combined in a model proposed to explain this selective affinity. The ability of amphiphilic surface protrusions of lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria and mycolic acid in mycobacteria to increase the dispersibility of the bacterial cells and assist in their resistance to capture by the solid phase is highlighted. Within the Gram-negative group, the variability of the distal, O-antigen portion of the membrane lipopolysaccharide was shown to be excessive and the variability of its proximal, lipid A portion insufficient to explain the selectivity based on chemical sequence arguments. Instead, flagella-driven motility proves to be a factor favoring the evasion of binding to HAp. HAp displayed a preference toward binding to less pathogenic bacteria than those causative of disease in humans, while taxa having a positive agricultural effect were largely captured by HAp, indicating an evolutionary advantage this may have given it as a biological material. The capacity to selectively sequester Gram-negative microorganisms and correspondingly alter the composition of the microbiome may open up a new avenue in environmental and biomedical applications of HAp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- TardigradeNano LLC, Irvine, CA 92604, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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El Mobadder M, Nammour S, Namour M, Namour A, Grzech-Leśniak K. Disinfection Potential of 980 nm Diode Laser and Hydrogen Peroxide (3%) in "Critical Probing Depths" Periodontal Pockets: Retrospective Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030370. [PMID: 35330121 PMCID: PMC8953835 DOI: 10.3390/life12030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful treatment of periodontitis depends largely on the successful elimination of the periodontopathogens during non-surgical and surgical mechanical debridement. In this retrospective study, data collection was conducted from 2017 to 2021. The retrospective study included 128 patients with 128 sites of localized periodontitis with pocket depths > 5 mm. The included data were based on sites that received conventional mechanical debridement followed by different adjunctive approaches. In total, 30 patients did not receive any additional treatment (SRP group), 30 patients received SRP + 980 nm diode laser irradiation only (SRP + laser), 30 patients received SRP + 3% hydrogen peroxide irrigation (SRP + H2O2) only and 30 patients received a combined treatment of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 980 nm diode laser irradiation (SRP + H2O2 + laser). Total bacterial counts (TBC) in the periodontal pocket collected for all participants before treatment, immediately after treatment, 6 weeks after treatment, 12 weeks after treatment and 6 months after treatment were statistically analyzed and compared. When the laser was used, irradiation parameters were 10 μsec/pulse duration, 10 kHz, pick power of 10 W, average power of 1 W, irradiation time of one minute with inward and outward movements, and fiber diameter of 320 μm. The irradiation was repeated 3 times/pocket. When hydrogen peroxide was used, the irrigation was conducted for one minute and repeated 3 times. The maximum reduction in TBC was obtained when SRP was coupled with 3% H2O2 irrigation followed by 980 nm diode laser irradiation. After six months of follow-up, a significant reduction in TBC was obtained for the group of SRP + H2O2 + laser when compared to all the other groups, from 7.27 × 107 before intervention to 3.21 × 107 after six months. All three approaches to SRP showed a significant reduction in TBC immediately after treatment. Values were 3.52 × 107, 4.01 × 106, 9.58 × 106, 1.98 × 106 for SRP alone, SRP + diode, SRP + H2O2 and SRP + H2O2 + diode laser, respectively. At 6 months, we saw no significant difference between SRP + laser and SRP + H2O2 with 4.01 × 107 and 4.32 × 107, respectively. This retrospective study reveals that after SRP, irrigation with 3% hydrogen peroxide and irradiation with a 980 nm diode laser within specific treatment protocol can be used as an additional approach to conventional SRP to increase the disinfection of the periodontal pockets > 5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan El Mobadder
- Dental Surgery Department, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +961-71-343-767
| | - Samir Nammour
- Department of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (S.N.); (M.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Melanie Namour
- Department of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (S.N.); (M.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Amaury Namour
- Department of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (S.N.); (M.N.); (A.N.)
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Lin CW, Chen YT, Ho HH, Kuo YW, Lin WY, Chen JF, Lin JH, Liu CR, Lin CH, Yeh YT, Chen CW, Huang YF, Hsu CH, Hsieh PS, Yang SF. Impact of the food grade heat-killed probiotic and postbiotic oral lozenges in oral hygiene. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2221-2238. [PMID: 35236778 PMCID: PMC8954981 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity plays a crucial role in food digestion and immune protection. Thus, maintaining oral health is necessary. Postbiotic and heat-killed probiotic cells have shown increased antibacterial potential with stable viability compared with live strains. However, clinical evidence regarding their effect on oral health is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we tested postbiotic lozenges of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, L. paracasei ET-66, and L. plantarum LPL28 and heat-killed probiotic lozenges of L. salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 and L. paracasei ET-66 for their effect on oral health. In total, 75 healthy individuals were blindly and randomly divided into placebo, postbiotic lozenge, and heat-killed probiotic lozenge groups and were administered the respective lozenge type for 4 weeks. Postbiotic and heat-killed probiotic lozenge groups demonstrated antibacterial activities with a considerable increase in L. salivarius in their oral cavity. Furthermore, their salivary immunoglobulin A, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium increased. Subjective questionnaires completed by the participants indicated that participants in both the experimental groups developed better oral health and intestinal conditions than those in the placebo group. Overall, our study revealed that a food additive in the form of an oral postbiotic or heat-killed probiotic lozenge may effectively enhance oral immunity, inhibit the growth of oral pathogens, and increase the numbers of beneficial oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yang Lin
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Fen Chen
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Lin
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ruei Liu
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huei Lin
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Chen
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Huang
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hung Hsu
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Hsieh
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mirmohammadsadegh N, Mashreghi N, Amin M. Potential Treponema denticola-based periodontal vaccine to resolve a global public health challenge: a narrative literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:621-632. [PMID: 35195497 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2044798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a diseased condition of the gum which imposes considerable costs on healthcare systems. It progresses further beyond the inflammation of supportive tissues of the teeth, and the collateral damages are closely associated with Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review was performed to summarize published studies in English during the period of 1990-2021 to discuss the rationales for developing periodontal vaccine, cost-effectiveness analyses on the prevention of periodontitis, Treponema denticola-based vaccine candidates, as well as immunological mechanisms in animal models. EXPERT OPINION Preventive strategies against periodontitis may halt the onset of gum inflammation itself and the consequent chronic diseases. Considering the multi-microbial condition of periodontitis, an ideal periodontal vaccine should target multiple pathological pathways. Preventive approaches compared to surgical treatments evidently have significant impact on the healthcare budget and long-term health of the individuals in different communities. Despite many advances in periodontal vaccine research, there are still significant hurdles to overcome in developing a vaccine. Investment in research and development activities on key periodontal pathogens including Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the foreseeable future is a worthy and cost-effective approach for the policymakers to prevent deleterious impacts of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mirmohammadsadegh
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neshaut Mashreghi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Molecular Mechanisms Leading from Periodontal Disease to Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020970. [PMID: 35055157 PMCID: PMC8778447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is prevalent in half of the adult population and raises critical health concerns as it has been recently associated with an increased risk of cancer. While information about the topic remains somewhat scarce, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanistic pathways promoting neoplasia in periodontitis patients is of fundamental importance. This manuscript presents the literature as well as a panel of tables and figures on the molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, two main oral pathogens in periodontitis pathology, involved in instigating tumorigenesis. We also present evidence for potential links between the RANKL–RANK signaling axis as well as circulating cytokines/leukocytes and carcinogenesis. Due to the nonconclusive data associating periodontitis and cancer reported in the case and cohort studies, we examine clinical trials relevant to the topic and summarize their outcome.
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11
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Ptasiewicz M, Grywalska E, Mertowska P, Korona-Głowniak I, Poniewierska-Baran A, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Chałas R. Armed to the Teeth-The Oral Mucosa Immunity System and Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:882. [PMID: 35055069 PMCID: PMC8776045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is inhabited by a wide spectrum of microbial species, and their colonization is mostly based on commensalism. These microbes are part of the normal oral flora, but there are also opportunistic species that can cause oral and systemic diseases. Although there is a strong exposure to various microorganisms, the oral mucosa reduces the colonization of microorganisms with high rotation and secretion of various types of cytokines and antimicrobial proteins such as defensins. In some circumstances, the imbalance between normal oral flora and pathogenic flora may lead to a change in the ratio of commensalism to parasitism. Healthy oral mucosa has many important functions. Thanks to its integrity, it is impermeable to most microorganisms and constitutes a mechanical barrier against their penetration into tissues. Our study aims to present the role and composition of the oral cavity microbiota as well as defense mechanisms within the oral mucosa which allow for maintaining a balance between such numerous species of microorganisms. We highlight the specific aspects of the oral mucosa protecting barrier and discuss up-to-date information on the immune cell system that ensures microbiota balance. This study presents the latest data on specific tissue stimuli in the regulation of the immune system with particular emphasis on the resistance of the gingival barrier. Despite advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating the balance on the microorganism/host axis, more research is still needed on how the combination of these diverse signals is involved in the regulation of immunity at the oral mucosa barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ptasiewicz
- Department of Oral Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Korona-Głowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | | | - Renata Chałas
- Department of Oral Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.P.); (R.C.)
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12
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Uppoor A, Sengupta A, Joshi M. Metabolomics: Paving the path for personalized periodontics – A literature review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2022; 26:98-103. [PMID: 35321302 PMCID: PMC8936015 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_267_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of periodontal disease is governed by a multitude of factors ranging from the macroscopic to the microscopic scale. Among the factors that constitute the etiological agents of the disease, a major element is the role played by the body's metabolome–i.e., the complete collection of microscopic molecules and metabolic products of cells and tissues in the body. Being of a regulatory nature, the interplay of these molecules exerts a considerable effect on the development as well as the progression of disease, which differs in each individual based on their phenotype. Exploring this connection and application into the field of diagnostic as well as prediction of risk for periodontitis will ultimately result in a personalized standard of care for patients in the future.
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13
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Gupta A, Singh V, Mani I. Dysbiosis of human microbiome and infectious diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 192:33-51. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Ditto MC, Parisi S, Landolfi G, Borrelli R, Realmuto C, Finucci A, Caviglia GP, Ribaldone DG, Astegiano M, Zanetti A, Carrara G, Scirè CA, Antivalle M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Fusaro E. Intestinal microbiota changes induced by TNF-inhibitors in IBD-related spondyloarthritis. RMD Open 2021; 7:rmdopen-2021-001755. [PMID: 34489323 PMCID: PMC8422478 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The close relationship between joints and gut inflammation has long been known and several data suggest that dysbiosis could link spondyloarthritis (SpA) to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The introduction of biological drugs, in particular tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), revolutionised the management of both these diseases. While the impact of conventional drugs on gut microbiota is well known, poor data are available about TNFi. Aim To investigate the impact of TNFi on gut microbiota. Methods We evaluated 20 patients affected by enteropathic arthritis, naïve for biological drugs, treated with TNFi at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. All patients followed a Mediterranean diet. Patients performed self-sampling of a faecal sample at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. NGS-based ITS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed, followed by the taxonomic bioinformatics analysis. Results After 6 months of therapy, we detected a remarkable increase in Lachnospiraceae family (Δ +10.3, p=0.04) and Coprococcus genus (Δ +2.8, p=0.003). We also noted a decreasing trend in Proteobacteria (Δ −8.0, p=0.095) and Gammaproteobacteria (Δ −9, p=0.093) and an increasing trend in Clostridia (Δ +8.2, p=0.083). We did not find differences between TNFi responders (SpA improvement or IBD remission achieved) and non-responders in terms of alpha and beta diversity. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that TNFi therapy tends to restore the intestinal eubiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Ditto
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Parisi
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Richard Borrelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Realmuto
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Annacarla Finucci
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Caviglia
- Gastroenterology Unit, University of Turin Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Astegiano
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Zanetti
- Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society of Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Carrara
- Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society of Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Fusaro
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
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15
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Narayanan AP, Latika A, Nair AS, Ajeesh P, Kumar NS, Babu M. Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Diseases. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200930130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Every human body has a gut microbiome, which is a complex collection of microorganisms
that live in the digestive tracts. The composition of the gut flora changes over time, when
diet changes, overall health changes. Intestinal flora hosts more amounts of the microbes when
compared to stomach flora as it is less vulnerable to the acidity of the gastric mucosa. Intestinal flora
plays a major role in balancing the immune function as well as metabolic homeostasis, regulating
inflammation, increasing mineral bioavailability, synthesizing neurotransmitters, regulating
appetite and blood sugar and protecting against pathogens. Dysbiosis in the gut leads to various gastrointestinal
disorders like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer,
metabolic syndromes like obesity, diabetes and various neurological disorders like autism, multiple
sclerosis. Therefore, the complete wellness of our body is dependent on the microbial composition
of the gut. Probiotics and prebiotic foods can add as a key element supplementing the wellness of
our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira P. Narayanan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Ankitha Latika
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anjali S. Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Pooja Ajeesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Nirdesh S. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Merin Babu
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
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16
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Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1335-1360. [PMID: 33777334 PMCID: PMC7960681 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approximately 1000 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa - the oral microbiome) that live in the oral cavity and the host. These microorganisms form a complex ecosystem that thrive in the dynamic oral environment in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. However, the microbial composition is significantly affected by interspecies and host-microbial interactions, which in turn, can impact the health and disease status of the host. In this review, we discuss the composition of the oralome and inter-species and host-microbial interactions that take place in the oral cavity and examine how these interactions change from healthy (eubiotic) to disease (dysbiotic) states. We further discuss the dysbiotic signatures associated with periodontitis and caries and their sequalae, (e.g., tooth/bone loss and pulpitis), and the systemic diseases associated with these oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and head and neck/oral cancer. We then discuss current computational techniques to assess dysbiotic oral microbiome changes. Lastly, we discuss current and novel techniques for modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome that may help in disease prevention and treatment, including standard hygiene methods, prebiotics, probiotics, use of nano-sized drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) disruption, and host response modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Almeida-Santos A, Martins-Mendes D, Gayà-Vidal M, Pérez-Pardal L, Beja-Pereira A. Characterization of the Oral Microbiome of Medicated Type-2 Diabetes Patients. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:610370. [PMID: 33613481 PMCID: PMC7892904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.610370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that is becoming a significant global health care problem. Several studies have shown that people with diabetes are more susceptible to oral problems, such as periodontitis and, although the causes are still inconclusive, oral microbiota is considered to play a major role in oral health. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiome of a sample representing T2DM patients from Portugal and exploit potential associations between some microorganisms and variables like teeth brushing, smoking habits, average blood sugar levels, medication and nutrient intake. By sequencing the hypervariable regions V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA gene in 50 individuals belonging to a group of diabetes patients and a control group, we found a total of 232 taxa, from which only 65% were shared between both groups. No differences were found in terms of alpha and beta diversity between categories. We did not find significant differences in the oral microbiome profiles of control and diabetes patients. Only the class Synergistia and the genus TG5, which are related to periodontitis, were statistically more frequent in the control group. The similar microbiome profiles of medicated diabetics and the control group indicates that the relationship between the T2DM and the oral microbiome might be more related to either the lifestyle/diet rather than diabetes per se. Moreover, this study provides, for the first time, insights into the oral microbiome of a population with a high prevalence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Almeida-Santos
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO-UP), InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Martins-Mendes
- Internal Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.,Diabetic Foot Clinic, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Gayà-Vidal
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO-UP), InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucía Pérez-Pardal
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO-UP), InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Albano Beja-Pereira
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO-UP), InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre (GreenUPorto), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Johnson A, Kong F, Miao S, Thomas S, Ansar S, Kong ZL. In-Vitro Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Surfactin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Periodontitis Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:356. [PMID: 33535497 PMCID: PMC7912741 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with biofilm formation and gingival recession. The practice of nanotechnology in the clinical field is increased overtime due to its potential advantages in drug delivery applications. Nanoparticles can deliver drugs into the targeted area with high efficiency and cause less damages to the tissues. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of surfactin-loaded κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides linked cellulose nanofibers (CO-CNF) nanoparticles. Three types of surfactin-loaded nanoparticles were prepared based on the increasing concentration of surfactin such as 50SNPs (50 mg surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles), 100SNPs (100 mg surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles), and 200SNPs (200 mg surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles). The results showed that the nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reduction in biofilm formation and metabolic activity of the bacteria were confirmed by crystal violet and MTT assay, respectively. Besides, an increase in oxidative stress was also observed in bacteria. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effects of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. A decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcription factor, and cytokines were observed in the presence of nanoparticles. Collectively, these observations supported the use of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF as a potential candidate for periodontitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Johnson
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Fanbin Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Song Miao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork P61 C996, Ireland;
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Studies and School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India;
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
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19
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Dilber E, Hagenfeld D, Ehmke B, Faggion CM. A systematic review on bacterial community changes after periodontal therapy with and without systemic antibiotics: An analysis with a wider lens. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:785-800. [PMID: 32990996 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive view on microbial community shifts after periodontal therapy with and without systemic antibiotics, conducted in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Search functions in PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Oral Health Library databases were used to locate studies published up to December 2018 that reported at least two bacteria before and after periodontal therapy. Gray literature and manual searching were done. Information about reported bacteria in those studies were extracted, and a descriptive microbial community analysis was conducted to observe trends and influencing factors on microbial dynamics. Methodological aspects were examined, including the bacterial detection method, heterogeneity of procedures, and risk of bias (RoB) of the studies. RESULTS The 30 included studies reported 130 different bacterial genera. Four different detection methods were reported: cultivation, polymerase chain reaction, DNA-DNA-checkerboard hybridization, and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. No general compositional change between the antibiotic and placebo groups could be found after therapy on the community level. Fifty-five bacteria were reported in two or more studies. Of those, 24 genera decreased and 13 increased more frequently after antibiotic use. Great heterogeneity between procedures and variability in RoB were found among the studies. CONCLUSIONS Microbial shifts occurred regardless of the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy seems to induce more changes in single bacteria. The heterogeneity in methods and reporting of the included studies preclude clinical recommendations on the use or not of adjunctive antibiotics. The present results may guide further research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Dilber
- General Dental Practice, Hamm(Westf.), Germany.,Department of Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Hagenfeld
- Department of Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ehmke
- Department of Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Clovis Mariano Faggion
- Department of Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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20
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Almeida VDSM, Azevedo J, Leal HF, de Queiroz ATL, da Silva Filho HP, Reis JN. Bacterial diversity and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the oral microbiome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239664. [PMID: 32991620 PMCID: PMC7523989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to describe the oral microbiome diversity and prevalence of ARGs in periodontal health and disease. BACKGROUND The human oral cavity harbors a complex microbial community known as the oral microbiome. These organisms are regularly exposed to selective pressures, such as the usage of antibiotics, which drive evolution and acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Resistance among oral bacteria jeopardizes not only antibiotic therapy for oral infections, but also extra-oral infections caused by bacterial translocation. METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional investigation. Saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected during a clinical exam. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to assess microbial diversity. Resistance genes were identified through PCR assays. RESULTS Of the 110 participants, only 22.7% had healthy periodontium, while the majority was diagnosed with gingivitis (55.4%) and chronic periodontitis (21.8%). The composition of the oral microbiota differed from healthy and diseased samples, being Streptococcus spp. and Rothia spp. predominant in periodontal disease. Regarding ARGs, 80 (72.7%) samples were positive for at least one of genes screened, erm being the most frequent variant (58.2%), followed by blaTEM (16.4%), mecA (2.7%), pbp2b and aac(6 ') (1.8%). Neither genes coding resistance to carbapenems nor metronidazole were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that there are no significant differences in terms of taxonomic enrichment between healthy and diseased oral microbiomes. However, samples retrieved from healthy patients had a more diverse microbial community, whereas diseased samples have lower taxonomic diversity. We have also identified clinically relevant ARGs, providing baseline information to guide antibiotic prescription in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jailton Azevedo
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helena Ferreira Leal
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joice Neves Reis
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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21
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Yao C, Zhang Q, Li J, She P, Kong F, Du Y, Zhang F. Implantable zoledronate-PLGA microcapsules ameliorate alveolar bone loss, gingival inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental periodontitis rat model. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:569-578. [PMID: 32772779 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220944683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of implantable Zoledronate-PLGA microcapsules (PLGA-ZOL) in periodontitis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential role of PLGA-ZOL in protecting periodontitis and elucidate the underlying mechanism. A rat model of periodontitis was established by ligation the mandibular first molars, then PLGA-ZOL was implanted. The healing volume was scanned by cone-beam computed tomography. Cytokine levels in the gingival tissues were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR. Oxidative stress was indicated by detecting superoxide dismutase concentration and catalase activity. After periodontitis model was successfully established in rats, PLGA-ZOL treatment significantly attenuated alveolar bone loss, as indicated by the increased total healing volume, bone volume/tissue volume and osteoprotegerin level, as well as decreased sRANKL level. PLGA-ZOL treatment also suppressed the inflammatory activities by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β) but increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-10). Furthermore, PLGA-ZOL was found to ameliorate oxidative stress in gingival tissues. In conclusion, PLGA-ZOL microcapsules ameliorate alveolar bone loss, gingival inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental rat model of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medicine University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peng She
- Department of Stomatology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fanzhi Kong
- Department of Stomatology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanxiao Du
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Feimin Zhang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Chhaliyil P, Fischer KF, Schoel B, Chhalliyil P. A Novel, Simple, Frequent Oral Cleaning Method Reduces Damaging Bacteria in the Dental Microbiota. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:511-519. [PMID: 33042895 PMCID: PMC7523940 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_31_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Dental diseases can be prevented by reducing early bacterial colonization in biofilm, a precursor to mature dental plaque. Most studies on dental disease pathogenesis focus on mature plaque and fail to address the impact of oral cleaning on biofilm formation. Here we used next-generation metagenomics to assess the effects of a new method of regular, simple biofilm disruption on the oral metagenome. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, controlled study of 45 healthy children divided into three groups. Participants avoided oral cleaning for 3 days and then performed 10 days of oral cleaning either by: (1) brushing and tongue cleaning twice a day (BT) with toothpaste; (2) Gum and tooth rubbing with Index Finger Tongue cleaning and water Swishing (GIFTS) after each meal, snack, and drink; or (3) GIFTS twice a day with nano-charcoal and tongue cleaning (CT) (n = 15 per group). Saliva, plaque, and tongue scraping samples were collected on day 0 and 10 for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and next-generation metagenomics sequencing to analyze microbiome taxa differences between groups. RESULTS GIFTS more significantly reduced (P < 0.004) total bacteria in saliva than BT (P < 0.02). Metagenomics revealed a significant reduction in Firmicutes in GIFTS and CT tongue samples compared to BT samples. BT and CT saliva samples showed significantly more Streptococcus species than GIFTS saliva samples. In the plaque samples, GIFTS cleaning significantly reduced early colonizers, including Streptococcus, compared to the BT and CT methods. CONCLUSION Here, we introduce the "frequent disruption of biofilm" concept for enhanced oral hygiene. GIFTS can be used to prevent early bacterial colonization of biofilm and plaque formation in both small children and adults. Frequent biofilm disturbance more effectively disrupts early bacterial colonization than twice oral cleaning, is nonabrasive, and is, therefore, a practical and straightforward complement to regular toothbrushing for improved oral hygiene and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kael F Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
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Salivary Metabolomics Fingerprint of Chronic Apical Abscess with Sinus Tract: A Pilot Study. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:3162063. [PMID: 31827413 PMCID: PMC6881753 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3162063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic apical abscess (CAA) is a lesion of apical periodontitis mostly characterized by areas of liquefactive necrosis with disintegrating polymorphonuclear neutrophils surrounded by macrophages. Its presence leads to local bacterial infection, systemic inflammatory response, pain, and swelling. The use of a novel approach for the study of CAA, such as metabolomics, seems to be important since it has proved to be a powerful tool for biomarkers discovery which could give novel molecular insight on CAA. So, the aim of this study was to verify the possibility to identify the metabolic fingerprint of CAA through the analysis of saliva samples. Nineteen patients were selected for this study: eleven patients affected by CAA with a sinus tract constituted the study group whereas eight patients without clinical and radiographic signs of CAA formed the healthy control group. Saliva samples were collected from each subject and immediately frozen at −80°C. Metabolomic profiles were obtained using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instrument. Subsequently, in order to compare the two groups, a multivariate statistical model was built that resulted to be statistically significant. The class of metabolites characterizing the CAA patients was closely related to the bacterial catabolism, tissue necrosis, and presence of a sinus tract. These preliminary results, for the first time, indicate that saliva samples analyzed by means of GC/MS metabolomics may be useful for identifying the presence of CAA, leading to new insights into this disease.
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Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15127. [PMID: 31641199 PMCID: PMC6805917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18–35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 “test” sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered “controls”. The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.
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Inquimbert C, Bourgeois D, Bravo M, Viennot S, Tramini P, Llodra JC, Molinari N, Dussart C, Giraudeau N, Carrouel F. The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E319. [PMID: 31491909 PMCID: PMC6780098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors-low and high-using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria-S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia-presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Inquimbert
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Stéphane Viennot
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Paul Tramini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Llodra
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Service DIM, CHU de Montpellier, UMR 5149 IMAG, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claude Dussart
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Nicolas Giraudeau
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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26
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Wang N, Xia D. Activation of local innate immune signal induces periodontitis in microbiota-dependent manner. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5527322. [PMID: 31265058 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Both inflammation and dysbiosis have been implicated in periodontitis development. However, the relationship between local inflammation and dysbiosis, and the precise roles of local inflammation in periodontitis are not well-elucidated. In present study, we explored the role of local inflammation in periodontitis. We established a periodontitis model by administration of Pam3CSK4 to local oral area and compared the difference of outcome between local and systemic administration. We monitored the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, local inflammation and alveolar bone loss. We also evaluated the dysbiosis, NF-κB activation. Local but not systemic administration of Pam3CSK4-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines productions and finally resulted in periodontitis. Pam3CSK4 caused dysbiosis and promoted Porphyromonas gingivalis growth. The bacterial growth and NF-κB activation were required for Pam3CSK4-induced periodontitis. We evaluated the effect of local inflammation by inducing TLR2 activation on dysbiosis and periodontitis. Activation of local innate immune signal induces periodontitis in microbiota-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dengsheng Xia
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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27
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Farano V, Maurin JC, Attik N, Jackson P, Grosgogeat B, Gritsch K. Sol-gel bioglasses in dental and periodontal regeneration: A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1210-1227. [PMID: 30199601 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their osteoconductive and osteoinductive abilities, bioglasses (BGs) have attracted attention in tissue engineering, especially for mineralized tissue. The aim of this study is to review the current state of the art on the effects of BGs produced by sol-gel on cells for dental and periodontal regeneration. The study also discusses associated antibacterial properties. The research was performed by considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and the Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The research ranged 5 years' window time (from January, 01, 2012, to August, 31, 2017) and the relevant studies were identified based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. A total of 45 articles were selected from 244 initial returns, plus seven further articles coming from other sources were selected for the same purpose. From this systematic study, it is revealed that only 13 of the 52 articles have proved both the ability of BGs to differentiate dental cells at genetic level and their ability of triggering cell-mediated mineralization, but only six of them showed, along with cells, the antibacterial properties of the glasses. This review shows that sol-gel BGs are not toxic, can sustain cell proliferation and differentiation at a genetic level, and can keep the bacterial population under control. Moreover, a standard methodology and an ideal material are suggested. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1210-1227, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Farano
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Maurin
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nina Attik
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Phil Jackson
- Lucideon Limited, Queens Road, Penkhull, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7LQ, UK
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kerstin Gritsch
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Sudhakara P, Gupta A, Bhardwaj A, Wilson A. Oral Dysbiotic Communities and Their Implications in Systemic Diseases. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:E10. [PMID: 29659479 PMCID: PMC6023521 DOI: 10.3390/dj6020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body supports the growth of a wide array of microbial communities in various niches such as the oral cavity, gastro-intestinal and urogenital tracts, and on the surface of the skin. These host associated microbial communities include yet-un-cultivable bacteria and are influenced by various factors. Together, these communities of bacteria are referred to as the human microbiome. Human oral microbiome consists of both symbionts and pathobionts. Deviation from symbiosis among the bacterial community leads to “dysbiosis”, a state of community disturbance. Dysbiosis occurs due to many confounding factors that predispose a shift in the composition and relative abundance of microbial communities. Dysbiotic communities have been a major cause for many microbiome related systemic infections. Such dysbiosis is directed by certain important pathogens called the “keystone pathogens”, which can modulate community microbiome variations. One such persistent infection is oral infection, mainly periodontitis, where a wide array of causal organisms have been implied to systemic infections such as cardio vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The keystone pathogens co-occur with many yet-cultivable bacteria and their interactions lead to dysbiosis. This has been the focus of recent research. While immune evasion is one of the major modes that leads to dysbiosis, new processes and new virulence factors of bacteria have been shown to be involved in this important process that determines a disease or health state. This review focuses on such dysbiotic communities, their interactions, and their virulence factors that predispose the host to other systemic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Sudhakara
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India.
| | - Abishek Gupta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India.
| | | | - Aruni Wilson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Center, VA Loma Linda, Department of Veterans Affairs, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Shaikh HFM, Patil SH, Pangam TS, Rathod KV. Polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis: An overview. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 22:101-106. [PMID: 29769762 PMCID: PMC5939015 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_385_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral fissure is immensely inhabited with a number of polymicrobial colonies similar to the intestinal system. Periodontitis is a dysbiotic disease resulting from deviation in subgingival Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria shift from Gram-positive bacteria. The development of periodontal dysbiosis occurs over a broadened timeframe, which slowly turns the symbiotic association of host and microbe to pathogenic. This review highlights a recent paradigm of periodontitis progression has been postulated which challenges the traditional concept of periodontitis being induced by few particular periopathogens such as belonging to red complex, but by a more comprehensive dysbiotic-synergistic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawaabi Faqeer Mohd Shaikh
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Suvarna Hanmantgouda Patil
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Tanvi Shyamsundar Pangam
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Khushboo Vijaysinh Rathod
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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30
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Methods for Enrichment and Sequencing of Oral Viral Assemblages: Saliva, Oral Mucosa, and Dental Plaque Viromes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1838:143-161. [PMID: 30128995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8682-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is a major portal of entry for human pathogens including viruses. However, metagenomics has revealed that highly personalized and time-persistent bacteriophage assemblages dominate this habitat. Most oral bacteriophages follow lysogenic life cycles, deploying complex strategies to manage bacterial homeostasis. Although bacterial dysbiosis underlies common oral pathologies such as caries and periodontitis, the cause of these bacteria replacements remains obscure, and it is theorized that bacteriophages play an important role. The enormous sensitivity of metagenomics coupled with next-generation sequencing has made technically feasible to address the putative role of bacteriophages in oral dysbiosis and represents a valuable tool to discover new human viruses.This chapter proposes a workflow that consists of a simple viral enrichment protocol, two alternative random amplification methods, and next-generation sequencing to access virome composition in three oral environments: supragingival plaque, saliva, and mucosa. These protocols circumvent some well-known sources of bias, providing genomic information about DNA and RNA viral communities with minimal contamination from human and bacterial sources.
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31
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da Motta RJG, Tirapelli C, Juns da Silva R, Villafuerte KRV, Almeida LY, Ribeiro-Silva A, León JE. Immature, but Not Mature, Dendritic Cells Are More Often Present in Aggressive Periodontitis Than Chronic Periodontitis: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1499-1507. [PMID: 27389962 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) form a key link between innate and adaptive immune responses. The aim of this study is to analyze presence and distribution of immature (im) and mature (m) DCs in gingival tissue samples obtained from patients diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), chronic periodontitis (CP), and clinically healthy periodontium (control group). METHODS Gingival tissue samples obtained from patients with: 1) AgP (aged <35 years); 2) CP (aged ≥35 years); and 3) control group (aged >18 years) (n = 10 per group) were collected. Two-way analysis of variance and posterior Fisher least significant difference test were used to observe differences between the means of cells positively marked for imDC (S100, CD1a, and CD207) and mDC (CD208) immunomarkers. RESULTS imDCs were more numerous in AgP than CP and control groups, being statistically significant only for S100+ cells. Conversely, mDCs were visualized in higher numbers in CP than AgP and control groups (both P <0.05). Considering frequency of immunostained cells, the number of S100+ cells was greater than CD207+ and CD1a+ cells, followed by a lesser number of CD208+ cells, in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Considering that the ability of DCs to regulate immunity is dependent on DC maturation, results suggest that predominance of imDCs appears to be involved in AgP pathogenesis, probably due to lack of ability to induce immune cell activation. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of DC maturation in regulating immune responses in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J G da Motta
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Tirapelli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roberto Juns da Silva
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kelly R V Villafuerte
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, University of São Paulo
| | - Luciana Y Almeida
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, University Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge E León
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo
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