1
|
Meriño-Olivella S, Del Pilar Sánchez-Bonilla M, Escobar LE, Correa-Valencia NM. Human cat borne rabies as the new epidemiology of the disease in the Andes mountains. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:600-608. [PMID: 38706119 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies virus (RABV) is the etiologic agent of rabies, a fatal brain disease in mammals. Rabies circulation has historically involved the dog has the main source of human rabies worldwide. Nevertheless, in Colombia, cats (Felis catus) have become a relevant species in the epidemiology of rabies. AIMS To characterize rabies cases in humans in Colombia in the last three decades in the context of the epidemiology of the aggressor animal. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective longitudinal epidemiological study of human rabies caused by cats' aggression, collecting primary and secondary information. Variables considered included the demography of the patient, symptoms, information about the aggressor animal as the source of infection and the viral variant identified. RESULTS We found that the distribution of rabies incidence over the years has been constant in Colombia. Nevertheless, between 2003 and 2012 a peak of cases occurred in rural Colombia where cats were the most frequent aggressor animal reported. Most cats involved in aggression were unvaccinated against rabies. Cat's clinical signs at the time of the report of the human cases included hypersalivation and changes in behaviour. Human patients were mostly children and female and the exposure primarily corresponded to bite and puncture lacerations in hands. The RABV lineage detected in most cases corresponded to variant 3, linked to the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). The geographical presentation of cat borne RABV in humans occurred along the Andes mountains, epidemiologically known as the rabies red Andean corridor. DISCUSSION By finding cats as the primary source of rabies spillover transmission in Colombia, this report highlights the importance of revising national rabies control and prevention protocol in countries in the Andes region. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that rabies vaccination for outdoor cats needs to prioritize to reduce the number of rabies-related human deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Meriño-Olivella
- Centauro Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Impronta, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Ibagué, Colombia
| | | | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bastos V, Pacheco V, Rodrigues ÉDL, Moraes CNS, Nóbile AL, Fonseca DLM, Souza KBS, do Vale FYN, Filgueiras IS, Schimke LF, Giil LM, Moll G, Cabral-Miranda G, Ochs HD, Vasconcelos PFDC, de Melo GD, Bourhy H, Casseb LMN, Cabral-Marques O. Neuroimmunology of rabies: New insights into an ancient disease. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29042. [PMID: 37885152 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient neuroinvasive viral (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) disease affecting approximately 59,000 people worldwide. The central nervous system (CNS) is targeted, and rabies has a case fatality rate of almost 100% in humans and animals. Rabies is entirely preventable through proper vaccination, and thus, the highest incidence is typically observed in developing countries, mainly in Africa and Asia. However, there are still cases in European countries and the United States. Recently, demographic, increasing income levels, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have caused a massive raising in the animal population, enhancing the need for preventive measures (e.g., vaccination, surveillance, and animal control programs), postexposure prophylaxis, and a better understanding of rabies pathophysiology to identify therapeutic targets, since there is no effective treatment after the onset of clinical manifestations. Here, we review the neuroimmune biology and mechanisms of rabies. Its pathogenesis involves a complex and poorly understood modulation of immune and brain functions associated with metabolic, synaptic, and neuronal impairments, resulting in fatal outcomes without significant histopathological lesions in the CNS. In this context, the neuroimmunological and neurochemical aspects of excitatory/inhibitory signaling (e.g., GABA/glutamate crosstalk) are likely related to the clinical manifestations of rabies infection. Uncovering new links between immunopathological mechanisms and neurochemical imbalance will be essential to identify novel potential therapeutic targets to reduce rabies morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bastos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Pacheco
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Érika D L Rodrigues
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Cássia N S Moraes
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Adriel L Nóbile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennyson Leandro M Fonseca
- Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamilla B S Souza
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Y N do Vale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor S Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lasse M Giil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hans D Ochs
- School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pedro F da Costa Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of the State of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Guilherme D de Melo
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Livia M N Casseb
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Navarro‐López R, Pérez‐de la Rosa JD, Solís‐Hernández M, Cañez‐de la Fuente JF, Villarreal‐Silva M, Gómez‐Romero N. Skunk‐associated rabies case in equine from Northern Mexico. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Navarro‐López
- Comisión México‐Estados Unidos para la prevención de fiebre Aftosa y otras enfermedades exóticas de los animales Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Mario Solís‐Hernández
- Comisión México‐Estados Unidos para la prevención de fiebre Aftosa y otras enfermedades exóticas de los animales Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Marcela Villarreal‐Silva
- Comisión México‐Estados Unidos para la prevención de fiebre Aftosa y otras enfermedades exóticas de los animales Mexico City Mexico
| | - Ninnet Gómez‐Romero
- Comisión México‐Estados Unidos para la prevención de fiebre Aftosa y otras enfermedades exóticas de los animales Mexico City Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tierradentro-García LO, Cortés-Albornoz MC, Talero-Gutiérrez C. Of love and other demons: depicting human rabies in Colombia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09703. [PMID: 35734566 PMCID: PMC9207665 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rabies has been described by various cultures in many countries around the world. Gabriel García Márquez's novel Of love and other demons recounts the story of a girl who, in colonial Colombia in the 18th century, was bitten by a rabid dog. This paper aims to review the general status of the disease in Colombia and interweave it with García Márquez's book. Developed countries have successfully controlled dog-mediated rabies virus transmission, whereas in some countries in Latin America wildlife and canine rabies are still an issue. Our approach suggests that although the measures that have been taken to mitigate dog-transmitted rabies have worked well in most parts of the world, greater efforts are required to control sylvatic rabies transmitted by bats or other mammals, as occurs in Colombia. Since developing countries are the most affected by the disease at present, transdisciplinary commitment between human and veterinary sectors is necessary to fight against rabies virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Octavio Tierradentro-García
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Corresponding author.
| | - María Camila Cortés-Albornoz
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Claudia Talero-Gutiérrez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amoako YA, El-Duah P, Sylverken AA, Owusu M, Yeboah R, Gorman R, Adade T, Bonney J, Tasiame W, Nyarko-Jectey K, Binger T, Corman VM, Drosten C, Phillips RO. Rabies is still a fatal but neglected disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:575. [PMID: 34847928 PMCID: PMC8632207 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-03164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies, caused by a lyssavirus, is a viral zoonosis that affects people in many parts of the world, especially those in low income countries. Contact with domestic animals, especially dogs, is the main source of human infections. Humans may present with the disease only after a long period of exposure. Nearly half of rabies cases occur in children <15 years old. We report on a fatal case of rabies in a Ghanaian school child 5 years after the exposure incident, and the vital role of molecular tools in the confirmation of the diagnosis. Case presentation The patient, an 11-year-old junior high school Ghanaian student from the Obuasi Municipality in Ghana, presented with aggressive behavior, which rapidly progressed to confusion and loss of consciousness within a day of onset. Her parents reported that the patient had experienced a bite from a stray dog on her right leg 5 years prior to presentation, for which no antirabies prophylaxis was given. The patient died within minutes of arrival in hospital (within 24 hours of symptom onset). Real-time polymerase chain reaction testing of cerebrospinal fluid obtained after her death confirmed the diagnosis of rabies. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed the virus to belong to the Africa 2 lineage of rabies viruses, which is one of the predominant circulating lineages in Ghana. Conclusion The incubation period of rabies is highly variable so patients may only present with symptoms long after the exposure incident. Appropriate molecular testing tools, when available as part of rabies control programmes, are vital in confirming cases of rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y A Amoako
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - P El-Duah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Institute of Virology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A A Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - R Yeboah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - R Gorman
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - T Adade
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - J Bonney
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - W Tasiame
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Institute of Virology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - T Binger
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - V M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R O Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cai L, Wang L, Guan X, Wang L, Hu X, Wu Y, Tong Y, Wang P. Epidemiological Analysis of Rabies in Central China from 2013 to 2018. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2753-2762. [PMID: 34305400 PMCID: PMC8297554 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s314881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to timely grasp the epidemiologic status of rabies in Central China from 2013 to 2018 and provide scientific evidence for the implementation of follow-up prevention and control measures. Methods We initiated a retrospective observational and descriptive study of bite-related injuries data and rabies disease data in Hubei province from 2013 to 2018, managed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results A total of 2,028,691 individuals were exposed to bites from 2013 to 2018, of which 221 were diagnosed with rabies and deceased. Among those cases, the incubation periods of rabies varied from 3 days to 18,406 days, which has been shown to be statistically associated with where the infected person was exposed and whether the wound care has been conducted. Conclusion Epidemiological studies have shown that from 2013 to 2018, the current situation of rabies in Central China is still severe. The case fatality rate keeps virtually 100%. The rural population is still the most vulnerable group to rabies, characterized by a high exposure ratio and low treatment rate as well as poor vaccination compliance. Hoewever, larger populations are warranted to validate our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Xiaonan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiaogan, 432100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Guan
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Global Study Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yang Wu
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeqing Tong
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Peigang Wang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdulmajid S, Hassan AS. Analysis of time delayed Rabies model in human and dog populations with controls. AFRIKA MATEMATIKA 2021; 32:1067-1085. [PMCID: PMC7862050 DOI: 10.1007/s13370-021-00882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by a virus through bites or saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the main reservoir of rabies and responsible for most cases in humans worldwide. In this article, a delay differential equations model for assessing the effects of controls and time delay as incubation period on the transmission dynamics of rabies in human and dog populations is formulated and analyzed. Analysis from the model show that there is a locally and globally asymptotic stable disease-free equilibrium whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, the control reproduction number \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathcal {R}_v$$\end{document} R v , is less than unity. Furthermore, the model has a unique endemic equilibrium when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathcal {R}_v$$\end{document} R v exceed unity which is also locally and globally asymptotically stable for all delays. Time delay is found to have influence on the endemicity of rabies. Vaccination of humans and dogs coupled with annual crop of puppies are imposed to curtail the spread of rabies in the populations. Sensitivity analysis on the number of infected humans and dogs revealed that increasing dog vaccination rate and decreasing annual birth of puppies are more effective in human populations. However in dog populations, the vaccination and birth control of puppies, have equal effective measures for rabies control. Numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the theoretical results and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafiu Abdulmajid
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Physical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Shitu Hassan
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Physical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seroconversion after three doses of intramuscular rabies vaccine as a post-exposure treatment. Virus Res 2020; 278:197883. [PMID: 31981771 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is still threatening half of the world's population with the global burden of canine rabies being estimated as 59,000 human deaths, annually. With no cure existing for clinical rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the only certain means to save lives of the exposed people. In Iran, bite incidences exceed 180,000 per year, where all victims receive 5 vaccine doses for PEP, conforming to the Essen regimen. More than two-thirds of the exposed individuals stop receiving treatments after day 7, for the reason of being exposed to a non-rabid dog or cat. According to the national standard protocols, these individuals should re-start a complete 5-dose PEP course upon the re-exposure. New WHO recommendations based on scientific data is encouraging revisions to the existing prophylaxis programs. In order to know if an incomplete Essen regimen can provide adequate immunity, in the present study, 5 groups of individuals who had only received 3 first doses of the Essen regimen within the previous 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months were examined for immunity against rabies. Our results indicated sufficient anti-rabies neutralizing antibody in all individuals, before and after receiving two standard booster doses (i.e. days 0 and 3). This might also suggest the adequacy of the 3 first doses of vaccination, as a one-week long post-exposure vaccination program.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fooks AR, Banyard AC, Ertl HCJ. New human rabies vaccines in the pipeline. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A140-A145. [PMID: 30153997 PMCID: PMC6863069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains endemic in more than 150 countries. In 99% of human cases, rabies virus is transmitted by dogs. The disease, which is nearly always fatal, is preventable by vaccines given either before and/or after exposure to a rabid animal. Numerous factors including the high cost of vaccines, the relative complexity of post-exposure vaccination protocols requiring multiple doses of vaccine, which in cases of severe exposure have to be combined with a rabies immune globulin, lack of access to health care, and insufficient surveillance contribute to the estimated 59,000 human deaths caused by rabies each year. New, less expensive and more immunogenic rabies vaccines are needed together with improved surveillance and dog rabies control to reduce the death toll of human rabies. Here, we discuss new rabies vaccines that are in clinical and pre-clinical testing and evaluate their potential to replace current vaccines.
Collapse
|
10
|
El-Sayed A. Advances in rabies prophylaxis and treatment with emphasis on immunoresponse mechanisms. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:8-15. [PMID: 30255072 PMCID: PMC6149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO-OIE-FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal-human-ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahadevan A, Suja MS, Mani RS, Shankar SK. Perspectives in Diagnosis and Treatment of Rabies Viral Encephalitis: Insights from Pathogenesis. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:477-92. [PMID: 27324391 PMCID: PMC4965414 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies viral encephalitis, though one of the oldest recognized infectious disease of humans, remains an incurable, fatal encephalomyelitis, despite advances in understanding of its pathobiology. Advances in science have led us on the trail of the virus in the host, but the sanctuaries in which the virus remains hidden for its survival are unknown. Insights into host-pathogen interactions have facilitated evolving immunologic therapeutic strategies, though we are far from a cure. Most of the present-day knowledge has evolved from in vitro studies using fixed (attenuated) laboratory strains that may not be applicable in the clinical setting. Much remains to be unraveled about this elusive virus. This review attempts to re-examine the current advances in understanding of the pathobiology of the rabies virus that modulate the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this fatal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560 029, India.
| | - M S Suja
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560 029, India
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560 029, India
| | - Susarala K Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560 029, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thakur KT, Zunt JR. Approach to the international traveler with neurological symptoms. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT International travelers commonly contract illnesses while abroad, with the highest risk in those who spend extended time in developing countries. As travel to worldwide destinations becomes more accessible, neurologists should be aware of travel-related infections and noninfectious conditions presenting with neurological manifestations. Travelers may present with a myriad of neurologic symptoms, including confusion, headache, weakness and sensory symptoms. In this review, we discuss the general approach to the returning traveler with neurological symptoms and discuss the differential diagnosis of symptoms commonly encountered in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran T Thakur
- Division of Neuroinfectious Disease & Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 6–113, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph R Zunt
- Department of Neurology, Global Health, Medicine (Infectious Diseases) & Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boland TA, McGuone D, Jindal J, Rocha M, Cumming M, Rupprecht CE, Barbosa TFS, de Novaes Oliveira R, Chu CJ, Cole AJ, Kotait I, Kuzmina NA, Yager PA, Kuzmin IV, Hedley-Whyte ET, Brown CM, Rosenthal ES. Phylogenetic and epidemiologic evidence of multiyear incubation in human rabies. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:155-60. [PMID: 24038455 PMCID: PMC4118733 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eight years after emigrating from Brazil, an otherwise healthy man developed rabies. An exposure prior to immigration was reported. Genetic analysis revealed a canine rabies virus variant found only in the patient's home country, and the patient had not traveled internationally since immigrating to the United States. We describe how epidemiological, phylogenetic, and viral sequencing data provided confirmation that rabies encephalomyelitis may present after a long, multiyear incubation period, a consideration that previously has been hypothesized without the ability to exclude a more recent exposure. Accordingly, rabies should be considered in the diagnosis of any acute encephalitis, myelitis, or encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torrey A Boland
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|