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Frick KA, Agostinelli PJ, Swinford JF, Harris ME, Mobley CB, Sefton J. Age-Related Declines in Health and Fitness among Law Enforcement Officers Compared to Population Norms. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:714. [PMID: 38610137 PMCID: PMC11011297 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness is mandatory for public safety officers. Police officers experience elevated levels of cardiovascular disease and associated risks making fitness a peak concern. Officers often have more marked fitness level decreases with aging compared to the general population. This cross-sectional study investigated the cardiovascular health, muscular strength/endurance, and mobility of officers in a medium-sized police department (N = 83); (4 females, 79 males), age (36.82 ± 10 years), height (179.02 ± 7.7 cm), body mass (95.1 ± 16.29 kg) compared to American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines. The findings revealed that police officers begin their careers with above average strength but demonstrate greater declines with age than the general population. Officers also demonstrated cardiovascular fitness below ACSM standards and significant decreases with aging compared to the general population. Body fat percentages (p = 0.003) and BMI (p = 0.028) surpassed recommendations, with higher than normal increases with age. Maximum vertical jump decreased as officers age (p = 0.004). These findings support the implementation of a targeted physical fitness regimen and the resources for a program designed to improve current health and fitness, reduce the greater than expected decreases with aging, and aim to optimize occupational performance and the safeguarding of the lifelong health and well-being of officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Frick
- Warrior Research Center, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL 38632, USA; (K.A.F.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Philip J. Agostinelli
- Warrior Research Center, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL 38632, USA; (K.A.F.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Julia F. Swinford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL 38632, USA; (J.F.S.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mick E. Harris
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL 38632, USA; (J.F.S.); (M.E.H.)
| | - C. Brooks Mobley
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL 38632, USA;
| | - JoEllen Sefton
- Warrior Research Center, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL 38632, USA; (K.A.F.); (P.J.A.)
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Greeshma J, Mini GK, Marthanda Pillai A, Irazola V. Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence among police officials: findings from a cross-sectional study in Kerala, India. J Occup Health 2024; 66:uiae025. [PMID: 38713917 PMCID: PMC11195579 DOI: 10.1093/joccuh/uiae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Police officials' stressful and physically demanding activities reportedly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study explored the prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and overweight among police officials in Kerala, India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 police officials in selected police stations in the Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. The World Health Organization STEPs questionnaire for noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance was used to collect information. We collected STEP 1 (demographics, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and STEP 2 (weight, height, and blood pressure) data. Multivariable analysis was done to identify factors associated with hypertension. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 42 years (range: 30-55 years) and the majority were men (83.5%). Current use of tobacco or alcohol was reported by 22.7% of the participants. The prevalence of overweight was 64.7% and physical inactivity was 35.1%. Self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 7.5% and of hyperlipidemia was 11.4%. Hypertension prevalence was 40.4%. Among hypertensives, 35.9% were aware, 20.4% were treated, and 5.8% had controlled blood pressure. The control rate was 28.6% among treated hypertensives. When controlling for age, diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 3.57; 95% CI: 1.16-10.90), and overweight (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.06-3.35) participants were more likely to have hypertension compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Police officers have a high prevalence of significant CVD risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, and being overweight. These findings reinforce the need for interventions addressing the above risk factors to prevent CVD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Greeshma
- Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - G K Mini
- Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental Colleges & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
- Centre for Environment and Development, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - A Marthanda Pillai
- Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vilma Irazola
- Department of Research in Chronic Diseases, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Padmanabhan A, Thayyil J, Alan G, Kumar S. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among Police Officers in Kozhikode Corporation. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2024; 28:45-48. [PMID: 38783876 PMCID: PMC11111143 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_11_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Police personnel constitute a special occupational group with exposure to stressful work environment indirectly resulting in a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (MS), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle is reported among policemen. Surveillance activities are limited in the present scenario. Aims The present study was designed to measure the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors among police officers in Kozhikode district and observe the trend over the last 10 years. Settings and Design The design was cross-sectional and spanned 630 policemen of Kozhikode Corporation in Kerala Methods and Material: Data collection was done using a pre-tested questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were carried out using standard techniques. MS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Statistical Analysis Used Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 software. Prevalence of MS and cardiovascular risk factors were expressed as percentages (95% CI). Associated factors with MS were identified using Chi square test. Results MS was observed in 45.1% of the study population. Obesity and lack of physical activity were the commonest abnormalities. Cardiovascular risk factors identified were high body mass index (67.3%), lack of physical activity (47.1%), hypertension (16.7%), alcohol use (24.2%), smoking (17.3%) and diabetes (8.8%). Conclusions There is a rising prevalence (16.8% in 2012 to 45.1% in 2021) of Metabolic Syndrome among policemen in Calicut Corporation. All the cardio vascular risk factors are also highly prevalent among the policemen. Policy makers might seriously take up the issue and introduce effective policies that might help reduce the incidence of MS and other cardio vascular risk factors in the newly recruited young policemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Padmanabhan
- Department of Community Medicine, P K Das Institute of Medical Sciences, Vaniyamkulam, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Jayakrishnan Thayyil
- Department of Community Medicine, KMCT Medical College, Mukkam, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - G Alan
- Department of Health Services, Community Health Centre, Pattiam, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - Siju Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, Taluk Hospital, Feroke, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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Lockie RG, Orr RM, Kennedy K, Dawes JJ. Introduction of an applicant Job-Related Task Assessment (JTA) and the effects on the health and fitness of police recruits. Work 2024; 77:1401-1413. [PMID: 38143411 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, a police department in the south-eastern USA introduced a Job-Related Task Assessment (JTA). The JTA included running, climbing, crawling, balance, direction changes, stair climbing, dragging, pushing, and simulated controlling of a struggling subject and needed to be completed by applicants in 6 : 57 min:s. It is not known whether introducing the JTA in the hiring process affected the health and fitness of hired recruits. OBJECTIVE To compare the health and fitness of recruits hired prior to, and following, the JTA introduction. METHODS Analysis was conducted on recruit data split into academy training year: 2016 (n = 91), 2017 (n = 129), 2018 (n = 167), 2019 (n = 242), and 2020 (n = 37). The 2020 group was hired after the JTA introduction and included one academy class. The following were recorded for all recruits: age, height, body mass, and body mass index; systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP); sit-and-reach; grip strength; push-ups; sit-ups; 2.4-km run; and a physical ability test (PAT). A univariate ANOVA, with sex and age as covariates and Bonferroni post hoc, determined between-year differences. RESULTS The recruits from 2020 were significantly lighter than 2018 recruits (p < 0.031), had higher systolic and diastolic BP than recruits from 2016-2018 (p≤0.006), completed the 2.4-km run faster than recruits from all years (p < 0.001), and completed the PAT faster than the 2016 and 2019 (p = 0.006-0.007) recruits. CONCLUSION The JTA introduction led to the selection of recruits with lower body mass, and better aerobic (2.4-km run) and job-specific fitness (PAT). However, 2020 recruits also had higher BP which should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Savarimalai R, Christy J, Binu VS, Sekar K. Stress and coping among police personnel in South India. Ind Psychiatry J 2023; 32:247-254. [PMID: 38161460 PMCID: PMC10756632 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_30_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Police personnel experience the highest levels of stress due to the nature and demands of work. Though many researchers have studied these variables quantitatively, there is a lack of qualitative study, particularly in India. Methods A qualitative study has been carried out to explore the stress and coping strategies of police personnel. This study conducted in-depth interviews with ten police personnel and three focus group discussions with 22 police personnel. Results Thematic analysis revealed five themes: family stressor, personal stressor, work stressor, and adaptive and maladaptive coping. Inability to take leave, multi-tasking, unscheduled excessive working hours, inability to spend time with the family members, and lack of basic amenities to meet personal hygiene were significant factors for their high level of stress. Conclusion The results reinforce the need for mitigating the impact of stress by using positive coping strategies and social support resources, which could be achieved through capacity building and mental health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanikandan Savarimalai
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayakumar Christy
- Centre for Psychosocial Support in Disaster Management, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - V. S. Binu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kasi Sekar
- Centre for Psychosocial Support in Disaster Management, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Krishnamoorthy Y, Rajaa S, Murali S, Sahoo J, Kar SS. Association Between Anthropometric Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E24. [PMID: 35512304 PMCID: PMC9109643 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.210231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have explored the effect of anthropometric risk factors on metabolic syndrome. However, no systematic effort has explored the effect of overweight and obesity on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in India. Thus, we undertook a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of anthropometric risk factors on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Methods We searched databases PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library and search engines ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from January 1964 through March 2021. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa scale to assess the quality of published studies, conducted a meta-analysis with a random-effects model, and reported pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs. Results We analyzed 26 studies with a total of 37,965 participants. Most studies had good to satisfactory quality on the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Participants who were overweight (pooled OR, 5.47; 95% CI, 3.70–8.09) or obese (pooled OR, 5.00; 95% CI, 3.61–6.93) had higher odds of having metabolic syndrome than those of normal or low body weight. Sensitivity analysis showed no significant variation in the magnitude or direction of outcome, indicating the lack of influence of a single study on the overall pooled estimate. Conclusion Overweight and obesity are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. On the basis of evidence, clinicians and policy makers should implement weight reduction strategies among patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science & Research, K.K. Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - Sathish Rajaa
- Senior Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sharan Murali
- Senior Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sitanshu Sekhar Kar
- Senior Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Dietary Intake in Law Enforcement Personnel: Occupation Is an Additional Challenge for Changing Behavior. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071336. [PMID: 35405950 PMCID: PMC9002495 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Law enforcement is a dangerous, stressful, and health-threatening occupation. This study investigated the association between demographic factors including sex, age, and types of law enforcement occupation and described self-reported barriers to healthy and enjoyable diets within a cohort of law enforcement personnel. Methods: This mixed-methods study explored cross-sectional data from the Perceived Barriers to Healthy Eating validated survey. The survey included eight questions obtaining quantitative data and two open ended question obtaining qualitative data. A framework thematic analysis using the theory of planned behavior was undertaken to describe self-reported barriers to a healthy and enjoyable dietary intake. Results: 159 participants (median age = 27 (range 19–60) years; 74% males) were surveyed. In general, demographic factors are not associated with the dietary beliefs and behavior of law enforcement personnel. Self-reported barriers (generated themes) to a healthy and enjoyable diet included individual preferences, social influences, internal drive, capacity to change and occupational influences, which broadly aligned with the theory of planned behavior. Conclusions: Dietary intake in law enforcement personnel is impacted by occupational considerations, including busy schedules, long working hours, inconsistent meal breaks, tiredness, and shift work. The study provides useful information to support dietary interventions.
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Krishnamoorthy Y, Rajaa S, Murali S, Sahoo J, Kar SS. Association between behavioural risk factors and metabolic syndrome among adult population in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:40-52. [PMID: 34840004 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The impact of behavioural risk factors on the metabolic syndrome has not been well understood by the researchers. This information is important to the policymakers for developing effective strategies and implement relevant policies or programs. Hence, we undertook this meta-analysis to estimate the effect of behavioural risk factors on the burden of metabolic syndrome. DATA SYNTHESIS We conducted a search in the databases, such as PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library, and search engines, such as ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from inception until March 2021. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the quality of published studies. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). In total, we analysed 30 studies with 41,090 participants. The majority of the studies had good to satisfactory quality as per NOS. Physical activity had a statistically significant association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (pooled OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.93, I2 = 91%). However, smoking (pooled OR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.75 to 1.23, I2 = 90.5%) and alcohol (pooled OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.75 to 1.33, I2 = 90.8%) did not reveal a statistically significant association with the burden of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION Physical inactivity was found to be a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Given the evidence, it is important that the clinicians and policymakers are alike to recommend regular physical activity among the patients and general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, K.K. Nagar, Chennai, India.
| | - Sathish Rajaa
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Sharan Murali
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Sitanshu S Kar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India.
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Lentine T, Johnson Q, Lockie R, Joyce J, Orr R, Dawes J. Occupational Challenges to the Development and Maintenance of Physical Fitness Within Law Enforcement Officers. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dawes J, Lentine T, Johnson Q, Lockie R, Orr R. Strength and Conditioning Program Design Considerations for Law Enforcement Officers. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Free-Living Dietary Intake in Tactical Personnel and Implications for Nutrition Practice: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103502. [PMID: 34684503 PMCID: PMC8537156 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tactical personnel (including military, law enforcement, and fire and rescue) are responsible for ensuring national and public safety. Dietary intake is an important consideration to support optimal health and performance. The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) describe the reported free-living dietary intake (energy and macronutrients) of tactical personnel, and (2) describe the practical implications of reported dietary intakes to support the physical and dietary requirements of tactical personnel. A systematic search of databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science) was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. English and full text research articles were identified and screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic and dietary intake data were extracted, tabulated, and synthesized narratively. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. Twenty-two studies (15 military, 4 law enforcement, and 2 fire and rescue) were eligible to inform this review. The volume of evidence suggested that tactical personnel met dietary protein and exceeded dietary fat recommendations but failed to meet energy and carbohydrate recommendations. Therefore, practical approaches to support optimized energy, fat and carbohydrate intake in tactical personnel is important.
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Yates JD, Aldous JWF, Bailey DP, Chater AM, Mitchell ACS, Richards JC. The Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome in Police Personnel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136728. [PMID: 34206524 PMCID: PMC8297085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and metabolic syndrome (METSYN) are reportedly high in police forces. This may contribute to health deterioration and absenteeism in police personnel. Police forces comprise of staff in ‘operational’ and ‘non-operational’ job types but it is not known if job type is associated to hypertension and METSYN prevalence. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of hypertension and METSYN, the factors associated with the risk of hypertension and METSYN, and compare physiological, psychological, and behavioural factors between operational and non-operational police personnel. Cross-sectional data was collected from 77 operational and 60 non-operational police workers. Hypertension and METSYN were prevalent in 60.5% and 20% of operational and 60.0% and 13.6% of non-operational police personnel, respectively (p > 0.05). Operational job type, moderate organisational stress (compared with low stress) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower odds of hypertension, whereas increasing body mass index was associated with increased odds of hypertension (p < 0.05). None of the independent variables were significantly associated with the odds of METSYN. Operational police had several increased cardiometabolic risk markers compared with non-operational police. Given the high prevalence of hypertension and METSYN in operational and non-operational personnel, occupational health interventions are needed for the police and could be informed by the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Yates
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK; (J.W.F.A.); (D.P.B.); (A.M.C.); (A.C.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.D.Y.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Jeffrey W. F. Aldous
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK; (J.W.F.A.); (D.P.B.); (A.M.C.); (A.C.S.M.)
| | - Daniel P. Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK; (J.W.F.A.); (D.P.B.); (A.M.C.); (A.C.S.M.)
- Sedentary Behaviour, Health and Disease Research Group, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Angel M. Chater
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK; (J.W.F.A.); (D.P.B.); (A.M.C.); (A.C.S.M.)
| | - Andrew C. S. Mitchell
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK; (J.W.F.A.); (D.P.B.); (A.M.C.); (A.C.S.M.)
| | - Joanna C. Richards
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK; (J.W.F.A.); (D.P.B.); (A.M.C.); (A.C.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.D.Y.); (J.C.R.)
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da Silva Santos PM, Novelli FI, Araújo JA, Tamanho S, Cambri LT. Aerobic fitness influences cardiac autonomic modulation in police officers regardless of specific duties. Blood Press Monit 2021; 26:200-206. [PMID: 33491996 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assesses whether the specific duties of a police officer or aerobic fitness influences blood pressure (BP) and cardiac autonomic modulation. METHOD Police officers (n = 161) were divided into administrative and operational (34.72 ± 5.98 vs. 33.95 ± 5.61 years old) groups, and subsequently divided into lower and higher aerobic fitness (35.49 ± 4.32 vs. 45.39 ± 13.10 mL·kg-1·min-1). RESULTS Higher SBP (125 ± 10 vs. 121 ± 10 mmHg; P = 0.02) and aerobic fitness (42.10 ± 5.57 vs. 38.51 ± 6.67 mL·kg-1·min-1; P < 0.01) were observed in the operational group. On the other hand, lower obesity indicators and higher heart rate variability (HRV) indices (SD1: 26.67 ± 14.19 vs. 20.98 ± 9.12; SD2: 54.04 ± 19.81 vs. 47.32 ± 18.85; RMSSD: 36.50 ± 18.78 vs. 29.90 ± 12.51; SDNN: 42.80 ± 16.05 vs. 36.85 ± 14.23 ms; pNN50: 17.32 ± 17.54 vs. 10.60 ± 10.77 %) were observed in the higher aerobic fitness group (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION In summary, although the operational occupation had shown a negative influence on SBP, the HRV was not impaired in police officers. Additionally, aerobic fitness was related to differences in obesity indicators and HRV regardless of police duties. Our findings encourage the inclusion of BP and HRV measurements in routine health checks to screen for early hypertension and autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Marina da Silva Santos
- Physical Education Department, Graduate Program on Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Montana, Brazil
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Holst MM, Wirth MD, Allison P, Burch JB, Andrew ME, Fekedulegn D, Hussey J, Charles LE, Violanti JM. An analysis of shiftwork and self-reported depressive symptoms in a police cohort from Buffalo, New York. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:830-838. [PMID: 33706643 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1895197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Shiftwork has been associated with elevated depressive symptoms; police officers frequently work shifts and may experience depressive symptoms. This study assessed the association between depressive symptoms and shiftwork in a police cohort from Buffalo, New York, USA using a repeated cross-sectional design with data collected in 2004-2009 (n = 428) and 2010-2014 (n = 261). Electronic payroll records were used to quantitatively classify officers on the day, evening, or night shift based on the shift they spent most of their working hours. Two self-reported depressive symptomology measures were used as outcomes - the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression (CES-D) scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Repeated measures linear and logistic regression analyses were used to estimate least squares means or odds, respectively, of depressive symptom questionnaire scores by shiftwork category. Those working the evening/night shift had higher odds for depressive symptoms according to the BDI (based on a cut-point score of 14) than those working the day shift (OR = 4.60, 95% CI = 1.15-18.39). Similar results were observed for the evening shift group. No differences in mean CES-D or BDI scores were observed between groups for short-term shiftwork, long-term shiftwork, or shift changes. After stratifying by stress, as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), total Impact of Events (IES), and the Spielberger Police Stress Survey (SPSS), mean values for depressive symptoms were higher in the high-stress categories regardless of shiftwork status. Further research should include biomarkers for depression, a longitudinal study design with a larger cohort, and joint effects of shiftwork and stress on depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Holst
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael D Wirth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Penelope Allison
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James B Burch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,WJB Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James Hussey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Bioanalytics Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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15
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Strauss M, Foshag P, Jehn U, Vollenberg R, Brzęk A, Leischik R. Exercise capacity, cardiovascular and metabolic risk of the sample of German police officers in a descriptive international comparison. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2767-2775. [PMID: 34220304 PMCID: PMC8241769 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The police force has the mandate to protect citizens and enforce the law for public safety. Employment in the police force is recognized as a dangerous occupation and characterized by job-related physical hazards. Therefore, good health and adequate physical condition are necessary. This study aimed to determine cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic risk parameters of German police officers (POs) in comparison to POs from other nations. Methods: 55 male police officers from Germany participated in the survey. We examined anthropometric measurements, cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and blood parameters. Additionally, we calculated 10-year cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome bases on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. We assessed cardiorespiratory status by exercise spirometry. Results: The analyzed group of POs demonstrated a high prevalence of pre obesity (BMI: 28.0±3.2 kg/m², waist circumference: 97.8±12.4 cm). 61.8 % of POs showed an increased waist circumference. POs showed high prevalence of abnormal values of triglyceride (n: 24, 43,6%), and systolic (n: 29, 52,7%) and diastolic (n: 27, 49%) blood pressure. The average 10-year cardiovascular risk (by Framingham) was classified as moderate (9.6 ± 7.4 %). 32 % (n: 18) of POs in our study group were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Maximal relative oxygen uptake of POs was 34.1 ± 8.0 ·ml/kg-1 ·min-1. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study was one of the first to assess data on cardiovascular health, metabolic syndrome and cardiorespiratory status of police officers in Germany. The results of our study demonstrated an increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk and decreased cardiorespiratory fitness in German police officers. The present study results underline the need to implement health-promoting interventions and concepts like corporate sports activities or nutrition courses to counteract cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. We have to reduce the subsequent development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in this occupational group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Strauss
- Department of Cardiology I- Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Cardiol, 48149 Muenster, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095, Hagen, Germany
| | - Peter Foshag
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095, Hagen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jehn
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard Vollenberg
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Brzęk
- Department of Physiotherapy, Chair of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095, Hagen, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Police officers perform a variety of physical tasks that can range from deskwork to chasing down fleeing suspects on foot. If not sufficiently prepared these tasks can lead to an increased risk of injury or task failure. The aim of this study was to profile the routine dispatch tasks performed by the Australian law enforcement officers of a state police force by frequency and duration. Participants for this study (n = 53: male n = 43, age = 33.5 ± 7.7 years, years of service = 7.2 ± 6.4 years: Female n = 10; age = 31.6 ± 9.1 years, years of service = 7.1 ± 6.1 years) were drawn from ten different police stations. Data reporting the tasks attended, their priorities, and their durations were gathered from a computer-aided dispatch system. Data from 77 shifts (3.8 ± 4.0 tasks/shift) captured 292 tasks attended (29.2 ± 17.5 task per station). ‘Check bona fides’ (checking an individual’s identification; 27%) was the most frequently occurring task followed by attending a domestic incident (14%). The longest task was attending an accident (mean = 43.50 ± 78.85 min, range 2–249 min). The results of this study suggest that police tasks are highly varied in terms of type and duration and these may differ between regions. An understanding of the dispatch tasks police officers are required to attend can inform injury mitigation and return-to-work rehabilitation practices.
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17
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Krishnamoorthy Y, Rajaa S, Murali S, Rehman T, Sahoo J, Kar SS. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adult population in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240971. [PMID: 33075086 PMCID: PMC7571716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review was done to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among adult general population in India. We also wanted to find the gender, setting, and region-wide distribution of MS in India. METHODS We conducted systematic searches in various databases including Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library and Google Scholar from inception until August 2019. We included studies conducted in India reporting the prevalence of MS among adults aged 18 years or more. We used the Newcastle Ottawa scale to assess the quality of included studies. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the Funnel plot to assess publication biases. RESULTS In total, we analysed 113 data from 111 studies with 133,926 participants. Majority of the included studies (76 out of 111) had low risk of bias. We found significant heterogeneity among the included studies (p<0.001). We also found a symmetrical funnel plot indicating an absence of publication bias. The prevalence of MS among adult population in India was 30% (95%CI: 28%-33%). There was a steady increase in the burden across the age groups from 13% (18-29 years group) to 50% (50-59 years). We also found that people living in urban areas (32%; 95%CI: 29%-36%) had higher prevalence when compared to tribal (28%; 95%CI: 21%-36%) or rural adults (22%; 95%CI: 20%-25%). Gender distribution of MS showed that the females had higher prevalence (35%; 95%CI: 31%-38%) when compared to males 26% (95%CI: 22%-29%). CONCLUSION Almost one in three adults in India suffer from MS. Females, people living in urban areas and in northeast region had higher prevalence of MS. Development and implementation of policies and protocols for the screening of MS would enable us in early diagnosis and treatment with special focus towards the vulnerable and high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sathish Rajaa
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sharan Murali
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Tanveer Rehman
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sitanshu Sekhar Kar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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18
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Rostami H, Tavakoli HR, Rahimi MH, Mohammadi M. Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence among Armed Forces Personnel (Military Personnel and Police Officers): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mil Med 2020; 184:e417-e425. [PMID: 31247092 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely linked to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Various studies have reported the prevalence of MetS in different armed forces personnel in different countries. However, performing a systematic review and meta-analysis on this subject seems necessary. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of MetS among armed forces personnel including members of the military and police forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was carried out on all associated papers published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, encompassing the timeframe: November, 2018 to January 2000. The overall prevalence of MetS, and its prevalence based on different diagnostic criteria [National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), American Heart Association (AHA) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF)] were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty five eligible studies were selected for the meta-analysis. Among all police officers contained in this study group, the overall prevalence of MetS was 26.2% (95% CI: 19.7-34%; Q = 229.45, p = 0.00). Among different military personnel contained in this study group, the overall estimation of MetS prevalence was 8.3% (95% CI: 6.3-11%; Q = 540.88, p = 0.00) the prevalence of MetS was 8.0% (95% CI: 5.7-11%; Q = 409.76, p = 0.00) according to the NCEP-ATP III criterion. CONCLUSION The findings from the present meta-analyses displayed a low prevalence of metabolic syndrome in armed forces in general. These findings will allow healthcare providers and policy-makers to find solutions in order to take action to reduce MetS risks on a wider scale, especially among police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Rostami
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Tavakoli
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rahimi
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Baker LD, Berghoff CR, Kuo JL, Quevillon RP. Associations of Police Officer Health Behaviors and Subjective Well-Being. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are responsible for maintaining public order and safety within communities. As a consequence of this obligation, LEOs are repeatedly exposed to a myriad of unavoidable occupational stressors, known to affect health behaviors and well-being. Importantly, LEO well-being has public safety implications as those reporting higher well-being exhibit more equitable police behavior relative to those reporting lower well-being. Aims: The present study aimed to identify factors that may be leveraged to enhance LEO well-being by investigating the indirect relation of health behaviors to well-being through psychological flexibility. Method: Path-analytic regression models were used to analyze cross-sectional data provided by LEOs recruited from three geographically dispersed police agencies ( N = 459; Male = 84.7%, White = 64.2%). Results: Results indicated psychological flexibility accounted for the relations of chronic pain and quality sleep to well-being. Regular exercise accounted for the largest proportion of well-being variance, though the indirect effect through psychological flexibility was not significant. Limitations: Inclusion of more comprehensive measures of well-being and health behaviors may further clarify the strength of relations reported herein. Conclusion: Enhancing flexible response styles may support high well-being in LEO populations who report poor sleep quality and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L. Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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20
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Ferraz ADF, Andrade ELD, Viana MV, Rica RL, Bocalini DS, Figueira Júnior A. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR OF MILITARY POLICE STAFF. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602208923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies of sedentary behavior in the workplace, where conditions represent a health risk, mainly involving levels of physical activity and health of police officers, have increased in several countries around the world. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the physical activity levels, sedentary behavior and health risks of military police officers involved in overt and specialized patrolling. Methods: A total of 146 military police officers involved in overt and specialized patrolling were assessed, and anthropometric data were collected for body mass - kg; height - m; BMI - kg/ m²; waist-hip ratio (WHR) and fat percentage. Physical activity and inactivity levels were determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version 8, with statistical analysis (t-Test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared test, p≤0.05). Results: The mean time of physical activity – overt patrolling (108.33 ± 92.60 min/week) and specialized patrolling (137.11 ± 90.30 min/week) totaled an overall mean of 122.72 ± 91.94 min/week, p≤0.05; and time seated – overt patrolling (391.27 ± 192.90 min/week) had 30.1% of insufficiently active participants, while specialized patrolling was 319.41 ± 123.10 min/week with 17.1% of insufficiently active participants, with a total mean of 312.00 ± 112.30 min/week and 47.3% of insufficiently active participants. Active police officers are one-third less likely to develop health risk than inactive police officers (OR = 0.3, CI = 0.18-0.67). Overt patrol police officers are 3.6 more likely to develop health risk than specialized patrol police officers due to sedentary behavior (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.48-8.75). Conclusion: Both groups of military police officers have lower than recommended physical activity levels and spend most of their time seated. It was also noted that the variables of overt patrol police officers have indicators that are more detrimental to health than specialized patrol officers, yet both occupational groups should be instructed on how to adopt active and healthy lifestyles. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies-Investigation of the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almir de França Ferraz
- Universidade São Judas Tadeu, Brazil; Instrução e Pesquisa da Polícia Militar do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil
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21
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Heinrich KM, Gurevich KG, Arkhangelskaia AN, Karazhelyaskov OP, Poston WSC. Despite Low Obesity Rates, Body Mass Index Under-Estimated Obesity among Russian Police Officers When Compared to Body Fat Percentage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061937. [PMID: 32188073 PMCID: PMC7143193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In some countries, obesity rates among police officers are higher than the general public, despite physically demanding jobs. Obesity rates based on body mass index (BMI) may lack accuracy as BMI does not directly address body composition. Since data are lacking for obesity rates among Russian police officers, this study documented and compared officer obesity rates to the adult Russian population and compared the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) for obesity classification to two direct measures of body composition. Moscow region police officers (N = 182, 84% men) underwent height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%) bioelectrical impedance measurements during annual medical examinations. BMI-defined obesity rates were 4.6% for men and 17.2% for women, which were >3 and >1.8 times lower than Russian adults, respectively. WC-defined obesity rates were similar to BMI (3.3% for men and 10.3% for women), but BF%-defined obesity rates were much higher (22.2% for men and 55.2% for women). Although obesity rates were lower than those found among police officers in other countries, BMI alone was not a particularly accurate method for classifying weight status among Russian police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-7771
| | - Konstantin G. Gurevich
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry (MSUMD), Moscow 127473, Russia; (K.G.G.); (A.N.A.); (O.P.K.)
- Research Institute of Health Organization and Medical Management of the Department of Public Health, Moscow 115184, Russia
| | - Anna N. Arkhangelskaia
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry (MSUMD), Moscow 127473, Russia; (K.G.G.); (A.N.A.); (O.P.K.)
| | - Oleg P. Karazhelyaskov
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry (MSUMD), Moscow 127473, Russia; (K.G.G.); (A.N.A.); (O.P.K.)
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22
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Strauss M, Foshag P, Brzek A, Vollenberg R, Jehn U, Leischik R. Metabolic Syndrome in Female Police Officers and Female Office Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Occupations with Different Physical Activities. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3487-3495. [PMID: 33116700 PMCID: PMC7547286 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s267948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a worldwide major health problem. So far, there are limited data about the impact of occupation types and the development of metabolic risks in females. This study aimed to compare the metabolic risk profiles and in two extremely different female occupational groups: police officers (PO) and office workers (OW). METHODS The prospective study included a total number of 97 female subjects (37 POs and 60 OWs) from Germany. Anthropometric characteristics, metabolic risk parameters as well as laboratory parameters were taken. The diagnosis of MetS was based on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). RESULTS Female OWs presented a high prevalence of obesity, shown in average abdominal waist circumference (85.3 ± 14.5 cm) above the threshold of ≥80 cm recommended by the IDF to define abdominal obesity. Sixty percent of OWs versus 25% of POs had an abnormal abdominal waist circumference. Concerning other metabolic risk factors (HDL, triglycerides, body mass index, blood pressure) no significant differences were found, but a tendency toward a higher prevalence of abnormal values is presented in OWs than POs. MetS was detected in almost 8% of OWs as compared with 5% in POs (p = 0.705). CONCLUSION In an international comparison, German female POs showed one of the lowest prevalence of MetS, whereas the prevalence in OWs is equal to results in other countries. In conclusion, especially the occupational type of female OWs presented elevated factors, that are associated with increased metabolic risk. There is a relevant need for further prospective studies with larger sample sizes in female workers to determine the influence between occupational type and metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Strauss
- Department of Cardiology I- Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Cardiol, Muenster48149, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Sector Preventive Medicine, Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen58095, Germany
- Correspondence: Markus Strauss Department of Cardiology I- Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Cardiol48149, Muenster, Germany Email
| | - Peter Foshag
- Department of Cardiology, Sector Preventive Medicine, Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen58095, Germany
| | - Anna Brzek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Chair of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Richard Vollenberg
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster48149, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jehn
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster48149, Germany
| | - Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Sector Preventive Medicine, Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen58095, Germany
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Jovanović J, Šarac I, Jovanović S, Sokolović D, Govedarović N, Jovanović J. The relationship between occupational stress, health status, and temporary and permanent work disability among security guards in Serbia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2019; 27:425-441. [PMID: 30735105 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2019.1579458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed to examine the influence of occupational stress on health status and work disability among security guards in Serbia. Methods. Three hundred and ninty nine male security guards (aged 25-65 years) were examined during regular medical preventive check-ups at the Institute of Occupational Health. Data on their health status and permanent and temporary work disability were obtained, and correlations with the levels of occupational stress (measured by occupational stress index [OSI] questionnaire) were analysed. Results. A high prevalence of health impairments, including diabetes (38.8%), dyslipidaemia (82.7%), hypertension (69.9%) and metabolic syndrome (77.7%), was found. Highly significant correlations were shown between reported levels of total stress at work (total OSI score) and measured values of glucose, lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, Framingham cardiovascular risk scale, occurrence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular insults, degenerative eye-fundus changes, and temporary and permanent work disability. All of these correlations remained significant even after adjustments for age, body mass index and smoking status. Regression analysis confirmed the independent effect of occupational stress on the analysed parameters. Conclusions. There is a significant independent impact of occupational stress on development of health impairments and work disability among security guards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Šarac
- Centre for Research Excellence in the Field of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Jovica Jovanović
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Niš, Serbia.,Institute of Occupational Medicine Niš, University of Niš, Serbia
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Associations of Physical Activity and Obesity With the Risk of Developing the Metabolic Syndrome in Law Enforcement Officers. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:946-51. [PMID: 27439066 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the associations of physical activity and body mass index (BMI) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in police officers. METHODS Self-reported physical activity, MetS, and a modified MetS (MMetS, excluding obesity) were assessed in 448 officers. RESULTS Of the officers, 27.5% had MetS, 48.7% were overweight, and 31.7% were obese. Being overweight and obese increased the MetS risk by 6.8- and 10.9-fold, respectively, independent of physical activity level. Moderate and low levels of physical activity were associated with a 1.9- and 2.5-fold increased risk for MetS, but not after adjusting for BMI. However, within BMI categories, the risk for MMetS was lower as physical activity increased. CONCLUSION In police, a higher BMI is more critical than reduced physical activity for MetS risk; however, physical activity can attenuate some of the risk associated with a higher BMI.
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25
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Ravikumar TS, Kanagarethinam R, Nair D, Kar SS. Are Police Personnel in Puducherry Healthy? Findings from "Partners in Prevention" Programme in Puducherry, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2018. [PMID: 29540969 PMCID: PMC5844134 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_105_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases are reported to be high in police force, which constitute a special occupational group. "Partners in Prevention" was a special surveillance activity carried out among the personnel of the Department of Police, Government of Puducherry by JIPMER, Puducherry. The present study reports the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors in this group. Materials and Methods The design was cross-sectional analytical study covering 1618 policemen during 2013-15. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for collecting data. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were carried out using standard techniques. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) consensus worldwide definition. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM- SPSS 21 software. Results The mean (SD) age of the participants was 45.7 (10.1) years. Majority (90%) of the participants were males and were in the age group of 30-59 years. Metabolic syndrome was observed in two-fifth (42%) of the study population. We found the prevalence as: hypertension (45.2%), abnormal HDL levels (62.3%), diabetes (34.7.1%), and high body mass index of >=25 kg/m2 (60.5%). Conclusion Our study identified that police personnel were having high CVDs and risk factors. It calls for an urgent need to initiate screening and secondary prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Ravikumar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - R Kanagarethinam
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Divya Nair
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sitanshu S Kar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
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Association Between Blood Pressure and Retinal Vessel Diameters Among Police Officers in the US Northeast. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 60:234-240. [PMID: 29227361 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine relationships of blood pressure with central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) among 242 police officers. METHODS Computerized retinal images of each eye were taken. Mean values of CRAE and CRVE were compared across hypertension status categories using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. Associations of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) with CRAE and CRVE were obtained using regression models. RESULTS CRAE was significantly narrower in officers with uncontrolled hypertension (142.8 ± 2.7 μm), compared with those with controlled hypertension (153.6 ± 2.7 μm, P = 0.0013) and those with no hypertension (156.4 ± 1.0 μm, P ≤ 0.0001) after covariate adjustment. CRAE decreased by 3.43 μm for each 5 mm Hg increase in MABP (P ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSION Uncontrolled hypertension was significantly associated with narrower retinal arterioles. No association was observed with retinal venules.
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Shokeen D, Aeri BT. Prevalence of Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors: A Cross-sectional Study among Employed Adults in Urban Delhi, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:LC01-LC04. [PMID: 28969161 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/29087.10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies have shown increasing prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) among employed adults. Metabolic Syndrome (MS) which is a predictor of increasing CVD is a cluster of risk factors like central obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension. Heredity, poor dietary choice, unhealthy lifestyle, job stress are some of the causes responsible for increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk among employed adults. AIM To measure the prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk factors among employed adults in urban Delhi, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design was cross-sectional with purposive sampling of 200 apparently healthy adults (both males and females) working in urban Delhi, India. Sociodemographic profile, anthropometric measurements (height, weight and waist circumference) and biochemical measurements (lipid profile and fasting glucose) and blood pressure were documented. Physical activity pattern was assessed using WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis for associating cardio-metabolic risk factors among adults were performed using the SPSS 18.0 software. RESULTS High prevalence of metabolic syndrome among males (66.6%) and females (57.2%) of 25 to 45 years of age was reported. Overall prevalence of MS was 62% among the study population. Central obesity (50.5%, p<0.04), low HDL (62%, p<0.05), hypertriglyceridemia (56.5%, p<0.00), hypertension (39%, p<0.00) and high fasting glucose (10.5%, p<0.76) were the most common abnormalities among males and females. Incidence of high BMI (54.5%, p<0.05) was positively correlated with MS risk factors. Associated cardio-metabolic risk factors besides MS were family history (43.5%, p<0.72), smoking (17.6%, p<0.001), drinking (18%, p<0.001) and physical inactivity. It was found that 32.8% of the subjects had low, 60.4% had moderate and only 7.0% had high physical activity. CONCLUSION Employed adults in urban Delhi, India are at high risk of developing CVD due to high prevalence of MS and high Body Mass Index (BMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Shokeen
- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Food and Nutrition, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Bani Tamber Aeri
- Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
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SHIOZAKI M, MIYAI N, MORIOKA I, UTSUMI M, HATTORI S, KOIKE H, ARITA M, MIYASHITA K. Job stress and behavioral characteristics in relation to coronary heart disease risk among Japanese police officers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:369-380. [PMID: 28428501 PMCID: PMC5546846 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2016-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between job-related behavioral characteristics and the risk of coronary heart diseases (CHD) in Japanese male police officers. Compared to office clerks, police officers exhibited greater age-related increases of the prevalence of CHD risk factors, and a clustering number of CHD risk factors was significantly higher in the group of those over 45 yr of age. Among the police officers, coronary-prone behavior was more frequent than that seen in office clerks. The police officers with coronary-prone behavior tended to engage in shift work and to work overtime more; yet they were less likely to perceive job stress and to express the relevant physical and psychological symptoms than those without coronary-prone behavior. The subjects with such behavioral characteristics had a significantly greater number of CHD risk factors. In a multiple regression analysis, coronary-prone behavior together with age, social support, walking hours per day, and amount of alcohol consumption were selected as significant determinants of a cluster of CHD risk factors. These results suggest that coronary-prone behavior may contribute to the higher prevalence of CHD risk factors in police officers via leading the long working hours and the work-related unfavorable lifestyles, such as alcohol drinking and physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki SHIOZAKI
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
- Welfare Division, Wakayama Prefectural Police, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki MIYAI
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Ikuharu MORIOKA
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Miyoko UTSUMI
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Sonomi HATTORI
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Hiroaki KOIKE
- Welfare Division, Wakayama Prefectural Police, Japan
| | - Mikio ARITA
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa MIYASHITA
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
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Li C, Xing JJ, Shan AQ, Leng L, Liu JC, Yue S, Yu H, Chen X, Tian FS, Tang NJ. Increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with occupational stress in Chinese policemen: A 4-year cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5359. [PMID: 27861366 PMCID: PMC5120923 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and occupational stress have been recognized as major public health concerns. We aimed to explore whether occupational stress was associated with NAFLD in a police population.A total of 6559 male police officers were recruited for this prospective study in April 2007. Among them, 2367 eligible subjects participated in follow-up from 2008 to 2011. NAFLD was diagnosed based on standard criteria. Occupational stress was evaluated by Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised scores.The incidence of NAFLD was 31.2% in the entire police. After adjusting for traditional risk factors, moderate occupational stress (MOS), high occupational stress (HOS), and high personal strain (HPS) were risk factors (MOS: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.237, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.049-1.460; HOS: HR = 1.727, 95% CI = 1.405-2.124; HPS: HR = 3.602, 95% CI = 1.912-6.787); and low occupational stress (LOS) and low personal strain (LPS) were protective factors (LOS: HR = 0.366, 95% CI = 0.173-0.776; LPS: HR = 0.490, 95% CI = 0.262-0.919) for NAFLD in the entire police cohort. HOS and HPS remained robust among traffic police.HOS and HPS were independent predictors for the development of NAFLD in a Chinese police population. Additional future prospective investigations are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Jing-Jing Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
| | - An-Qi Shan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Ling Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Jin-Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Song Yue
- Department of Physical Examination, Medical Center of Police Hospital, Heping
| | - Hao Yu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hedong
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Feng-Shi Tian
- Department of Physical Examination, Medical Center of Police Hospital, Heping
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tianjin 4th Center Hospital, Hebei, Tianjin, China
| | - Nai-Jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University
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Moline JM, McLaughlin MA, Sawit ST, Maceda C, Croft LB, Goldman ME, Garcia MJ, Iyengar RL, Woodward M. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among law enforcement officers who responded to the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:752-60. [PMID: 27582477 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement officers (LEOs) experience high rates of cardiovascular events compared with the general US population. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) confers an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Data regarding MetS among LEOs are limited. METHODS We sought to determine the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors as well as gender differences among LEOs who participated in the World Trade Center (WTC) Law Enforcement Cardiovascular Screening (LECS) Program from 2008 to 2010. We evaluated a total of 2,497 participants, 40 years and older, who responded to the 9/11 WTC attacks. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 27%, with abdominal obesity and hypertension being the most frequently occurring risk factors. MetS and its risk factors were significantly higher among male compared to female LEOs, except for reduced HDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS MetS is a rising epidemic in the United States, and importantly, approximately one in four LEOs who worked at the WTC site after 9/11 are affected. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:752-760, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Moline
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine; Great Neck New York
| | | | | | - Cynara Maceda
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Lori B. Croft
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | | | - Mario J. Garcia
- Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | | | - Mark Woodward
- Nuffield Department of Population Health; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
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Fit für die Rettung? Notf Rett Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-016-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mignano C, Faghri PD, Huedo-Medina T, Cherniack MC. Psychological health, behavior, and bodyweight (PBBW) model: An evaluation of predictors of health behaviors and body mass index (BMI). JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2015.1100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Strauß M, Foshag P, Przybylek B, Horlitz M, Lucia A, Sanchis-Gomar F, Leischik R. Occupation and metabolic syndrome: is there correlation? A cross sectional study in different work activity occupations of German firefighters and office workers. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:57. [PMID: 27555885 PMCID: PMC4994412 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment and prevention of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently one of the major challenges in medicine. The impact of working conditions on metabolic risk has not been adequately studied. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of MetS and metabolic risk in two extremely different occupational groups: firefighters and office workers. METHODS A total of 143 male subjects (97 firefighters and 46 office workers) from Germany participated in the study. Anthropometric characteristics, metabolic risk parameters as well as laboratory parameters were collected. MetS was diagnosed according to criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. RESULTS Sedentary occupation showed a significant tendency towards obesity. Abdominal waist circumference was significantly greater in office workers than in firefighters [5.08 CI (1.44-8.71), p = 0.007]. Concerning metabolic risk factors, abnormal HDL, triglycerides, BMI, blood pressure and waist circumference values were more frequently found in office workers than in firefighters. The MetS was detected in almost 33 % of office workers as compared with only 14 % in firefighters (p = 0.015). Regarding MetS in an international comparison, the prevalence of MetS in German office workers was high and in firefighters it was extremely low. CONCLUSIONS Sedentary occupation as an office worker is associated with a high risk of MetS. Both groups need to be made aware of the metabolic risks, and health promoting concepts such as corporate sports activities or education in healthy nutrition need to be implemented to counteract the development of the MetS and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Strauß
- Department of Cardiology, Sector preventive medicine, health promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Elberfelderstr. 1, 58095 Hagen, Germany
| | - Peter Foshag
- Department of Cardiology, Sector preventive medicine, health promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Elberfelderstr. 1, 58095 Hagen, Germany
| | - Bianca Przybylek
- Department of Cardiology, Sector preventive medicine, health promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Elberfelderstr. 1, 58095 Hagen, Germany
| | - Marc Horlitz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Urbacher Weg 19, 51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (“i+12”), Madrid, Spain
- European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Sector preventive medicine, health promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Elberfelderstr. 1, 58095 Hagen, Germany
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Psychological distress and dyslipidemia in chinese police officers: a 4-year follow-up study in Tianjin, China. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:400-5. [PMID: 25629802 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating whether psychological distress in police officers was associated with dyslipidemia. METHODS A survey was conducted to examine the psychological distress among 5867 police officers in Tianjin, China, from 2007 to 2011. Psychological distress was measured using the Symptom Check List-90-Revised. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) of the incidence of dyslipidemia predicted by psychological distress. RESULTS Among the 3300 participants without dyslipidemia at baseline (2567 with dyslipidemia), 60.5% (n = 1829) developed incident dyslipidemia 2.61 years (median) later. The adjusted HR was 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.26) after the adjustment of police classifications and other variables. The adjusted HR for police officers in charge of traffic control was 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.56). CONCLUSIONS Further investigations for associations of psychological factors with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases are needed.
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Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Work Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Police Officers. A Prospective Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144318. [PMID: 26641879 PMCID: PMC4671563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the association between occupational stress and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a rapid response police unit. METHOD Work-related stress was continuously monitored during the 5-year period with both the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) and the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) models. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose were measured at baseline in January 2009, and in January 2014. 234 out of 290 police officers (81%) completed the follow-up. RESULTS The majority of police officers had high stress levels. At follow-up, police officers in the highest quartile of stress had significantly higher mean levels of triglycerides, and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol than their colleagues in the lowest quartile. Police officers with high stress had an increased adjusted risk of developing MetS (aOR = 2.68; CI95% = 1.08-6.70), and hypertriglyceridemia (aOR = 7.86; CI95 = 1.29-48.04). Demand and Effort were significant predictors of MetS. CONCLUSION Our study supports the hypothesis that work-related stress induces MetS, particularly through its effects on blood lipids. Future longitudinal studies with continuous monitoring of stress levels will definitively confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garbarino
- State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Department of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Leischik R, Foshag P, Strauß M, Littwitz H, Garg P, Dworrak B, Horlitz M. Aerobic Capacity, Physical Activity and Metabolic Risk Factors in Firefighters Compared with Police Officers and Sedentary Clerks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133113. [PMID: 26186442 PMCID: PMC4506022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the association between the physical work environment and physiological performance measures, physical activity levels and metabolic parameters among German civil servants. A main focus in this study was to examine the group differences rather than measuring the absolute values in an occupational group. Methods We prospectively examined 198 male German civil servants (97 firefighters [FFs], 55 police officers [POs] and 46 sedentary clerks [SCs]). For each parameter, the groups were compared using a linear regression adjusted for age. Results The 97 FFs showed a similar maximal aerobic power (VO2max l/min) of 3.17±0.44 l/min compared with the POs, who had a maximal aerobic power of 3.13±0.62 l/min (estimated difference, POs vs. FFs: 0.05, CI: -0.12-0.23, p=0.553). The maximal aerobic power of the FFs was slightly higher than that of the SCs, who had a maximal aerobic power of 2.85±0.52 l/min (-0.21, CI: -0.39-0.04, p=0.018 vs. FFs). The average physical activity (in metabolic equivalents [METS]/week) of the FFs was 3818.8±2843.5, whereas those of the POs and SCs were 2838.2±2871.9 (-808.2, CI: 1757.6-141.2, p=0.095) and 2212.2±2292.8 (vs. FFs: -1417.1, CI: -2302-531.88, p=0.002; vs. POs: -2974.4, CI: -1611.2-393.5, p=0.232), respectively. For the FFs, the average body fat percentage was 17.7%±6.2, whereas it was 21.4%±5.6 for the POs (vs. FFs: 2.75, CI: 0.92-4.59, p=0.004) and 20.8%±6.5 for the SCs (vs. FFs: 1.98, CI: -0.28-4.25, p=0.086; vs. POs: -0.77, CI: 3.15-1.61, p=0.523). The average waist circumference was 89.8 cm±10.0 for the FFs, 97.8 cm±12.4 (5.63, CI: 2.10-9.15, p=0.002) for the POs, and 97.3±11.7 (vs. FFs: -4.89, CI: 1.24-8.55, p=0.009; vs. POs: -0.73, CI: -5.21-3.74, p=0.747) for the SCs. Conclusions The FFs showed significantly higher physical activity levels compared with the SCs. The PO group had the highest cardiovascular risk of all of the groups because it included more participants with metabolic syndrome; furthermore, the POs had an average of 2.75% higher body fat, lower HDL cholesterol values and higher waist circumferences compared with the FFs and higher LDL cholesterol values compared with the SCs. Our data indicate that sedentary occupations appear to be linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Foshag
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Markus Strauß
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Henning Littwitz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Pankaj Garg
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Dworrak
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Marc Horlitz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
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Amin TT, Al Sultan AI, Mostafa OA, Darwish AA, Al-Naboli MR. Profile of non-communicable disease risk factors among employees at a Saudi university. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7897-907. [PMID: 25292084 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is paucity of studies defining the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Saudi Arabia despite the surging epidemic of obesity, change in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of NCDs risk factors among employees at King Faisal University in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia and to determine the possible correlates for clustering of NCDs risk factors among them. MATERIALS AND METHODS All employees were invited to participate; the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was used for data collection which consisted of a personal interview to collect socio-demographic characteristics, NCD history, tobacco use, vegetables and fruit consumption, and physical activity (PA), followed by anthropometric measurements namely weight, height and waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, subjects were finally subjected to biochemical tests with determination of fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoproteins. RESULTS Of the surveyed employees (n=691), daily current smokers accounted for 22.7%. 94.9%, 95.1% and 86% consumed < 5 servings per day of vegetables, fruits and both fruits and vegetables respectively, 73% were physically inactive, 64% were overweight or obese, 22.1% had hypertension, and 21.5% were diabetics. Elevated cholesterol levels were found in 36.6%, low high density lipoproteins in 36.8%, and elevated triglycerides in 36.1%. Only 3% had no NCD risk factors, and 57.6% had ≥3 factors. Multivariate logistic regression showed that gender (being male, adjusted odds ratio 'aOR'=1.51), aged ≥ 50 years (aOR=3.06), < college education (aOR=1.75), current smokers (aOR=2.37), being obese (aOR=6.96) and having a low PA level (aOR=4.59) were the significant positive predictors for clustering of NCD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Over fifty percent of the studied university's employees had multiple (≥3) NCD risk factors. Screening and health promotion initiatives should be launched at least targeting the modifiable factors to avert the excessive risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and several types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Tawfik Amin
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt E-mail :
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Anthropometric indicators of obesity in policemen: A systematic review of observational studies. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:891-901. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Filho RTB, D'Oliveira A. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Soldiers of the Military Police of Bahia State, Brazil. Am J Mens Health 2013; 8:310-5. [PMID: 24284379 DOI: 10.1177/1557988313510928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of men is generally higher than that of women, irrespective of the age group. Currently, a key concern for health care professionals is the prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease as well as the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among men serving in the Military Police Corps of the state of Bahia, Brazil. This service employs mostly men, and they are known to experience high levels of occupational stress and professional victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional study among military police soldiers (n = 452) who were candidates for a military police training course in Bahia, Brazil. All candidates who attended the selection process were evaluated according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Panel III in order to assess the presence of medical disorders that could contribute to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The authors identified a high prevalence of hypertension (55.76%), hypertriglyceridemia (50.85%), waist circumference of >102 cm (31.76%), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (30.46%), and impaired fasting glucose (28.15%) in our subjects. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 38.54%. The authors suggest that measures should be taken to ensure that military policemen receive continued medical care, both in their professional capacity and in their personal circumstances, and that attention be focused on intervention programs.
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Nwose EU, Richards RS, Digban K, Bwititi PT, Ennis G, Yee KC, Oguoma VM, Liberato S. Cardiovascular risk assessment in prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus study: international collaboration research overview. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:625-30. [PMID: 24404539 PMCID: PMC3877434 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.122303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to develop a screening protocol for the risk of future cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in people with prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes; and to establish a framework for early identification and intervention of prediabetes including strategies for holistic management and monitoring of progression. The first phase is to identify prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes in volunteers who are ≥18-years-old for 5 years. Point-of-care testing and questionnaire will be used to screen for prediabetes and cardiovascular disease. We anticipate screening more than 2000 individuals of both genders by the end of first phase. The second and third phases which shall run for 5-10 years will be longitudinal study involving participants identified in the first phase as having prediabetes without dyslipidaemia, or clinically established cardiovascular disease. The second phase shall focus on preventive management of risk of progress to diabetes with explicit diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress measurements will be performed cum evaluation of the use of antioxidants, exercise, and nutrition. The third phase will include probing the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Binomial logistic regression would be performed to generate and propose a model chart for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kester Digban
- Public Health Department, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Selma Liberato
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT, Australia
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Franke WD. What is the Risk for Metabolic Syndrome in Police Officers? NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 4:636-7. [PMID: 23272305 PMCID: PMC3530319 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Franke
- Department of Kinesiology, 247 Forker Building, Ames, Iowa, United States
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