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Mohajeri A, Berg G, Watts A, Cheever VJ, Hung M. Obesity and Dental Caries in School Children. J Clin Med 2024; 13:860. [PMID: 38337554 PMCID: PMC10856752 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Childhood obesity and dental caries are common chronic conditions with multiple contributing factors, linked to negative health consequences and significant expenses in healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between obesity and dental caries in school-aged children; (2) Methods: Data from 3323 6-12-year-old children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016 were analyzed. The NHANES was conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. The CDC standard was used to define obesity. Dental caries was measured during clinical examinations and summarized using DMFT scores for caries experience and prevalence (dt > 0) for untreated caries. The study examined the correlation between obesity and dental caries using regression models that considered demographic variables, family socioeconomic status, and the child's intake of added sugars as controlling factors; (3) Results: The association between obesity and dental caries was not significant in either unadjusted or adjusted models; and (4) Conclusion: The data indicate that untreated caries and caries experiences are not directly correlated with childhood obesity. There are, however, common causes of poor dental health and childhood obesity: culture, poverty level, lifestyle, and family traditions and habits. Dentists must be aware of factors influencing the development of childhood caries so that they can intervene as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohajeri
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (G.B.); (A.W.); (V.J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Gabrielle Berg
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (G.B.); (A.W.); (V.J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - April Watts
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (G.B.); (A.W.); (V.J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Val Joseph Cheever
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (G.B.); (A.W.); (V.J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Man Hung
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (G.B.); (A.W.); (V.J.C.); (M.H.)
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
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Awad M, Bani Issa W, Radwan H, Fakhry R, Al-Yateem N, Rossiter R. Association between obesity and dental caries among adolescents in UAE: a pilot cross sectional study. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1160428. [PMID: 37441619 PMCID: PMC10333752 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1160428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and dental caries among adolescents is a growing worldwide public health issue. They share some common and modifiable influences. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between obesity and dental caries among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods This pilot cross-sectional study enrolled 161 adolescents 13-19 years old from private and public schools in the UAE. Participants were classified as normal weight, underweight, overweight or obese. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Independent t-tests were used to compare average number of decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) by age, sex, school type, mothers' employment, BMI categories, waist circumference, oral health habits and plaque index. Additionally, a multiple linear regression model was applied to analyze the association between BMI, waist circumference and dental caries, adjusted for confounding factors considered in this study. Results The average age of the participants was 16.2 ± 1.4 years old. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 42% (N = 68) measured by BMI. In addition, 82% (N = 132) had average waist circumference and 18% (N = 29) with above average waist circumference. Overall, the average DMFS score was 4.35 ± 4.5, with significantly lower dental caries rates among girls ([3.3 (SD:4.0)] than boys (6.7 (SD:5.3), (p < 0.05). The linear regression model revealed that, being a male, attending a public school and having average waist circumference were all positively and significantly associated with dental caries (p < 0.05). Conclusion Obesity measured by waist circumference was significantly associated with dental caries among adolescents in the UAE. Further research is required to investigate the complex association between obesity and dental caries and how dietary habits, oral hygiene habits, and parental socioeconomic status mediate the association between obesity and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Awad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Preventive & Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wegdan Bani Issa
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Randa Fakhry
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabeel Al-Yateem
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rachel Rossiter
- School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Issrani R, Reddy J, Bader AK, Albalawi RFH, Alserhani EDM, Alruwaili DSR, Alanazi GRA, Alruwaili NSR, Sghaireen MG, Rao K. Exploring an Association between Body Mass Index and Oral Health-A Scoping Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050902. [PMID: 36900046 PMCID: PMC10000970 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal metabolic index (BMI) is a unique anthropometric indicator used to define the relative amount of body fat on an individual's frame. There are many diseases and conditions associated with obesity and underweight. Recent research trials suggest that there is a significant association between oral health indicators and BMI as both are attributed to common risk factors such as dietary, genetic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle issues. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this review paper is to emphasize the association between BMI and oral health with available literature evidence. METHODOLOGY A literature search was conducted using multiple databases comprising of MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and Web of Science. The terms used for the search were "body mass index", "periodontitis", "dental caries", and "tooth loss". RESULTS In total, 2839 articles were obtained from the analysis of the databases. Unrelated articles from the available full text of 1135 articles were excluded. The main reasons for excluding the articles were: they were dietary guidelines and policy statements. A total of 66 studies were finally included in the review. CONCLUSION The presence of dental caries, periodontitis and tooth loss may be associated with a higher BMI or obesity, whereas, improved oral health might be associated with lower BMI. Promoting general and oral health should be a hand in hand feature, as common risk factors can be embattled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Issrani
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, SBV University, Puducherry 607402, India
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jagat Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, SBV University, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Alzarea K. Bader
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Rao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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Body Mass Index and Caries: Machine Learning and Statistical Analytics of the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) Nationwide Big Data Study. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010037. [PMID: 36676963 PMCID: PMC9863046 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the research were to analyze the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and dental caries using novel approaches of both statistical and machine learning (ML) models while adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, consequences, and related conditions. This research is a data-driven analysis of the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) big data repository, that integrates comprehensive socio-demographic, medical, and dental databases of a nationwide sample of dental attendees to military dental clinics for 1 year aged 18−50 years. Obesity categories were defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO): under-weight: BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, overweight: BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, and obesity: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. General linear models were used with the mean number of decayed teeth as the dependent variable across BMI categories, adjusted for (1) socio-demographics, (2) health-related habits, and (3) each of the diseases comprising the MetS definition MetS and long-term sequelae as well as associated illnesses, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). After the statistical analysis, we run the XGBoost machine learning algorithm on the same set of clinical features to explore the features’ importance according to the dichotomous target variable of decayed teeth as well as the obesity category. The study included 66,790 subjects with a mean age of 22.8 ± 7.1. The mean BMI score was 24.2 ± 4.3 kg/m2. The distribution of BMI categories: underweight (3113 subjects, 4.7%), normal weight (38,924 subjects, 59.2%), overweight (16,966, 25.8%), and obesity (6736, 10.2%). Compared to normal weight (2.02 ± 2.79), the number of decayed teeth was statistically significantly higher in subjects with obesity [2.40 ± 3.00; OR = 1.46 (1.35−1.57)], underweight [2.36 ± 3.04; OR = 1.40 (1.26−1.56)] and overweight [2.08 ± 2.76, OR = 1.05 (1.01−1.11)]. Following adjustment, the associations persisted for obesity [OR = 1.56 (1.39−1.76)] and underweight [OR = 1.29 (1.16−1.45)], but not for overweight [OR = 1.11 (1.05−1.17)]. Features important according to the XGBoost model were socioeconomic status, teeth brushing, birth country, and sweetened beverage consumption, which are well-known risk factors of caries. Among those variables was also our main theory independent variable: BMI categories. We also performed clinical features importance based on XGBoost with obesity set as the target variable and received an AUC of 0.702, and accuracy of 0.896, which are considered excellent discrimination, and the major features that are increasing the risk of obesity there were: hypertension, NAFLD, SES, smoking, teeth brushing, age as well as our main theory dependent variable: caries as a dichotomized variable (Yes/no). The study demonstrates a positive association between underweight and obesity BMI categories and caries, independent of the socio-demographic, health-related practices, and other systemic conditions related to MetS that were studied. Better allocation of resources is recommended, focusing on populations underweight and obese in need of dental care.
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Mahmoud SA, El Moshy S, Rady D, Radwan IA, Abbass MMS, Al Jawaldeh A. The effect of unhealthy dietary habits on the incidence of dental caries and overweight/obesity among Egyptian school children (A cross-sectional study). Front Public Health 2022; 10:953545. [PMID: 36052005 PMCID: PMC9424618 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.953545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and dental caries are public health problems in Egypt. Factors such as unhealthy diet, poor oral hygiene, and physical inactivity can play a major role in both problems. This study was carried out to illuminate the mutual unhealthy dietary risk factors associated with the incidence of both health conditions. Methods Between 1 October 2020 and 1 July 2021, 369 Egyptian children (5-10 years) were examined. Dental status was assessed using decayed, missing/extracted, and filled tooth indices (dmft, deft, and DMFT) for deciduous, mixed, and permanent dentitions, respectively. Moreover, the lifestyle, food habits, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Results A total of 342 (93.7%) of the included subjects suffered from caries, and only 27(7.3%) were caries-free. Based on BMI percentiles, 247 (66.9%) of the youngsters were overweight/obese, while 122 (33.1%) had normal weight. The mean dmft was 6.9 (±4.6), deft 4.2 (±3.3), and DMFT 0.1 (±1.7). In the primary dentition, a significant positive correlation was detected between dmft and BMI, legumes, sweetened milk and juice, soft drinks, and desserts, while a significant negative correlation was detected between dmft/deft, meat/poultry/fish, fresh fruits, and vegetables. A significant positive correlation was detected between deft and BMI, sweetened milk and juice, ice cream, candies, and crackers. In the permanent dentition, a significant positive correlation was detected between age, soft drinks, sweetened juice, desserts, and DMFT, while a significant negative correlation was detected with fresh fruits and vegetables. BMI was significantly negatively correlated with a healthy lifestyle, meat/poultry/fish consumption, and fresh fruits and vegetables while positively correlated with legumes, ice cream, soft drinks, granulated sugars, desserts, fast food, and caffeinated drinks. Conclusion Overweight/obesity was positively correlated with primary dentition dental caries. Desserts (sweetened snacks) and soft drinks could be the common risk factors associated with high caries and overweight/obesity incidence among Egyptian school children; conversely, consumption of fruits and vegetables could hinder both health conditions. Moreover, sweetened juices were associated with primary and permanent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmed Mahmoud
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara El Moshy
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Rady
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Israa Ahmed Radwan
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. S. Abbass
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,*Correspondence: Marwa M. S. Abbass
| | - Ayoub Al Jawaldeh
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), Cairo, Egypt
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Tanner L, Craig D, Holmes R, Catinella L, Moynihan P. Does Dental Caries Increase Risk of Undernutrition in Children? JDR Clin Trans Res 2022; 7:104-117. [PMID: 33797293 DOI: 10.1177/23800844211003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A systematic review of the evidence on the impact of dental caries on malnutrition risk in children was conducted. OBJECTIVES To systematically review published evidence pertaining to the effect of dental caries severity and prevalence on risk of wasting or stunting in children. METHODS Four questions relating to caries of the permanent dentition, primary dentition, early childhood caries (ECC), and severe ECC as a risk factor for undernutrition were set. The target population was children aged 0 to 18 y from any country. Data sources included MEDLINE and Embase. All human epidemiological studies were included. Quality assessment excluded lowest-quality studies. Evidence synthesis by vote counting was depicted using harvest plots. A best available evidence approach was applied to narrative synthesis. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. RESULTS Of the 2,690 studies identified, 447 were screened in duplicate; of these, 117 underwent quality assessment, resulting in 46 included studies, of which 38 were included in vote counting (3 quasi-experimental, 1 cohort, 1 case control, and 33 cross-sectional studies). For the permanent dentition, findings were mixed; the balance of data showed no association between caries prevalence (7/11 studies) or severity (8/17 studies) with wasting. For the primary dentition, the balance of data showed a positive association between caries prevalence (10/15 studies) and severity (12/15 studies) with wasting, as well as between-caries prevalence (4/5 studies) and severity (6/6 studies) with stunting. Considering ECC only did not alter this pattern of findings. CONCLUSION The balance of evidence suggests that dental caries in the primary dentition is associated with undernutrition. There is a need for well-designed trials on the impact of caries rehabilitation on growth trajectories of children from low- and middle-income countries and for prospective studies of the impact of caries severity on both stunting and wasting to confirm causality. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The results of this study can be used by policy makers when considering the importance of oral health in addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to end all forms of malnutrition. The findings suggest that dental caries in the primary dentition may impair children's healthy weight gain. The findings indicate that higher-quality data are required to confirm a causal relationship and thus inform funding bodies of the need for research, especially in low- and middle-income countries, to substantiate the current knowledge and inform clear and accurate policy statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tanner
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Craig
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Holmes
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Catinella
- Department of Biology, Loyola University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Moynihan
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Adelaide Dental School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Atef Abdelsattar Ibrahim H, Abdallah Nasr R, Adel Salama A, Ahmed Amin A. Childhood malnutrition and hypo mineralized molar defects ;a cross sectional study, Egypt. F1000Res 2022; 10:1307. [PMID: 35087669 PMCID: PMC8764560.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74557.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is well-known to yield high morbidities and it has pre-eruptive and post-eruptive consequences. The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars (HSPM), Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and dental caries in malnourished children, as well as addressing the relation between types of malnutrition and the dental morbidities. Methods: This is a cross sectional analytical study. A consecutive sample of 54 malnourished cases aged 5-10 years and presented to the Outpatient Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University across 6 months period were examined for HSPM, MIH – using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria - and dental Caries using def/ DMF indices. Outcomes were the presence or absence of MIH and HSPM and their levels measured as percentage as well as Caries Indices. Exposures were types of malnutrition and the socioeconomic status.
Results
: The mean age of study participants was 7.10 ± 1.34 years. HSPM and MIH were found in 47.2% and 45.2% of the study participants respectively, while dental caries was observed in 83% and 64.3% for primary and permanent teeth respectively. There was co-occurrence between HSPM and MIH in 39% of the cases. HSPM level was significantly different in various types of malnutrition. It showed significant difference between the stunted group (median HSPM of 14.2%) and the overweight or obese group (median HSPM of 0.0%) (P value 0.01). MIH level showed significant differences between the stunted group (median MIH of 19.4%) and overweight or obese group (median MIH of 0.0%) (p value 0.001), as well as between the stunted group (median MIH of 19.4%) and wasted group (median MIH of 0.0%) (p value 0.025). Conclusions
: Malnourished children have high prevalence of dental abnormalities. HSPM could expect the presence of MIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Atef Abdelsattar Ibrahim
- Lecturer, Pediatric Clinical Nutrition department, Pediatric department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo University, Cairo, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Rania Abdallah Nasr
- Associate Professor , Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University., Cairo university, Cairo, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Adel Salama
- Lecturer, Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University., Cairo University, Cairo, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Aya Ahmed Amin
- Assistant lecturer, Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo University, Cairo, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
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The Effectiveness of Early Childhood Caries Treatment with MI Varnish Fluor in Obese Subjects: A Study from Vietnam. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8121151. [PMID: 34943346 PMCID: PMC8699859 DOI: 10.3390/children8121151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We conducted this work to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for early childhood caries (ECC) using MI Varnish Fluor in obese children aged from 36 to 71 months. Methods: This study was conducted on 300 carious teeth of obese children and normal-weight children in Hanoi, Vietnam, over the period 2019–2020. Diagnodent KaVo 2190 laser equipment was used to diagnose ECC. The children in each group were selected on the basis of similarities in age, gender, and study location, and the teeth in the two groups were selected on the basis of similarities in damage level and jaw position. ECC treatment was performed once a week for four consecutive weeks with MI Varnish Fluor. The child, the child’s family, and the child’s teacher were consulted on diet and oral hygiene during the treatment. Children were examined and monitored throughout the treatment period. Children were re-examined after 3 and 6 months from the start time of treatment. The Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used, with statistical significance indicated at p < 0.05. Results: After six months of treatment with MI Varnish Fluor, the number of cases of code 0 damage recovery (D0) increased in both groups. The result showed that MI Varnish fluor was effective in ECC treatment. D0 damage recovery rates of 79.3% in obese children and 62.7% in normal-weight children were observed after six months of treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to age, tooth position, or tooth surface position in D0 damage recovery. Conclusions: MI Varnish Fluor was effective in ECC treatment, with D0 damage recovery rates of 79.3% in obese children and 62.7% in normal-weight children after six months of treatment.
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Early Childhood Caries in Obese Children: The Status and Associated Factors in the Suburban Areas in Hanoi, Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168844. [PMID: 34444591 PMCID: PMC8394207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and early childhood caries are two prominent health problems affecting the majority of children worldwide. Thus, early childhood caries in obese children must be studied. This study was conducted to investigate the status of early childhood caries in obese children in Hanoi, Vietnam, and its associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 234 obese children, 234 normal children (non-obese) aged 36 to 71 months, and their mothers at some kindergartens in Hanoi. Study subjects were randomly selected with similarities in age, gender, and study location. Decayed tooth of children was detected by clinical examination and Diagnodent Kavo 2190 machine of Germany. In addition, a questionnaire for their mothers was used to find out related factors. We found that, in the Obese Group, the rate of early childhood caries (ECC), severe-early childhood caries (S-ECC), dmft index (the number of decayed teeth, teeth lost due to cavities, filled decayed teeth or filled cavity), and dmfs index (the number of surfaces of the teeth decay, surfaces of teeth were lost due to cavities, surfaces of filled decayed teeth) were 82.91%, 59.83%, 6.84 ± 4.92, and 9.10 ± 7.48, respectively. In the Normal Group, these rates were smaller than in the Obese Group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Regarding related factors, the hobby of drinking soft drinks, the habits and frequency of drinking milk at night and eating sweet marshmallows were associated with ECC in the Obese Group with p < 0.05. In conclusion, the higher rates of ECC were seen in obese children, with eating hobbies and habits being the related factors. Therefore, it is necessary to have appropriate policies and effective communication strategies to minimize ECC in the future.
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Anthropometric Status, Diet, and Dental Caries among Schoolchildren. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137027. [PMID: 34209321 PMCID: PMC8297345 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Childhood dental caries and obesity are prevalent health problems. Results from previous studies of the caries–obesity relationship are conflicting. This study aimed to assess the association between anthropometric status and dental caries among schoolchildren, taking into account dietary habits, oral hygiene, and sociodemographic factors. This cross-sectional study recruited 569 children aged 6–12 years from five elementary schools in central Taiwan. Each child underwent an oral health examination and anthropometric measurements. The DMFT (decayed, missing due to caries, and filled permanent teeth) and deft (decayed, extracted, and filled primary teeth) indexes were calculated to record caries experience. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on food intake frequency and other related factors. The World Health Organization’s reference data was applied to define weight status: obese, overweight, and normal/underweight. The results showed that the mean (±standard deviation) deft and DMFT scores were 2.3 ± 2.6 and 0.7 ± 1.2, respectively, among participating children. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 18.1% and 18.5%, respectively. After comprehensive evaluation of potential confounders, weight status was not an independent predictor of DMFT or deft scores in the negative binomial regression models. In conclusion, weight status was not associated with caries scores in primary or permanent teeth among 6–12 year-old schoolchildren.
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Li S, Huang S, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li F, Tan K, Lu J, Chen Z, Guo Q, Tang Y, Teng F, Yang F. Geographic Variation Did Not Affect the Predictive Power of Salivary Microbiota for Caries in Children With Mixed Dentition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680288. [PMID: 34222048 PMCID: PMC8250437 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases, affecting approximately half of children worldwide. The microbial composition of dental caries may depend on age, oral health, diet, and geography, yet the effect of geography on these microbiomes is largely underexplored. Here, we profiled and compared saliva microbiota from 130 individuals aged 6 to 8 years old, representing both healthy children (H group) and children with caries-affected (C group) from two geographical regions of China: a northern city (Qingdao group) and a southern city (Guangzhou group). First, the saliva microbiota exhibited profound differences in diversity and composition between the C and H groups. The caries microbiota featured a lower alpha diversity and more variable community structure than the healthy microbiota. Furthermore, the relative abundance of several genera (e.g., Lactobacillus, Gemella, Cryptobacterium and Mitsuokella) was significantly higher in the C group than in the H group (p<0.05). Next, geography dominated over disease status in shaping salivary microbiota, and a wide array of salivary bacteria was highly predictive of the individuals’ city of origin. Finally, we built a universal diagnostic model based on 14 bacterial species, which can diagnose caries with 87% (AUC=86.00%) and 85% (AUC=91.02%) accuracy within each city and 83% accuracy across cities (AUC=92.17%). Although the detection rate of Streptococcus mutans in populations is not very high, it could be regarded as a single biomarker to diagnose caries with decent accuracy. These findings demonstrated that despite the large effect size of geography, a universal model based on salivary microbiota has the potential to diagnose caries across the Chinese child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Microbiome Innovation at Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Stomatology Department, Women & Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaixuan Tan
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenggang Chen
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongping Tang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Single-Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Barbosa MCF, Reis CLB, Lopes CMCF, Madalena IR, Küchler EC, Baratto-Filho F, Storrer CLM, Lima DC, Oliveira DSB. Assessing the Association Between Nutritional Status, Caries, and Gingivitis in Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X211001237. [PMID: 33786340 PMCID: PMC7961701 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x211001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate if nutritional status is associated with caries and gingivitis in Brazilian schoolchildren. Material and methods. Children of both genders, age ranging from 8 to 11 years old, were included in this study. Caries was diagnosed using ICDAS (International System for Detection and Assessment of Carious Lesions) and gingivitis was diagnosed using the Community Periodontal Index. The nutritional status of each child was defined by BMI Z-score calculation. Data on oral health behavior and dietary habit were collected through parent's questionnaires. Parametric analyzes were performed to compare the groups. The established alpha was 5%. Results. The sample consisted of 353 schoolchildren: 16 underweight children, 247 eutrophic children, 64 overweight children, and 26 were obese children. Overweight, Obese and Overweight + Obese children presented less cavitated caries lesion than Eutrophic children (P < .05). Gingivitis was not associated with nutritional status (P > .05). Conclusion. Caries was associated with overweight and obesity in Brazilian schoolchildren.
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Shen A, Bernabé E, Sabbah W. Undernutrition is associated with change in severe dental caries. J Public Health Dent 2020; 80:236-243. [PMID: 32743811 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association of baseline prevalence of thinness or stunting and the incidence of dental caries among preschool children in Liaoning Province, China. METHODS Children were recruited from 15 kindergartens in Liaoning Province. A total of 772 children were assessed at baseline and follow-up. The mean age of children at baseline was 50.82 months, and the median follow-up time was 10.12 months. Anthropometric measurement, dental caries, and questionnaire were assessed overtime, whereas only baseline questionnaire was used in the data analysis. z-Score for body mass index (BMI)-for-age, weight-for-age, and height-for-age were calculated using World Health Organisation (WHO) Child Growth Standards. Dental caries was assessed according to the fifth WHO Basic Methods for Oral Health Surveys. The presence of pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula, and abscess (pufa) were used to indicate severe dental caries in deciduous teeth. A structured questionnaire mainly based on the fifth WHO Oral Health Surveys was used to collect sociodemographic and behavior data. Logistic regression was constructed to assess the association between change in severe dental caries and prevalence of thinness and stunting. RESULTS There was a positive association between prevalence of stunting and incidence of severe caries in the fully adjusted model [odds ratios 2.88; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 8.27]. Prevalence of thinness showed insignificant positive association with incidence of severe caries. CONCLUSIONS While undernutrition indicated by stunting appeared to be a risk factor for severe dental caries, it could also be a marker for other determinants of progress of dental caries including socioeconomic factors and lack of use of dental services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Shen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Bernabé
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wael Sabbah
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Correlation between Caries, Body Mass Index and Occlusion in an Italian Pediatric Patients Sample: A Transverse Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17092994. [PMID: 32357403 PMCID: PMC7246709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17092994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between caries, body mass index (BMI) and occlusion in a sample of pediatric patients. METHODS The study group included 127 patients (72 female, 55 male) aged between 6 and 16 years (mean age 10.2) and selected between January and June 2019 at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Messina. Caries incidence was evaluated using the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index. On the basis of BMI values, using a table adjusted for age and gender, patients were grouped into four categories (underweight, normal weight, risk of overweight, overweight). RESULTS There was no significant correlation between BMI and DMFT in the whole sample. The study of the correlation between BMI and DMFT in patients with different types of malocclusion showed a significant inverse correlation for patients affected by II class and deepbite malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of caries does not seem to be significantly related to BMI and occlusal patterns, but it decreases with increasing age.
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Manohar N, Hayen A, Arora A. Obesity and dental caries in early childhood: a systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 18:135-145. [PMID: 31385935 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this review are to examine whether overweight/obese children experience more dental caries compared with non-overweight/non-obese children, and to identify common risk factors associated with both conditions. INTRODUCTION Systematic reviews have shown that any evidence on a link between overweight and/or obesity and dental caries remains inconclusive. This relationship has not been assessed for children under six years of age with primary dentition. Therefore, an updated systematic review of this topic is necessary as its findings will be important for young children, clinicians, researchers and policy makers. INCLUSION CRITERIA Studies examining children under six years of age and with complete primary dentition at the time of dental caries assessment will be included. The exposure of interest is the overweight and/or obesity status of children under six years of age. The outcome is dental caries in children with complete primary dentition. There will be no restriction on setting, date or language. METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar will be searched for eligible studies. The electronic database search will be supplemented by OpenGrey and Grey Literature Report databases, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and the International Association for Dental Research conference websites. Two reviewers will independently screen and select studies, assess methodological quality and extract data. Meta-analysis will be performed, if possible, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings presented. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018085292.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Manohar
- Campbelltown Campus, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- Campbelltown Campus, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
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Guaré RO, Perez MM, Novaes TF, Ciamponi AL, Gorjão R, Diniz MB. Overweight/obese children are associated with lower caries experience than normal-weight children/adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019; 29:756-764. [PMID: 31336007 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare (a) enamel carious (EC) and dentin carious (DC) lesions and (b) caries risk, between normal-weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW) children/adolescents. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 91 participants aged 6-12 years were classified according to the body mass index (BMI): NW (n = 50) and OW (n = 41). Caries experience was evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) with two thresholds: "EC/DC" (ICDAS 1-3/4-6) and "DC" (ICDAS 4-6). Caries risk was determined by the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) system. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association among OW, caries thresholds, and caries risk. RESULTS Caries experience was similar for both groups at the "EC/DC" threshold (P = .477) and higher for the NW group at the "DC" threshold (P = .009). For CAMBRA, caries risk classification was similar for both groups (P = .082). The logistic regression showed the OW group was less likely to exhibit radiographically visible proximal carious lesions (odds ratio [OR] of 0.330, P = .019), thick biofilm visible on the tooth surface (OR = 0.360, P = .019), high caries risk (OR = 0.367, P = .039), and moderate-to-high caries levels (OR = 0.190, P = .022). CONCLUSION OW children/adolescents had lower caries experience, at both ICDAS thresholds, and lower caries risk, compared to NW children/adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Lídia Ciamponi
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ravelomantsoa JJ, Razanamihaja N, Rajabo R, Randrianarivony J. [Relation between body mass index and dental caries among adolescents]. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; 31:243-250. [PMID: 33305928 DOI: 10.3917/spub.192.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and dental caries are both multifactorial diseases. Their prevalence is increasing among infants and adolescents. Research results on the association between dental caries and obesity are contradictory and the nature of factors involved remains unclear. The aims were to review and summarize the type of the relation between dental caries and obesity among infants and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years old and to identify factors contributing to the clarification of the relationship. METHOD Research of literature was undertaken on electronically databases Scholar Google, Medline, completed by manual searches from reference lists of studies. Review was based on cross sectional studies published between 2010 and 2015. RESULTS The results showed that dental caries were associated with high and low body mass index. In addition to the socio-economic, environmental, behavioural, lifestyle factors, the review identified that the choice of instruments used to diagnose the dental caries and the obesity had impact on the results. CONCLUSION The present review has identified the impact of the indicators used for measuring obesity and dental caries other than the standard BMI or DMFT respectively. Future research should test if their use will change the conclusions on the association between obesity and dental caries.
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Alshihri AA, Rogers HJ, Alqahtani MA, Aldossary MS. Association between Dental Caries and Obesity in Children and Young People: A Narrative Review. Int J Dent 2019; 2019:9105759. [PMID: 31191654 PMCID: PMC6525928 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association between obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents. Furthermore, to consider the possible reasons behind this relationship. METHODS A database search for papers published between January 2015 and May 2018, inclusive, addressing the association between obesity and dental caries was conducted. A review and critical appraisal of all included studies was performed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included in this review from different populations worldwide. Eight studies assessed the primary dentition, nine studies were conducted on permanent dentition, and remaining nine studies on both dentitions. The results regarding the association between obesity and dental caries were conflicting and inconsistent. Nine studies concluded that there was no relationship between obesity and dental caries. A positive association was reported in five studies, while the inverse association was reported in eleven studies. Studies included in this review had significant variations in methodology and the investigated cofactors. Possible explanations of the controversial association between obesity and dental caries are discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Both obesity and dental caries are multifactorial diseases, and their association is far more complex that can be explained by a single common risk factor, presenting evidence for the complexity of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmonem A. Alshihri
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen J. Rogers
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Alqahtani
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aldossary
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shen A, Bernabé E, Sabbah W. The bidirectional relationship between weight, height and dental caries among preschool children in China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216227. [PMID: 31039199 PMCID: PMC6490928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of a bidirectional association between dental caries and anthropometric measures among children. This dual relationship has not been examined in the same population. The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the relationship between baseline caries and changes in weight and height; and (2) to assess whether baseline weight and height are associated with changes in dental caries in a sample of preschool Chinese children. Children were recruited from 15 kindergarten in Liaoning Province at baseline (8 in rural area and 7 in urban area), a total of 1,111 of children were included at baseline. The mean age of children at baseline was 50.82 months. Data were collected through clinical oral examination, assessment of anthropometric measures and structured questionnaire. Dental caries was assessed according World Health Organization (WHO) methods by one dentist. Sociodemographic and behaviour data were also collected. At follow-up, 772 children were included (attrition rate: 30%), dental caries and anthropometric measures were assessed again. Z-score for weight-for-age and height-for-age were calculated using the 2006 and 2007 WHO Child Growth Standards. The sum of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth (dmft) were used in the analysis. Multilevel analysis for longitudinal data was conducted to explore the relationship between z-score for weight-for-age and height-for-age, and dental caries among children. The median follow-up time was 10.12 months. There was a significant negative association between dmft at baseline and change in height-for-age. On the other hand, weight-for-age at baseline was negatively associated with change in dmft at follow-up. The findings suggest that dental caries impedes children's growth indicated by height for age. Low weight children appear to be more susceptible to dental caries in the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Shen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Bernabé
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wael Sabbah
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Paisi M, Kay E, Bennett C, Kaimi I, Witton R, Nelder R, Lapthorne D. Body mass index and dental caries in young people: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:122. [PMID: 31014292 PMCID: PMC6480798 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and caries in young people are issues of public health concern. Even though research into the relationship between the two conditions has been conducted for many years, to date the results remain equivocal. The aim of this paper was to determine the nature of the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and caries in children and adolescents, by conducting a systematic review of the published literature. METHODS A systematic search of studies examining the association between BMI and caries in individuals younger than 18 years old was conducted. The electronic bibliographic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched. References of included studies were checked to identify further potential studies. Internal and external validity as well as reporting quality were assessed using the validated Methodological Evaluation of Observational Research checklist. Results were stratified based on the risk of flaws in 14 domains 10 of which were considered major and four minor. RESULTS Of the 4208 initially identified studies, 84 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review; conclusions were mainly drawn from 7 studies at lower risk of flaws. Three main types of association between BMI and caries were found: 26 studies showed a positive relationship, 19 showed a negative association, and 43 found no association between the variables of interest. Some studies showed more than one pattern of association. Assessment of confounders was the domain most commonly found to be flawed, followed by sampling and research specific bias. Among the seven studies which were found to be at lower risk of being flawed, five found no association between BMI and caries and two showed a positive association between these two variables. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of an association between BMI and caries was inconsistent. Based on the studies with a low risk lower risk of being flawed, a positive association between the variables of interest was found mainly in older children. In younger children, the evidence was equivocal. Longitudinal studies examining the association between different indicators of obesity and caries over the life course will help shed light in their complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paisi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Peninsula Dental School, room C507, Portland Square, Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA UK
| | - Elizabeth Kay
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Peninsula Dental School, room C507, Portland Square, Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA UK
| | - Cathy Bennett
- Office of Research and Innovation, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Kaimi
- School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA UK
| | - Robert Witton
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Peninsula Dental School, room C507, Portland Square, Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA UK
| | - Robert Nelder
- Office of the Director of Public Health, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth, PL6 5UF UK
| | - Debra Lapthorne
- Public Health England, South West, Follaton House, Plymouth Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5NE UK
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Goodarzi A, Heidarnia A, Tavafian SS, Eslami M. Association between Dental Caries and Body Mass Index-for-Age among 10-12-Year-Old Female Students in Tehran. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30967914 PMCID: PMC6425762 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_528_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dental caries and obesity are multifactorial diseases with diet being a common contributory factor. Many studies have reported varied outcomes about the association between dental caries and body mass index. But, there is no published study that investigates this association among female students in Tehran. The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dental caries and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of female students in Tehran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 416 students aged between 10 to 12 years was examined for dental caries using WHO standard diagnostic criteria. The Decayed, missing and filled of permanent teeth (DMFT) were recorded. The student's weight and height were measured by two trained examiner and their BMI were calculated. BMI-for-age and dental caries categories were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square, and t-tests using SPSS computer software. Results: The mean DMFT score and BMI of the study population was 1.03 ± 1.41 and 18.11 ± 3.33 respectively. The findings showed that 58.9% of the children had a normal weight, 27.9% were overweight, 10.3% were obese, and only 2.9% of the students were thin when they were compared with WHO standard of BMI for children with the same age. The respective mean DMFT values for BMI groups (thin, normal, overweight and obese) were 1.25, 0.73, 1.42, and 1.65, respectively. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between dental caries and high BMI. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant association between caries frequency with high body mass index. For these reasons, the evaluation of nutritional status in students should be implemented in control programs for dental caries both on the community, schools, and individual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Goodarzi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Heidarnia
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eslami
- Department of Population Health, Family and Schools Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Goodarzi A, Heidarnia A, Tavafian SS, Eslami M. Predicting oral health behaviors among Iranian students by using health belief model. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2019; 8:10. [PMID: 30815481 PMCID: PMC6378810 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_10_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is assessing predictors to oral health behavior in Iranian students based on the health belief model. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 416 (applying the statistical estimation) of fifth-grade female students of Tehran in 2016. Random cluster sampling method was used to recruit students. The inclusion criteria were being grade five female student (aged 10-12 years), and studying in governmental schools, and having a signed consent from the child's parent or legal guardian. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the variables that predict oral health behaviors. RESULTS Overall, 416 female students were entered into the study. Of these, only 55.3% of the students reported that they were brushing at least twice a day, 22.4% were using dental floss at least once a day, and 23.1% reported checking their teeth every 6 months. The results obtained from the logistic regression analysis indicated that perceived self-efficacy, was the significant predicting factor for brushing at least twice a day (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.06-1.69, P = 0.012) and use of dental floss at least once a day (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.14-2.27, P = 0.007). Furthermore, mother's job predicted use of dental floss at least once a day by (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.07-3.10). Perceived benefits were the significant predicting factor for 6 months check (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.14-2.77). CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence oral health can be promoted by increasing perceived self-efficacy and enhancing perceived benefits in female students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Goodarzi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Heidarnia
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eslami
- Department of Population Health, Family and Schools Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Tomazoni F, Vettore MV, Mendes FM, Ardenghi TM. The Association between Sense of Coherence and Dental Caries in Low Social Status Schoolchildren. Caries Res 2018; 53:314-321. [PMID: 30359970 DOI: 10.1159/000493537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between dental caries and sense of coherence (SOC) has not been substantiated in children and adolescents, particularly among those with a low socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SOC and dental caries in schoolchildren from a low socioeconomic background. A random sample of 356 8- to 14-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in public schools from the poorest region of Santa Maria, a southern city in Brazil, was selected. Dental examinations were performed to assess dental plaque and dental caries (DMF-S and dmf-s indexes). The children's SOC was assessed using a validated Brazilian version of the SOC-13 scale. Socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral data were collected from parents using a questionnaire. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis was used following a hierarchical approach to investigate the association between the SOC and DMF-T + dmf-t mean. Children whose mothers had studied for 8 years or less (RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.08-1.57) and children with dental plaque (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.06-1.58) presented with higher DMF-T scores than their counterparts (p < 0.05). A higher household income (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.84) and greater SOC scores (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.90) were associated with lower DMF-T in children (p < 0.05). Children's SOC seems to be a relevant protective psychosocial factor for dental caries experience in socially vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Tomazoni
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mario Vianna Vettore
- Academic Unit of Oral Health, Dentistry and Society, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fausto Medeiros Mendes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Machado Ardenghi
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil,
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Mishu MP, Tsakos G, Heilmann A, Watt RG. Dental caries and anthropometric measures in a sample of 5- to 9-year-old children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2018; 46:449-456. [PMID: 30080262 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess associations between dental caries and anthropometric measures among a sample of children aged 5-9 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 5- to 9-year-old children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from children and their parents attending the Dhaka Dental College Hospital and from three nearby primary schools. The outcome measures were as follows: age and sex adjusted height-z-scores (HAZ), weight-z-scores (WAZ) and BMI-z-scores (BAZ). Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the associations between caries and anthropometric measures, adjusted for maternal education, family income, study setting, birth weight and childhood diseases as potential confounders. RESULTS The final sample comprised 788 children, and the overall response rate was 96.7%. The majority (73.2%) had experience of dental caries. The mean dmft + DMFT score was 2.84 (95% CI 2.64, 3.03) and 35.8% experienced dental sepsis. Dental caries and sepsis were negatively associated with HAZ, WAZ and BAZ scores. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with severe levels of caries had lower HAZ scores (coefficient: -0.40; 95% CI -0.69, -0.10), lower WAZ scores (coefficient: -0.59; 95% CI -0.94, -0.24) and lower BAZ scores (coefficient: -0.50; 95% CI -0.87, -0.13) than those who were caries free. Children with moderate levels of caries also had lower WAZ scores (coefficient: -0.43; 95% CI -0.72, -0.15) and lower BAZ scores (coefficient: -0.43; 95% CI -0.72, -0.13) than caries-free children. Children with dental sepsis had lower HAZ (coefficient: -0.23; 95% CI -0.42, -0.03), WAZ (coefficient: -0.33; 95% CI -0.56, -0.10) and BAZ scores (coefficient: -0.29; 95% CI -0.53, -0.05) than dental sepsis-free children. CONCLUSIONS Dental caries was associated with lower height, weight and BMI among this sample of Bangladeshi children, even after adjusting for age and sex and a number of potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Pervin Mishu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Georgios Tsakos
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Anja Heilmann
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Richard G Watt
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Bae JH, Obounou BWO. Presence of Dental Caries Is Associated with Food Insecurity and Frequency of Breakfast Consumption in Korean Children and Adolescents. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:94-101. [PMID: 30018886 PMCID: PMC6047872 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries remains one of the most common chronic diseases affecting children worldwide with a multi-factorial etiology. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status (SES), dietary intake, food insecurity (FI), and dental caries in Korean children and adolescents. The study utilized data from the 2-year Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted with 1,559 Korean boys and 1,391 girls aged 2 to 18 years from 2012 to 2013. Fathers' education (P=0.017), mothers' education (P<0.001), and household income (P=0.049) were all significantly associated with dental caries among Korean boys. As for dietary practices, both eating breakfast (P<0.001) and frequency of eating out (P<0.001) were strongly associated with dental caries (P<0.001). Three models of FI were used and no differences were found regarding genders. In model 3, both food insecure male [odds ratio (OR)=1.682, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.999~2.832] and female (OR=1.900, 95% CI: 1.094~3.299) subjects had higher odds of developing dental caries than food secure subjects after adjusting the confounding factors. The present study showed a strong association between FI mediated by SES and dental caries. Nutrition education programs targeting low-socioeconomic families are necessary as a tool to prevent dental caries in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Paisi M, Kay E, Kaimi I, Witton R, Nelder R, Potterton R, Lapthorne D. Obesity and caries in four-to-six year old English children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:267. [PMID: 29454320 PMCID: PMC5816423 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and caries are common conditions in childhood and can have significant implications on children’s wellbeing. Evidence into their association remains conflicting. Furthermore, studies examining the ssociation between obesity and caries commonly focus on individual-level determinants. The present study aimed to examine the association between obesity and caries in young English children and to determine the impact of deprivation and area-level characteristics on the distribution of the two conditions. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among children in Plymouth city aged four-to-six years. Anthropometric measurements included weight and height (converted to Body Mass Index centiles and z-scores), and waist circumference. Caries was assessed by using the sum of the number of teeth that were decayed, missing or filled. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on children’s demographic characteristics, oral hygiene, and dietary habits. The impact of deprivation on anthropometric variables and caries was determined using Linear and Poisson regression models, respectively. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between different anthropometric measures and caries. Logistic regression models were also used to examine the impact of several demographic characteristics and health behaviours on the presence of obesity and caries. Results The total sample included 347 children aged 5.10 ± 0.31 (mean ± SD). Deprivation had a significant impact on caries and BMI z-scores (p < 0.05). Neither BMI- nor waist circumference z-scores were shown to be significantly associated with dental caries. Among the neighbourhood characteristics examined, the percentage of people dependent on benefits was found to have a significant impact on caries rates (p < 0.05). Household’s total annual income was inversely related to caries risk and parental educational level affected children’s tooth brushing frequency. Conclusions No associations between any measure of obesity and caries were found. However, deprivation affected both obesity and caries, thus highlighting the need to prioritise disadvantaged children in future prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paisi
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Kay
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Irene Kaimi
- School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Witton
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Nelder
- Office of the Director of Public Health, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth, PL6 5UF, UK
| | - Ruth Potterton
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Debra Lapthorne
- Public Health England, Follaton House, Road, Totnes, Plymouth, Devon, TQ9 5NE, UK
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Chen D, Zhi Q, Zhou Y, Tao Y, Wu L, Lin H. Association between Dental Caries and BMI in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res 2018; 52:230-245. [PMID: 29353283 DOI: 10.1159/000484988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the association between dental caries and body mass index (BMI) in children has shown contradictory results; thus we aimed to examine the association between dental caries and the full range of BMI classes among children. We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published prior to March 2017. Articles comparing dental caries among the full range of BMI classes for children below 18 years of both genders were included. Fourteen studies were eligible for this study. Basic information - i.e., first author, published year, study design, country, sample size, age, type of dental caries index and BMI, main results and conclusions, and means and standard deviations of the dental caries indexes used - was pooled. The weighted mean differences and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for dental caries between children with abnormal weight and those with normal weight were analyzed. Generally, no significant differences in caries were found between any abnormal-weight group and the normal-weight group for both primary and permanent teeth. Sensitivity analyses showed that the obese group had more caries than the normal-weight group in their primary teeth. Significantly more caries was found among the overweight and obese children in both primary and permanent teeth in high-income countries, but not in low- and middle-income countries. We recommend that further studies use suitable sample sizes, unify the criteria for BMI categorization and the dental caries index, and investigate the confounding factors that might influence dental caries and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongru Chen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Idrees M, Hammad M, Faden A, Kujan O. Influence of body mass index on severity of dental caries: cross-sectional study in healthy adults. Ann Saudi Med 2017; 37:444-448. [PMID: 29229892 PMCID: PMC6074122 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries is still undetermined. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the relationship between the dental status by decayed, missed, filled teeth index (DMFT), and BMI by age and gender among healthy adults. DESIGN Analytical, cross-sectional study. SETTINGS University dental hospital in Riyadh. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Healthy adults aged between 18 and 35 years were recruited during the 10-month period from March 2015 to December 2015. Dental caries severity was estimated using the DMFT index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The prevalence of overweight/obesity and the association of BMI category with the DMFT index. RESULTS The mean age of 502 subjects was 24.3 (4.9) years. The caries severity of the study population was considered moderate according to the WHO caries severity scale (mean [standard deviation] DMFT 13.3 [3.8]). The mean (SD) DMFT of male and female subjects was 13.1 (4.0) and 13.36 (3.7), respectively. No significant association was seen between dental caries and BMI. Logistic regression analysis showed that males had two times more risk of developing dental caries compared to females. In addition, the risk of caries development was increased by about 5 times for every year of age. CONCLUSION Dental caries was not associated with BMI but age significantly influenced the DMFT index and gender was associated with more missing teeth. Further longitudinal studies with larger cohorts from several geographic regions are warranted. LIMITATION Convenience sampling and recruitment from a single dental center may have some impact on the generalization of data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omar Kujan
- Dr. Omar Kujan, UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia,, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands,, Western Australia, 6009, Australia, T: +61 8 6457 7649, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-8280
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Antunes LAA, Machado CMC, Couto ACK, Lopes LB, Sena FC, Abreu FV, Fraga RS, Küchler EC, Antunes LS. A Polymorphism in the MTRR Gene Is Associated with Early Childhood Caries and Underweight. Caries Res 2017; 51:102-108. [PMID: 28118645 DOI: 10.1159/000451037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes encoding the enzymes involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, such as methionine synthase (MTR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), play an important function in the metabolism of folic acid and vitamin B12. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in genes MTR (rs1805087) and MTRR (rs1801394) with susceptibility of early childhood caries (ECC) and with body mass index alterations. A cross-sectional study was performed in 488 children aged from 2 to 6 years from 25 public day care centers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Demographic data and oral health habits were obtained through a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and caries experience data were collected by 2 examiners (κ = 0.80). Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by TaqMan real-time PCR using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups with and without disease. The t test, χ2 test, odds ratio, Pearson correlation tests, and logistic regression analysis were used (p ≤ 0.05). The mean white spot lesion score was 1.18 (±2.57) in normal weight children and 2.50 (±3.87) in underweight children (p = 0.05). For MTRR polymorphisms, significant differences were observed for allele and genotype frequency distributions between caries-free and caries-affected children (p = 0.03 and 0.04 for allele and genotype frequencies, respectively) and in the genotype frequencies between normal weight and underweight children (p = 0.04). Our results suggest an association between underweight and ECC; in addition it is suggested that MTRR is a common genetic risk factor for ECC and underweight.
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Karmakar P, Arora R, Patel C, Sarvaiya B, Singh A, Patel M. Caries risk in children of Udaipur City, India using genetic taste sensitivity to 6- n-propylthiouracil. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 6:523-528. [PMID: 28032043 PMCID: PMC5184385 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.195508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: Dental caries still remains the single most common disease of childhood. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a higher prevalence of dental caries would be observed among nontaster children compared to medium tasters or supertasters of 6n propylthiouracil impregnated filter papers. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on a random sample of 600 school children aged 6–12 years in Udaipur city. 6-n-propylthiouracil strips were prepared. The food preference questionnaire was filled by the participants, and their decayed missing filled status as well as taste sensitivity to the propylthiouracil impregnated filter papers were noted. The data obtained was then used for statistical analysis using chi square, analysis of variance, and Students t-tests with the consult of a statistician using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17 software. Results: Nontasters had a greater caries experience than the supertasters and medium tasters. Females were found to be more tasters than nontasters. It was also found that nontasters belonged to caries active group more than the tasters. Conclusion: The caries status was higher among the nontaster children with more sweet preference than in taster children and they belonged more to the caries active group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Karmakar
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
| | - Ruchi Arora
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chhaya Patel
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumi Sarvaiya
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Ahmedabad Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
| | - Mittal Patel
- Ex-Private Practitioner, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Liang JJ, Zhang ZQ, Chen YJ, Mai JC, Ma J, Yang WH, Jing J. Dental caries is negatively correlated with body mass index among 7-9 years old children in Guangzhou, China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:638. [PMID: 27456686 PMCID: PMC4960882 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence linking caries in primary dentition and children's anthropometric measures is contradictory. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of primary dental caries and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) among 7-9 years old school children in urban Guangzhou, China. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 32,461 pupils (14,778 girls and 17,683 boys) aged 7-9 years from 65 elementary schools in Guangzhou. Dental caries was detected according to criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The total mean decayed, missing or filled teeth (dmft) of primary dentition were assessed. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Children were classified into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups by BMI based on Chinese criteria. Z-score of BMI-for-age (BAZ) was calculated by WHO standardized procedure. Multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression. Restricted cubic spline regression was applied to evaluate the shape of the relationship between BAZ and primary dental caries. RESULTS The prevalence of primary dental caries was 30.7 % in total sample. Regarding dmft values, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) in the combined sample were 1.03 ± 2.05 in boys and 0.93 ± 1.92 in girls. Both indices decreased by age. Compared with normal BMI group, children in overweight and obesity groups have 27 % (OR = 0.73, 95 % CI: 0.66-0.81, P < 0.0001) and 34 % (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI: 0.59-0.74, P < 0.0001) lower odds for the presence of primary dental caries after adjustment for age and gender, respectively. Although in general, increased BAZ was associated with decreased risk of dental caries, full-range BAZ was associated with dental caries in an A-shaped manner with a zenith at around -1.4. CONCLUSION Higher BMI was associated with lower odds of caries; overweight and obese children were more likely to be primary dental caries free among 7-9 years in Guangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Liang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-qing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Ya-jun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-cheng Mai
- Guangzhou Health Care Clinics of Middle and Primary Schools, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Public Health of Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wen-han Yang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
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Grund K, Goddon I, Schüler IM, Lehmann T, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in German 5- and 8-year-olds. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:140. [PMID: 26538196 PMCID: PMC4634920 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About half of all carious lesions in primary teeth of German 6- to 7-year-old children remain untreated, but no data regarding the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries are available. Therefore, this cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess the prevalence and experience of caries and odontogenic infections in the primary dentition of 5- and 8-year-old German children. Methods Dental examinations were performed in 5-year-old pre-school children (n = 496) and in 8-year-old primary school children (n = 608) living in the Westphalian Ennepe-Ruhr district. Schools and preschools were selected by sociodemographic criteria including size, area, ownership, socio-economic status. Caries was recorded according to WHO criteria (1997). The Lorenz curves were used to display the polarisation of dental caries. Caries pattern in 5-year-olds was categorized by Wyne’s (1997) definition of early childhood caries (ECC). Odontogenic infections as clinical consequence of untreated dental caries were assessed by the pufa index. The ‘untreated caries-pufa ratio’ was calculated, and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) was used for evaluating the correlation between dmft and pufa scores. Categorical data were compared between groups using the chi-square test and continuous data were analysed by t-test. Results Caries prevalence and experience in the primary dentition was 26.2 %/0.9 ± 2.0 dmft in 5-year-olds and 48.8 %/2.1 ± 2.8 dmft in 8-year-olds. ECC type I (22 %) was the prevalent caries pattern in 5-year-olds. About 30 % of the tooth decay was treated (5y: 29.7 %/8y: 39.3 %). The Lorenz curves showed a strong caries polarisation on 20 % of the children. Pufa prevalence and experience was 4.4 %/0.1 ± 0.5 pufa in 5-year-olds and 16.6 %/0.3 ± 0.9 pufa in 8-year-olds. In 5-year-olds 14.2 % and in 8-year-olds 34.2 % of the d-component had progressed mainly to the pulp. A significant correlation between dmft and pufa scores exists in both age groups (5y: ρ = 0.399; 8y: ρ = 0.499). First deciduous molars were most frequently affected by odontogenic infections, presenting virtually all pufa scores (>95 %). Conclusions Prevalence and experience of odontogenic infections and the untreated caries-pufa ratio were increasing from the younger to the elder children. Dmft and pufa scores in primary teeth predict a higher caries risk in permanent teeth. The pufa index highlights relevant information for decision makers to develop effective oral health care programs for children at high risk for caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Grund
- Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Inka Goddon
- Department of Social Services and Health, Health Services for Children and Adolescents Schwelm, Hauptstr. 92, D-58332, Schwelm, Germany.
| | - Ina M Schüler
- Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Roswitha Heinrich-Weltzien
- Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
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Mohammad SG, Baroudi K. Assessment of the potential of Allium sativum oil as a new medicament for non-vital pulpotomy of primary teeth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:314-20. [PMID: 26312232 PMCID: PMC4547447 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.161762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic effects of Allium sativum oil and formocresol in nonvital pulpotomy in primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty children ranging in age from 4 to 8 years were included in the study. In every one of those children, pulpotomy was indicated for the primary molars. Pulpotomy procedure was performed and the radicular pulp tissue of one molar was capped with A. sativum oil in a cotton pellet while the other molar was capped with formocresol. The teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically before and after 6 months using standard clinical and radiographic criteria. Statistically, these results revealed significant difference between the radiographic findings of nonvital pulpotomy in primary molars with the two medicaments. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and paired t-test at the significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS A. sativum oil has potent antibacterial properties that enable it to combat intracanal microbes in the infected pulp of primary molars. Better results were obtained when A. sativum oil was used. CONCLUSION A. sativum oil had more powerful effects than formocresol on the infected pulp of primary nonvital molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukry Gamal Mohammad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Egypt ; Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Alfarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kusai Baroudi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Alfarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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