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Kumar D, Peter RM, Joseph A, Kosalram K, Kaur H. Prevalence of viral hepatitis infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:103. [PMID: 37288405 PMCID: PMC10243455 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1005_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, Viral Hepatitis can be comparable to the big three communicable diseases: tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and malarial infections. The main purpose of this study was to summarize the prevalence of viral Hepatitis in India from peer-reviewed articles published from February 2000 to February 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic search on Science Direct, Scopus, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other open access journals. We evaluated all relevant papers that looked into the prevalence of viral Hepatitis systematically. Finally, 28 studies on viral Hepatitis published from February 2000 to February 2021 have been selected. These studies have been conducted across the northern, southern, central, eastern, and western regions of India. RESULTS Twenty-eight full-text publications were obtained and evaluated consisting of 45,608 research participants. Hepatitis A was found to range from 2.1% to 52.5%. Hepatitis B was found in a wide range of individuals, ranging from 0.87% to 21.4% of the population. Hepatitis C was found to range from 0.57% to 53.7%. The majority of the children were affected by hepatitis A, and 47.4% of third-trimester pregnant mothers were affected by hepatitis E. Diabetes, hospital admission, history of jaundice, history of surgeries, and heterosexual contact were the leading modes of acquiring HBV and HCV infections. As a result of its great magnitude, this disease poses a severe threat to the national healthcare system. CONCLUSION Effective public health measures are urgently needed to minimize the burden of viral Hepatitis and eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhasarathi Kumar
- Research Scholar, School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Roshni M. Peter
- Department of Community Medicine, SRM Medical College and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalpana Kosalram
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Scientist F, ICMR Headquarters, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tribal Health Research, New Delhi, India
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Dambadarjaa D, Radnaa O, Khuyag SO, Shagdarsuren OE, Enkhbayar U, Mukhtar Y, Tsogzolbaatar EO, Nyam G, Shaarii S, Singh P, Takahashi M, Namdag B, Okamoto H. Hepatitis B, C, and D Virus Infection among Population Aged 10-64 Years in Mongolia: Baseline Survey Data of a Nationwide Cancer Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1928. [PMID: 36423023 PMCID: PMC9696522 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B, C, and D virus infections are a major public health problem, and Mongolia has one of the highest prevalences of dual and triple infections in the world. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis infection and dual or triple hepatitis infections among 10-64-year-olds. A questionnaire was used to identify risk factors for hepatitis infection, and seromarkers were measured by the fully automated immunologic analyzer HISCL-5000. Among a total of 10,040 participants, 8.1% of the population aged 10-64 was infected with HBV, 9.4% with HCV, and 0.4% with HBV and HCV, and the prevalence of the disease varied by age, sex, and the area of residence. Young people were particularly unaware of their hepatitis infection status. A small proportion of children aged 10 to 19 years and the majority of adults younger than 30 years were unaware of their HBV and HCV infection. Men were also more likely to be unaware of their HBV and HCV infection status than women. The results suggested that the prevalence of infection in the general population is high and that most people are unaware that they are infected or have become chronic carriers. Identifying mono-, co-, or triple-infection status is critical to prevent the rapid progression of liver disease among the Mongolian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davaalkham Dambadarjaa
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Otgonbayar Radnaa
- School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Ser-Od Khuyag
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Oyu-Erdene Shagdarsuren
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Uranbaigali Enkhbayar
- School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Yerkyebulan Mukhtar
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Enkh-Oyun Tsogzolbaatar
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Gunchmaa Nyam
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Shatar Shaarii
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Pramil Singh
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Research Program, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Bira Namdag
- School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
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De A, Duseja A, Sood A. Who to Screen for Hepatitis C: That is the Question. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1406-1407. [PMID: 36340301 PMCID: PMC9630029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arka De
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
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Said ZNA, El-Sayed MH. Challenge of managing hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in resource-limited settings. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1333-1343. [PMID: 36158908 PMCID: PMC9376770 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and coinfection represents a major public health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings. Elimination of HCV by 2030 has become foreseeable, with effective direct-acting antiviral oral therapies and the availability of affordable generics in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). However, access to oral nucleos(t)ide therapy for HBV remains critical and is limited outside the existing global HIV program platforms despite affordable prices. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV through scaling up of birth dose implementation in LMICs is essential to achieve the 2030 elimination goal. Most individuals living with HBV and/or HCV in resource-limited settings are unaware of their infection, and with improved access to medications, the most significant barrier remains access to affordable diagnostics and preventive strategies. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic interrupted hepatitis elimination programs, albeit offered opportunities for improved diagnostic capacities and raised political awareness of the critical need for strengthening health care services and universal health coverage. This review underpins the HBV and HCV management challenges in resource-limited settings, highlighting the current status and suggested future elimination strategies in some of these countries. Global efforts should continue to improve awareness and political commitment. Financial resources should be secured to access and implement comprehensive strategies for diagnosis and linkage to care in resource-constrained settings to fulfill the 2030 elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Nabil Ahmed Said
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Manal Hamdy El-Sayed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Anand A, Shalimar. Hepatitis C virus in India: Challenges and Successes. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 18:150-154. [PMID: 34691402 PMCID: PMC8518332 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition UnitAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition UnitAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
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Souda S, Mwita JC, Cainelli F, Mannathoko NB, Anderson M, Moyo S. Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B, C and D virus infection amongst patients with features of hepatitis in a referral hospital in Botswana: A cross-sectional study. S Afr J Infect Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v36i1.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Erdinc FS, Dokuzoguz B, Unal S, Komur S, Inkaya AC, Inan D, Karaoglan I, Deveci A, Celen MK, Kose S, Erben N, Senturk GC, Heper Y, Kutlu SS, Hatipoglu CA, Sumer S, Kandemir B, Sirmatel F, Bayindir Y, Yilmaz E, Ersoy Y, Kazak E, Yildirmak MT, Kayaaslan B, Ozden K, Sener A, Kara A, Gunal O, Birengel S, Akbulut A, Yetkin F, Cuvalci NO, Sargin F, Pullukcu H, Gokengin D, Multicentric Hiv Study Group. Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of HIV in Turkey. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:258-266. [PMID: 32342820 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200427223823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal trends of HIV epidemiology in Turkey from 2011 to 2016. METHODS Thirty-four teams from 28 centers at 17 different cities participated in this retrospective study. Participating centers were asked to complete a structured form containing questions about epidemiologic, demographic and clinical characteristics of patients presented with new HIV diagnosis between 2011 and 2016. Demographic data from all centers (complete or partial) were included in the analyses. For the cascade of care analysis, 15 centers that provided full data from 2011 to 2016 were included. Overall and annual distributions of the data were calculated as percentages and the Chi square test was used to determine temporal changes. RESULTS A total of 2,953 patients between 2011 and 2016 were included. Overall male to female ratio was 5:1 with a significant increase in the number of male cases from 2011 to 2016 (p<0.001). The highest prevalence was among those aged 25-34 years followed by the 35-44 age bracket. The most common reason for HIV testing was illness (35%). While the frequency of sex among men who have sex with men increased from 16% to 30.6% (p<0.001) over the study period, heterosexual intercourse (53%) was found to be the most common transmission route. Overall, 29% of the cases presented with a CD4 count of >500 cells/mm3 while 46.7% presented with a CD4 T cell count of <350 cells/mm3. Among newly diagnosed cases, 79% were retained in care, and all such cases initiated ART with 73% achieving viral suppression after six months of antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION The epidemiologic profile of HIV infected individuals is changing rapidly in Turkey with an increasing trend in the number of newly diagnosed people disclosing themselves as MSM. New diagnoses were mostly at a young age. The late diagnosis was found to be a challenging issue. Despite the unavailability of data for the first 90, Turkey is close to the last two steps of 90-90-90 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Erdinc
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Dokuzoguz
- Ankara Numune Training and Researh Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Unal
- Hacettepe Universitesi Hastaneleri, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Komur
- Cukurova University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adana, Turkey
| | - A C Inkaya
- Ankara Numune Training and Researh Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D Inan
- Akdeniz University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - I Karaoglan
- Gaziantep University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - A Deveci
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M K Celen
- Dicle University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - S Kose
- Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - N Erben
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - G C Senturk
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y Heper
- Uludag University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S S Kutlu
- Pamukkale University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Denizli, Turkey
| | - C A Hatipoglu
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Sumer
- Selcuk University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - B Kandemir
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - F Sirmatel
- Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Y Bayindir
- Inonu University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E Yilmaz
- Uludag University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Y Ersoy
- Inonu University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - E Kazak
- Uludag University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - M T Yildirmak
- Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Kayaaslan
- Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - K Ozden
- Ataturk University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Sener
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - A Kara
- Hacettepe University Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Gunal
- Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - S Birengel
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Akbulut
- Firat University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Elazig, Turkey
| | - F Yetkin
- Inonu University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - N O Cuvalci
- Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - F Sargin
- Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Pullukcu
- Ege University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Gokengin
- Ege University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
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Lin J, Tao X, Xia W, Liu J, Zhong L, Sun X, Liu L, Li L, Jin R, Cheng L, Wang Z, Luo Z, Li Q, Liu E, Fu Z, Dai J. A multicenter survey of pediatric flexible bronchoscopy in western China. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:83-91. [PMID: 33633940 PMCID: PMC7882290 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the current use of pediatric flexible bronchoscopy (PFB) in western China. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in western China between January 1, 2018 to December 30, 2018. Fifty-four centers were invited to answer a questionnaire for seeking information about performance of PFB. The data collected were analyzed to investigate the current status of western China, and hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify developmental level of PFB of cities. RESULTS Forty-seven centers were included in analysis. A total of 22,585 flexible bronchoscopies were carried out in the participating centers from January 1, 2018 to December 30, 2018. Eight centers (17.0%) performed more than 1,000 pediatric flexible bronchoscopies for children, but 20 centers (42.6%) performed less than 100. The median proportion of systematic and professional trained physicians in a single team was 50%, and the pooled rate was 59% (95% CI, 47-70%). Only 10, 8 and 11 centers performed balloon dilatation, thermal ablation and cryoablation, respectively. Obvious cough was the most frequent complication after the PFB procedure, the pooled rate is 24% (95% CI, 18-29%). No one died during and after the PFB procedure. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the development of PBF in western China varies, and Chongqing might be the most developed area in PFB use in western China. CONCLUSIONS Flexible bronchoscopy in children is now a mature and safe procedure, while the development of PFB varies in western China, especially for the advanced bronchoscopic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Lin
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingping Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiyuan People's Hospital, Kaiyuan, China
| | - Wanmin Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Disease, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Urumqi Children's Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Qinghai Women and Children Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zhongtao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qubei Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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Samo AA, Laghari ZA, Baig NM, Khoso GM. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and C in Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:1101-1105. [PMID: 33350368 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Pakistan, viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem affecting millions of people. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are spreading rapidly in all provinces of Pakistan, including Sindh, because of lack of knowledge about routes of transmission, low literacy rate, reuse of syringes, piercing, and other factors. However, information about the prevalence and risk factors is inadequate. So, a general population-based study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate and risk factors of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Nawabshah. Healthy individuals were screened for hepatitis B and hepatitis C using an immunochromatographic rapid test followed by confirmation through ELISA and PCR. Information about sociodemographic and risk factors was obtained through a pretested questionnaire. Descriptive frequencies, odds ratio, and CI were calculated using SPSS software version 23. In total, 523 participants were screened for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, among whom 232 were females and 291 were males. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B was 14.3% and 6.7%, respectively. In a bivariate analysis, hepatitis B infection was significantly associated with risk factors such as hospitalization, blood transfusion, needle injury, multiple sex partners, reused syringe, dental extraction, surgery, injectable drug abuse, and shaving at barbershops. Hepatitis C infection was associated with factors including surgery, needle injury, blood transfusion, reused syringes, dental extraction, and shaving at barbershops. The increasing prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus in Nawabshah is a public health concern. There is dire need to implement preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Ali Samo
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Malkani R, Ahuja H, Tare A, Setia MS. Should we start looking at the elderly for human immunodeficiency virus infections? A study of trends of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2020; 41:169-175. [PMID: 33817589 PMCID: PMC8000678 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_60_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information on the trends of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections in India - particularly from private health-care settings. We designed the present research to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV over a period of 7 years and study the factors associated with them. Materials and Methods The present study is a secondary data analysis of data from the laboratory records of 24,086 individuals who were tested over a period of 7 years (2009-2015). We estimated the proportion and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV antibodies. Results The overall seroprevalence of HIV was 0.35% (95% CI: 0.27%, 0.44%), HBsAg was 1.65% (95% CI: 1.48%, 1.82%), and HCV was 1.73% (95% CI: 1.56%, 1.90%). The prevalence of HIV among those who were more than 70 years of age was 0.14% (95% CI: 0.04%, 0.32%). The prevalence of HBsAg was highest in those aged 30-39 years (2.27%, 95% CI: 1.74%, 2.92%) (P = 0.008). The prevalence of HIV/HBsAg co-infection was 0.019% (95% CI: 0.005%, 0.050%), HIV/HCV co-infection was 0.005% (95% CI: 0.000, 0.027%), and HBsAg/HCV co-infection was 0.059% (95% CI: 0.030%, 0.102%). We did not encounter even a single case of all the three infections. Conclusions HIV infection is relatively high in those who were aged 50 years of more; thus, they need to be included in the National AIDS Control Programme. HIV/HBV/HCV co-infections should be regularly monitored in surveillance programs, and antiretroviral therapy officers and counselors should be trained on the management of HIV in those who are co-infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Malkani
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harish Ahuja
- Department of Immunology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aditya Tare
- Department of Immunology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Ayano G, Haile K, Tesfaye A, Haile K, Demelash S, Tulu M, Tsegaye B, Solomon M, Kebede A, Biru A, Birhanu H, Zenawi G, Habtamu Y, Kibron E, Eshetu S, Sefiw M, Assefa D, Yohannes Z. Undiagnosed HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections in people with severe psychiatric disorders in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:180. [PMID: 32106864 PMCID: PMC7045486 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, there is limited epidemiologic evidence on the seroprevalence of undiagnosed chronic viral infections including HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among patients with severe psychiatric disorders. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore and compare undiagnosed seroprevalence rates of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections among patients with severe psychiatric disorders. Method In this study, we included a random sample of 309 patients with severe psychiatric disorders selected by systematic sampling technique. We used a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID) to confirm the diagnosis of severe psychiatric disorders among the participants. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for the potential confounding factors was used to explore the potential determinants of chronic viral infections. Result The prevalence estimates of HIV infection among patients with severe psychiatric disorders in this study (3.24%) was roughly 3 times the estimated population prevalence of HIV infection in Ethiopia (1.1%). This study showed that the prevalence rates of HBV and HCV infections among patients with severe psychiatric disorders were 4.85 and 1.29%, respectively. Our results also showed that among patients with chronic viral infections, HIV, HBV and HCV, 76.92, 60, 80, and 75% respectively were undiagnosed. Regarding associated factors, the presence of chronic viral infection was found to be significantly associated with the age of the participants (ranging between 30 and 40 years) after adjusting for the possible confounding factors [AOR = 3.95 (95%CI.18–13.17)]. Conclusion Even though the prevalence estimates of HIV (3.24%), HBV (4.85%), and HCV (1.29%) infections were high among patients with severe psychiatric disorders, the majority of them remained undiagnosed. HBV was found to be the commonly undiagnosed infection (4 out of 5) followed by HCV (3 out of 4) and HIV (6 out of 10). The present study provided evidence of a significant association between the age of the participant (between 30 and 40 years) and chronic viral infections in patients with severe psychiatric disorders. Increasing the awareness of psychiatry professionals and early screening, as well as interventions of chronic viral infections among patients with severe psychiatric disorders are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getinet Ayano
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Westen Australia, Australia.
| | - Kibrom Haile
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abel Tesfaye
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Kelemua Haile
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mikias Tulu
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Belachew Tsegaye
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melat Solomon
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alem Kebede
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aynalem Biru
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habte Birhanu
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gebresilassie Zenawi
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yodit Habtamu
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Esias Kibron
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seneshet Eshetu
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Sefiw
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Assefa
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zegeye Yohannes
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, PO Box 171, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Currently, despite the use of a preventive vaccine for several decades as well as the use of effective and well-tolerated viral suppressive medications since 1998, approximately 250 million people remain infected with the virus that causes hepatitis B worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are the leading causes of liver cancer and overall mortality globally, surpassing malaria and tuberculosis. Linkage to care is estimated to be very poor both in developing countries and in high-income countries, such as the United States, countries in Western Europe, and Japan. In the United States, by CDC estimates, only one-third of HBV-infected patients or less are aware of their infection. Some reasons for these low rates of surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment include the asymptomatic nature of chronic hepatitis B until the very late stages, a lack of curative therapy with a finite treatment duration, a complex natural history, and a lack of knowledge about the disease by both care providers and patients. In the last 5 years, more attention has been focused on the important topics of HBV screening, diagnosis of HBV infection, and appropriate linkage to care. There have also been rapid clinical developments toward a functional cure of HBV infection, with novel compounds currently being in various phases of progress. Despite this knowledge, many of the professional organizations provide guidelines focused only on specific questions related to the treatment of HBV infection. This focus leaves a gap for care providers on the other HBV-related issues, which include HBV's epidemiological profile, its natural history, how it interacts with other viral hepatitis diseases, treatments, and the areas that still need to be addressed in order to achieve HBV elimination by 2030. Thus, to fill these gaps and provide a more comprehensive and relevant document to regions worldwide, we have taken a global approach by using the findings of global experts on HBV as well as citing major guidelines and their various approaches to addressing HBV and its disease burden.
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Desikan P, Rangnekar A, Khan Z, Panwalkar N, Bose P, Gulwani HV, Kaur S. Sero-Occurrence of HBV/HCV Co-infection and Levels of Liver Enzymes among Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: a Pilot Study. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2019; 8:313. [PMID: 31321151 PMCID: PMC6564095 DOI: 10.5195/cajgh.2019.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B and C viral infections share common modes of transmission and account for a large proportion of liver disease burden across the globe. Patients with Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection may have more severe liver disease and are potentially at higher risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the sero-occurrence of HBV/HCV co-infection by examining the medical records of tertiary care hospital patients in Central India and determine the extent of liver damage based on liver function tests (LFTs). Methods Patients with a positive test for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) over a period of 10 years were identified from laboratory records in a tertiary care facility in central India. Records of 51,075 consecutive non-duplicate blood samples were then screened for a positive HBV and HCV tests. LFT, liver enzymes, and bilirubin data were also extracted. Means and standard deviations were determined for continuous variables, and the difference in means was compared using a independent samples t-test. Associations between HBV/HCV co-infection status and demographic variables were calculated using Pearson's Chi-squared test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In this study, 1674 (3.27%) screened patients were positive for HBsAg and the sero-occurrence of co-infection with HCV in HBsAg positive patients was reported in 28 individuals (1.67%). There was no significant gender difference for HBV/HCV co-infection (p>0.05). HBV/HCV co-infection was observed more frequently in the 31-60 year old age group (p=0.001). HBV/HCV co-infected patients had significantly higher levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin than those with HBsAg mono-infection (p=0.001). Conclusion Liver function tests are potentially important predictors for HBV/HCV coinfection. Screening for HCV co-infection in HBsAg-positive patients is recommended in India. Detection of co-infection may enable timely preventive/therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing progression to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Desikan
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, India
| | - Aseem Rangnekar
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, India
| | - Zeba Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, India
| | - Nikita Panwalkar
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, India
| | - Protiti Bose
- Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, India
| | | | - Sukhpreet Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, India
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