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Poalelungi DG, Neagu AI, Fulga A, Neagu M, Tutunaru D, Nechita A, Fulga I. Revolutionizing Pathology with Artificial Intelligence: Innovations in Immunohistochemistry. J Pers Med 2024; 14:693. [PMID: 39063947 PMCID: PMC11278211 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a reality of our times, and it has been successfully implemented in all fields, including medicine. As a relatively new domain, all efforts are directed towards creating algorithms applicable in most medical specialties. Pathology, as one of the most important areas of interest for precision medicine, has received significant attention in the development and implementation of AI algorithms. This focus is especially important for achieving accurate diagnoses. Moreover, immunohistochemistry (IHC) serves as a complementary diagnostic tool in pathology. It can be further augmented through the application of deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) algorithms for assessing and analyzing immunohistochemical markers. Such advancements can aid in delineating targeted therapeutic approaches and prognostic stratification. This article explores the applications and integration of various AI software programs and platforms used in immunohistochemical analysis. It concludes by highlighting the application of these technologies to pathologies such as breast, prostate, lung, melanocytic proliferations, and hematologic conditions. Additionally, it underscores the necessity for further innovative diagnostic algorithms to assist physicians in the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gina Poalelungi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Anca Iulia Neagu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint John Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 800487 Galati, Romania
| | - Ana Fulga
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Marius Neagu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Dana Tutunaru
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Aurel Nechita
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint John Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 800487 Galati, Romania
| | - Iuliu Fulga
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.G.P.); (M.N.); (D.T.); (A.N.); (I.F.)
- Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania
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Ou DX, Lu CW, Chen LW, Lee WY, Hu HW, Chuang JH, Lin MW, Chen KY, Chiu LY, Chen JS, Chen CM, Hsieh MS. Deep Learning Analysis for Predicting Tumor Spread through Air Space in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma Pathology Images. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2132. [PMID: 38893251 PMCID: PMC11172106 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of spread through air spaces (STASs) in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma is a significant prognostic factor associated with disease recurrence and poor outcomes. Although current STAS detection methods rely on pathological examinations, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) offers opportunities for automated histopathological image analysis. This study developed a deep learning (DL) model for STAS prediction and investigated the correlation between the prediction results and patient outcomes. To develop the DL-based STAS prediction model, 1053 digital pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) from the competition dataset were enrolled in the training set, and 227 WSIs from the National Taiwan University Hospital were enrolled for external validation. A YOLOv5-based framework comprising preprocessing, candidate detection, false-positive reduction, and patient-based prediction was proposed for STAS prediction. The model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 in predicting STAS presence, with 72% accuracy, 81% sensitivity, and 63% specificity. Additionally, the DL model demonstrated a prognostic value in disease-free survival compared to that of pathological evaluation. These findings suggest that DL-based STAS prediction could serve as an adjunctive screening tool and facilitate clinical decision-making in patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiang Ou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (D.-X.O.); (L.-W.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Chao-Wen Lu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (J.-H.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (D.-X.O.); (L.-W.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Wen-Yao Lee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, No. 69, Guizi Road, Taishan District, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiang-Wei Hu
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Hao Chuang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Mong-Wei Lin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (D.-X.O.); (L.-W.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Ling-Ying Chiu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Shing Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Chung-Ming Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (D.-X.O.); (L.-W.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Min-Shu Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
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Ingale K, Hong SH, Bell JSK, Rizvi A, Welch A, Sha L, Ho I, Nagpal K, Bentaieb A, Joshi RP, Stumpe MC. Prediction of MET Overexpression in Lung Adenocarcinoma from Hematoxylin and Eosin Images. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1020-1032. [PMID: 38493926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) protein overexpression is a targetable event in non-small cell lung cancer and is the subject of active drug development. Challenges in identifying patients for these therapies include lack of access to validated testing, such as standardized immunohistochemistry assessment, and consumption of valuable tissue for a single gene/protein assay. Development of prescreening algorithms using routinely available digitized hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides to predict MET overexpression could promote testing for those who will benefit most. Recent literature reports a positive correlation between MET protein overexpression and RNA expression. In this work, a large database of matched H&E slides and RNA expression data were leveraged to train a weakly supervised model to predict MET RNA overexpression directly from H&E images. This model was evaluated on an independent holdout test set of 300 overexpressed and 289 normal patients, demonstrating a receiver operating characteristic area under curve of 0.70 (95th percentile interval: 0.66 to 0.74) with stable performance characteristics across different patient clinical variables and robust to synthetic noise on the test set. These results suggest that H&E-based predictive models could be useful to prioritize patients for confirmatory testing of MET protein or MET gene expression status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irvin Ho
- Tempus AI, Inc., Chicago, Illinois
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Tourniaire P, Ilie M, Mazières J, Vigier A, Ghiringhelli F, Piton N, Sabourin JC, Bibeau F, Hofman P, Ayache N, Delingette H. WhARIO: whole-slide-image-based survival analysis for patients treated with immunotherapy. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2024; 11:037502. [PMID: 38737491 PMCID: PMC11088447 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.11.3.037502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now one of the standards of care for patients with lung cancer and have greatly improved both progression-free and overall survival, although < 20 % of the patients respond to the treatment, and some face acute adverse events. Although a few predictive biomarkers have integrated the clinical workflow, they require additional modalities on top of whole-slide images and lack efficiency or robustness. In this work, we propose a biomarker of immunotherapy outcome derived solely from the analysis of histology slides. Approach We develop a three-step framework, combining contrastive learning and nonparametric clustering to distinguish tissue patterns within the slides, before exploiting the adjacencies of previously defined regions to derive features and train a proportional hazards model for survival analysis. We test our approach on an in-house dataset of 193 patients from 5 medical centers and compare it with the gold standard tumor proportion score (TPS) biomarker. Results On a fivefold cross-validation (CV) of the entire dataset, the whole-slide image-based survival analysis for patients treated with immunotherapy (WhARIO) features are able to separate a low- and a high-risk group of patients with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.29 (CI 95 = 1.48 to 3.56), whereas the TPS 1% reference threshold only reaches a HR of 1.81 (CI 95 = 1.21 to 2.69). Combining the two yields a higher HR of 2.60 (CI 95 = 1.72 to 3.94). Additional experiments on the same dataset, where one out of five centers is excluded from the CV and used as a test set, confirm these trends. Conclusions Our uniquely designed WhARIO features are an efficient predictor of survival for lung cancer patients who received ICI treatment. We achieve similar performance to the current gold standard biomarker, without the need to access other imaging modalities, and show that both can be used together to reach even better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Tourniaire
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, Epione Project-Team, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Marius Ilie
- Pasteur Hospital, Université Côte d’Azur Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank BB-0033-00025
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Julien Mazières
- CHU Toulouse-Hôpital Larrey, Université Paul Sabatier, Department of Pneumology, Toulouse, France
| | - Anna Vigier
- IUCT-Oncopole, Department of Pathology, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Piton
- Rouen University Hospital, France and Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U124, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sabourin
- Rouen University Hospital, France and Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U124, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France
| | - Frédéric Bibeau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Department of Pathology, Besançon, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Pasteur Hospital, Université Côte d’Azur Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank BB-0033-00025
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Nicholas Ayache
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, Epione Project-Team, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Hervé Delingette
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, Epione Project-Team, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
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Lotter W, Hassett MJ, Schultz N, Kehl KL, Van Allen EM, Cerami E. Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:711-726. [PMID: 38597966 PMCID: PMC11131133 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) in oncology is advancing beyond algorithm development to integration into clinical practice. This review describes the current state of the field, with a specific focus on clinical integration. AI applications are structured according to cancer type and clinical domain, focusing on the four most common cancers and tasks of detection, diagnosis, and treatment. These applications encompass various data modalities, including imaging, genomics, and medical records. We conclude with a summary of existing challenges, evolving solutions, and potential future directions for the field. SIGNIFICANCE AI is increasingly being applied to all aspects of oncology, where several applications are maturing beyond research and development to direct clinical integration. This review summarizes the current state of the field through the lens of clinical translation along the clinical care continuum. Emerging areas are also highlighted, along with common challenges, evolving solutions, and potential future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lotter
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J. Hassett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Kehl
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer M. Van Allen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Cerami
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Yuan L, An L, Zhu Y, Duan C, Kong W, Jiang P, Yu QQ. Machine Learning in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Lung Cancer by PET-CT. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:361-375. [PMID: 38699652 PMCID: PMC11063459 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s451871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As a disease with high morbidity and high mortality, lung cancer has seriously harmed people's health. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are more important. PET/CT is usually used to obtain the early diagnosis, staging, and curative effect evaluation of tumors, especially lung cancer, due to the heterogeneity of tumors and the differences in artificial image interpretation and other reasons, it also fails to entirely reflect the real situation of tumors. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied to all aspects of life. Machine learning (ML) is one of the important ways to realize AI. With the help of the ML method used by PET/CT imaging technology, there are many studies in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. This article summarizes the application progress of ML based on PET/CT in lung cancer, in order to better serve the clinical. In this study, we searched PubMed using machine learning, lung cancer, and PET/CT as keywords to find relevant articles in the past 5 years or more. We found that PET/CT-based ML approaches have achieved significant results in the detection, delineation, classification of pathology, molecular subtyping, staging, and response assessment with survival and prognosis of lung cancer, which can provide clinicians a powerful tool to support and assist in critical daily clinical decisions. However, ML has some shortcomings such as slightly poor repeatability and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yuan
- Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin An
- Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yandong Zhu
- Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongling Duan
- Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Kong
- Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Yu
- Jining NO.1 People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
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Jin D, Liang S, Shmatko A, Arnold A, Horst D, Grünewald TGP, Gerstung M, Bai X. Teacher-student collaborated multiple instance learning for pan-cancer PDL1 expression prediction from histopathology slides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3063. [PMID: 38594278 PMCID: PMC11004138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), as an important biomarker, is quantified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with few established histopathological patterns. Deep learning aids in histopathological assessment, yet heterogeneity and lacking spatially resolved annotations challenge precise analysis. Here, we present a weakly supervised learning approach using bulk RNA sequencing for PDL1 expression prediction from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. Our method extends the multiple instance learning paradigm with the teacher-student framework, which assigns dynamic pseudo-labels for intra-slide heterogeneity and retrieves unlabeled instances using temporal ensemble model distillation. The approach, evaluated on 12,299 slides across 20 solid tumor types, achieves a weighted average area under the curve of 0.83 on fresh-frozen and 0.74 on formalin-fixed specimens for 9 tumors with PDL1 as an established biomarker. Our method predicts PDL1 expression patterns, validated by IHC on 20 slides, offering insights into histologies relevant to PDL1. This demonstrates the potential of deep learning in identifying diverse histological patterns for molecular changes from H&E images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darui Jin
- Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing, 102206, China
- Division of AI in Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Shen Yuan Honors College, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shangying Liang
- Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Artem Shmatko
- Division of AI in Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Arnold
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, a partnership between DKFZ and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- Division of AI in Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Xiangzhi Bai
- Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing, 102206, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Arslan S, Schmidt J, Bass C, Mehrotra D, Geraldes A, Singhal S, Hense J, Li X, Raharja-Liu P, Maiques O, Kather JN, Pandya P. A systematic pan-cancer study on deep learning-based prediction of multi-omic biomarkers from routine pathology images. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:48. [PMID: 38491101 PMCID: PMC10942985 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this comprehensive pan-cancer study is to evaluate the potential of deep learning (DL) for molecular profiling of multi-omic biomarkers directly from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole slide images. METHODS A total of 12,093 DL models predicting 4031 multi-omic biomarkers across 32 cancer types were trained and validated. The study included a broad range of genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic biomarkers, as well as established prognostic markers, molecular subtypes, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Here we show that 50% of the models achieve an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.644 or higher. The observed AUC for 25% of the models is at least 0.719 and exceeds 0.834 for the top 5%. Molecular profiling with image-based histomorphological features is generally considered feasible for most of the investigated biomarkers and across different cancer types. The performance appears to be independent of tumor purity, sample size, and class ratio (prevalence), suggesting a degree of inherent predictability in histomorphology. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that DL holds promise to predict a wide range of biomarkers across the omics spectrum using only H&E-stained histological slides of solid tumors. This paves the way for accelerating diagnosis and developing more precise treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debapriya Mehrotra
- Panakeia Technologies, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University NHS Trust, Romford, UK
| | | | - Shikha Singhal
- Panakeia Technologies, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - Xiusi Li
- Panakeia Technologies, London, UK
| | | | - Oscar Maiques
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Metastasis Group, Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, London, UK
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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9
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Ligero M, Serna G, El Nahhas OS, Sansano I, Mauchanski S, Viaplana C, Calderaro J, Toledo RA, Dienstmann R, Vanguri RS, Sauter JL, Sanchez-Vega F, Shah SP, Ramón y Cajal S, Garralda E, Nuciforo P, Perez-Lopez R, Kather JN. Weakly Supervised Deep Learning Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Solid Tumors Based on PD-L1 Expression. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:92-102. [PMID: 38126740 PMCID: PMC10782919 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) IHC is the most commonly used biomarker for immunotherapy response. However, quantification of PD-L1 status in pathology slides is challenging. Neither manual quantification nor a computer-based mimicking of manual readouts is perfectly reproducible, and the predictive performance of both approaches regarding immunotherapy response is limited. In this study, we developed a deep learning (DL) method to predict PD-L1 status directly from raw IHC image data, without explicit intermediary steps such as cell detection or pigment quantification. We trained the weakly supervised model on PD-L1-stained slides from the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) cohort (N = 233) and validated it on the pan-cancer-Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) cohort (N = 108). We also investigated the performance of the model to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in terms of progression-free survival. In the pan-cancer-VHIO cohort, the performance was compared with tumor proportion score (TPS) and combined positive score (CPS). The DL model showed good performance in predicting PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 1%) in both NSCLC-MSK and pan-cancer-VHIO cohort (AUC 0.88 ± 0.06 and 0.80 ± 0.03, respectively). The predicted PD-L1 status showed an improved association with response to ICIs [HR: 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1-2.3), P = 0.049] compared with TPS [HR: 1.4 (0.96-2.2), P = 0.082] and CPS [HR: 1.2 (0.79-1.9), P = 0.386]. Notably, our explainability analysis showed that the model does not just look at the amount of brown pigment in the IHC slides, but also considers morphologic factors such as lymphocyte conglomerates. Overall, end-to-end weakly supervised DL shows potential for improving patient stratification for cancer immunotherapy by analyzing PD-L1 IHC, holistically integrating morphology and PD-L1 staining intensity. SIGNIFICANCE The weakly supervised DL model to predict PD-L1 status from raw IHC data, integrating tumor staining intensity and morphology, enables enhanced patient stratification in cancer immunotherapy compared with traditional pathologist assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ligero
- Radiomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Garazi Serna
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Omar S.M. El Nahhas
- Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Sansano
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHUH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siarhei Mauchanski
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Viaplana
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Pathologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Rodrigo A. Toledo
- Biomakers and Clonal Dynamics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rami S. Vanguri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L. Sauter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Sohrab P. Shah
- Computational Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Elena Garralda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Lopez
- Radiomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Çalışkan M, Tazaki K. AI/ML advances in non-small cell lung cancer biomarker discovery. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1260374. [PMID: 38148837 PMCID: PMC10750392 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1260374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both men and women, representing approximately 25% of cancer fatalities each year. The treatment landscape for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rapidly evolving due to the progress made in biomarker-driven targeted therapies. While advancements in targeted treatments have improved survival rates for NSCLC patients with actionable biomarkers, long-term survival remains low, with an overall 5-year relative survival rate below 20%. Artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) algorithms have shown promise in biomarker discovery, yet NSCLC-specific studies capturing the clinical challenges targeted and emerging patterns identified using AI/ML approaches are lacking. Here, we employed a text-mining approach and identified 215 studies that reported potential biomarkers of NSCLC using AI/ML algorithms. We catalogued these studies with respect to BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) biomarker sub-types and summarized emerging patterns and trends in AI/ML-driven NSCLC biomarker discovery. We anticipate that our comprehensive review will contribute to the current understanding of AI/ML advances in NSCLC biomarker research and provide an important catalogue that may facilitate clinical adoption of AI/ML-derived biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Çalışkan
- Translational Science Department, Precision Medicine Function, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ, United States
| | - Koichi Tazaki
- Translational Science Department I, Precision Medicine Function, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Gan J, Wang H, Yu H, He Z, Zhang W, Ma K, Zhu L, Bai Y, Zhou Z, Yullie A, Bai X, Wang M, Yang D, Chen Y, Chen G, Lasenby J, Cheng C, Wu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang G, Xia T. Focalizing regions of biomarker relevance facilitates biomarker prediction on histopathological images. iScience 2023; 26:107243. [PMID: 37767002 PMCID: PMC10520807 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Image-based AI has thrived as a potentially revolutionary tool for predicting molecular biomarker statuses, which aids in categorizing patients for appropriate medical treatments. However, many methods using hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) whole-slide images (WSIs) have been found to be inefficient because of the presence of numerous uninformative or irrelevant image patches. In this study, we introduced the region of biomarker relevance (ROB) concept to identify the morphological areas most closely associated with biomarkers for accurate status prediction. We actualized this concept within a framework called saliency ROB search (SRS) to enable efficient and effective predictions. By evaluating various lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) biomarkers, we showcased the superior performance of SRS compared to current state-of-the-art AI approaches. These findings suggest that AI tools, built on the ROB concept, can achieve enhanced molecular biomarker prediction accuracy from pathological images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Gan
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanchen Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam House 32 Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1QY, UK
- Computing + Mathematical Sciences Department, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hui Yu
- Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Zitong He
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 43000, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianghui Zhu
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Yutong Bai
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Zongwei Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alan Yullie
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xiang Bai
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 43000, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Information Management, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Guoan Chen
- Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei 43000, China
| | - Joan Lasenby
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam House 32 Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1QY, UK
| | - Chao Cheng
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xinggang Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Yaobing Chen
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Cooper M, Ji Z, Krishnan RG. Machine learning in computational histopathology: Challenges and opportunities. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:540-556. [PMID: 37314068 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital histopathological images, high-resolution images of stained tissue samples, are a vital tool for clinicians to diagnose and stage cancers. The visual analysis of patient state based on these images are an important part of oncology workflow. Although pathology workflows have historically been conducted in laboratories under a microscope, the increasing digitization of histopathological images has led to their analysis on computers in the clinic. The last decade has seen the emergence of machine learning, and deep learning in particular, a powerful set of tools for the analysis of histopathological images. Machine learning models trained on large datasets of digitized histopathology slides have resulted in automated models for prediction and stratification of patient risk. In this review, we provide context for the rise of such models in computational histopathology, highlight the clinical tasks they have found success in automating, discuss the various machine learning techniques that have been applied to this domain, and underscore open problems and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cooper
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zongliang Ji
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahul G Krishnan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Davri A, Birbas E, Kanavos T, Ntritsos G, Giannakeas N, Tzallas AT, Batistatou A. Deep Learning for Lung Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and Prediction Using Histological and Cytological Images: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3981. [PMID: 37568797 PMCID: PMC10417369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, with a high incidence rate, especially in tobacco smokers. Lung cancer accurate diagnosis is based on distinct histological patterns combined with molecular data for personalized treatment. Precise lung cancer classification from a single H&E slide can be challenging for a pathologist, requiring most of the time additional histochemical and special immunohistochemical stains for the final pathology report. According to WHO, small biopsy and cytology specimens are the available materials for about 70% of lung cancer patients with advanced-stage unresectable disease. Thus, the limited available diagnostic material necessitates its optimal management and processing for the completion of diagnosis and predictive testing according to the published guidelines. During the new era of Digital Pathology, Deep Learning offers the potential for lung cancer interpretation to assist pathologists' routine practice. Herein, we systematically review the current Artificial Intelligence-based approaches using histological and cytological images of lung cancer. Most of the published literature centered on the distinction between lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma, reflecting the realistic pathologist's routine. Furthermore, several studies developed algorithms for lung adenocarcinoma predominant architectural pattern determination, prognosis prediction, mutational status characterization, and PD-L1 expression status estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Davri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Effrosyni Birbas
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Theofilos Kanavos
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Georgios Ntritsos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Giannakeas
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece;
| | - Alexandros T. Tzallas
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece;
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
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14
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Distante A, Marandino L, Bertolo R, Ingels A, Pavan N, Pecoraro A, Marchioni M, Carbonara U, Erdem S, Amparore D, Campi R, Roussel E, Caliò A, Wu Z, Palumbo C, Borregales LD, Mulders P, Muselaers CHJ. Artificial Intelligence in Renal Cell Carcinoma Histopathology: Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2294. [PMID: 37443687 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by its diverse histopathological features, which pose possible challenges to accurate diagnosis and prognosis. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore recent advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in RCC pathology. The aim of this paper is to assess whether these advancements hold promise in improving the precision, efficiency, and objectivity of histopathological analysis for RCC, while also reducing costs and interobserver variability and potentially alleviating the labor and time burden experienced by pathologists. The reviewed AI-powered approaches demonstrate effective identification and classification abilities regarding several histopathological features associated with RCC, facilitating accurate diagnosis, grading, and prognosis prediction and enabling precise and reliable assessments. Nevertheless, implementing AI in renal cell carcinoma generates challenges concerning standardization, generalizability, benchmarking performance, and integration of data into clinical workflows. Developing methodologies that enable pathologists to interpret AI decisions accurately is imperative. Moreover, establishing more robust and standardized validation workflows is crucial to instill confidence in AI-powered systems' outcomes. These efforts are vital for advancing current state-of-the-art practices and enhancing patient care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Distante
- Department of Urology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Marandino
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Urology, San Carlo Di Nancy Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandre Ingels
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Henri Mondor, APHP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Nicola Pavan
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Urology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Pecoraro
- Department of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Umberto Carbonara
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Selcuk Erdem
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Daniele Amparore
- Department of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Campi
- Urological Robotic Surgery and Renal Transplantation Unit, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Eduard Roussel
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Caliò
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Carlotta Palumbo
- Division of Urology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital of Novara, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, 13100 Novara, Italy
| | - Leonardo D Borregales
- Department of Urology, Well Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter Mulders
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantijn H J Muselaers
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Daniel N, Aknin E, Larey A, Peretz Y, Sela G, Fisher Y, Savir Y. Between Generating Noise and Generating Images: Noise in the Correct Frequency Improves the Quality of Synthetic Histopathology Images for Digital Pathology. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-7. [PMID: 38083579 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10341042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques have the promise to revolutionize the field of digital pathology. However, these models demand considerable amounts of data, while the availability of unbiased training data is limited. Synthetic images can augment existing datasets, to improve and validate AI algorithms. Yet, controlling the exact distribution of cellular features within them is still challenging. One of the solutions is harnessing conditional generative adversarial networks that take a semantic mask as an input rather than a random noise. Unlike other domains, outlining the exact cellular structure of tissues is hard, and most of the input masks depict regions of cell types. This is also the case for non-small cell lung cancer, the most common type of lung cancer. Deciding whether a patient would receive immunotherapy depends on quantifying regions of stained cells. However, using polygon-based masks introduce inherent artifacts within the synthetic images - due to the mismatch between the polygon size and the single-cell size. In this work, we show that introducing random single-pixel noise with the appropriate spatial frequency into a polygon semantic mask can dramatically improve the quality of the synthetic images. We used our platform to generate synthetic images of immunohistochemistry-treated lung biopsies. We test the quality of the images using a three-fold validation procedure. First, we show that adding the appropriate noise frequency yields 87% of the similarity metrics improvement that is obtained by adding the actual single-cell features. Second, we show that the synthetic images pass the Turing test. Finally, we show that adding these synthetic images to the train set improves AI performance in terms of PD-L1 semantic segmentation performances. Our work suggests a simple and powerful approach for generating synthetic data on demand to unbias limited datasets to improve the algorithms' accuracy and validate their robustness.
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16
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Zhang Z, Wei X. Artificial intelligence-assisted selection and efficacy prediction of antineoplastic strategies for precision cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:57-72. [PMID: 36796530 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the context of the vast amount of collectable data obtained from high-throughput sequencing has led to an unprecedented understanding of cancer and accelerated the advent of a new era of clinical oncology with a tone of precision treatment and personalized medicine. However, the gains achieved by a variety of AI models in clinical oncology practice are far from what one would expect, and in particular, there are still many uncertainties in the selection of clinical treatment options that pose significant challenges to the application of AI in clinical oncology. In this review, we summarize emerging approaches, relevant datasets and open-source software of AI and show how to integrate them to address problems from clinical oncology and cancer research. We focus on the principles and procedures for identifying different antitumor strategies with the assistance of AI, including targeted cancer therapy, conventional cancer therapy, and cancer immunotherapy. In addition, we also highlight the current challenges and directions of AI in clinical oncology translation. Overall, we hope this article will provide researchers and clinicians with a deeper understanding of the role and implications of AI in precision cancer therapy, and help AI move more quickly into accepted cancer guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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17
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Bidzińska J, Szurowska E. See Lung Cancer with an AI. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041321. [PMID: 36831662 PMCID: PMC9954317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A lot has happened in the field of lung cancer screening in recent months. The ongoing discussion and documentation published by the scientific community and policymakers are of great importance to the entire European community and perhaps beyond. Lung cancer is the main worldwide killer. Low-dose computed tomography-based screening, together with smoking cessation, is the only tool to fight lung cancer, as it has already been proven in the United States of America but also European randomized controlled trials. Screening requires a lot of well-organized specialized work, but it can be supported by artificial intelligence (AI). Here we discuss whether and how to use AI for patients, radiologists, pulmonologists, thoracic surgeons, and all hospital staff supporting screening process benefits.
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18
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Vranic S, Gatalica Z. PD-L1 testing by immunohistochemistry in immuno-oncology. BIOMOLECULES AND BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:15-25. [PMID: 35964287 PMCID: PMC9901897 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2022.7953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, based on immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and/or Programmed Death Receptor 1 (PD-1), has substantially improved the outcomes of patients with various cancers. However, only ~30% of patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Tumor PD-L1 expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, is the most widely validated and used predictive biomarker to guide the selection of patients for immune checkpoint inhibitors. PD-L1 assessment may be challenging due to the necessity for different companion diagnostic assays for required specific immune checkpoint inhibitors and a relatively high level of inter-assay variability in terms of performance and cutoff levels. In this review, we discuss the role of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry as a predictive test in immunotherapy (immuno-oncology), highlight the complexity of the PD-L1 testing landscape, discuss various preanalytical, analytical and clinical issues that are associated with PD-L1 assays, and provide some insights into optimization of PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker in immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,Correspondence to Semir Vranic:
| | - Zoran Gatalica
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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19
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Ghaffari Laleh N, Ligero M, Perez-Lopez R, Kather JN. Facts and Hopes on the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Immunotherapy Biomarkers in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:316-323. [PMID: 36083132 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy by immune checkpoint inhibitors has become a standard treatment strategy for many types of solid tumors. However, the majority of patients with cancer will not respond, and predicting response to this therapy is still a challenge. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods can extract meaningful information from complex data, such as image data. In clinical routine, radiology or histopathology images are ubiquitously available. AI has been used to predict the response to immunotherapy from radiology or histopathology images, either directly or indirectly via surrogate markers. While none of these methods are currently used in clinical routine, academic and commercial developments are pointing toward potential clinical adoption in the near future. Here, we summarize the state of the art in AI-based image biomarkers for immunotherapy response based on radiology and histopathology images. We point out limitations, caveats, and pitfalls, including biases, generalizability, and explainability, which are relevant for researchers and health care providers alike, and outline key clinical use cases of this new class of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Ligero
- Radiomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Lopez
- Radiomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Radiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Division of Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Deep learning-based image analysis predicts PD-L1 status from H&E-stained histopathology images in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6753. [PMID: 36347854 PMCID: PMC9643479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) has been recently adopted for breast cancer as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapies. The cost, time, and variability of PD-L1 quantification by immunohistochemistry (IHC) are a challenge. In contrast, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is a robust staining used routinely for cancer diagnosis. Here, we show that PD-L1 expression can be predicted from H&E-stained images by employing state-of-the-art deep learning techniques. With the help of two expert pathologists and a designed annotation software, we construct a dataset to assess the feasibility of PD-L1 prediction from H&E in breast cancer. In a cohort of 3,376 patients, our system predicts the PD-L1 status in a high area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 - 0.93. Our system is validated on two external datasets, including an independent clinical trial cohort, showing consistent prediction performance. Furthermore, the proposed system predicts which cases are prone to pathologists miss-interpretation, showing it can serve as a decision support and quality assurance system in clinical practice.
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21
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Deep learning model to predict Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric cancer in histology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18466. [PMID: 36323712 PMCID: PMC9630260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in gastric cancer patients is crucial for clinical decision making, as it is related with specific treatment responses and prognoses. Despite its importance, the limited medical resources preclude universal EBV testing. Herein, we propose a deep learning-based EBV prediction method from H&E-stained whole-slide images (WSI). Our model was developed using 319 H&E stained WSI (26 EBV positive; TCGA dataset) from the Cancer Genome Atlas, and 108 WSI (8 EBV positive; ISH dataset) from an independent institution. Our deep learning model, EBVNet consists of two sequential components: a tumor classifier and an EBV classifier. We visualized the learned representation by the classifiers using UMAP. We externally validated the model using 60 additional WSI (7 being EBV positive; HGH dataset). We compared the model's performance with those of four pathologists. EBVNet achieved an AUPRC of 0.65, whereas the four pathologists yielded a mean AUPRC of 0.41. Moreover, EBVNet achieved an negative predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1-score of 0.98, 0.86, 0.92, 0.60, and 0.71, respectively. Our proposed model is expected to contribute to prescreen patients for confirmatory testing, potentially to save test-related cost and labor.
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22
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Civit-Masot J, Bañuls-Beaterio A, Domínguez-Morales M, Rivas-Pérez M, Muñoz-Saavedra L, Rodríguez Corral JM. Non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis aid with histopathological images using Explainable Deep Learning techniques. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 226:107108. [PMID: 36113183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in the world, twice as high as the second highest. On the other hand, pathologists are overworked and this is detrimental to the time spent on each patient, diagnostic turnaround time, and their success rate. OBJECTIVE In this work, we design, implement, and evaluate a diagnostic aid system for non-small cell lung cancer detection, using Deep Learning techniques. METHODS The classifier developed is based on Artificial Intelligence techniques, obtaining an automatic classification result between healthy, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, given an histopathological image from lung tissue. Moreover, a report module based on Explainable Deep Learning techniques is included and gives the pathologist information about the image's areas used to classify the sample and the confidence of belonging to each class. RESULTS The results show a system accuracy between 97.11 and 99.69%, depending on the number of classes classified, and a value of the area under ROC curve between 99.77 and 99.94%. CONCLUSIONS The classification results obtain a substantial improvement according to previous works. Thanks to the given report, the time spent by the pathologist and the diagnostic turnaround time can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Civit-Masot
- Architecture and Computer Technology department (ATC), Robotics and Technology of Computers Lab (RTC), E.T.S. Ingeniería Informática, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bañuls-Beaterio
- Architecture and Computer Technology department (ATC), Robotics and Technology of Computers Lab (RTC), E.T.S. Ingeniería Informática, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain
| | - Manuel Domínguez-Morales
- Architecture and Computer Technology department (ATC), Robotics and Technology of Computers Lab (RTC), E.T.S. Ingeniería Informática, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain; Computer Engineering Research Institute (I3US), E.T.S. Ingeniería Informática, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain.
| | - Manuel Rivas-Pérez
- Architecture and Computer Technology department (ATC), Robotics and Technology of Computers Lab (RTC), E.T.S. Ingeniería Informática, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Saavedra
- Architecture and Computer Technology department (ATC), Robotics and Technology of Computers Lab (RTC), E.T.S. Ingeniería Informática, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain
| | - José M Rodríguez Corral
- Computer Science department, School of Engineering, Avda. Universidad de Cádiz 10, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), 11519, Spain
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23
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Ahmed AA, Abouzid M, Kaczmarek E. Deep Learning Approaches in Histopathology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5264. [PMID: 36358683 PMCID: PMC9654172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The revolution of artificial intelligence and its impacts on our daily life has led to tremendous interest in the field and its related subtypes: machine learning and deep learning. Scientists and developers have designed machine learning- and deep learning-based algorithms to perform various tasks related to tumor pathologies, such as tumor detection, classification, grading with variant stages, diagnostic forecasting, recognition of pathological attributes, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Pathologists are interested in artificial intelligence to improve the diagnosis precision impartiality and to minimize the workload combined with the time consumed, which affects the accuracy of the decision taken. Regrettably, there are already certain obstacles to overcome connected to artificial intelligence deployments, such as the applicability and validation of algorithms and computational technologies, in addition to the ability to train pathologists and doctors to use these machines and their willingness to accept the results. This review paper provides a survey of how machine learning and deep learning methods could be implemented into health care providers' routine tasks and the obstacles and opportunities for artificial intelligence application in tumor morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhassan Ali Ahmed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohamed Abouzid
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kaczmarek
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
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24
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Lee SH, Jang HJ. Deep learning-based prediction of molecular cancer biomarkers from tissue slides: A new tool for precision oncology. Clin Mol Hepatol 2022; 28:754-772. [PMID: 35443570 PMCID: PMC9597228 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2021.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular tests are necessary to stratify cancer patients for targeted therapy. However, high cost and technical barriers limit the application of these tests, hindering optimal treatment. Recently, deep learning (DL) has been applied to predict molecular test results from digitized images of tissue slides. Furthermore, treatment response and prognosis can be predicted from tissue slides using DL. In this review, we summarized DL-based studies regarding the prediction of genetic mutation, microsatellite instability, tumor mutational burden, molecular subtypes, gene expression, treatment response, and prognosis directly from hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tissue slides. Although performance needs to be improved, these studies clearly demonstrated the feasibility of DL-based prediction of key molecular features in cancer tissues. With the accumulation of data and technical advances, the performance of the DL system could be improved in the near future. Therefore, we expect that DL could provide cost- and time-effective alternative tools for patient stratification in the era of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Jang
- Catholic Big Data Integration Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author : Hyun-Jong Jang Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: +82-2-2258-7274, Fax: +82-2-532-9575, E-mail:
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25
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Yin X, Liao H, Yun H, Lin N, Li S, Xiang Y, Ma X. Artificial intelligence-based prediction of clinical outcome in immunotherapy and targeted therapy of lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:146-159. [PMID: 35963564 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the main proportion of malignancy-related deaths and most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have great advances in application in clinics to treat lung cancer patients, yet the efficacy is unstable. The response rate of these therapies varies among patients. Some biomarkers have been proposed to predict the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy, including programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and oncogene mutations. Nevertheless, the detection tests are invasive, time-consuming, and have high demands on tumor tissue. The predictive performance of conventional biomarkers is also unsatisfactory. Therefore, novel biomarkers are needed to effectively predict the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) can be a possible solution, as it has several advantages. AI can help identify features that are unable to be used by humans and perform repetitive tasks. By combining AI methods with radiomics, pathology, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and clinical data, the integrated model has shown predictive value in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, which significantly improves the precision treatment of lung cancer patients. Herein, we reviewed the application of AI in predicting the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in lung cancer patients, and discussed the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yin
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hu Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Yun
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shen Li
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No. 37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China.
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26
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Viswanathan VS, Toro P, Corredor G, Mukhopadhyay S, Madabhushi A. The state of the art for artificial intelligence in lung digital pathology. J Pathol 2022; 257:413-429. [PMID: 35579955 PMCID: PMC9254900 DOI: 10.1002/path.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lung diseases carry a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The advent of digital pathology (DP) and an increase in computational power have led to the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools that can assist pathologists and pulmonologists in improving clinical workflow and patient management. While previous works have explored the advances in computational approaches for breast, prostate, and head and neck cancers, there has been a growing interest in applying these technologies to lung diseases as well. The application of AI tools on radiology images for better characterization of indeterminate lung nodules, fibrotic lung disease, and lung cancer risk stratification has been well documented. In this article, we discuss methodologies used to build AI tools in lung DP, describing the various hand-crafted and deep learning-based unsupervised feature approaches. Next, we review AI tools across a wide spectrum of lung diseases including cancer, tuberculosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and COVID-19. We discuss the utility of novel imaging biomarkers for different types of clinical problems including quantification of biomarkers like PD-L1, lung disease diagnosis, risk stratification, and prediction of response to treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also look briefly at some emerging applications of AI tools in lung DP such as multimodal data analysis, 3D pathology, and transplant rejection. Lastly, we discuss the future of DP-based AI tools, describing the challenges with regulatory approval, developing reimbursement models, planning clinical deployment, and addressing AI biases. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Toro
- Department of PathologyCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Germán Corredor
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical CenterClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical CenterClevelandOHUSA
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27
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Qaiser T, Lee CY, Vandenberghe M, Yeh J, Gavrielides MA, Hipp J, Scott M, Reischl J. Usability of deep learning and H&E images predict disease outcome-emerging tool to optimize clinical trials. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:37. [PMID: 35705792 PMCID: PMC9200764 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors that impact prognosis for cancer patients have high clinical relevance for treatment decisions and monitoring of the disease outcome. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and digital pathology offer an exciting opportunity to capitalize on the use of whole slide images (WSIs) of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tumor tissue for objective prognosis and prediction of response to targeted therapies. AI models often require hand-delineated annotations for effective training which may not be readily available for larger data sets. In this study, we investigated whether AI models can be trained without region-level annotations and solely on patient-level survival data. We present a weakly supervised survival convolutional neural network (WSS-CNN) approach equipped with a visual attention mechanism for predicting overall survival. The inclusion of visual attention provides insights into regions of the tumor microenvironment with the pathological interpretation which may improve our understanding of the disease pathomechanism. We performed this analysis on two independent, multi-center patient data sets of lung (which is publicly available data) and bladder urothelial carcinoma. We perform univariable and multivariable analysis and show that WSS-CNN features are prognostic of overall survival in both tumor indications. The presented results highlight the significance of computational pathology algorithms for predicting prognosis using H&E stained images alone and underpin the use of computational methods to improve the efficiency of clinical trial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Qaiser
- Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | - Joe Yeh
- AetherAI, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Jason Hipp
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marietta Scott
- Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joachim Reischl
- Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Huang Z, Chen L, Lv L, Fu CC, Jin Y, Zheng Q, Wang B, Ye Q, Fang Q, Li Y. A new AI-assisted scoring system for PD-L1 expression in NSCLC. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106829. [PMID: 35660765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence (AI) analysis may serve as a scoring tool for programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. In this study, a new AI-assisted scoring system for pathologists was tested for PD-L1 expression assessment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS PD-L1 expression was evaluated using the tumor proportion score (TPS) categorized into three levels: negative (TPS < 1%), low expression (TPS 1-49%), and high expression (TPS ≥ 50%). In order to train, validate, and test the Aitrox AI segmentation model at the whole slide image (WSI) level, 54, 53, and 115 cases were used as training, validation, and test datasets, respectively. TPS reading results from five experienced pathologists, six inexperienced and the Aitrox AI model were analyzed on 115 PD-L1 stained WSIs. The Gold Standard for TPS was derived from the review of three expert pathologists. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated and compared between the results. RESULTS Aitrox AI Model correlated strongly with the TPS Gold Standard and was comparable with the results of three of the five experienced pathologists. In contrast, the results of four of the six inexperienced pathologists correlated only moderately with the TPS Gold Standard. Aitrox AI Model performed better than the inexperienced pathologists and was comparable to experienced pathologists in both negative and low TPS groups. Despite the fact that the low TPS group showed 5.09% of cases with large fluctuations, the Aitrox AI Model still showed a higher correlation than the inexperienced pathologists. However, the AI model showed unsatisfactory performance in the high TPS groups, especially lower values than the Gold Standard in images with large regions of false-positive cells. CONCLUSION The Aitrox AI Model demonstrates potential in assisting routine diagnosis of NSCLC by pathologists through scoring of PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Shanghai Aitrox Technology Corporation Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Cheng Fu
- Shanghai Aitrox Technology Corporation Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyang Wang
- Shanghai Aitrox Technology Corporation Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyi Ye
- Shanghai Aitrox Technology Corporation Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Qu Fang
- Shanghai Aitrox Technology Corporation Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Laleh NG, Muti HS, Loeffler CML, Echle A, Saldanha OL, Mahmood F, Lu MY, Trautwein C, Langer R, Dislich B, Buelow RD, Grabsch HI, Brenner H, Chang-Claude J, Alwers E, Brinker TJ, Khader F, Truhn D, Gaisa NT, Boor P, Hoffmeister M, Schulz V, Kather JN. Benchmarking weakly-supervised deep learning pipelines for whole slide classification in computational pathology. Med Image Anal 2022; 79:102474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Cifci D, Foersch S, Kather JN. Artificial intelligence to identify genetic alterations in conventional histopathology. J Pathol 2022; 257:430-444. [PMID: 35342954 DOI: 10.1002/path.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Precision oncology relies on the identification of targetable molecular alterations in tumor tissues. In many tumor types, a limited set of molecular tests is currently part of standard diagnostic workflows. However, universal testing for all targetable alterations, especially rare ones, is limited by the cost and availability of molecular assays. From 2017 to 2021, multiple studies have shown that artificial intelligence (AI) methods can predict the probability of specific genetic alterations directly from conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) tissue slides. Although these methods are currently less accurate than gold-standard testing (e.g. immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction or next-generation sequencing), they could be used as pre-screening tools to reduce the workload of genetic analyses. In this systematic literature review, we summarize the state of the art in predicting molecular alterations from H&E using AI. We found that AI methods perform reasonably well across multiple tumor types, although few algorithms have been broadly validated. In addition, we found that genetic alterations in FGFR, IDH, PIK3CA, BRAF, TP53 and DNA repair pathways are predictable from H&E in multiple tumor types, while many other genetic alterations have rarely been investigated or were only poorly predictable. Finally, we discuss the next steps for the implementation of AI-based surrogate tests in diagnostic workflows. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Cifci
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Foersch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Chiu HY, Chao HS, Chen YM. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061370. [PMID: 35326521 PMCID: PMC8946647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality worldwide. AI has the potential to help to treat lung cancer from detection, diagnosis and decision making to prognosis prediction. AI could reduce the labor work of LDCT, CXR, and pathology slides reading. AI as a second reader in LDCT and CXR reading reduces the effort of radiologists and increases the accuracy of nodule detection. Introducing AI to WSI in digital pathology increases the Kappa value of the pathologist and help to predict molecular phenotypes with radiomics and H&E staining. By extracting radiomics from image data and WSI from the histopathology field, clinicians could use AI to predict tumor properties such as gene mutation and PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, AI could help clinicians in decision-making by predicting treatment response, side effects, and prognosis prediction in medical treatment, surgery, and radiotherapy. Integrating AI in the future clinical workflow would be promising. Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality worldwide due to its heterogeneous features and diagnosis at a late stage. Artificial intelligence (AI) is good at handling a large volume of computational and repeated labor work and is suitable for assisting doctors in analyzing image-dominant diseases like lung cancer. Scientists have shown long-standing efforts to apply AI in lung cancer screening via CXR and chest CT since the 1960s. Several grand challenges were held to find the best AI model. Currently, the FDA have approved several AI programs in CXR and chest CT reading, which enables AI systems to take part in lung cancer detection. Following the success of AI application in the radiology field, AI was applied to digitalized whole slide imaging (WSI) annotation. Integrating with more information, like demographics and clinical data, the AI systems could play a role in decision-making by classifying EGFR mutations and PD-L1 expression. AI systems also help clinicians to estimate the patient’s prognosis by predicting drug response, the tumor recurrence rate after surgery, radiotherapy response, and side effects. Though there are still some obstacles, deploying AI systems in the clinical workflow is vital for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yen Chiu
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-M.C.)
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Sheng Chao
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-M.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28712121
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-M.C.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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32
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Chen Y, Yang H, Cheng Z, Chen L, Peng S, Wang J, Yang M, Lin C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Huang L, Chen Y, Li W, Ke Z. A whole-slide image (WSI)-based immunohistochemical feature prediction system improves the subtyping of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2022; 165:18-27. [PMID: 35065344 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, accurate pathological diagnosis is often challenged by insufficient tissue amounts and the unaffordability of additional immunohistochemical or genetic tests; thus, there is an urgent need for a universal approach to improve the subtyping of lung cancer without the above limitations. Here we aimed to develop a deep learning system to predict the immunohistochemistry (IHC) phenotype directly from whole-slide images (WSIs) to improve the subtyping of lung cancer from surgical resection and biopsy specimens. METHODS A total of 1914 patients with lung cancer from three independent hospitals in China were enrolled for WSI-based immunohistochemical feature prediction system (WIFPS) development and validation. RESULTS The WIFPS could directly predict the IHC status of nine subtype-specific biomarkers, including CK7, TTF-1, Napsin A, CK5/6, P63, P40, CD56, Synaptophysin, and Chromogranin A, achieving average areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.912, 0.906, and 0.888 and overall diagnostic accuracies of 0.925, 0.941, and 0.887 in the validation datasets of total, external surgical resection specimens and biopsy specimens, respectively. The histological subtyping performance of the WIFPS remained comparable with that of general pathologists (GPs), with Cohen's kappa values ranging from 0.7646 to 0.8282. Furthermore, the WIFPS could be trained to not only predict the IHC status of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), but also predict EGFR and KRAS mutation status, with AUCs from 0.525 to 0.917, as detected in separate populations. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the WIFPS showed its proficiency as a useful complement to traditional histologic subtyping for integrated immunohistochemical spectrum prediction as well as potential in the detection of gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Big Data Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sui Peng
- Molecular Diagnosis Center or Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangshan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Molecular Diagnosis Center or Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Loeffler CML, Gaisa NT, Muti HS, van Treeck M, Echle A, Ghaffari Laleh N, Trautwein C, Heij LR, Grabsch HI, Ortiz Bruechle N, Kather JN. Predicting Mutational Status of Driver and Suppressor Genes Directly from Histopathology With Deep Learning: A Systematic Study Across 23 Solid Tumor Types. Front Genet 2022; 12:806386. [PMID: 35251119 PMCID: PMC8889144 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four years, advances in Deep Learning technology have enabled the inference of selected mutational alterations directly from routine histopathology slides. In particular, recent studies have shown that genetic changes in clinically relevant driver genes are reflected in the histological phenotype of solid tumors and can be inferred by analysing routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections with Deep Learning. However, these studies mostly focused on selected individual genes in selected tumor types. In addition, genetic changes in solid tumors primarily act by changing signaling pathways that regulate cell behaviour. In this study, we hypothesized that Deep Learning networks can be trained to directly predict alterations of genes and pathways across a spectrum of solid tumors. We manually outlined tumor tissue in H&E-stained tissue sections from 7,829 patients with 23 different tumor types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We then trained convolutional neural networks in an end-to-end way to detect alterations in the most clinically relevant pathways or genes, directly from histology images. Using this automatic approach, we found that alterations in 12 out of 14 clinically relevant pathways and numerous single gene alterations appear to be detectable in tissue sections, many of which have not been reported before. Interestingly, we show that the prediction performance for single gene alterations is better than that for pathway alterations. Collectively, these data demonstrate the predictability of genetic alterations directly from routine cancer histology images and show that individual genes leave a stronger morphological signature than genetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lavinia Loeffler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Chiara Maria Lavinia Loeffler,
| | - Nadine T. Gaisa
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Sophie Muti
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Marko van Treeck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Amelie Echle
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Narmin Ghaffari Laleh
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara R. Heij
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Heike I. Grabsch
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nadina Ortiz Bruechle
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
- Pathology and Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Deep convolutional neural network-based classification of cancer cells on cytological pleural effusion images. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:609-614. [PMID: 35013527 PMCID: PMC9042694 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Cytology plays an important role in the initial evaluation and diagnosis of patients with lung cancer. However, due to the subjectivity of cytopathologists and the region-dependent diagnostic levels, the low consistency of liquid-based cytological diagnosis results in certain proportions of misdiagnoses and missed diagnoses. In this study, we performed a weakly supervised deep learning method for the classification of benign and malignant cells in lung cytological images through a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). A total of 404 cases of lung cancer cells in effusion cytology specimens from Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital were investigated, in which 266, 78, and 60 cases were used as the training, validation and test sets, respectively. The proposed method was evaluated on 60 whole-slide images (WSIs) of lung cancer pleural effusion specimens. This study showed that the method had an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity respectively of 91.67%, 87.50% and 94.44% in classifying malignant and benign lesions (or normal). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.9526 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9019-9.9909). In contrast, the average accuracies of senior and junior cytopathologists were 98.34% and 83.34%, respectively. The proposed deep learning method will be useful and may assist pathologists with different levels of experience in the diagnosis of cancer cells on cytological pleural effusion images in the future.
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35
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AIM in Respiratory Disorders. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Direct identification of ALK and ROS1 fusions in non-small cell lung cancer from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides using deep learning algorithms. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1882-1887. [PMID: 36057739 PMCID: PMC9708557 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and ROS oncogene 1 (ROS1) gene fusions are well-established key players in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although their frequency is relatively low, their detection is important for patient care and guides therapeutic decisions. The accepted methods used for their detection are immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, as well as DNA and RNA-based sequencing methodologies. These assays are expensive, time-consuming, and require technical expertise and specialized equipment as well as biological specimens that are not always available. Here we present an alternative detection method using a computer vision deep learning approach. An advanced convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to generate classifier models to detect ALK and ROS1-fusions directly from scanned hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) whole slide images prepared from NSCLC tumors of patients. A two-step training approach was applied, with an initial unsupervised training step performed on a pan-cancer sample cohort followed by a semi-supervised fine-tuning step, which supported the development of a classifier with performances equal to those accepted for diagnostic tests. Validation of the ALK/ROS1 classifier on a cohort of 72 lung cancer cases who underwent ALK and ROS1-fusion testing at the pathology department at Sheba Medical Center displayed sensitivities of 100% for both genes (six ALK-positive and two ROS1-positive cases) and specificities of 100% and 98.6% respectively for ALK and ROS1, with only one false-positive result for ROS1-alteration. These results demonstrate the potential advantages that machine learning solutions may have in the molecular pathology domain, by allowing fast, standardized, accurate, and robust biomarker detection overcoming many limitations encountered when using current techniques. The integration of such novel solutions into the routine pathology workflow can support and improve the current clinical pipeline.
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37
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Artificial intelligence-augmented histopathologic review using image analysis to optimize DNA yield from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slides. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1791-1803. [PMID: 36198869 PMCID: PMC9532237 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To achieve minimum DNA input requirements for next-generation sequencing (NGS), pathologists visually estimate macrodissection and slide count decisions. Unfortunately, misestimation may cause tissue waste and increased laboratory costs. We developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented smart pathology review system (SmartPath) to empower pathologists with quantitative metrics for accurately determining tissue extraction parameters. SmartPath uses two deep learning architectures, a U-Net based network for cell segmentation and a multi-field-of-view convolutional network for tumor area segmentation, to extract features from digitized H&E-stained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slides. From the segmented tumor area, SmartPath suggests a macrodissection area. To predict DNA yield per slide, the extracted features from within the macrodissection area are correlated with known DNA yields to fit a regularized linear model (R = 0.85). Then, a pathologist-defined target yield divided by the predicted DNA yield per slide gives the number of slides to scrape. Following model development, an internal validation trial was conducted within the Tempus Labs molecular sequencing laboratory. We evaluated our system on 501 clinical colorectal cancer slides, where half received SmartPath-augmented review and half traditional pathologist review. The SmartPath cohort had 25% more DNA yields within a desired target range of 100-2000 ng. The number of extraction attempts was statistically unchanged between cohorts. The SmartPath system recommended fewer slides to scrape for large tissue sections, saving tissue in these cases. Conversely, SmartPath recommended more slides to scrape for samples with scant tissue sections, especially those with degraded DNA, helping prevent costly re-extraction due to insufficient extraction yield. A statistical analysis was performed to measure the impact of covariates on the results, offering insights on how to improve future applications of SmartPath. With these improvements, AI-augmented histopathologic review has the potential to decrease tissue waste, sequencing time, and laboratory costs by optimizing DNA yields, especially for samples with scant tissue and/or degraded DNA.
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Leong TKM, Lo WS, Lee WEZ, Tan B, Lee XZ, Lee LWJN, Lee JYJ, Suresh N, Loo LH, Szu E, Yeong J. Leveraging advances in immunopathology and artificial intelligence to analyze in vitro tumor models in composition and space. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113959. [PMID: 34481035 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Unfortunately, efforts to understand this disease are confounded by the complex, heterogenous tumor microenvironment (TME). Better understanding of the TME could lead to novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic discoveries. One way to achieve this involves in vitro tumor models that recapitulate the in vivo TME composition and spatial arrangement. Here, we review the potential of harnessing in vitro tumor models and artificial intelligence to delineate the TME. This includes (i) identification of novel features, (ii) investigation of higher-order relationships, and (iii) analysis and interpretation of multiomics data in a (iv) holistic, objective, reproducible, and efficient manner, which surpasses previous methods of TME analysis. We also discuss limitations of this approach, namely inadequate datasets, indeterminate biological correlations, ethical concerns, and logistical constraints; finally, we speculate on future avenues of research that could overcome these limitations, ultimately translating to improved clinical outcomes.
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Nagy M, Radakovich N, Nazha A. Machine Learning in Oncology: What Should Clinicians Know? JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2021; 4:799-810. [PMID: 32926637 DOI: 10.1200/cci.20.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The volume and complexity of scientific and clinical data in oncology have grown markedly over recent years, including but not limited to the realms of electronic health data, radiographic and histologic data, and genomics. This growth holds promise for a deeper understanding of malignancy and, accordingly, more personalized and effective oncologic care. Such goals require, however, the development of new methods to fully make use of the wealth of available data. Improvements in computer processing power and algorithm development have positioned machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, to play a prominent role in oncology research and practice. This review provides an overview of the basics of machine learning and highlights current progress and challenges in applying this technology to cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment recommendations, including a discussion of current takeaways for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nagy
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nathan Radakovich
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Aziz Nazha
- Center for Clinical Artificial Intelligence, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Murchan P, Ó’Brien C, O’Connell S, McNevin CS, Baird AM, Sheils O, Ó Broin P, Finn SP. Deep Learning of Histopathological Features for the Prediction of Tumour Molecular Genetics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1406. [PMID: 34441338 PMCID: PMC8393642 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced diagnostics are enabling cancer treatments to become increasingly tailored to the individual through developments in immunotherapies and targeted therapies. However, long turnaround times and high costs of molecular testing hinder the widespread implementation of targeted cancer treatments. Meanwhile, gold-standard histopathological assessment carried out by a trained pathologist is widely regarded as routine and mandatory in most cancers. Recently, methods have been developed to mine hidden information from histopathological slides using deep learning applied to scanned and digitized slides; deep learning comprises a collection of computational methods which learn patterns in data in order to make predictions. Such methods have been reported to be successful in a variety of cancers for predicting the presence of biomarkers such as driver mutations, tumour mutational burden, and microsatellite instability. This information could prove valuable to pathologists and oncologists in clinical decision making for cancer treatment and triage for in-depth sequencing. In addition to identifying molecular features, deep learning has been applied to predict prognosis and treatment response in certain cancers. Despite reported successes, many challenges remain before the clinical implementation of such diagnostic strategies in the clinical setting is possible. This review aims to outline recent developments in the field of deep learning for predicting molecular genetics from histopathological slides, as well as to highlight limitations and pitfalls of working with histopathology slides in deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Murchan
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (P.M.); (C.Ó.); (C.S.M.)
| | - Cathal Ó’Brien
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (P.M.); (C.Ó.); (C.S.M.)
- Department of Histopathology, St James’s Hospital, P.O. Box 580, James’s Street, D08 X4RX Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane O’Connell
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (S.O.); (P.Ó.B.)
| | - Ciara S. McNevin
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (P.M.); (C.Ó.); (C.S.M.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 A440 Dublin, Ireland; (A.-M.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 A440 Dublin, Ireland; (A.-M.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Pilib Ó Broin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (S.O.); (P.Ó.B.)
| | - Stephen P. Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (P.M.); (C.Ó.); (C.S.M.)
- Department of Histopathology, St James’s Hospital, P.O. Box 580, James’s Street, D08 X4RX Dublin, Ireland
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Lara H, Li Z, Abels E, Aeffner F, Bui MM, ElGabry EA, Kozlowski C, Montalto MC, Parwani AV, Zarella MD, Bowman D, Rimm D, Pantanowitz L. Quantitative Image Analysis for Tissue Biomarker Use: A White Paper From the Digital Pathology Association. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:479-493. [PMID: 33734106 PMCID: PMC8354563 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tissue biomarkers have been of increasing utility for scientific research, diagnosing disease, and treatment response prediction. There has been a steady shift away from qualitative assessment toward providing more quantitative scores for these biomarkers. The application of quantitative image analysis has thus become an indispensable tool for in-depth tissue biomarker interrogation in these contexts. This white paper reviews current technologies being employed for quantitative image analysis, their application and pitfalls, regulatory framework demands, and guidelines established for promoting their safe adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee Lara
- GlaxoSmithKline-R&D, Cellular Biomarkers, Collegeville, PA
| | - Zaibo Li
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Famke Aeffner
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Rimm
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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DeepRePath: Identifying the Prognostic Features of Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma Using Multi-Scale Pathology Images and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133308. [PMID: 34282757 PMCID: PMC8268823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathology images are vital for understanding solid cancers. In this study, we created DeepRePath using multi-scale pathology images with two-channel deep learning to predict the prognosis of patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). DeepRePath demonstrated that it could predict the recurrence of early-stage LUAD with average area under the curve scores of 0.77 and 0.76 in cohort I and cohort II (external validation set), respectively. Pathological features found to be associated with a high probability of recurrence included tumor necrosis, discohesive tumor cells, and atypical nuclei. In conclusion, DeepRePath can improve the treatment modality for patients with early-stage LUAD through recurrence prediction. Abstract The prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), especially early-stage LUAD, is dependent on clinicopathological features. However, its predictive utility is limited. In this study, we developed and trained a DeepRePath model based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) using multi-scale pathology images to predict the prognosis of patients with early-stage LUAD. DeepRePath was pre-trained with 1067 hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole-slide images of LUAD from the Cancer Genome Atlas. DeepRePath was further trained and validated using two separate CNNs and multi-scale pathology images of 393 resected lung cancer specimens from patients with stage I and II LUAD. Of the 393 patients, 95 patients developed recurrence after surgical resection. The DeepRePath model showed average area under the curve (AUC) scores of 0.77 and 0.76 in cohort I and cohort II (external validation set), respectively. Owing to low performance, DeepRePath cannot be used as an automated tool in a clinical setting. When gradient-weighted class activation mapping was used, DeepRePath indicated the association between atypical nuclei, discohesive tumor cells, and tumor necrosis in pathology images showing recurrence. Despite the limitations associated with a relatively small number of patients, the DeepRePath model based on CNNs with transfer learning could predict recurrence after the curative resection of early-stage LUAD using multi-scale pathology images.
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43
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Dolezal JM, Trzcinska A, Liao CY, Kochanny S, Blair E, Agrawal N, Keutgen XM, Angelos P, Cipriani NA, Pearson AT. Deep learning prediction of BRAF-RAS gene expression signature identifies noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:862-874. [PMID: 33299111 PMCID: PMC8064913 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) are follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms defined by nuclear atypia and indolent behavior. They harbor RAS mutations, rather than BRAFV600E mutations as is observed in papillary thyroid carcinomas with extensive follicular growth. Reliably identifying NIFTPs aids in safe therapy de-escalation, but has proven to be challenging due to interobserver variability and morphologic heterogeneity. The genomic scoring system BRS (BRAF-RAS score) was developed to quantify the extent to which a tumor's expression profile resembles a BRAFV600E or RAS-mutant neoplasm. We proposed that deep learning prediction of BRS could differentiate NIFTP from other follicular-patterned neoplasms. A deep learning model was trained on slides from a dataset of 115 thyroid neoplasms to predict tumor subtype (NIFTP, PTC-EFG, or classic PTC), and was used to generate predictions for 497 thyroid neoplasms within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Within follicular-patterned neoplasms, tumors with positive BRS (RAS-like) were 8.5 times as likely to carry an NIFTP prediction than tumors with negative BRS (89.7% vs 10.5%, P < 0.0001). To test the hypothesis that BRS may serve as a surrogate for biological processes that determine tumor subtype, a separate model was trained on TCGA slides to predict BRS as a linear outcome. This model performed well in cross-validation on the training set (R2 = 0.67, dichotomized AUC = 0.94). In our internal cohort, NIFTPs were near universally predicted to have RAS-like BRS; as a sole discriminator of NIFTP status, predicted BRS performed with an AUC of 0.99 globally and 0.97 when restricted to follicular-patterned neoplasms. BRAFV600E-mutant PTC-EFG had BRAFV600E-like predicted BRS (mean -0.49), nonmutant PTC-EFG had more intermediate predicted BRS (mean -0.17), and NIFTP had RAS-like BRS (mean 0.35; P < 0.0001). In summary, histologic features associated with the BRAF-RAS gene expression spectrum are detectable by deep learning and can aid in distinguishing indolent NIFTP from PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dolezal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Trzcinska
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chih-Yi Liao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara Kochanny
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blair
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xavier M Keutgen
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Angelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole A Cipriani
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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van der Laak J, Litjens G, Ciompi F. Deep learning in histopathology: the path to the clinic. Nat Med 2021; 27:775-784. [PMID: 33990804 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning techniques have great potential to improve medical diagnostics, offering ways to improve accuracy, reproducibility and speed, and to ease workloads for clinicians. In the field of histopathology, deep learning algorithms have been developed that perform similarly to trained pathologists for tasks such as tumor detection and grading. However, despite these promising results, very few algorithms have reached clinical implementation, challenging the balance between hope and hype for these new techniques. This Review provides an overview of the current state of the field, as well as describing the challenges that still need to be addressed before artificial intelligence in histopathology can achieve clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van der Laak
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Geert Litjens
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Ciompi
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Lancellotti C, Cancian P, Savevski V, Kotha SRR, Fraggetta F, Graziano P, Di Tommaso L. Artificial Intelligence & Tissue Biomarkers: Advantages, Risks and Perspectives for Pathology. Cells 2021; 10:787. [PMID: 33918173 PMCID: PMC8066881 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue Biomarkers are information written in the tissue and used in Pathology to recognize specific subsets of patients with diagnostic, prognostic or predictive purposes, thus representing the key elements of Personalized Medicine. The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises to further reinforce the role of Pathology in the scenario of Personalized Medicine: AI-based devices are expected to standardize the evaluation of tissue biomarkers and also to discover novel information, which would otherwise be ignored by human review, and use them to make specific predictions. In this review we will present how AI has been used to support Tissue Biomarkers evaluation in the specific field of Pathology, give an insight to the intriguing field of AI-based biomarkers and discuss possible advantages, risk and perspectives for Pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Lancellotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (S.R.R.K.)
- Pathology Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Cancian
- Artificial Intelligence Center IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Savevski
- Artificial Intelligence Center IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Soumya Rupa Reddy Kotha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (S.R.R.K.)
- Pathology Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Graziano
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy;
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (S.R.R.K.)
- Pathology Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Yang H, Chen L, Cheng Z, Yang M, Wang J, Lin C, Wang Y, Huang L, Chen Y, Peng S, Ke Z, Li W. Deep learning-based six-type classifier for lung cancer and mimics from histopathological whole slide images: a retrospective study. BMC Med 2021; 19:80. [PMID: 33775248 PMCID: PMC8006383 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted therapy and immunotherapy put forward higher demands for accurate lung cancer classification, as well as benign versus malignant disease discrimination. Digital whole slide images (WSIs) witnessed the transition from traditional histopathology to computational approaches, arousing a hype of deep learning methods for histopathological analysis. We aimed at exploring the potential of deep learning models in the identification of lung cancer subtypes and cancer mimics from WSIs. METHODS We initially obtained 741 WSIs from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (SYSUFH) for the deep learning model development, optimization, and verification. Additional 318 WSIs from SYSUFH, 212 from Shenzhen People's Hospital, and 422 from The Cancer Genome Atlas were further collected for multi-centre verification. EfficientNet-B5- and ResNet-50-based deep learning methods were developed and compared using the metrics of recall, precision, F1-score, and areas under the curve (AUCs). A threshold-based tumour-first aggregation approach was proposed and implemented for the label inferencing of WSIs with complex tissue components. Four pathologists of different levels from SYSUFH reviewed all the testing slides blindly, and the diagnosing results were used for quantitative comparisons with the best performing deep learning model. RESULTS We developed the first deep learning-based six-type classifier for histopathological WSI classification of lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, pulmonary tuberculosis, organizing pneumonia, and normal lung. The EfficientNet-B5-based model outperformed ResNet-50 and was selected as the backbone in the classifier. Tested on 1067 slides from four cohorts of different medical centres, AUCs of 0.970, 0.918, 0.963, and 0.978 were achieved, respectively. The classifier achieved high consistence to the ground truth and attending pathologists with high intraclass correlation coefficients over 0.873. CONCLUSIONS Multi-cohort testing demonstrated our six-type classifier achieved consistent and comparable performance to experienced pathologists and gained advantages over other existing computational methods. The visualization of prediction heatmap improved the model interpretability intuitively. The classifier with the threshold-based tumour-first label inferencing method exhibited excellent accuracy and feasibility in classifying lung cancers and confused nonneoplastic tissues, indicating that deep learning can resolve complex multi-class tissue classification that conforms to real-world histopathological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Minglei Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chenghao Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Leilei Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yangshan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Sui Peng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Molecular Diagnosis Center or Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Molecular Diagnosis Center or Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Weizhong Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Ministry of Education), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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47
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Diao JA, Wang JK, Chui WF, Mountain V, Gullapally SC, Srinivasan R, Mitchell RN, Glass B, Hoffman S, Rao SK, Maheshwari C, Lahiri A, Prakash A, McLoughlin R, Kerner JK, Resnick MB, Montalto MC, Khosla A, Wapinski IN, Beck AH, Elliott HL, Taylor-Weiner A. Human-interpretable image features derived from densely mapped cancer pathology slides predict diverse molecular phenotypes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1613. [PMID: 33712588 PMCID: PMC7955068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods have made substantial progress in improving the accuracy and throughput of pathology workflows for diagnostic, prognostic, and genomic prediction. Still, lack of interpretability remains a significant barrier to clinical integration. We present an approach for predicting clinically-relevant molecular phenotypes from whole-slide histopathology images using human-interpretable image features (HIFs). Our method leverages >1.6 million annotations from board-certified pathologists across >5700 samples to train deep learning models for cell and tissue classification that can exhaustively map whole-slide images at two and four micron-resolution. Cell- and tissue-type model outputs are combined into 607 HIFs that quantify specific and biologically-relevant characteristics across five cancer types. We demonstrate that these HIFs correlate with well-known markers of the tumor microenvironment and can predict diverse molecular signatures (AUROC 0.601-0.864), including expression of four immune checkpoint proteins and homologous recombination deficiency, with performance comparable to 'black-box' methods. Our HIF-based approach provides a comprehensive, quantitative, and interpretable window into the composition and spatial architecture of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Diao
- PathAI, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason K Wang
- PathAI, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wan Fung Chui
- PathAI, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard N Mitchell
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Murray B Resnick
- PathAI, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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Stenzinger A, Alber M, Allgäuer M, Jurmeister P, Bockmayr M, Budczies J, Lennerz J, Eschrich J, Kazdal D, Schirmacher P, Wagner AH, Tacke F, Capper D, Müller KR, Klauschen F. Artificial intelligence and pathology: From principles to practice and future applications in histomorphology and molecular profiling. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 84:129-143. [PMID: 33631297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of diagnostic (surgical) pathology has increased substantially over the last decades with respect to histomorphological and molecular profiling. Pathology has steadily expanded its role in tumor diagnostics and beyond from disease entity identification via prognosis estimation to precision therapy prediction. It is therefore not surprising that pathology is among the disciplines in medicine with high expectations in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning approaches given their capabilities to analyze complex data in a quantitative and standardized manner to further enhance scope and precision of diagnostics. While an obvious application is the analysis of histological images, recent applications for the analysis of molecular profiling data from different sources and clinical data support the notion that AI will enhance both histopathology and molecular pathology in the future. At the same time, current literature should not be misunderstood in a way that pathologists will likely be replaced by AI applications in the foreseeable future. Although AI will transform pathology in the coming years, recent studies reporting AI algorithms to diagnose cancer or predict certain molecular properties deal with relatively simple diagnostic problems that fall short of the diagnostic complexity pathologists face in clinical routine. Here, we review the pertinent literature of AI methods and their applications to pathology, and put the current achievements and what can be expected in the future in the context of the requirements for research and routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Alber
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Aignostics GmbH, Schumannstr. 17, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Michael Allgäuer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Philipp Jurmeister
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Bockmayr
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Eschrich
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex H Wagner
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Capper
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10587, Germany; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea; Max-Planck-Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus E1 4, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany; Google Research, Brain Team, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, München, 80337, Germany.
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49
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Echle A, Rindtorff NT, Brinker TJ, Luedde T, Pearson AT, Kather JN. Deep learning in cancer pathology: a new generation of clinical biomarkers. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:686-696. [PMID: 33204028 PMCID: PMC7884739 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical workflows in oncology rely on predictive and prognostic molecular biomarkers. However, the growing number of these complex biomarkers tends to increase the cost and time for decision-making in routine daily oncology practice; furthermore, biomarkers often require tumour tissue on top of routine diagnostic material. Nevertheless, routinely available tumour tissue contains an abundance of clinically relevant information that is currently not fully exploited. Advances in deep learning (DL), an artificial intelligence (AI) technology, have enabled the extraction of previously hidden information directly from routine histology images of cancer, providing potentially clinically useful information. Here, we outline emerging concepts of how DL can extract biomarkers directly from histology images and summarise studies of basic and advanced image analysis for cancer histology. Basic image analysis tasks include detection, grading and subtyping of tumour tissue in histology images; they are aimed at automating pathology workflows and consequently do not immediately translate into clinical decisions. Exceeding such basic approaches, DL has also been used for advanced image analysis tasks, which have the potential of directly affecting clinical decision-making processes. These advanced approaches include inference of molecular features, prediction of survival and end-to-end prediction of therapy response. Predictions made by such DL systems could simplify and enrich clinical decision-making, but require rigorous external validation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Echle
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Titus Josef Brinker
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Thomas Pearson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Hildebrand LA, Pierce CJ, Dennis M, Paracha M, Maoz A. Artificial Intelligence for Histology-Based Detection of Microsatellite Instability and Prediction of Response to Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:391. [PMID: 33494280 PMCID: PMC7864494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a molecular marker of deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) that is found in approximately 15% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Testing all CRC patients for MSI/dMMR is recommended as screening for Lynch Syndrome and, more recently, to determine eligibility for immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced disease. However, universal testing for MSI/dMMR has not been uniformly implemented because of cost and resource limitations. Artificial intelligence has been used to predict MSI/dMMR directly from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue slides. We review the emerging data regarding the utility of machine learning for MSI classification, focusing on CRC. We also provide the clinician with an introduction to image analysis with machine learning and convolutional neural networks. Machine learning can predict MSI/dMMR with high accuracy in high quality, curated datasets. Accuracy can be significantly decreased when applied to cohorts with different ethnic and/or clinical characteristics, or different tissue preparation protocols. Research is ongoing to determine the optimal machine learning methods for predicting MSI, which will need to be compared to current clinical practices, including next-generation sequencing. Predicting response to immunotherapy remains an unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.A.H.); (C.J.P.); (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Colin J. Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.A.H.); (C.J.P.); (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Dennis
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.A.H.); (C.J.P.); (M.D.); (M.P.)
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Munizay Paracha
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.A.H.); (C.J.P.); (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Asaf Maoz
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.A.H.); (C.J.P.); (M.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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