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Akter R, Park R, Lee SK, Han EJ, Park KS, Park J, Cho MY. Upregulation of EMR1 (ADGRE1) by Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Colon Cancer Progression by Activating the JAK2/STAT1,3 Signaling Pathway in Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4388. [PMID: 38673975 PMCID: PMC11050366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that epidermal growth factor-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 (EMR1/ADGRE1) is abnormally expressed in colon cancer (CC) and is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis (LNM) and poor recurrence-free survival in patients with abundant tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). However, the signaling pathways associated with EMR1 expression in CC progression remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of EMR1 and its signaling interactions with macrophages in CC progression. Spatial transcriptomics of pT3 microsatellite unstable CC tissues revealed heightened Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling in EMR1-HL CC with LNM compared to EMR1-N CC without LNM. Through in vitro coculture of CC cells with macrophages, EMR1 expression by CC cells was found to be induced by TAMs, ultimately interacting with upregulated JAK/STAT signaling, increasing cell proliferation, migration, and motility, and reducing apoptosis. JAK2/STAT3 inhibition decreased the levels of EMR1, JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3, significantly impeded the proliferation, migration, and mobility of cells, and increased the apoptosis of EMR1+ CC cells compared to their EMR1KO counterparts. Overall, TAMs-induced EMR1 upregulation in CC cells may promote LNM and CC progression via JAK2/STAT1,3 signaling upregulation. This study provides further insights into the molecular mechanisms involving macrophages and intracellular EMR1 expression in CC progression, suggesting its clinical significance and offering potential interventions to enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
| | - Rackhyun Park
- Department of Life Science, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soo Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (S.K.L.); (K.-S.P.)
| | - Eun ju Han
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (S.K.L.); (K.-S.P.)
| | - Junsoo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
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Al-Amer OM, Mir R, Hamadi A, Alasseiri MI, Altayar MA, AlZamzami W, Moawadh M, Alatawi S, Niaz HA, Oyouni AAA, Alzahrani OR, Alatwi HE, Albalawi AE, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Hawsawi YM. Antiapoptotic Gene Genotype and Allele Variations and the Risk of Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041012. [PMID: 36831357 PMCID: PMC9954290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The findings of earlier investigations of antiapoptotic gene genotypes and allele variants on lymphoma risk are ambiguous. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the mutation in the antiapoptotic genes and lymphoma risk among Saudi patients. METHODS This case-control study included 205 patients, 100 of whom had lymphoma (cases) and 105 who were healthy volunteers (controls). We used tetra amplification refractory mutation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify antiapoptotic genes such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2-938 C > A), MCL1-rs9803935 T > G, and survivin (BIRC5-rs17882312 G > C and BIRC5-rs9904341 G > C). Allelic-specific PCR was used to identify alleles such as BIRC5-C, MCL1-G, and BIRC5-G. RESULTS The dominant inheritance model among cases showed that mutations in all four antiapoptotic genes were more likely to be associated with the risk of lymphoma by the odds of 2.0-, 1.98-, 3.90-, and 3.29-fold, respectively, compared to controls. Apart from the BCL-2-A allele, all three specified alleles were more likely to be associated with lymphoma by the odds of 2.04-, 1.65-, and 2.11-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION Unlike healthy individuals, lymphoma patients are more likely to have antiapoptotic gene genotypes and allele variants, apart from BCL-2-A alterations. In the future, these findings could be used to classify and identify patients at risk of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M. Al-Amer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hamadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. Alasseiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik A. Altayar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem AlZamzami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdoh Moawadh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sael Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Niaz
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Abdulwahab A. Oyouni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman R. Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan E. Alatwi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah E. Albalawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef M. Hawsawi
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC-J04, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia
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EMR1/ADGRE1 Expression in Cancer Cells Upregulated by Tumor-Associated Macrophages Is Related to Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123121. [PMID: 36551877 PMCID: PMC9775542 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EMR1, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family (ADGRE1), is a macrophage marker that is abnormally expressed in cancer cells. However, its clinical significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well-known. In this investigation, EMR1 expression in tumor cells (EMR1-TC) was found in 91 (22.8%) of the 399 CRC samples tested by immunohistochemical staining and showed a significant relationship with lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, EMR1-TC was significantly associated with CD68+ CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and CRC with a high combined EMR1-TC+CD68+CD163+ score showed worse recurrence-free survival prognosis. In an in vitro co-culture assay of colon cancer cells with myeloid cells, we found that EMR1 expression significantly upregulated in cancer cells was induced by macrophages. In addition, there was increased expression of M2 markers (CD163 and interleukin-6 & 10) in myeloid portion, while that of M1 markers (CD86 and iNOS) remained unchanged. Accordingly, upon treatment with M2 macrophage polarization inhibitors (O-ATP, trametinib, bardoxolone methyl), EMR1 expression reduced significantly, along with M2 markers (CD163 and interleukin-6 & 10). In conclusion, EMR1-TC was a high-risk factor for lymph node metastasis and correlated with poor recurrence free survival, particularly in patients with TAM-rich CRC. Furthermore, EMR1 expression in colon cancer cells may be related to M2 macrophage polarization and vice versa.
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Adinew GM, Messeha S, Taka E, Soliman KFA. The Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of the Chemoresistance Gene BIRC5 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215180. [PMID: 36358602 PMCID: PMC9659000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance affects TNBC patient treatment responses. Therefore, identifying the chemoresistant gene provides a new approach to understanding chemoresistance in TNBC. BIRC5 was examined in the current study as a tool for predicting the prognosis of TNBC patients and assisting in developing alternative therapies using online database tools. According to the examined studies, BIRC5 was highly expressed in 45 to 90% of TNBC patients. BIRC5 is not only abundantly expressed but also contributes to resistance to chemotherapy, anti-HER2 therapy, and radiotherapy. Patients with increased expression of BIRC5 had a median survival of 31.2 months compared to 85.8 months in low-expression counterparts (HR, 1.73; CI, 1.4−2.13; p = 2.5 × 10−7). The overall survival, disease-free survival, relapse-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and the complete pathological response of TNBC patients with high expression of BIRC5 who received any chemotherapy (Taxane, Ixabepilone, FAC, CMF, FEC, Anthracycline) and anti-HER2 therapy (Trastuzumab, Lapatinib) did not differ significantly from those patients receiving any other treatment. Data obtained indicate that the BIRC5 promoter region was substantially methylated, and hypermethylation was associated with higher BIRC5 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). The findings of this study outline the role of BIRC5 in chemotherapy-induced resistance of TNBC, further indicating that BIRC5 may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker that contributes to chemoresistance and could be a possible therapeutic target. Meanwhile, several in vitro studies show that flavonoids were highly effective in inhibiting BIRC5 in genetically diverse TNBC cells. Therefore, flavonoids would be a promising strategy for preventing and treating TNBC patients with the BIRC5 molecule.
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Abstract
Survivin is one of the rare proteins that is differentially expressed in normal and cancer cells and is directly or indirectly involved in numerous pathways required for tumor maintenance. It is expressed in almost all cancers and its expression has been detected at early stages of cancer. These traits make survivin an exceptionally attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Even with these promising features to be an oncotherapeutic target, there has been limited success in the clinical trials targeting survivin. Only recently it has emerged that survivin was not being specifically targeted which could have resulted in the negative clinical outcome. Also, focus of research has now shifted from survivin expression in the overall heterogeneous tumor cell populations to survivin expression in cancer stem cells as these cells have proved to be the major drivers of tumors. Therefore, in this review we have analyzed the expression of survivin in normal and cancer cells with a particular focus on its expression in cancer stem cell compartment. We have discussed the major signaling pathways involved in regulation of survivin. We have explored the current development status of various types of interventions for inhibition of survivin. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges involving the development of potent and specific survivin inhibitors for cancer therapeutics. Finally we have given insights for some of the promising future anticancer treatments.
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Oparina N, Erlandsson MC, Fäldt Beding A, Parris T, Helou K, Karlsson P, Einbeigi Z, Bokarewa MI. Prognostic Significance of BIRC5/Survivin in Breast Cancer: Results from Three Independent Cohorts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092209. [PMID: 34064473 PMCID: PMC8125570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Survivin, coded by the BIRC5 gene, is the cell death preventing protein, which is important for cell division in normal and cancer cells. It is intensively studied as a cancer biomarker and target for antitumor therapy. In this study we asked if we could get clinically helpful information on how active BIRC5 is in breast cancer patients? We studied the BIRC5 protein level in tumor samples for breast cancer patients from a West Swedish cohort and its mRNA level in two different public gene expression databases. Survival analysis demonstrated that a higher BIRC5 protein or mRNA level was associated with poor survival in all cohorts and for different cancer subtypes. We show that BIRC5 is a promising independent cancer survival marker. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) histological and molecular classifications significantly improved the treatment strategy and prognosis. Inhibitor of apoptosis BIRC5/survivin is often overexpressed in cancers, however, indications of its importance in BC are inconsistent. We integrate BIRC5 protein and mRNA measures with clinical associates and long-term outcome in three independent cohorts Protein levels of BIRC5 were measured in primary lysates of 845 patients of the West Swedish BC cohort (VGR-BC) and linked to 5- and 27-years survival. The results were externally validated in transcriptomic data from METABRIC and SCAN-B cohorts. Survival analysis showed that high levels of BIRC5 were consistently associated with a poor probability of 5-year overall survival. High BIRC5 in VGR-BC contributed negatively to the disease-specific survival at 5 and 27 years. Subsets with different status by ER (estrogen receptor) expression and presence of nodal metastasis supported independent association of high BIRC5 with poor prognosis in all cohorts. In METABRIC and SCAN-B cohorts, high levels of BIRC5 mRNA were associated with the basal-like and luminal B molecular BC subtypes and with increasing histologic grade. BIRC5 is a sensitive survival marker that acts independent of ER and nodal status, and its levels need to be considered when making treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Oparina
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg; 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.C.E.); (M.I.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Malin C. Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg; 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.C.E.); (M.I.B.)
- Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Fäldt Beding
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Southern Älvsborg Hospital, 50182 Borås, Sweden; (A.F.B.); (Z.E.)
| | - Toshima Parris
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Science at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.P.); (K.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Science at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.P.); (K.H.); (P.K.)
- The King Gustav Vth Jubilee Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Science at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.P.); (K.H.); (P.K.)
- The King Gustav Vth Jubilee Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zakaria Einbeigi
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Southern Älvsborg Hospital, 50182 Borås, Sweden; (A.F.B.); (Z.E.)
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Science at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (T.P.); (K.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Maria I. Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg; 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (M.C.E.); (M.I.B.)
- Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Oliver JA, Ortiz R, Jiménez-Luna C, Cabeza L, Perazzoli G, Caba O, Mesas C, Melguizo C, Prados J. MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient colorectal cancer cells: 5-Fluorouracil treatment response and correlation to CD133 and MGMT expression. J Biosci 2020. [PMID: 33097678 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Eom YW, Akter R, Li W, Lee S, Hwang S, Kim J, Cho MY. M1 Macrophages Promote TRAIL Expression in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells, Which Suppresses Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer by Increasing Apoptosis of CD133 + Cancer Stem Cells and Decreasing M2 Macrophage Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113887. [PMID: 32485960 PMCID: PMC7312348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) cultured at high cell density can induce cancer cell death through the expression of type I interferons and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligands (TRAIL). Here, we investigated whether TRAIL-expressing ASCs induced by M1 macrophages can alleviate colitis-associated cancer in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) animal model. M1 macrophages significantly increased the TRAIL expression in ASCs, which induced the apoptosis of LoVo cells in a TRAIL-dependent manner. However, CD133knockout LoVo cells, generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system, were resistant to TRAIL. In the AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated cancer model, the intraperitoneal transplantation of TRAIL-expressing ASCs significantly suppressed colon cancer development. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining revealed a low CD133 expression in tumors from the AOM/DSS + ASCs group when compared with tumors from the untreated group. Additionally, the ASC treatment selectively reduced the number of M2 macrophages in tumoral (45.7 ± 4.2) and non-tumoral mucosa (30.3 ± 1.5) in AOM/DSS + ASCs-treated animals relative to those in the untreated group (tumor 71.7 ± 11.2, non-tumor 94.3 ± 12.5; p < 0.001). Thus, TRAIL-expressing ASCs are promising agents for anti-tumor therapy, particularly to alleviate colon cancer by inducing the apoptosis of CD133+ cancer stem cells and decreasing the M2 macrophage population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea; (Y.W.E.); (S.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea; (R.A.); (W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Wanlu Li
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea; (R.A.); (W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Suji Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea; (R.A.); (W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Soonjae Hwang
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea; (Y.W.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Jiye Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea;
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea; (R.A.); (W.L.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-731-1553
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Obatoclax, a Pan-BCL-2 Inhibitor, Downregulates Survivin to Induce Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells Via Suppressing WNT/β-catenin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051773. [PMID: 32150830 PMCID: PMC7084590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevailing cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Aberrant expression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins is closely linked to neoplastic progression and chemoresistance. Obatoclax is a clinically developed drug, which binds antiapoptotic BCL-2, BCL-xL, and MCL-1 for inhibition to elicit apoptosis. Survivin is an antiapoptotic protein, whose upregulation correlates with pathogenesis, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis in CRC. Herein, we provide the first evidence delineating the functional linkage between Obatoclax and survivin in the context of human CRC cells. In detail, Obatoclax was found to markedly downregulate survivin. This downregulation was mainly achieved via transcriptional repression, as Obatoclax lowered the levels of both survivin mRNA and promoter activity, while blocking proteasomal degradation failed to prevent survivin from downregulation by Obatoclax. Notably, ectopic survivin expression curtailed Obatoclax-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity, confirming an essential role of survivin downregulation in Obatoclax-elicited anti-CRC effect. Moreover, Obatoclax was found to repress hyperactive WNT/β-catenin signaling activity commonly present in human CRC cells, and, markedly, ectopic expression of dominant-active β-catenin mutant rescued the levels of survivin along with elevated cell viability. We further revealed that, depending on the cell context, Obatoclax suppresses WNT/β-catenin signaling in HCT 116 cells likely via inducing β-catenin destabilization, or by downregulating LEF1 in DLD-1 cells. Collectively, we for the first time define survivin downregulation as a novel, pro-apoptotic mechanism of Obatoclax as a consequence of Obatocalx acting as an antagonist to WNT/β-catenin signaling.
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Li W, Cho MY, Lee S, Jang M, Park J, Park R. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated CD133 knockout inhibits colon cancer invasion through reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220860. [PMID: 31393941 PMCID: PMC6687161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that CD133, as a putative cancer stem cell marker, plays an important role in cell proliferation and invasion in colon cancer. To understand the role of CD133 expression in colon cancer, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of CD133 in colon cancer cells. In this study, we generated CD133knockout colon cancer cells (LoVo) using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. CD133+ colon cancer cells (LoVo) were infected with the lentiviral vector carrying CD133 gRNA and purified cell by culturing single cell colonies. CD133knockout cells was validated by western blot and flow cytometry analysis. In functional study, we observed a significant reduction in cell proliferation and colony formation in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated CD133 knockout cells in compare with control (P < 0.001). We also found the anticancer effect of stattic was dependent on CD133 expression in colon cancer cells. Although CD133knockout cells could not completely block the tumorigenic property, they showed remarkable inhibitory effects on the ability of cell migration and invasion (P < 0.001). In addition, we examined the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein expression by western blot. The result clearly showed a loss of vimentin expression in CD133knockout cells. Therefore, CRISPR-Cas9 mediated CD133knockout can be an effective treatment modality for CD133+ colon cancer through reducing the characteristics of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Li
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Suji Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Mirae Jang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Junsoo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Rackhyun Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
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Moazeni-Roodi A, Ghavami S, Hashemi M. Survivin rs9904341 polymorphism significantly increased the risk of cancer: evidence from an updated meta-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:335-349. [PMID: 30747314 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Survivin, a member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Several studies inspected the association between survivin polymorphisms and the risk of various cancers, but the findings remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis intending to certify the association between survivin polymorphisms and cancer risk. METHODS All analyses were achieved using RevMan 5.3 software and STATA 14.1 software. Eligible studies were collected by comprehensive literature searching Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases. Pooled estimates of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the overall impact of survivin polymorphisms on cancer risk. RESULTS The overall analysis indicates that survivin rs9904341 polymorphism significantly increased the risk of cancer in homozygous codominant (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.19-1.68, p = 0.0001, CC vs GG), dominant (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.40, p = 0.003, CG+CC vs GG), recessive (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18-1.52, p < 0.0001, CC vs CG+GG), and allele (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.31, p = 0.0001, C vs G) inheritance models tested. Stratified based on ethnicity revealed that rs9904341 variant significantly increased the risk of cancer in the Asian population. The findings did not support an association between rs1042489, rs2071214, rs8073069, and rs17878467 polymorphisms and risk of cancer. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that the survivin rs9904341 polymorphism may be associated with the risk of cancer either overall or in the Asian population. However, further larger and well-designed studies are warranted to evaluate this association in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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Li Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Peng J, Fang F, Yang X. MLH1 enhances the sensitivity of human endometrial carcinoma cells to cisplatin by activating the MLH1/c-Abl apoptosis signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1294. [PMID: 30594176 PMCID: PMC6311060 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MLH1 plays a critical role in maintaining the fidelity of DNA replication, and defects in human MLH1 have been reported. However, the role of MLH1 in endometrial carcinoma has not been fully investigated. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of MLH1 in the sensitivity of human endometrial carcinoma cells to cisplatin. METHODS In this study, we detected the expression of MLH1 in Ishikawa and RL95-2 cells. MLH1-siRNA and ADV-MLH1 were adopted for the silencing and overexpression of MLH1, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, cell proliferation assays, and cell cycle and apoptotic analyses by flow cytometry were employed to explore the underlying mechanism. A mouse xenograft model was used to investigate the effect of MLH1 on tumor growth after treatment with cisplatin. RESULTS Over-expression of MLH1 in Ishikawa cells dramatically increased the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin and enhanced cell apoptosis. By contrast, knockdown of MLH1 yielded the opposite effects in vitro. Mechanistically, cisplatin induced the MLH1/c-Abl apoptosis signaling pathway in ADV-MLH1-infected endometrial carcinoma cells, and these effects involved c-Abl, caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP. Altogether, our results indicate that ADV-MLH1 might attenuate Ishikawa cell growth in vivo, resulting in increased cisplatin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS MLH1 may render endometrial carcinoma cells more sensitive to cisplatin by activating the MLH1/c-Abl apoptosis signaling pathway. In addition, an applicable adenovirus vector (ADV-MLH1) for MLH1 overexpression in endometrial carcinoma was generated. Thus, ADV-MLH1 might be a novel potential therapeutic target for endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 70, Heping Road, WeiHai, Shandong, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 70, Heping Road, WeiHai, Shandong, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjian Wang
- Huaxi Clinical Medical College of Sichuan University, Jiang'an campus, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 610207, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 70, Heping Road, WeiHai, Shandong, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Yuan F, Liu L, Lei Y, Hu Y. MiRNA-142-3p increases radiosensitivity in human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells by inhibiting the expression of CD133. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5674. [PMID: 29618746 PMCID: PMC5884857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of CD133 which is associated with malignancy and poor prognosis of blood system diseases. CD133+HUCB-MNC (human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells) and CD133-HUCB-MNC were isolated and amplificated from umbilical cord blood, and then were exposed to different doses of radiation and subjected to a clonogenic assay. CCK-8 kit was used to detect cell viability, Annexin V-FITC/PI cell apoptosis detection kit was used for the detection of apoptotic cells and the BrdU assay was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of protein was analyzed by western blots. The profile of miRNA expression in response to radiation was examined and validated by RT-PCR. miR-142-3p inhibited the expression of CD133 in umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells to increase radiosensitivity. CD133+HUCB-MNC cells were more radioresistant compared with CD133-HUCB-MNC cells. CD133+HUCB-MNC cells showed higher p-AKT and p-ERK levels after radiation. And miR-142-3p acted on 3'UTR of CD133 mRNA to inhibit CD133 expression. Moreover, miRNA-142-3p mimic increased radiosensitivity in CD133+HUCB-MNC cells. Our results elucidated a novel regulation pathway in hematopoietic stem cells and suggested a potential therapeutic approach for blood system diseases therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- 1Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yonghong Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- 1Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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14
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Li W, Lee MR, Kim T, Kim YW, Cho MY. Activated STAT3 may participate in tumor progression through increasing CD133/survivin expression in early stage of colon cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:354-361. [PMID: 29432737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by elevated interleukin (IL) levels has been reported to regulate tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. However, the clinical implication of p-STAT3 expression in colon cancer is still controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effect of STAT3 inactivation on biologic behavior of primary (Caco-2) and metastatic colon cancer cells (LoVo and SNU407) and the relation of p-STAT3 expression with the invasion of colon tumor. In vitro study, the STAT3 inhibition by siRNA and stattic treatment significantly reduced colony formation and cell migration and decreased CD133 and survivin the expression compared with a control in all three cell lines. Furthermore, primary cancer cells exhibited a marked decrease in CD133 expression and increased apoptosis compared to metastatic cells after stattic treatment. The immunohistochemical assay using clinical samples of colonic tumors with various invasion depth showed that p-STAT3 expression was inversely associated with tumor invasion (p = 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.328, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.170-0.632). In conclusion, p-STAT3 may participate in the progression of the early stage of colon cancer through the up-regulation of CD133, which in turn induces survivin expression. However, the regulatory mechanism of these molecules in tumor progression in vivo is need to be more verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Li
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
| | - Mi-Ra Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
| | - Taeyeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
| | - Young Wan Kim
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Genomic Cohort, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
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15
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Liu C, Xie Y, Sun B, Geng F, Zhang F, Guo Q, Wu H, Yu B, Wu J, Yu X, Kong W, Zhang H. MUC1- and Survivin-based DNA Vaccine Combining Immunoadjuvants CpG and interleukin-2 in a Bicistronic Expression Plasmid Generates Specific Immune Responses and Antitumour Effects in a Murine Colorectal Carcinoma Model. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87:63-72. [PMID: 29193199 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is a promising cancer treatment due to its safety, but poor immunogenicity limits its application. However, immunoadjuvants, heterogeneous prime-boost strategies and combination with conventional treatments can be used to improve the antitumour immune effects. A CpG motif and interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine are often used as adjuvants. In this study, a DNA vaccine containing a CpG motif was constructed to evaluate its adjuvant effect. The results show that the cytotoxicity of the DNA vaccine was increased fivefold, and survival lifetime was prolonged twofold by the CpG motif adjuvant. To simplify the industrial production process, a bicistronic plasmid was constructed to carry the fusion genes of survivin/MUC1 (MS) and IL-2 and with a CpG motif in its backbone. The results showed that the antitumour effect of the bicistronic vaccine was the same as that of the two vaccine co-injected regime. Furthermore, the vaccine could suppress metastatic tumour foci by 69.1% in colorectal carcinoma-bearing mice. Moreover, the vaccine induced survivin- and MUC1-specific immune responses in splenocytes and induced the immune promoting factor CCL-19 and GM-CSF upregulated, while metastatic-associated factor MMP-9 and immunosuppressing factor PD-L1 downregulated in tumour tissue. When combining the vaccine with the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin, the survival was prolonged by about 2.5-fold. In conclusion, the DNA vaccine containing a CpG motif in bicistronic form showed good effects on colorectal cancer by inhibiting both tumour growth and metastasis, and combination with oxaliplatin could improve its antitumour effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - B Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - F Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - F Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Q Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - B Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - J Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - W Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Woo HY, Choi EC, Yoon SO. Diagnostic Approaches for Salivary Gland Tumors with Secretory and Microcystic Features. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 12:237-243. [PMID: 29139086 PMCID: PMC5953885 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Secretory carcinoma (SC) of the salivary gland is a new entity that shares the unique morphologic features and cytogenetic characteristics of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene with its breast counterpart. Before identification of SC of the salivary gland, it was most frequently diagnosed as acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC). We retrospectively reviewed our own database of salivary gland tumors harboring microcystic and papillary architecture and/or secretory features that were originally diagnosed as AciCC. We selected nine cases of AciCC showing diffuse S-100 expression on immunohistochemistry (IHC). A recently diagnosed case of SC was included in the study as a reference sample. We performed IHC of S-100 and mammaglobin and ETV6 gene fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in all cases. Seven cases were positive for both S-100 and mammaglobin, while five of the seven (71.4%) demonstrated ETV6 gene translocation by FISH. In the cases which did not co-express either S-100 or mammaglobin on IHC, ETV6 gene rearrangement was not shown on FISH. In conclusion, if a salivary gland tumor has morphologic features of SC with co-expression of S-100 and mammaglobin, ETV6 FISH can be performed to confirm the diagnosis of SC of the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Woo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Chang Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Och Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Itai S, Fujii Y, Nakamura T, Chang YW, Yanaka M, Saidoh N, Handa S, Suzuki H, Harada H, Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Establishment of CMab-43, a Sensitive and Specific Anti-CD133 Monoclonal Antibody, for Immunohistochemistry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:231-235. [PMID: 28910211 PMCID: PMC6975129 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD133, also known as prominin-1, was first described as a cell surface marker on early progenitor and hematopoietic stem cells. It is a five-domain transmembrane protein composed of an N-terminal extracellular tail, two small cytoplasmic loops, two large extracellular loops containing seven potential glycosylation sites, and a short C-terminal intracellular tail. CD133 has been used as a marker to identify cancer stem cells derived from primary solid tumors and as a prognostic marker of gliomas. Herein, we developed novel anti-CD133 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and characterized their efficacy in flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses. We expressed the full length of CD133 in LN229 glioblastoma cells, immunized mice with LN229/CD133 cells, and performed the first screening using flow cytometry. After limiting dilution, we established 100 anti-CD133 mAbs, reacting with LN229/CD133 cells but not with LN229 cells. Subsequently, we performed the second and third screening with Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. Among 100 mAbs, 11 strongly reacted with CD133 in Western blot analysis. One of 11 clones, CMab-43 (IgG2a, kappa), showed a sensitive and specific reaction against colon cancer cells, warranting the use of CMab-43 in detecting CD133 in pathological analyses of CD133-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Itai
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan .,2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- 3 Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Yao-Wen Chang
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yanaka
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Saidoh
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Saori Handa
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sendai Medical Center , Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan .,3 Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan .,5 New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
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